Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier Oday

Lecture Note
7
Uncontrolled and Controlled Rectifiers
Prepared by
Dr. Oday A Ahmed
Website: https://odayahmeduot.wordpress.com
Email: 30205@uotechnology.edu.iq
Scan QR
Lecture Note 7: Uncontrolled and Controlled Rectifier
Instructure: Dr. Oday A Ahmed
single-phase diode and SCR rectifiers

The diode rectifiers are referred to as uncontrolled rectifiers, which make use of
power semiconductor diodes to carry the load current. The diode rectifiers give a
fixed dc output voltage (fixed average output voltage) and each diode rectifying
element conducts for one half cycle duration (T/2 seconds), that is the diode
conduction angle = 1800 or π radians.
█ We cannot control (we cannot vary) the dc output voltage or the average
dc load current in a diode rectifier circuit.
Controlled SCR rectifiers are line-commutated ac to dc power converters that are

used to convert a fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac power supply into variable dc
output voltage.
Important NOTE:
The thyristor current and the load current begin to flow once the thyristors are
triggered (turned ON) at angle called firing angle α. The main difference between
the diode rectifier and SCR rectifier is the required trigger for firing the SCR.
Hence, for ωt= α=00 the behaviour of SCR rectifier is look like the diode
rectifier. Thus, the controlled SCR rectifier will only be explained here.
 The thyristor remains reverse biased during the negative half cycle of input
supply. The type of commutation used in controlled rectifier circuits is referred
to AC line commutation or Natural commutation or AC phase commutation.
 SCR Rectifier can be controlled by α from 00 (operate like a diode rectifier)
to 1800 (provided zero DC voltage for R-load). Where the SCR conduction
angle δ =π –α
 Single quadrant ac-dc converters where the output voltage is only positive
and cannot be made negative for a given polarity of output current.
 Single quadrant converters can also be designed to provide only negative dc
output voltage.
█ two quadrant converters so that the output voltage can be made either
positive or negative for a given polarity of output load current can be
achieved by using fully controlled bridge converter circuit.
1
Note: the operation of the rectifier has different effects on the power quality
when it is work. Also its operation is effected by the loads type. These effects can
be summarized below:
A. The effect of RL load with low inductance on the output DC voltage and
on the input current.
B. The effect of RL load with heavy inductive on the input current power
factor and current waveform shape. In addition, the effect on the average
power that transferred from the source to load, as stated in Lec.7.
C. The effect of output C filter on the input current shape and Peak value and
RMS current.
D. The effect of reverse recovery current on the output DC voltage of the

rectifier.
E. The effect of leakage inductance of the input transformer on the output

voltage of the rectifier.
F. The effect of RLE load on the output voltage and operation of the
converter.
I. Single Phase Half Wave Phase Controlled Rectifier
2
A. R-Load
iO(max)
T1 vo vT1 iT1 iO iS
State
For ωt = OFF 0 V1 0 0 0 0
0→α
𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑜 𝑉𝑚
For ωt = ON vS 0
𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿 𝑅𝐿
α →π
For ωt = OFF 0 Vm 0 0 0 0
π →2π
o V1= Vmsin α (hence this voltage depend on

α, if α=0 V1= 0V)
o vT1 = (0.7+Vf) for real SCR for ωt = α →π
o peak reverse voltage PIV = Vm
o iT1 = reverese leakge current when SCR OFF for real SCR
o vp represents the primary supply voltage = Vmsinωt.
o vS represents the secondary supply voltage = Vmsinωt for turns ratio n=1.
The maximum value (peak value) of that flow via the RL, T1, and secondary
winding is calculated as:
► SCR naturally turns off when the current flowing through it falls to zero at
ωt =π.
3
► Since conduction angle δ =π –α, hence maximum conduction angle

when α=00
►
RMS value of input ac supply voltage across transformer
secondary.
Drive an Expression for output DC Voltage:
For single-phase diode HWR, α=00 →
The control characteristic of SCR HWR is

shown aside:
DC Load current is equal to:
Drive an Expression for output RMS Voltage:
RMS Load current is equal to:
4
For diode Rectifier (α=00)
Input power factor pf
Since the shape input current is still sinusoidal, DF=1 and DPF=pf (Can you
guess the value of fundamental components of input current, FF, RF, and
CF?).
B. RL-Load
ON OFF
T1 ON
For ωt = α → β
T1 Off ωt = β→2π
In practice, most of the loads are of RL type.
Note: Load current increases slowly due the

inductance since the inductance in the load forced the load current to lag load
voltage.
 The load current flowing through T1would not fall to zero at ωt=π, when vs
starts to become negative (due to magnetic field in the inductor).
 T1 will continue to conduct io until all the inductive energy stored in L is
completely utilized and current via T1 falls to zero at ωt=β.
 β is referred to as the Extinction angle or advance angle.
 β is measured from the point of the beginning of the positive half cycle of input
supply to the point where the load current falls to zero.
 conduction angle of SCR δ = β – α
 δ depends on the firing angle and the load impedance angle ϕ
5
 At ωt =β, io = 0, VL=0 and VR =0 and vs appears as reverse bias across SCR.

then SCR turned off
 peak reverse voltage PIV = Vm
 negative in output voltage reduces Vo(dc) when compared to a purely R-Load.
Derive an expression for inductive load current, during α <ωt< β
During ωt = α → β, the load current is determined as following:
io=is+it where, is steady state load current, it: transient load current
Thus, The current via L is produce from

sinusoidal source but the current via it is
rising slowly exponentially. Hence, the
original of current is sinusoidal entered
is it with it exponential current component.
A1 is the initial transient current which is changing with α which found as

explained in Lecture09.
Based on the above equation the steady-state component of load current in related
to source voltage and transient components at different firing angles are plotted
below:
Source voltage Vmsinωt
6
If α<Φ : δ>π, as for α1 and α2

If α=Φ : δ=π, as for α3
Ito measure If α>Φ : δ<π, as for α4
from the If α= π : δ=0
beginning
of SCR
triggered
not at zero-
crossing φ
voltage. Φ=900
(i.e. at ωt =
α
Steady state load current
Voltage
Max I at di/dt=0, which occurs at vs=vR
Vm
vL
vR Voltage decreasing, L realising energy
Voltage increasing,
L stored energy
π/2 λ π β
The Figure
shows the load current
impedance
phase angle io
Imax
related to io at is
α=0: Ito it
it(β) io(β)=0
φ λ β is(β)
Iso
7
The load current is the same one for the current via T1 and source (with no
FWD) is:
TO CALCULATE EXTINCTION ANGLE β
As shown in Lecture09:
Iterative solutions to
find β
The exact value for β

exist only for the purely
resistive load, Φ= 0,
and the purely
inductive load, Φ = ½π.
8
TO CALCULATE MAX LOAD CURRENT AT ωt=λ
To find the maximum value of the load current which should be occurred at ωt=λ,
𝑑𝑖 𝑑 𝑉𝑚 −𝑅
=0= ( [sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙) − sin⁡(𝛼 − 𝜙)𝑒 𝜔𝐿 (𝜔𝑡−𝛼) ])
𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡 𝑍
sin(A-B)=sin A cos B - cos A sin B, thus,
−𝑅
𝑉𝑚 sin(𝛼−𝜙) (𝜔𝑡−𝛼)
0= [cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙) + 𝐿 𝑒 𝜔𝐿 ] , at ωt=λ
𝑍
𝑅
𝐿 −𝑅
(𝜆−𝛼) Iteration needed
( ) ( )
cos 𝜆 − 𝜙 = − sin 𝛼 − 𝜙 𝑒 𝜔𝐿 for solving λ
𝑅
Hence, by substituting ωt=λ, to io, the maximum current via L can be obtained.
𝑉𝑚 −𝑅
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [sin(𝜆 − 𝜙) − sin⁡(𝛼 − 𝜙)𝑒 𝜔𝐿 (𝜆−𝛼) ]
𝑍
TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR AVERAGE (DC) LOAD VOLTAGE
Average DC Load Current
The RMS load voltage is (if ωt=θ)
The RMS load current:
2
1 𝛽 𝑉𝑚 −𝑅
(𝜔𝑡−𝛼)
𝐼𝑜(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = √ ∫ ( [sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙) − sin⁡(𝛼 − 𝜙)𝑒 𝜔𝐿 ]) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑍
9
Input power factor pf can be obtained as:
C. RL-Load with Freewheeling Diode (FWD)
With a RL load it was observed that the average

output voltage reduces. This disadvantage can
be overcome by connecting a diode across the
load as shown in figure.
The modes operation of the rectifier is shown

below:
SCR FWD vo vT1 iT1 IFWD
State
For ωt =
OFF OFF 0 V1 0 0
0→α
For ωt =
ON OFF vS 0 iO(t) 0
α →π
For ωt =
OFF ON 0 V2 0 iO(t)
π→β
For ωt =
OFF OFF 0 Vm 0 0
β→ 2π
H.W: What are the reasons results in SCR and FWD turned
off during the periods ωt = 0 → α and ωt = β→ 2π
 At ωt=π, vS falls to zero and as vS becomes

negative, FWD is forward biased and SCR is
turned OFF. V2
 Stored energy in L maintains the load

current flow through R, L, and the FWD.
 During the period π to ωt=β, the load
current flows through FWD (freewheeling load current) and decreases
exponentially towards zero at ωt=β.
 The load is shorted by the conducting FWD and the load voltage is almost zero,
if the FWD forward voltage drop is neglected.
The mean load voltage (hence mean output current) for all conduction cases, with
a passive L-R load, is
10
RMS output voltage for both continuous and discontinuous load current is:
To find load current, the same equation used in Part B can be used. However, current via
SCR is different where this current occurs between α<ωt≤π
NOTE: The following points are to be noted.

█ If L value is not very large, the energy stored in its able to maintain the
load current only up to ωt=β, where π <β< 2π, where before the next gate
pulse, the load current tends to become discontinuous.
█ During the conduction period (δ) α to π, io is carried by the SCR and during
the freewheeling period π to β, io is carried by the freewheeling diode.
█ The value of β depends on R and L and the forward resistance of the FWD.
█ If the value of L is very large, io does not decrease to zero during the
freewheeling time interval and the ripple in io waveform decreases.
11
D. RLE-Load
 The load circuit consists of a dc source ‘E’ in addition
to resistance and inductance.
 SCR will be forward biased for anode supply voltage
greater than the load dc voltage (i.e. vS>E).
 If vS<E, SCR will be revered biased.
 The value of ωt at which the supply voltage increases and becomes equal to
the load circuit dc voltage can be calculated as:
o For trigger angle α < γ, the SCR conducts only from ωt= γ to β.
o For trigger angle α > γ, the thyristor conducts from ωt= α to β.
The load current can be found as:
12
The average or dc load voltage
Note that: Vo(dc)= E+IoR

RMS Output Voltage can be calculated by using the expression
For L=0H, β= π- γ, the average load current can be given as:

1
𝐼𝑜 = {𝑉 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + cos 𝛾) − 𝐸(𝜋 − 𝛾 − 𝛼)}
2𝜋𝑅 𝑚
The RMS load current for L=0H can be given as:
1 𝛽 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 − 𝐸 2
𝐼𝑜𝑟 = √ ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑅
1/2
1 2 𝑉𝑠2
𝐼𝑜𝑟 = {(𝑉𝑠2 + 𝐸 )(𝛽 − 𝛼 ) − (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛽 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼 ) − 2𝑉𝑚 𝐸 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 )}
√2𝜋𝑅 2
Power deliver to the load is equal to:
2
𝑃𝑑𝑐 = 𝐼𝑜𝑟 𝑅 + 𝐼𝑜 𝐸
And the input power factor is:
13
2
𝐼𝑜𝑟 𝑅 + 𝐼𝑜 𝐸
𝑝𝑓 =
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟
To find Ior, Io for half-wave diode rectifier, α = γ
The PIV= Vm+E
II. SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
Single-phase full wave rectifier can be divided into the following configurations:
► Centre tapped rectifier.
► Semi-Converter rectifier.
► Full-bridge rectifier.
① ②
Full-wave half-uncontrolled converter Full-wave mid-point controlled converter
③ ④
Full-wave uncontrolled converter Full-wave Full -controlled converter
⑥
⑤
Bridge Rectifier split rail dc supplies Bridge Rectifier voltage doubler
14
⑦ ⑧
Full-wave half-controlled
semi-converters
⑨
Single phase half wave controlled rectifiers are

rarely used in practice as they give low dc output and low dc output power. They
are only of theoretical interest. Therefore, various full-wave rectifier
configurations are studied here.
NOTE: All previous configurations give a full-wave two-pulse output
voltage.
A) Configurations ① and ③
Both circuits appear identical as far as the load and supply are concerned.
 Two fewer diodes can be employed in Config. ①, but this circuit requires
a centre-tapped secondary transformer where each secondary has only a
50% copper utilisation factor.
 Each of the secondary windings in ① must have the same RMS voltage
rating as the single secondary winding of the transformer in ③.
 Rectifying diodes in ① experience twice the reverse voltage, (2 √2V s), as
that experienced by each of the four diodes in the circuit of ③, (√ 2 Vs).
The operation modes of two configurations above are shown below for
continuous load current operation:
15
Vs
Vm for full-
bridge, 2Vm for
centre-tap
The average and RMS output voltage can be derived as shown below:
1 𝜋 2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = ∫ 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑑 (𝜔𝑡) =
𝜋 0 𝜋
1 𝜋 2 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑜𝑟 = √ ∫ 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 2 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) = = 𝑉𝑠
𝜋 0 √2
Note: Vm is the maximum of secondary winding voltage
With an inductive passive load, (no back EMF) continuous load current
flows, which is given by:
Appropriate integration of the load current squared, gives the RMS current:
16
This current is the same one for all full-wave uncontrolled rectifier
configurations.
H.W.: Derive an expression to find the average and RMS value of diode
currents.
Hint: the current via each diode whether centre-tap or full-bridge
configuration is for the following period 0≤ ωt≤π or π ≤ ωt≤2π.
B) Configurations ② and ④
The main difference between the configurations ① and ③ and the rectifiers
shown⁡in⁡②⁡and⁡④⁡is the possibility of control the output voltage using SCR.
The operation modes of ②⁡and⁡④⁡are⁡similar⁡to⁡① and ③ except of when
the⁡voltage⁡appear⁡across⁡the⁡load⁡is⁡depending⁡on⁡firing⁡angle⁡α:
There are two types of operations possible.
ƒ Discontinuous load current operation, which occurs for a purely resistive
load or an RL load with low inductance value.
ƒ Continuous load current operation which occurs for an RL type of load
with large load inductance.
Discontinuous Load Current Operation (for low value of load inductance)
The main waveforms with equivalent state are shown below
17
‫ـــ‬
‫ـــ‬ ‫ـــ‬
‫ـــ‬
① ② ③ ④ ⑤
②
④
①
Same output current equation

③ ⑤
with RL load can be obtained as
shown for half-wave rectifier
except her the equation should be
multiplied by 2.
The average and RMS output voltage can be derived as shown below:
The output voltage waveforms and DC output

voltage with FWD are shown below:
H.W: Derive an expression for RMS output

voltage for full-bridge controlled rectifier with low value of load inductance.
18
Continuous Load Current Operation (for high value of load inductance)

The main waveforms are shown below
 Generally the load current is continuous
for large load inductance and for low trigger
angles.
 The load current is discontinuous for low
values of load inductance and for large
values of trigger angles.
The DC output voltage can be obtained as:
► The above equation can be plotted to

obtain the control characteristic of a single
phase full wave controlled rectifier with RL
load assuming continuous load current
operation.
► For trigger angle α in the range of 0 to ≤900
Vdc is positive and the circuit operates as a
controlled rectifier.
► For α> 900, Vdc becomes negative but io
flows in the same positive direction. Hence
the output power becomes negative. This means that the power flows from the
load circuit to the input ac source. This is referred to as line commutated inverter
operation. During the inverter mode load energy can be fed back from the load
circuit to the input ac source.
The RMS thyristor current can be calculated as
The average thyristor current can be calculated as
19
C) Configurations ⑦,⑧, and⑨

These rectifier topologies are semi-converters since they have diode devices in
addition to the SCRs. The key waveforms of these configurations are shown
below; the circuits ⑦ to ⑨ don’t⁡ require⁡ additional⁡ FWD⁡ since⁡ they⁡
inherently can remove the effect of load inductance:
The DC output voltage for circuits ⑦,⑧ can be obtained as shown in circuits
②,④⁡with⁡FWD⁡which⁡is⁡equal⁡to:
The DC output voltage for circuit ⑨⁡is⁡different⁡and⁡can⁡be⁡obtained⁡as⁡shown⁡

below:
For α=00, this circuit operate like full-bridge uncontrolled rectifier.
III. Single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier circuit with a C-filter and R-load
The capacitor reduces the ripple voltage, so large voltage-polarised capacitance

is used to produce an almost constant dc output voltage.
20
Vs rises
Supply provides load and simultaneously

charges the capacitor
charging current period
capacitor voltage > Vs
At ωt= β, D1-D2/D3-D4 OFF
capacitor supplies the load current
voltage decreases with an R-C

time constant until ωt = π +α
The average voltage
α: The start of diode conduction,
β: The diode current extinction angle

Θc :diode conduction period= β-α
The capacitor charging current

period θc around the ac supply
extremes is short, giving a high
peak to rms ratio of diode and
supply current.
21
The average voltage
Diodes conducting Diodes non-conducting
α ≤ ωt ≤ β β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α
vo(ωt) vo(ωt)
Vm sinωt
See
Next
Page
22
The output voltage for (β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α) can be found as:

1
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼𝑅 + ∫ 𝑖𝑑(𝜔𝑡) + 𝑉𝑐 (𝜔𝑡 = 𝛽)
During all diodes
1 are turned off C
0 = 𝐼𝑅 + ∫ 𝑖𝑑(𝜔𝑡) + 𝑉𝛽 𝑉𝛽 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 supply the
required current.
Taking LT:
𝐼(𝑠) 𝑉𝛽
0 = 𝐼(𝑠)𝑅 + +
𝑠 𝑠
By simplifying the above equation: 𝑉𝑠 = 0
𝑉𝛽
1
= Taking LTI:
𝑅
𝑉𝛽 −(𝜔𝑡−𝛽) −(𝜔𝑡−𝛽)
𝑖𝑡 = 𝑒 𝜔𝑅 𝑉𝑜 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝛽 𝑒 𝜔𝑅
𝑅
𝑖D(ω𝑡)= 𝑖c(ω𝑡)+ 𝑖R(ω𝑡) at ωt= β, 𝑖o=0
β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α
𝑖𝑅(ω𝑡) =
𝑉𝑜 (ω𝑡) 𝑉𝛽 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
= =
𝑑𝑉𝑜 (ω𝑡) 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑖 (ω𝑡) = ω =
𝑑ω𝑡
−(𝜔𝑡−𝛽)
𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑉𝑚 𝑠 𝛽
0= 𝑚 + 𝑉𝑜 ω𝑡 = 𝑉𝛽 𝑒 𝑡𝑎 𝛽 for (β ≤ ωt ≤ π+α)
𝑅
The average voltage
𝑒 𝑒 𝑉𝛽 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
𝑡 𝑛𝛽 = 𝜔𝑅
𝛽 𝜋 𝛼 −(𝜔𝑡−𝛽)
1
𝑉𝑜 = ∫ sinωt 𝑑ωt + ∫ 𝑉𝛽 𝑒 𝑡𝑎 𝛽 𝑑ωt
2𝜋 𝛼 𝛽
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑚
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑐= 𝛽- α
𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑜 =
𝑅
23
The Output voltage Ripple
The maximum output voltage occurs at
Vm
The minimum output voltage occurs at 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
output peak-to-peak ripple voltage
Δvo= Vm ‫ــــ‬ 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑉𝑚 (1-𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)
Sine voltage The Output voltage Ripple

start and exp
At ωt = π+α voltage end
both at the
same value.
vo(ωt)=vo(π+α)=Vm sin(π+α) −(𝜔𝑡−𝛽) −(π+α−𝛽)

𝑉𝑜 ω𝑡 = 𝑉𝛽 𝑒 𝑡𝑎 𝛽 𝑉𝑜 π+α = 𝑉𝛽 𝑒 𝑡𝑎 𝛽
−( π+α− )
Vm sin(π+α) = 𝑉𝛽 𝑒
The two equation sides gives maximum value when α and =0.5π
−(π)
𝑉𝑜 π+α =Vm 𝑉𝛽 =Vmsin 𝛽= Vmsin 0.5π=Vm 𝑉𝑜 π+α = 𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑡𝑎 𝛽
−(π) 𝜋
−( π) Δvo=
𝑉𝑚
Δvo=Vm-𝑉𝑚 𝑒 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝛽 1− 𝑅
𝜔𝑅
24
The average capacitor current is zero
the average diode current is the same

𝑖D(ω𝑡) = 𝑖 c(ω𝑡)+ 𝑖R(ω𝑡), 𝐼 o= 𝐼 D,
as the average load current because
Since the diode is on for a short time in each cycle, the peak diode current is generally
much larger than the average diode current
𝑖D𝑃𝑒 = 𝑖c𝑃𝑒 + 𝑖R𝑃𝑒 ,

𝑑𝑉𝑜 ω𝑡 𝑉𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝑖 ω𝑡 = ω 𝑖c𝑃𝑒 =
𝑑ω𝑡
𝑖𝑅(ω𝑡) =
𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡
𝑖 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑉𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑅 𝑅 𝑖c𝑃𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑠 𝛼
𝑖D𝑃𝑒 = 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑖R𝑃𝑒
𝑅
Peak current occurs when the diode turns on
The source current equal to diode current
Example
A single-phase, full-wave, diode rectifier is supplied from a 230V ac, 50Hz voltage source
and uses a capacitor output filter, 1000µF, with a resistor 100Ω load. Ignoring diode voltage
drops and assume the diode start conducting at 66.5 degree, determine:
Expressions for the output voltage
output voltage ripple ∆vo and the % error
Expressions for the capacitor current
Diode peak current
The average load voltage and current
Assuming the output ripple voltage is triangular, estimate:
The average output voltage and rms output ripple voltage

Capacitance C for ∆ vo = 2% of the maximum output voltage
25
26
Capacitance C for ∆ vo = 2% of the maximum output voltage
𝑉𝑚
Δvo= 𝑅
IV. Rectifier performance with input stray inductance
It’s shown that for single-phase bridge controlled rectifier when incoming SCRs
Tl and T2 are fired outgoing SCRs T3 and T4 get turned off due to the application
of reverse voltage and the current shifts to SCRs Tl and T2 instantaneously. This
is possible only if the voltage source has no internal impedance.
If the source impedance is Rs→ IoRs voltage drop occur → Vo(dc) reduced by IoRs
This drop voltage must be considered. However, the source impedance could be
consist of internal resistance Rs and stray inductance Ls. Hence, source inductance
the outgoing and incoming SCRs to conduct together results in zero voltage
across the load. This period of commutation called overlap period. the effect of
source inductance is :lower the mean output voltage, and distort the output
voltage and current waveforms.
27
The effect of source inductance on the operation of single-phase full-bridge

controlled rectifier will be explained below. Same analysis can be done for
uncontrolled rectifier simply by applying α=00.
When T1 , T2 are triggered at a firing

angle α , the commutation of already
conducting T3, T4 begins. Because of
the presence of source inductance
Ls" the current via outgoing devices
T3, T4 decreases gradually to zero
from its initial value of io ; whereas
in incoming SCRs T1, T2 ; the current
builds up gradually from zero to full
value of io,
Hence, the full-bridge equivalent
circuit during this period is look like the
following circuit:
During overlap period μ:

 The current flow via Ls, T1, Load, and T2
 The current flow via T3, load, T4, and Ls
At beginning of μ , Ls stored energy by i2,
while then realise energy by i1.
By applying KVL for abcda loop:
28
It can be re-expressed Dc output voltage to make a relation between V o and load

current and value of source inductance:
Vo without overlap is equal to:
The maximum DC voltage occur at α=00. Thus,
Hence, output voltage with overlap period is can be found as:
From load current equation it can be obtained that:
from this equation μ can be obtained

Substitute the above equation in Vo, then
29
It can be seen from equation above that

the voltage drop due to Ls, is proportional
to Io and Ls.
Note: for μ<π, Vo is reduces due to Ls,
for μ=π, Vo=0V since all SCRs are
conducting.
Note: if α=00, then Vo can be controlled
between μ≤α≤π
Note: The maximum value of firing
angle can be (1800- μ).
30
Exercise:
A fully controlled bridge converter is connected to a 400V, 50Hz supply having
a source reactance of 0.3Ω. The converter is operating at a firing angle of quarter
of the one cycle. Determine the average load voltage and the overlap angle when
the converter is supplying a steady-state current of 60A.
31

Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier Oday

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier Oday

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifier Oday

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture Note

single-phase diode and SCR rectifiers

Controlled SCR rectifiers are line-commutated ac to dc power converters that are

D. The effect of reverse recovery current on the output DC voltage of the

E. The effect of leakage inductance of the input transformer on the output

I. Single Phase Half Wave Phase Controlled Rectifier

o V1= Vmsin α (hence this voltage depend on

► Since conduction angle δ =π –α, hence maximum conduction angle

Drive an Expression for output DC Voltage:

For single-phase diode HWR, α=00 →

The control characteristic of SCR HWR is

Drive an Expression for output RMS Voltage:

RMS Load current is equal to:

For diode Rectifier (α=00)

Input power factor pf

In practice, most of the loads are of RL type.

Note: Load current increases slowly due the

 At ωt =β, io = 0, VL=0 and VR =0 and vs appears as reverse bias across SCR.

Derive an expression for inductive load current, during α <ωt< β

During ωt = α → β, the load current is determined as following:

Thus, The current via L is produce from

A1 is the initial transient current which is changing with α which found as

Source voltage Vmsinωt

If α<Φ : δ>π, as for α1 and α2

Steady state load current

TO CALCULATE EXTINCTION ANGLE β

The exact value for β

TO CALCULATE MAX LOAD CURRENT AT ωt=λ

sin(A-B)=sin A cos B - cos A sin B, thus,

TO DERIVE AN EXPRESSION FOR AVERAGE (DC) LOAD VOLTAGE

Average DC Load Current

The RMS load voltage is (if ωt=θ)

The RMS load current:

Input power factor pf can be obtained as:

C. RL-Load with Freewheeling Diode (FWD)

With a RL load it was observed that the average

The modes operation of the rectifier is shown

 At ωt=π, vS falls to zero and as vS becomes

 Stored energy in L maintains the load

NOTE: The following points are to be noted.

The load current can be found as:

The average or dc load voltage

Note that: Vo(dc)= E+IoR

For L=0H, β= π- γ, the average load current can be given as:

II. SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

Full-wave half-uncontrolled converter Full-wave mid-point controlled converter

Full-wave uncontrolled converter Full-wave Full -controlled converter

Bridge Rectifier split rail dc supplies Bridge Rectifier voltage doubler

Single phase half wave controlled rectifiers are

Same output current equation

The output voltage waveforms and DC output

H.W: Derive an expression for RMS output

Continuous Load Current Operation (for high value of load inductance)

► The above equation can be plotted to

The RMS thyristor current can be calculated as

The average thyristor current can be calculated as

C) Configurations ⑦,⑧, and⑨

The DC output voltage for circuit ⑨⁡is⁡different⁡and⁡can⁡be⁡obtained⁡as⁡shown⁡

For α=00, this circuit operate like full-bridge uncontrolled rectifier.