BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 4 UNIT OF MEASURE

CONCRETE 1 BAG CEMENT = 94 POUNDS OR 42.72 KG = 40 KG PER BAG

PLAIN – ARTIFICIAL STONE AS A RESULT OF MIXING CEMENT, FINE 12 X 12 X 12 - TRADITIONAL SIZE OF MEASUREMENT BOX USED IN
AGGREGATES, COARSE AGGREGATES, AND WATER. MEASURING THE SAND AND GRAVEL. (INCHES)

REINFORCED – CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEMENT EMBEDDED IN 0.25M. - VALUE EQUIVALENT OF 10 INCHES IN METER.
SUCH MANNER THAT TWO MATERIALS ACT TOGETHER IN RESISTING
FORCES.

TYPES OF CEMENT: MIX RATIO

 ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT  CLASS AA MIXTURE 1:11/2:3

 RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT – PREFERRED  CLASS A 1:2:4
WHEN HIGH EARLY STRENGTH ID REQUIRED  CLASS B MIXTURE 1: 2 ½:5
 BLAST FURNACE/SULPHATE CEMENT – USED TO RESIST  CLASS C MIXTURE 1: 3: 6
CHEMICAL ATTACK ON STRUCTURES
 LOW HEAT PORTLAND CEMENT – FOR MASSIVE SECTION
TO REDUCE HEAT OF HYDRATION COMPOSITION VOLUME IN CONCRETE MIX
 PORTLAND POZZOLAN CEMENT – WITH LOW HARDENING
CHARACTERISTIC CONCRETE 0.50CU.M. VOLUME OF SAND IN A CONCRETE MIX IN ALL
 HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT/ ALUMINOUS CEMENT/ CLASSES.
CEMENT FUNDU - IT CAN RESIST CHEMICAL ATTACK
1.0 CU.M. VOLUME OF GRAVEL IN A CONCRETE MIX IN ALL
INCLUDING SEA WATER IT CAN ALSO WITHSTAND HIGH
CLASSES.
TEMPERATURE OF MORE THAN 1,0000 C
12 BAGS. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF CEMENTS FOR 1 CU.M. FOR
MAIN COMPOSITION OF CEMENT:
CLASS AA MIXTURE.
 60% - 65% LIME
9 BAGS. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF CEMENTS FOR 1 CU.M.
 18% - 25% SILICA
FOR CLASS A MIXTURE.
 3% - 8% ALUMINA
 5% - 5% IRON OXIDE 7.5 BAGS ESTIMATED NUMBER OF CEMENTS FOR 1 CU.M.
 2% - 5% MAGNESIA FOR CLASS B MIXTURE.
 1% - 5% SULFUR TRIOXIDE
6 BAGS ESTIMATE NUMBER OF CEMENTS FOR 1 CU.M.
AGGREGATES FOR CLASS C MIXTURE.
COARSE AGGREGATES – CRUSHED STONE, CRUSHED GRAVEL, OR
NATURAL GRAVEL WITH PARTICLES RETAINED ON A 5 MM SIEVE.
LUMBER
MAXIMUM NOMINAL SIZES: 40 MM, 20 MM, 14 MM, OR
10 MM DEFINITION OF TERMS

FINE AGGREGATES - CRUSHED STONE, CRUSHED GRAVEL, SAND, WOOD – FIBROUS SUBSTANCE WHICH COMPOSES THE TRUNK AND
NATURAL SAND WITH PARTICLES PASSING TO 5MM SIEVE. BRANCHES OF THE TREE THAT LIES BETWEEN THE PITH AND THE
BARK.
PRINCIPLE OF CONCRETE MIXING
LUMBER – WOOD AFTER IT IS SAWED OR SLICED INTO BOARDS,
 WORKABILITY PLANKS, TIMBER, ETC.
 STRENGTH
 DURABILITY ROUGH LUMBER – UNPLANED OR UNDRESSED LUMBER
 ECONOMY
SURFACE/DRESSED LUMBER – PLANED LUMBER HAVING AT LEAST
WATER CEMENT RATIO – DETERMINED TO MEET THE ONE SMOOTH SIDE
REQUIREMENTS OF STRENGTH AND DURABILITY
S2S/S4S – DRESSED LUMBER WHICH NUMBER CONNOTES SMOOTH
AGGREGATES CEMENT RATIO – CHOSEN TO SATISFY THE SIDES.
WORKABILITY REQUIREMENTS
SLAB – ROUGH LUMBER WHICH IS CUT TANGET TO THE ANNUAL
COCNCRETE MIXTURE CLASSIFICATION RINGS AND CONTAINING AT LEAST ONE FLAT SURFACE

DESIGNED MIXTURE – CONTRACTOR IS RESPONSIBLE IN ELECTING
THE MIXTURE PROPORTION TO ACHIEVE REQUIRED STRENGTH AND
WORKABILITY
PRESCRIBED MIXTURE – DESIGNING ENGINEER SPECIFY THE
MIXTURE PROPORTION.
TIMBER – PIECE OF LUMBER 5 IN OR 13 CM, OR LARGER IN ITS
SMALLEST DIMENSION
PLANK – WIDE PIECE OF LUMBER FROM 4 TO 13 CM THICK
BOARD – PIECE OF LUMBER LESS THAN 4 CM THICK WITH AT LEAST
10 CM WIDE
FLITCH – THICK PIECE OF LUMBER

FINE GRAINED – WHEN ANNUAL RINGS ARE SMALL DEFECTS IN WOOD

COARSE GRAINED – LARGE ANNUAL RINGS  BY ABNORMAL GROWTH

o HEART SHAKES – RADICAL CRACKS ORIGINATING
STRAIGHT GRAINED – DIRECTION OF FIBERS ARE NEARLY PARALLEL AT THE CENTER OF THE LOGS COMMONLY
WITH THE SIDE EDGES FOUND IN OLD TREES
CROOKED/CROSS GRAINED – LUMBER TAKEN FROM CROOKED TREE o WIND SHAKES/CUP SHAKES – CRACKS OR
BREAKS ACROSS THE ANNUAL RINGS OF THE
WOOD CAUSED BY STRONG WINDS
o STAR SHAKES – COMPOSED IN SEVERAL HEART
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD SHAKES WGICH RADIATES FROM THE CENTER IN
STAR LIKE MANNER
EXOGENS – WOOD THAT ARE USED IN BUILDING COONSTRUCTION
o KNOTS – OCCURS AT THE STARTING POINT OF A
THAT GROWS LARGER BY ADDITION OF LAYER ON THE OUTER
LIMB OR BRANCH OF THE WOOD
SURFACE.
 DUE TO DETERIORATION
 MODE OF GROWTH o DRY ROT – CAUSED BY FUNGI DUE TO THE
o EXOGENOUS – OUTWARD GROWING TREES, PRESENCE OF MOISTURE
MOST PREFFERED FOR LUMBERING o WET ROT – CAUSED BY WATER SATURATION
o INDIGENOUS – INSIDE GROWING TREES, NOT
SEASONING OF LUMBER
PREFFERED FOR LUMBERING, SOFT CORE
 DENSITY NATURAL/AIR SEASONING – ONE OF THE BEST METHOS ALTHOUGH
o SOFT THE PERIOD INVOLVED IS RELATIVELY LONGER
o HARD
 LEAVES ARTIFICIAL SEASONING – LUMBER IS STACKED IN DRYING KILN AND
o NEEDLE SHAPE THEN EXPOSED TO STEAM AND HOT AIR.
o BROAD SHAPE
 FORCE AIR DRYING
 SHADE OR COLOR
 KILN DRYING
o WHITE
 RADIO FREQUENCY DIALETRIC DRYING
o YELLOW
o RED COMMON CAUSES OF DECAY
o BROWN
o BLACK, ETC.  ALTERNATE MOISTURE AND DRYNESS
 GRAIN  FUNGI AND MOLDS
o STRAIGHT  INSECTS AND WORMS
o CROSS  HEAT AND CONFINED AIR
o FINE
PROCESS OF PRESERVING WOODS
o COARSE
 NATURE OF THE SURFACE WHEN SAWED  EXTERNAL – WOOD IS COATED WITH PRESERVATIVE (AS
o PLAIN PAINT) WHICH PENETRATES THE FIBER
o GRAINED  INTERNAL – A CHEMICAL COMPOUND IS IMPREGNATED
o FIGURED/MARKED AT A PRESCRIBED PRESSURE TO PERMEATE THE WOOD
THOROUGHLY
LUMBERING – THE OPERATIONS PERFORMED IN PREPARING THE
WOOD FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES UNIT OF MEASURE
LODGING – PROCESS OR OPERATION FROM CUTTING OF TREES, BOARD FOOT – BD.FT.
HAULING AND DELIVERING OF WOOD TO THE SAWMILL FOR
SAWING.

SAWING – THE OPERATION OF CUTTING THE LOGS INTO

COMMERCIAL SIZES OF LUMBER

METHODS AND MANNER OF LOG SAWING

 PLAIN/BASTARD SAWING
 QUARTER/RIFT SAWING
o RADIAL
o TANGENTIAL
o QUARTER TANGENTIAL
o COMBINED RADIAL AND TANGENTIAL
TO FIND BOARD FOOT: WOOD

CONCRETE