Derivatives of ECTODERM

Lining epithelium of:

• Skin, including its pigment cells (from neural crest)
• Mucous membrane of lips, cheeks, gums, part of the floor of the mouth, part of the palate, nasal
cavities and paranasal sinuses
• Lower part of the anal canal
• Terminal part of the male urethra
• Outer surface of labia minora and whole of labia majora
• Anterior epithelium of cornea, epithelium of conjunctiva, epithelial layers of ciliary body and iris
• Outer layer of tympanic membrane, epithelial lining of membranous labyrinth including the
special end organs

Glands:
• Exocrine
• Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, parotid glands (and parts of other salivary glands),
mammary gland, lacrimal gland
• Endocrine
• Hypophysis cerebri, adrenal medulla

Other derivatives
• Hair
• Nails
• Enamel of teeth
• Lens of eye, musculature of iris, ciliary muscles, vitreous
• Nervous system including all neurons, neuroglia (except microglia) and schwann cells (from
neural crest)
• Pia-arachnoid (from neural crest)
• Branchial cartilage
• Substance of cornea, sclera and choroids
 Derivatives of endoderm
Lining Epithelium
• Epithelium of part of the mouth, part of palate, tongue, tonsil, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines and upper part of the anal canal
• Epithelium of pharyngo- tympanic tube, middle ear, inner layer of Tympanic Membrane,
mastoid antrum and air cells.
• Epithelium of respiratory tract
• Epithelium of gall bladder and extra-hepatic duct system, epithelium of pancreatic ducts
• Epithelium of urinary bladder except trigone (mesoderm), female urethra except part of its
posterior wall (mesoderm), male urethra except part of the posterior wall of its prostatic part
(mesoderm) and except the part of the penile urethra lying in the glans penis (ectoderm)
• Epithelium of greater part of vagina, vestibule and inner surface of labia minora

Glands
• Endocrine:
• Thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, islets of Langerhans
• Exocrine
• Liver, pancreas, glands in wall of GIT, greater part of prostate (except inner glandular
zone) and its female homologues

Derivatives of the MESODERM

• All connective tissues including loose areolar tissue filling the interstices between other tissues,
superficial and deep fascia, ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses and the dermis of the skin
• Specialized connective tissues like adipose tissue, reticular tissue, cartilage and bone
• Dentine of teeth
• All muscles (smooth, striated and cardiac) except musculature of the iris (ectoderm) and ciliary
muscles (? Neural crest)
• Heart, all blood vessels and lymphatics and blood cells
• Kidneys, ureters, trigone of bladder, posterior wall of upper half of prostatic urethra and the
inner glandular zone of the prostate, posterior wall of part of the female urethra
• Ovary, uterus, uterine tubes, upper part of the vagina
• Testis, epidydimis, ductus deferens. Seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct
• Lining mesothelium of pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities and of tunica vaginalis
• Lining mesothelium of bursae and joints
• Substance of cornea, sclera and choroid (?)
• Substance of ciliary body and iris
• Duramater, pia-arachnoid (?), microglia
• Adrenal cortex