MODULE: ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

CHAPTER 3: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

✓ Differentiate various models of communication

✓ Distinguish the unique features of one communication
process from the other
✓ Discuss functions of communication

ARISTOTLE’S MODEL

The first and earliest model (5BC), the speaker and the message are the main
focus of communication. He is the one who takes complete charge of the
communication. The sender first prepares a content which he does by carefully
putting his thoughts in words with an objective of influencing the listeners or
the recipients, who would then respond in the sender ‘s desired way. No points
in guessing that the content has to be very impressive in this model for the
audience or the receivers to get convinced. The model says that the speaker
communicates in such a way that the listeners get influenced and responds
accordingly.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD COMMUNICATOR

1. ETHOS - character
2. PATHOS - emotional connection
3. LOGOS – logic

THREE SETTINGS IN ARISTOTLE’S TIME

1. LEGAL – Meant courts – ordinary people defend themselves.
2. DELIBERATIVE – Meant the political assemblies, the highest of which was
the Roman Senate.
3. CEREMONIAL – Mean the celebrations, occasions that call for speeches of
welcome, poems of tribute or of eulogies, and poems of lament.

https://www.businesstopia.net/communication
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_communication
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5a9AQeSFI1Y
 MODULE: ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

SHANNON and WEAVER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

This model is specially designed to develop the effective communication between

sender and receiver. Also, they find factors which affecting the communication
process called “Noise”. At first the model was developed to improve the Technical
communication.

Claud Shannon and Warren Weaver (1948) also called “Telephone Model”

1. Sender : The originator of message or the information source selects

desire message
2. Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message into signals
Note: The sender’s messages converted into signals like waves or Binary data
which is compactable to transmit the messages through cables or satellites.
For example: In telephone the voice is converted into wave signals and it
transmits through cables

3. Decoder : The reception place of the signal which converts signals into
message. A reverse process of encode
Note : The receiver converts those binary data or waves into message which
is comfortable and understandable for receiver. Otherwise receiver can’t
receive the exact message and it will affect the effective communication
between sender and receiver

4. Receiver : The destination of the message from sender

Note : Based on the decoded message the receiver gives their feedback to
sender. If the message distracted by noise it will affect the communication
flow between sender and receiver
 MODULE: ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

5. Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder to decoder through

channel. During this process the messages may distracted or affected by
physical noise like horn sounds, thunder and crowd noise or encoded
signals may distract in the channel during the transmission process which
affect the communication flow or the receiver may not receive the correct
message
Note : The model is clearly deals with external noises only which affect the
messages or signals from external sources. For example: If there are any
problems occur in network which directly affect the mobile phone
communication or distract the messages

Thomson made call to his assistant “come here I want to see

you”. During his call, noise appeared (transmission error) and his assistant
received “I want” only. Again Assistant asked Thomson (feedback) “what do you
want Thomson”.

Sender : Thomson
Encoder : Telephone (Thomson)
Channel : Cable
Noise : Distraction in voice
Reception : Telephone (Assistant)
Receiver : Assistant.
Due to transmission error or noise, Assistant can’t able to understand
Thomson’s messages.

SCHRAMMS’S MODEL

Wilbur Schramm (1955) – father of Mass Communication

The Schramm model of communication is less traditional than the others.

Here are the different parts you need to know.

1. Encoder: The encoder does the encoding and sends the message.
2. Decoder: The decoder receives the message.
3. Interpreter: The person trying to interpret the message.
 MODULE: ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

Importance of people’s field of experience in the interpretation of meaning. This

means that people involved in communication must share a similar experience
or common schematic background about the topic of conversation in order to
connect with, and understand each other.

WHITE’S MODEL

Eugene White (1960) describes communication as circular and continuous,

with no beginning or end. This is why White made a cyclical model. We can
assume that communication begin with thinking, it can actually be observed
from any point in the model.

Eugene White introduced the concept of FEEDBACK to the field of

communication. It is the perception by the speaker about the response of the
listener. If the speaker monitors the listeners it is the only way that he/she can
receive feedback.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are control, social
interaction, motivation, emotional expression, and information dissemination.

1. Regulation and Control – Communication functions to control behavior.

2. Social Interaction – Communication allows individuals to interact with others.

3. Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.

4. Emotional expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression of their

feelings and emotions.

5. Information dissemination – Communication functions to convey information.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0rv_Q-eFag
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuJKEqiv0XQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lC_GDVYm64
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgbPsAv-Qh0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MN8jyeqJHsc