BIOLOGICAL STATISTICS

SCATTER PLOT, SHAPES OF DISTRIBUTION &

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Mr. Paul Adrian S. Avecilla, RPm

Instructor

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SCATTER PLOT
• A scatterplot is a type of data display that shows the
relationship between two numerical variables.

• Each member of the dataset gets plotted as a point whose (x, y)

coordinates relates to its values for the two variables.

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What is a Correlation?
• A positive correlation is a relationship between two variables
that tend to move in the same direction.

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What is a Correlation?
• A negative correlation is a relationship between two variables such
that as the value of one variable increases, the other decreases.

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What is a Correlation?
• When there is no clear relationship between the two variables,
we say there is no correlation between the two variables.

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Measure of Central Tendency
• Mean - the mean, the arithmetic average of a group of scores.
The mean, often called the average, is used to represent the
“typical” score in a distribution.
• The mean is calculated by summing all the scores in a data set
and then dividing this sum by the total number of scores.

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Measure of Central Tendency
• Median - The median is the middle score of all the scores in a
sample when the scores are arranged in ascending order.

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Measure of Central Tendency
• Mode - The mode is the most common score of all the scores in
a sample.

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Shapes of Distribution

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What is an Outlier?
• An outlier is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from
other values in a random sample from a population.

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Measures of Variability
• The standard deviation is derived from variance and tells you, on
average, how far each value lies from the mean. It’s the square root of
variance.
• Both measures reflect variability in a distribution, but their units differ:
• Standard deviation is expressed in the same units as the original
values (e.g., meters).
• Variance is expressed in much larger units (e.g., meters squared)
• Since the units of variance are much larger than those of a typical value
of a data set, it’s harder to interpret the variance number intuitively.
That’s why standard deviation is often preferred as a main measure of
variability.
• However, the variance is more informative about variability than the
standard deviation, and it’s used in making statisticalCANOSSA
inferences.
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POPULATION

Sample

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Steps for Calculating the Variance
1. Find the mean of the data set
2. Find each score’s deviation from the mean
3. Square each deviation from the mean
4. Find the sum of squares
5. Divide the sum of squares by n-1 or N

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