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    The document discusses Gibbs free energy (G) and how it relates to the spontaneity of chemical reactions. It specifically discusses: 1. The Gibbs free energy equation: G = H - TS, where G is free energy, H is enthalpy, T is temperature, and S is entropy. 2. How a negative ΔG value indicates a spontaneous reaction will occur to reach equilibrium, while a positive ΔG value means a reaction is non-spontaneous. 3. How the actual free energy change (ΔG) for a reaction depends on both the standard free energy change (ΔG°) and the reaction quotient (Q) or equilibrium constant (K).

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    The document discusses Gibbs free energy (G) and how it relates to the spontaneity of chemical reactions. It specifically discusses: 1. The Gibbs free energy equation: G = H - TS, where G is free energy, H is enthalpy, T is temperature, and S is entropy. 2. How a negative ΔG value indicates a spontaneous reaction will occur to reach equilibrium, while a positive ΔG value means a reaction is non-spontaneous. 3. How the actual free energy change (ΔG) for a reaction depends on both the standard free energy change (ΔG°) and the reaction quotient (Q) or equilibrium constant (K).

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    5 views28 pages

    1.1.3 Storyboard Launch

    Uploaded by

    John Frix Alejano
    The document discusses Gibbs free energy (G) and how it relates to the spontaneity of chemical reactions. It specifically discusses: 1. The Gibbs free energy equation: G = H - TS, where G is free energy, H is enthalpy, T is temperature, and S is entropy. 2. How a negative ΔG value indicates a spontaneous reaction will occur to reach equilibrium, while a positive ΔG value means a reaction is non-spontaneous. 3. How the actual free energy change (ΔG) for a reaction depends on both the standard free energy change (ΔG°) and the reaction quotient (Q) or equilibrium constant (K).

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 28

    Gibb’s free energy equation!

    G = H - TS!

    free enthalpy! temperature


    energy! x!
    entropy!
    Free energy (G)!

    G = H - TS!
    high! low!
    Free energy (G)!

    G = H - TS!
    low! high!
    Free energy (G)!

    Spontaneous:!
    !
    Decreased free energy!

    G = H - TS!
    low! high!
    Spontaneous (exergonic)!
    Spontaneous (exergonic)!
    High potential!
    energy!

    ΔG < 0!

    Low potential!
    energy!
    Spontaneous (exergonic) S à P!
    High potential!
    energy!

    ΔG < 0!

    Low potential!
    energy!
    Spontaneous (exergonic) S à P!
    High potential!
    energy!

    ΔG < 0!

    Low potential!
    energy!
    Spontaneous (exergonic)! ΔG = ΔH - TΔS!
    High potential! ΔG < 0!
    energy! therefore,!
    " " ΔH < TΔS!
    energy in! entropy, !
    ΔG < 0! chemical! adjusting for !
    bonds! temperature!

    Low potential! heat!


    heat!
    energy!

    (-) ΔH! (+) ΔH!


    exothermic   endothermic  
    Non-spontaneous (endergonic)!
    High potential!
    energy!

    ΔG > 0!

    Low potential!
    energy!
    Non-spontaneous (endergonic)!

    Low potential!
    energy!
    Non-spontaneous (endergonic)!

    ΔG > 0!

    Low potential!
    energy!
    Non-spontaneous (endergonic)!
    High potential!
    energy!

    ΔG > 0!

    Low potential!
    energy!
    Non-spontaneous (endergonic)! ΔG = ΔH - TΔS!
    High potential! ΔG > 0!
    energy!

    ΔG > 0!

    Low potential!
    energy!
    1. Spontaneous or not!
    2. Equilibrium constant!
    3. Directionality!
    4. Velocity!
    Equilibrium constant (Keq)!

    S! P!

    [P]eq
    K eq =
    [S]eq
    CO2 + H2O H2CO3!

    Le Chatelier’s principle!
    H2CO3!
    Free energy (G)!

    CO2!

    Equilibrium!

    Reaction progress!
    CO2 + H2O H2CO3!
    CO2 H2CO3!

    H2CO3!
    Free energy (G)!

    CO2!

    Equilibrium!

    Reaction progress!
    CO2 + H2O H2CO3!
    CO2 X! H2CO3!

    H2CO3!
    Free energy (G)!

    CO2!

    Equilibrium!

    Reaction progress!
    CO2 + H2O H2CO3!
    CO2 H2CO3!

    CO2 X! H2CO3!

    H2CO3!
    Free energy (G)!

    CO2!

    Equilibrium!

    Reaction progress!
    CO2 + H2O H2CO3!
    CO2 H2CO3!

    CO2 X! H2CO3!

    H2CO3!
    Free energy (G)!

    CO2!

    Equilibrium!

    Reaction progress!
    CO2 + H2O H2CO3!
    CO2 X! H2CO3!

    CO2 X! H2CO3!

    H2CO3!
    Free energy (G)!

    CO2!

    Equilibrium!

    Reaction progress!
    CO2 + H2O H2CO3!
    CO2 X! H2CO3!

    CO2 X! H2CO3!

    H2CO3!

    CO2 H2CO3!
    Free energy (G)!

    CO2!

    Equilibrium!

    Reaction progress!
    CO2 + H2O H2CO3!
    CO2 X! H2CO3!

    CO2 X! H2CO3!

    H2CO3!

    CO2 H2CO3!
    Free energy (G)!

    CO2!

    Equilibrium!

    Reaction progress!
    CO2 + H2O H2CO3!
    O O
    P P
    HO O OH O O OH Standard free energy change (ΔG°)!
    OH OH
    O OH

    Dihydroxyacetone! Glyceraldehyde! Standard conditions!


    phosphate! 3-phosphate! T = 298K (25°C)!
    (DHAP)! (G3P)! Reactants and products = 1M!
    !
    Equilibrium constant! R = 1.98 × 10-3 kcal mol-1 deg-1!

    [G3P] ΔG° = −RTln(K eq )


    K' eq =
    [DHAP]
    ( )
    = − 1.98 ×10−3 × (298) × ln(0.0475)
    = 0.0475!
    = 1.80 kcal/mol!
    Non-spontaneous under
    standard conditions!
    O O
    P P
    HO O OH O O OH Actual free energy change (ΔG)!
    OH OH
    O OH
    ΔG = ΔG° + RTln (K )
    Dihydroxyacetone! Glyceraldehyde!
    phosphate! 3-phosphate!
    (DHAP)! (G3P)!
    2 x 10-4 M! 3 x 10-6 M! −3
    $ [G3P] '
    ΔG = 1.80 + (1.98 ×10 ) × (298) × ln & )
    % [DHAP] (
    −3
    # [3 ×10−6 ] &
    ΔG°= 1.80 kcal/mol! = 1.80 + (1.98 ×10 ) × (298) × ln % −4 (
    $ [2 ×10 ] '
    = 1.80 – 2.5!
    = -0.7 kcal/mol!
    Spontaneous under these
    actual conditions!
    ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln ( K )

    0 = ΔG° + RT ln ( K eq )

    ΔG° = −RT ln ( K eq )

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