Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University

(Binmaley Campus)

Binmaley, Pangasinan

Jacklyn C. De Leon

BS Criminology 2A

WEEK 1 (March 17, 2020)

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

1. What is INTERPOL?

Interpol is an international police agency that helps other

law-enforcement agencies track criminals who operate across
national borders. Although Interpol's work is not always as
exciting or glamorous as fictional accounts would have you
believe, the organization's databases, communications protocols
and international notices are vital tools in the fight against
international crime.

The full name of Interpol is the International Criminal

Police Organization, or the ICPO. It may also be abbreviated as
OICP, for Organisation Internationale de Police Criminelle, the
French version of the name. Usually, it is referred to as
Interpol, a name first selected as the telegraph shorthand name
for the agency.
 2. Discuss the history of Interpol.

For more than 100 years, police across the globe have been
cooperating to prevent and fight crime.

While some of the basic crimes remain unchanged over the

years (murder, robbery) other crimes have followed technological,
economic and sociological developments in our world (such as
cybercrime and people smuggling).

Policing has also advanced in line with developments in

technology. Until the 1980s, when our records were computerized,
data was processed and analyzed manually. In 1935, we launched a
dedicated radio network for sharing police information while
today’s secure web-based system allows police to check our
databases in real-time from the frontline.

Yet the very first initiatives to discuss extradition

procedures, identification techniques and record keeping are
still at the heart of our role today. Locating fugitives remains
a core activity, biometrics have replaced paper fingerprints and
our databases contain millions of global records of criminal
data. We began as the International Criminal Police Commission,
created in 1923, and became the International Criminal Police
Organization-INTERPOL in 1956.

3. What is the general overview of INTERPOL?

WhatisINTERPOL?

The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) is

the world's largest international police organization with 192
member countries. The main purpose of its establishment is to
enable the world police to ensure the safety of the human beings
all over the world.
The first idea of establishing Interpol was hit in 1914 in
the first International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco.
It was officially established in 1923 as 'International Criminal
Police Commission'. This organization began to be known as
"INTERPOL" in 1956. INTERPOL's headquarter is located in Lyon
(France).Its current chairman is "Meng Hongwei". INTERPOL's
General Assembly is its Governing body.

What are the functions of INTERPOL?

INTERPOL enables international police to work together to
fight international crime in 192 member countries. It primarily
uses its police expertise and capabilities for these three types
of crimes.
1.Counter-Terrorism
2. Organized crime
3. Cyber Crime
Interpol works in conjunction with all member countries and
international organizations like the United Nations and European
Union to combat international crime.

Main Functions of INTERPOL are as follows:

1. Securing Global Police Communication Services

Interpol has developed a global police communication system,
which is known as I-24/7 (Information 24x7), which allows any
member country to safely obtain and communicate data related to
crime, criminals etc. The Liaison Bureau (LB) is connected to
this Communication system and chief officer of any country can
get Interpol services through Liaison Bureau.
2. Operational data services and databases for police
Through the database I-24/7, member countries can get this
data directly when they need it. Here member countries, including
the security forces have direct and immediate access to a wide
range of databases, stolen motor vehicles, including stolen and
lost travel documents, stolen works of Art, nominal data, DNA
Profile, counterfeit payment cards and fingerprints.

3. Issuing of notices against global criminals

INTERPOL also publishes severe crime-related data through a
system of international notices. INTERPOL's General Secretariat
(IPSG) issues notice in the four official languages of the
organization i.e. English, French, Arabic and Spanish at the
requests of member countries.

4. Reducing organized and new types of crime

INTERPOL is committed to reduce organized crimes, criminal
networks and the destruction of illegal markets and protection of
weaker communities. INTERPOL issues 7 types of notices to nab the
criminals all over the world. The Indian government is taking the
help of INTERPOL to arrest Dawood Ibrahim who is wanted in Mumbai
serial blasts, 1993.
5. Counter Terrorism Operations
One of the main works of INTRPOL is to ensure global
solidarity against international terrorism and measures to deal
with chemical attacks, biological attack, radiological attack,
nuclear attack all over the world.

6. Cyber Crime
Cybercrime is the new type of challenge of the 21st century.
There are so many incidences taking place related to cybercrime
all over the world. As recently Ransom ware attack shook the
world by hacking the system of so many organizations all over the
world.
So in the above paragraphs, you have read about what kind of
functions are done by the INTERPOL for global peace and
prosperity. It is expected that in the coming years also the role
of INTERPOL will get more crucial to deal incidences of global
terrorism, cybercrime and human trafficking.
 Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University

(Binmaley Campus)

Binmaley, Pangasinan

Jacklyn C. De Leon

BS Criminology 2A

WEEK 2-3 (MARCH 23-27, 2020)

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

The use of social Networking Sites and the Internet in general in

identifying and location wanted person.

 The Future

 Serve as the worldwide information hub for law enforcement

cooperation

 Deliver state-of-the-art policing capabilities that support

member countries to fight and prevent transnational crimes
 Lead globally innovative approaches to policing
 Maximize INTERPOL’s role within the Global Security
Architecture
 Consolidate resources and governance structures for
enhanced operational performance

 The role of Interpol

 Roles and Function of NCB Sub-Bureaus

1. Receives request for information and record checks of local

and foreign nationals and reply to such request.
2. Conduct investigation of cases brought to their attention
involving Filipino’s and foreign nationals as requested by
other Interpol member countries.
 3. Monitor result of investigation for cases referred by
Interpol for compliance and feedback.
4. Ensures that cases referred for action are acted upon and
reports are rendered promptly.
5. Informs Interpol Manila on any case being handled by their
agency involving foreign nationals or seek assistance for
verification or any coordination needed with other Interpol
member countries based on the Standard Message Format.
6. Maintain a list of wanted persons (local/foreign) circulated
by Interpol and inform Interpol Manila of any arrest.
7. Gives summaries of the most important international cases in
which their agency was involved; and
8. Submits periodic activity report of accomplishments to
Interpol Manila based on the Standard Message Format.

 About the Interpol

Each of our member countries hosts an INTERPOL National

Central Bureau (NCB). This connects their national law
enforcement with other countries and with the General Secretariat
via our secure global police communications network called I-
24/7.

NCBs are at the heart of INTERPOL and how we work. They seek
the information needed from other NCBs to help investigate crime
or criminals in their own country, and they share criminal data
and intelligence to assist another country.

As part of their role in global investigations, NCBs work with:

 Law enforcement agencies in their own country
 Other NCBs and Sub-Bureaus around the world
 The General Secretariat’s offices worldwide
NCBs contribute national crime data to our global databases,
in accordance with their respective national laws, and cooperate
on cross-border investigations, operations and arrests.

 INTERPOL Instructure
 Yearly programmed cycles includes basic and advance training
sessions, along with table top exercise based on real life case
studies and scenarios to provide participants with hands on
experience. Common analytical software may be provided as a
specialized tool to assist countries in conducting their
investigations.

 National Central Bureau

The NCB-Interpol Manila traces its beginnings in 1961 when

the Philippines became a member of the ICPO – INTERPOL, with the
National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) as its focal point. Since
then, the NCB-Interpol Manila has undergone changes, which enable
it to confront the challenges of the times.

In one of the General Assembly meetings of the ICPO-

INTERPOL, it has been decided and adopted that the National
Central Bureau shall be handled by the controlling body or
Headquarters of the Criminal Police Organization of a member
State to be able to do its undertakings with authority.In
compliance thereto the President of the Philippines issued
Memorandum Order Nr. 92 on February 15, 1993 designating the
Philippine National Police as the INTERPOL National Central
Bureau for the Philippines, with the Chief, Philippine National
Police (PNP) as its concurrent Chairman.

 Interpol member countries

INTERPOL has 194 member countries, making us the world's

largest police organization. They work together and with the
General Secretariat to share data related to police
investigations.
Each country hosts an INTERPOL National Central
Bureau (NCB), which links national police with our global
network.
Countries come together at our annual General Assembly to
decide policy, working methods, finances and activities. In
addition, heads of NCB meet annually at a conference to share
experiences.
 Interpol Governance

INTERPOL’s direction and policy are decided by our member

countries through our governing bodies: the General Assembly and
Executive Committee.

The general assembly is Interpol’s supreme governing body,

comprising representatives from each other of our member
countries, it meets once a year and each session lasts around
four days. its purpose is to ensure that Interpol’s activities
corresponds to the needs of our member countries it does this by
determining the principles and measures for the organization to
reach its objectives, and by reviewing and approving the
programmed of activities and financial policy for the coming
year. Executive committee is the governing body in charge of
supervising the execution of the general assembly decision and
administration and work of the general secretariat. It meets
three times a year and sets organizational policy and direction.

 Interpol activities

Interpol,byname of International Criminal Police Organization,

intergovernmental organization that facilitates cooperation
between the criminal police forces of more than 180 countries.
Interpol aims to promote the widest-possible mutual assistance
between criminal police forces and to establish and develop
institutions likely to contribute to the prevention and
suppression of international crime. Headquartered
in Lyon, France, it is the only police organization that spans
the entire globe.
 Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University

(Binmaley Campus)

Binmaley, Pangasinan

Jacklyn C. De Leon

BS Criminology 2A

WEEK 4&5 APRIL 6-8, 13-14, 2020

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

1. Leading International police organization in the world.

a. International Police Cooperation in North America

I. A BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL POLICE COOPERATION IN

NORTHERN AMERICA

International policing in Northern America was historically

less well-developed than in Europe (which is not surprising given
the multitude of European national states and their geographical
closeness), but it nonetheless has antecedents going far back in
the respective histories of the United States, Mexico, and
Canada. Among the more important chapters of the history of
international police work in Northern America can be mentioned
the policing initiatives involved with the changing borders of
the three countries considered here. Foreshadowing some aspects
of present conditions on these matters, American police in past
centuries entertained easier relationships with its Canadian than
with its Mexican counterpart. Indicative, for instance, is that
the International Association of Chiefs of Police since its
inception in 1901 counted mostly American and Canadian police
among its members, without many representatives from Europe or
Latin America.
 U.S.-Mexican police relationships were historically
dominated by issues surrounding the control of the Mexican
border. Depending on political conditions in Mexico and hampered
by the country's various periods of turmoil, police collaboration
and bilateral treaties between the USA and Mexico were never
easily achieved. Border controls in Northern America also
centered on smuggling activities. The U.S. Customs Service,
created in 1789, fought smuggling by either cooperating with
foreign governments or by sending its own agents abroad.

Relationships between police of countries in Northern

America and those in Europe were historically not as prominent as
they are today. The geographical distance with the European
mainland presented a physical barrier which could not easily be
transcended. Furthermore, the United States did for a
considerable period of time not have a federal police force of
sufficient organizational strength for other national police to
collaborate with.

Relationships with Europe would not be intensified until

after the formation of the International Criminal Police
Commission, the forerunner of Interpol, in 1923. But, as will be
explained below, though the United States, Canada, and Mexico
joined Interpol many years ago, relationships with Interpol have
never been very extensive and the international police network
remained dominated by European police until very recently.
Interestingly, police of Latin America were the first to organize
international cooperation as early as 1901, when the idea to
foster collaboration was suggested at an international
conference. However, these initiatives did not produce any
lasting results and although they at times attempted to include
the United States and Mexico, they typically remained restricted
to South-American countries, especially Brazil, Argentina, and
Chile.

In sum, what this brief review reveals is that U.S. law

enforcement remained rather insulated from cooperation with
foreign police and that whatever contacts that did take place
across American borders were intended to serve nationally defined
interests. Additionally, relationships of United States police
with Canada, on the one hand, and with Mexico, on the other, were
quite different. These historical patterns, it will be shown, are
still relevant today.
 b. Role of INTERPOL in crime control

The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) is

the world's largest international police organization with 192
member countries. The INTERPOL was founded in 1923 and its
headquarter is located in France. INTERPOL issues 7 types of
notices against the most wanted criminals of the world.

The mandate and the primary task of INTERPOL is to support

police and law enforcement agencies in its 186 member countries
in their efforts to prevent crime and conduct criminal
investigations as efficiently and effectively as possible.
Specifically, INTERPOL facilitates cross border police
cooperation and, as appropriate, supports governmental and
intergovernmental organizations, authorities and services whose
mission is to prevent or combat crime.

INTERPOL’s Core Functions

In order to carry out its mandate, INTERPOL provides its

member countries and designated partner organizations four core
functions or services:

1. Secure global police communications services

INTERPOL recently designed and implemented a state-of-the-

art global communications system for the law enforcement
community which is called “I-24/7”. This new communication tool –
to which all member countries are already connected – allows for
the transmission of information about suspected individuals and
crimes to INTERPOL’s member countries requiring assistance with
ongoing international investigations in a secure manner within
real time.
 2. Global databases and data services

Once police have the capability to communicate

internationally, they need access to information which can assist
investigations or help prevent crime. INTERPOL has therefore
developed and maintains a range of global databases and data
services, covering key information such as names, fingerprints,
photographs, DNA profiles of individuals under investigation or
wanted for arrest as well as data concerning Stolen and Lost
identification and Travel Documents (SLTD), stolen vehicles,
stolen works of art and illicit weapons related to criminal
cases.

3. Operational police support services

INTERPOL provides specific crime – related support through

its third core function, the provision of operational police
support services. INTERPOL has six priority crime areas: drugs
and organized crime, financial and high-tech crime, fugitives,
public safety and terrorism, trafficking in human beings
(including crimes against children), and corruption. Other crime
areas of concern include, inter alia, environmental and
intellectual property crime. INTERPOL convenes theme-oriented
specialized working groups which bring together experts from
around the world to share expertise and develop and promote best
practice in investigation techniques. INTERPOL also conducts
thematic criminal analysis in order to, inter alia, detect new
crime trends, trace criminal networks, determine modus operandi,
and identify perpetrators.
 Republic of the Philippines

Pangasinan State University

(Binmaley Campus)

Binmaley, Pangasinan

Jacklyn C. De Leon

BS Criminology 2A

WEEK 7 & 8 April 15-17, 20-24, 2020

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

•The UN Convention against Transnational Crimes

The United Nations Convention against Transnational

Organized Crime, adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of
15 November 2000, is the main international instrument in the
fight against transnational organized crime. It opened for
signature by Member States at a High-level Political Conference
convened for that purpose in Palermo, Italy, on 12-15 December
2000 and entered into force on 29 September 2003. The Convention
is further supplemented by three Protocols, which target specific
areas and manifestations of org anized crime: the Protocol to
Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially
Women and Children; the Protocol against the Smuggling of
Migrants by Land, Sea and Air; and the Protocol against the
Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts
and Components and Ammunition. Countries must become parties to
the Convention itself before they can become parties to any of
the Protocols.

The Convention represents a major step forward in the fight

against transnational organized crime and signifies the
recognition by Member States of the seriousness of the problems
posed by it, as well as the need to foster and enhance close
international cooperation in order to tackle those problems.
States that ratify this instrument commit themselves to taking a
series of measures against transnational organized crime,
including the creation of domestic criminal offences
(participation in an organized criminal group, money laundering,
corruption and obstruction of justice); the adoption of new and
sweeping frameworks for extradition, mutual legal assistance and
law enforcement cooperation; and the promotion of training and
technical assistance for building or upgrading the necessary
capacity of national authorities.

•ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime

The Mandate for ASEAN Cooperation In Combating Transnational

Crime One of the fundamental principles of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as enshrined in the Bangkok
Declaration of 8 August 1967 was "strengthening the foundation
for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian
Nations." ASEAN policies, plans, strategies and activities
revolve around this principle. Transnational crime has the
potential of eroding this central belief thereby affecting the
political, economic and social well being of ASEAN. In
recognizing the detrimental effects of transnational crime, ASEAN
countries have taken concerted efforts to combat such crime since
early 1970s.

ASEAN's initial efforts in combating transnational crime

were focused on drug abuse and drug trafficking, the prevalent
crime then, which affected the growth and vitality of ASEAN. With
globalization, technological advancement and greater mobility of
people and resources across national borders, transnational crime
has become increasingly pervasive, diversified and organized. The
region has to deal with many new forms of organized crimes that
transcend national borders and political sovereignty such as
terrorism, new types of drug abuse and trafficking, innovative
forms of money laundering activities, arms smuggling, trafficking
in women and children and piracy.

The resolve of ASEAN's Leaders in fighting illicit drugs,

the prevalent transnational crime then, can be traced to the
Declaration of ASEAN Concord of 24 February 1976. The ASEAN
Leaders, in that landmark document, called for the
"intensification of cooperation among member states as well as
with the relevant international bodies in the prevention and
eradication of the abuse of narcotics and the illegal trafficking
of drugs."

Since then, all the ASEAN Summits have expressed concerns on

narcotics abuse and illegal drug trafficking in the region. At
the Fifth ASEAN Summit in December 1995 in Bangkok, the Leaders
decided that "ASEAN shall further enhance cooperative efforts
against drug abuse and illicit trafficking with special emphasis
being given to demand reduction programs and information exchange
and dissemination, with the aim of creating a drug-free ASEAN.”

With transnational crime expanding in scope and becoming

more organized, ASEAN's Leaders have called for a comprehensive
and coordinated approach in combating crime at the regional
level. At the First Informal Summit in November 1996, the ASEAN
Leaders called upon the "relevant ASEAN bodies to study the
possibility of regional cooperation on criminal matters,
including extradition." At the Second Informal Summit in December
1997, they "resolved to take firm and stern measures to combat
transnational crimes such as drug trafficking, trafficking in
women and children as well as other transnational crime." The
ASEAN Leaders also adopted the ASEAN Vision 2020 at the Second
Informal Summit which, among others, envisioned tile evolution of
agreed rules of behavior and cooperative measures to deal with
problems that can be met only on a regional scale, including drug
trafficking, trafficking in women and children and other
transnational crimes.