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RAAT RA TRA CCALSASAA EH HRE IT TEM HARRIES RHERASRAER AA HRACEH, AM, RRTHIER, ARLRAABK, CNAME RAS A HUE Ail, LT ABHAEYREDHRS WE, MRE SEDATE NFER , MSE SBE OY BE FETT) A ET Feo FRB ATA BLT I RG OO FETE, BSUS EY RE ATKRRAM BCMA, Ak, Ce AR A STA ER SRA Yes A) 2S SA HE 1921 ZEAL + SBAE SEAR ( Abraham Fraenkel) FES AIA—NICE ERE EH ARAL R—-TRE A, SAR ABRAR A RUPEE. SAP BION Ft Be RE A A SESEA ORAL. fd, FE 1960 FEAR, WELK + HE #32 ( Alexandre Grothendieck) ( Ji XCK 32 $23 tts ) RUBE FL — ABA: FEPEA WER (inaccessible set) , HIG ARH I PCR RRA CN TAS, Ae, CHB ERIE Xe BOM eM ee eee >t het > 0 C287 FF 00 [tek EERE + RSS RARE» HE 20 THESE ea ME , SES BAD EB A PR EK EK SEEN AB (large cardinals) MVAPFEHE. ABMS, RH ASHE LARS RF HE FE — HL, TR SK AER MEEA. RATA, EMO RS P AMRARES EH AP SHRDRES WORF BRCARREERARA EM SEH ZENE PR SRA BG 5 EY) SRO A FER RK THe RO , EEE A HEE (GR VEBI) MSE, MPRA ARR N—TIEWA BRB EB RMT BC FEE. BRR IE PF ROE — FE EAR Zo AR BA EAT A ES) THELIAL HEY ERAT SS BE UR SLRS RMT TK BK, TMB AREAS 1.2 1940 44, ty SIE 19 Hes EY EIR E & ) BPN, Bh HERD ABAD A RAR IRR AR PURER TEL JEL SCE A TCP a BE, HE AILS RAMEE ARES ERENE, MERE CHE, BRA RNBRERABST ND, WHER EAB 3. ER WRIERRE RACHARA DERE TS WAREZ. AIG, IE MRF BLE FEAR Og BL HEE HY LR FE ERP UREA RA ESR Aw. GM, SUT BORON PME BBO REE ( equipotent sets) HUIS. FEAL, BIE Hee AE OR BT HR TT A EE BERRA, BCER— BUA BIA: (AN ETEE) BEAR SPST, TE? ATE Re 5 A ER TR PF ASA HE HU, TARE 0 SE BR LL, A EHH ARAL WARE 7 ES GES, ROA BE RE BH PP 5 3 PASTE AAR FEA AB. Ae, BA TAR AAS, CIENT BALA HET SSCA FURR BE”. HW, RNA TAT a GPE DL ACHE RAY BPA AAR ICR RARE, 20 HE, 90 AEA, — BP OES, DUSK AIEEE» A AK E29 ( Nicolas Bourbaki) HEIRS, FFARDUR WE RNA BS] TCL EVA IPED AE OTH ARR TK. Ai KERRR-HEHER MH AMAA RHR: ABA SANE TERCUEREE RE ANRAR “EL 1-2 MG APL GEIR, BA BP HCI) (Elements of Mothematics) C5 — #8 (14 —PAYHT) F 1939 FAR . A As AGA ES A, ESI 8 OY AE RE, Sh 26 SEA EN ARN, A TD A RR AER FL Dy SUAS AMR Ae JER TASTE 22 AME ASE FANT BUN 1949 46, AGARES ME — PERC ASN T ASAT, SOF ASHE OE OPMEAT. BRIE IC tS * 22 CER” RL MAERO . HRA RE MACET CE A ER LOE SRR EUSA HRERRANTE SRAM ALT TE, RRO, RBA HELA BR MRE, EMBARK R A A He RAZ RIMES OR. AEE TEA AS EA Rh, SERRE EW BAA EM, ET HE RL — RH DO wit, Sh ALAR AREAS UE, AE ACPA MLE TF AAR OP BUR BLE | REIL AS AVRISeHRA ia AEA (REF OBR), BURP RSMIE SPE RUASEAERH BCAA —AEISTZ be PRE ALA LY PHL B.A TRUER — MAF SSAA IC, CRAMER HE. Oi, FE aL BIAS LR, EE TER EL ATPL = NM RMON 15 16 BOM HORM ee ee + + BRST >HR ogi oo Hee EDD, SHEDS EAH) IBLE BET, HA Ry te IRE EA LEG SASS SAA AE, BRAT SER 8 ABE A Se FE IMEEM ABATED. IN, SCHR — AA RR $3 1ST WGN IF BL NR BREE SC As TE AEA Te RR BOP PINT EME A ARIE, HH TY LAA Ya EEE TT A} SHED ECA) SEE ERAT OMARET AER Blin ASUS ES SS A UM ACERT FASCIA, BURT CULE). OMe LE RTA TAR ce DTM OER Hat — RTE, TE ES A INEM. A, CHAR FER RO AeA IRELIEZ MANE AE HE ARIAL HE BEB ATTA SBE 7 Batt. SCAT REA AR Bn A DS A TDF J AH 7 SR A Heo DR APSE NOES CE EARS) EBL AL RADDA SAC RAM AL ILIND RS) Bi OZ 1), An gM ORCA EE AVR AE AAR TR ESC AT SAS LATE HERDED USE PRATT RR LS SECC A A BE eB Rw SEERA EATS ZAPATA Dy ta a8 RUA RARE SAT ER (1 REEBE ROOK 1.3 1960 fE¢e: $ERE EVM TARA POR BE, SEAT IE ME HR AR LEE VI BEAM SEAN ARES LER SRP REA A ERS SRARMA ASE. EMRMNCARA YH BP Re BELA IES AAR HY HSS, aH ft as aL Ay BE SEP RKEBCCHN RARE Mee ET READER SCARS FAY, I A ERE BAER EDR TEA BLA He BS BH BP 28 Fey , LOAD Mak TAR BT Bf) — RB HESS. RAE RMAES FT, - MAAR LAE AMF RR ERE BER (A, AEG LY AREER TE TEES & oc & A I A FBT EF EMSS SLATE EL, ABR SEE TT EO A. HR es EB — Te EF OE A, ASR — 26 a A HS OY ST BY BE AY BSS , PE PR TERR BORE RATA ELSE AS, EEE 1945 AF gh ee JR + X18 TKS (Samuel Eilenberg) AEM - FETEIC AD ( Saunders MacLane) 3|HERY. ft] AYE AE 4 7K EE AY RAD SE, EE FLAG IR EAR SL, AA EB bE — RIE ATSC CAE TU 1986 ERR RAK) .* Pe UN ES RE, PE RRR ACAI BRE, WA EAS Bh SE SHAAN ERHAT. E—-B, RMT HS PERE AEA ABA TASES Ab, PED He Be EE UTA BL EFEMAA—#AR MAE: Eile A 9 2K ot — He 0a BY Bh, BBS RI LATS EE 1A Bah A fie ABC, Pi NL fae eR A Oe, Fh A TT BS wae Se Po Td at SS, I AS a Be Sk ee BE HK. BRK TARR BARE BM , Ae ER BOAWMERARHMRA NAT. RAK, RRMA FAT BP OY) TT A Sc eA BR AS AVERA RAM RAMS, TE ERR AR A BMSERIZ b. BERR BL a BE EME i, a THE TRA EE DRS TEBE HE Be RB FA SE HS 1 Bd YO 2A ERT, CR Ad FE 1964 fey BRA - $O55 7K ( William Lawvere) RELA. AAT WRI ORE Ee A Ba, TES 19 the Be AY me HUBER, ARE IE A LATE A © —— PETE 1 8 9 i Bo MA ee BE 00 LLY FEHR + EDO OF SETAE HT BAR— FE, HEE Se NE HRB. RR OK, HE RO BCE IS Se a, Ee TAGE FE TEAR HOR BO FOG AA th 6 HEH A, RANMA. EMR BSB CFF, [DPSS HL FHA TT BH FIR , AE BAA AEA ( morphisms), TE A ABM A RE ER BRIE SRA i, BR TA (functors) , ARE RIE RR RAB FAS AT AB IE TEE, BATT AT BG BERR GRRL GT ERA. Bit RET FB. WRAL, HS EES, Ae, RAB RH (REY BLA, RET IEA AEF SR TK HOC FA] BLS — “EH iB A: TH Tal ALARA A HL ERAT a A | A I, ETARA DRO RSME. RTS SA ANAT, {BSE API EE EAE FFP RINE ERA] Bh 22 BB 0 as BR a BH A RY , ZE EFA SIBE: ERA PHAR AAA AR ES HBZRANAE, MASAI AS, HUM AES, A He BT Of A a BE, BATT BABI MAA SUS, HO te EG OA SE A a tH A AL EG HTTERE HAPPIER. ARE, BREE SA HABE. 1966 4F RGR HE T A, EK MERZ FE, ‘ES FE FEN FE HE BEART SE A ES HAE A, Re, SG SRLS AR ZS EAR HB HF I OK) PE EBRET , UTTAR AT LA AS BGI NR HE EL SPAT RE Be RAB SCAG REIN A: PED BOF RE BS AE Fit , CEH ea at SE A EFA. PRE RE ER 1971 AE TEMAS Lb: CREOLE BTA MERE). RHE CRRA A ZARA. AAT, RN RES ERM, BR 1908 4 HH RSG, fe AM FORT REINA. AACE — Ak TEES BM BE A ARAL. PRARPNAMZMEF, FESR RE, SNR OEE FRAN TRA 1969 EF BB RAGE A ZR, SBT IN Me. Ee WE 1912 EER AAR + 46 97 BR ( Luitzen Brouwer) 5] HEN, E err en) Te + 2 Po PEP BREA TERA PFS AR YB Pe eB 2, EU AS He. AR, RPM RAYS OR LRA CAH BE RAR SE eH BH IESE A EE BE 21 AUER. HORE SATE PTT, Bate EK PALE PRE FOR ATS BOT AE. 1.4 1980 FR: BR RACER ER— MEY MMM SE. MRE WT =e, ABATED BW PEAS ARS oA a FB Og , FD AGAR ERAS 5 GG ERE SS hb. {ASE DT BLE RRA SA ABR SA Bo HAMEL RA SUB HK AF i FS ta UBT ASR BR. AARC AR NE BR, CNTR FARES | MEBRRAKS TAR. At Bete PER tei BES ON SE RM, BE a At Ve HE 1933. AF ch BME: + i AP (Alonzo Church ) #2102 BOEZ.E. EAP EAS EARLE FR BLAS Td 0 ir RO a, RAS aH EI PT A FS Ba MAE A a FEASTS, 7h BORN — PS 5 PSN) Ba EMT A PH TOR, RE BE ER F—TRAE FPR HL SLE BCE FES BRE LL SFO 7 HR HE OE SHE 0 BHO, KARAM A ER Fh A BIC. APPR Be Eh SE eA a SS HH i Mo RoW ee 15 + ESI OETA 00 IK —— 38 dee 22 7S UE ha DE, — “+h a Bic ee eH TE TA APL Be a, i 2: oa AraC ARLE ET PLUMAS, SA BOM HBL TR a oe BPR. UAE ERDY RIC NOTA A A BL WA RABE DPIER BARA TAM, SHE, RATT HL CRATER ROR a GE oe AA A el IE, ep fel Hee, Bet ALR RE ee wm HE Rh MERE T AR X. RBA et, i REL TER nS FS PRPC FE 8 MG A TS 6 PER A LE 2 AOR Af, EL Ne A ASSO REP, BUSEY A JIVE BY SPL AR AER, FEAL nO tA. SRA AO AE. IAM MELE AR EAD SR Be ARIUS HE SRE AU FE an PRT RAIS SORE AURIS ESI SRA DS, EAE m MEAT ORGANS. MUR BRA LE nN ME, CS BORAT CHA PIC LAO DE ROR A ICT, a PERRO nm AHL AEA, ALS EW, WA SHC Lt A A A, PBRDL BATA A YL SATE RR HCE EIREEE). AE ROR, EERE BA A A CREB AROMA) CHT EAM, RZ MU ALUN , LARTER AERO A CTT DLC AF ASSL. Be ATIABLE TABOR LE EF BE RAR AE TEA tt, 3 ESE Og PAL, BRAUER LU AS BH SEMSHO DIRT 9 ATDAL RSI FSET SM AE th PE HOEY (ELIE, 1936 AF, AP ALLA ~ ELIE « 3 AAS John Barkley Rosser) iii] MEAYH EHD, oe HEAT HE BORE IEDs PD 5 ABBR — > 6 RA ee, LE MEL, 3X MELE ME—- 19 0 Fay SEA RTE A BE BRE, EEK BAAS CEE, RTD AT EB BY , ATT SER , RSE He HE PEATE. (HALE ROBT IK PO EK 8 TEST AT ELPA ERAT 2 PSY RE 2 Fe PK, RORY ALA BIE PAE. EMS FEE RS 2 EA) 8 HO | J OGRA HT, JS OE Se AT Hk ERE, DORR INU EA ES YA A RA WB SBF aE {EEE 76 1936 4E, aE AMT ASE - FE +KIE (Stephen Kleene) & ZEA A LAIR, AS A MARAT A A F EEN BRA HY Be FA) ACT SF HE FE 10 — PE SL iF RRR I. HR, aT EA RE BYR, ie Sat LIAN EE, I ASE OR A PR 7 HY ESTAR EAE AE 0 BELREESOUL EA BI, cP EBB 1-3 BR, GAC WRKE AE RO AEE EY SR, ALE, FRA A Se Ie EY AER SPEEA ABS HH. 1969 SE, UMN + IOP BL HE (Dana Scott) Mt A BAS REAR ARTE FE, CREE T BEAR TS BRE BAT AL. BAFP ERE AL AE BCAA, DIRT BE, HOLA ay LE Ph RAEN BCE ND ZS — 0 HPF EERIE 1976 AE PR AIK, RCTS PF EE A BL BY BRAT 24 PAE Ag RB a RK AM Heme ee a) SEER Ora Hoo DHL + BaD 2) g 25 26 2 ee SUT ABO 3 BE ERY AY AIL ATE A A IE (SS FT LIL AE, HEN J 20 Hse MEE A RSPR HE BL, SEAESER FEMI Ia SUE BE FE TABU MAS HEAT aS AVAIL ERR TT TCE escent SUSAR HARBOE Tv EAA FACE DB Beaty I Ph — Fa TR RE A SKATES. A IUECP AEA Le FLA DLA AR, Be SUR EEE RAAAEAONR WR LACTTE. BOC AUREL RE, LAT SPOTTY. LE BESL EE CE SEAS, CATA BELO ORD HiT AE EMILE BRACES A BEIM CRU KO PAR Se i ted fei) (EEE BLL BER AP ET LI 20 hse HOSE ELAR AOA LASSE —-HE BES ECE A ROY AAR ING aL a Eh EE, eee AER SIE AE LMR. RAPER FMA ELLIE” ) 18 FFE AUST R. W AER OA FM, TE BINA BERIT TN A PR RHODES, Bk ICI Sa Ae AC 9 HEESAOEL LALA CJLARTRAS) (Elements) 4 BI TASTE 3 Hee, SEAS AY LAA ( Diophantus) FF IGE AR BAT BER EE, {ZEN POR) (Arithmetic) Ht)" PEER LB. (RDB —-BB 13 EINER, SCHL 6 ABIES. 17 TESA REIRIR + TH+ $74( Pierre de Fermat) JFHBF LAG PARO TE AAA AC AS TELL SEE WSF 48 PE, ABBEAT A HED. BUY 18 1h, RS MAE MABE, RT SS IEPA, IRA BOY ESL, GRA PE EOD SRD (LAN 9 16 RICE 25) , HT BRE MBCA — PLE nF 2 BE BU n UTM ERIE UOTML, B19 EE eh LEO AGRE SCRGE ME AER, TELAT PARR A a, ES ‘Coa LEE UR BAT—t—AAE Bh AL ERE RIS ~ RIKI ( Andrew Wiles ) #5 1995 PAB, (HERAT VERS KB BG Ui LEM TRAIN, tt 8 TA ALATA fa ART SHE MES, AEE R AER MALE AM — BS ASE, ZN EL AEE TLS PLA A RO aE ABT AY BEF DEAR BSE TE Py AE — BEA SI EB (Langlands program), E:R#E 20 14a 60 Ae fit AEA - 2 Re (Robert Langlands) $8 443% 08 , BEA 38 18 Bb BeTP Se A5 ALU Tf BR — TAA YRC AED ETE AD AO SB, aT KRAMER BE BL AR RH F 19957 1996 AF ERA. SECS SE RULE UR) RYE EA, SP IT SS RUTH LE LG BRR RE (6) SIA A REI kA RR HI MELE TEAS UE —RER, SAAR AATEC RE SET FEU NALA ILIAD. ASTER 225 AF BAER Archimedes ) Hf WRB EAT RHE Sb ATE RAR. DL ALA EUR AUAEL, BE LALA AK, WTS or SAVES Ee BE AA Se PRL ARAM IT) SFA ERTS WA ACA ML LE AT OE SEM PnP 19 Hee, SGT BEE BLAS ALE AW AOR ILA Dr 3% (BES AP TE, SE SPE) BARREL SDI. JK, WHE SSG EN AT we UAL MOSER TUS AE J RF dK APR Bboy se 28 29 (OE RTT HT, AE LA a A Ae SBOE BAPE DL FSR HE IEDY AN CHE LP LE — 09 HAMS BIRT L 20 HE cP) — Be BB A ES BERT READ — Ae = Me ART, EAR SOG BE 18 ef BL JE HL EJ SE HE AL ( Poincare conjecture) FRAG THR PME, 3th W OM RT ASAT RRA ER TART. AT EOE HEAT AT LDA HRT AAR HE BAR TL ART ART FUE m1 ABS ARR TRIE. HE (OF AAO IE BE SSE ARE AP MER TTY CRATE TROBE ) UN, AERC OK = 5 ATRIA SLAY PM ERSTE, BAe CRIT LE RBS ARM SORE TET NI. BEALE BIS Me I an HT OH REE SASS EE RA AC AMET BL, OP EEE TE HEME AEA MEA, AM, ESM oe RAEI A FFAS HE A I ME a OE HO ZstRLe GEARS . UREA MTAPIE « BYABAS (Stephen Smale) FE 1959 EE ce Be WE a HT SA ETO ESR Ae OEE AOE EAE EE, NATE “ABTA BC HL, ORS ifs TLE YC ORE BAL PRCA) UME dn AE Sea” TV AE TE SE PE ALE T 5 HA ACR EERE EE 8 HIE TE = SST EAE ENN ERA CG A Ul EAR FARO, BE AEDT RT ANT RED SE, SURE SLARTPE BS OER SE ROH A SE eB 5 OI BRR IR TEI BA MOA Be RATIO CMCE RG TE, Es EIRICT AEE PR MCE RLY Se EE A BER IR AST DES MACA A CF 2004 4 yf RE RE LH 2K AB ( G. Perelman ) #4 9 ML AK. —— RARE 2.1 SADT: BARU (1902) SEU HEX JLART (geometry) HF] 3K AL geo" SHER” smetrein" YALEE” ) BSE 4h 8 08 BE HB AR SRA TFLABL, SSM AA LSA JLT DAS) JPR 2 SLAM DUBE SERBS TER 300 4 AY FEA Ja Mk A PE BET AL fT HEATON URAL, LL SEAT AF TRT BLL Se EP Eh — AEA — 2 SE el ES” , oP WUE HAE ARR TT” AAD TBA He) 5 AT md” Ae — A TTS, AU ARENT AYE) 5 te — PT, SEB ER SP AWB REE) » AERA Ah AO NTT Ae, RATTAN wl AT St WEEE LIB: Se ah = Pe PC Fee FURL 2) Shab MSW He R= Ae JASE EA AN. SRN TGA BT EL, DRIED = AE 8 BUR ARB FUG AO HEIR, FINES BEE , UTE TAR OR EN = ATE ae SPR AUER EL WS CEM IL LA OSE HE ALA SEAT AB AUP ORE APSE Jo FB — 2 oe BE, EAT SATB 19 EA Me ER Aa 3 BE IESE PAL BF 1899 AP a As 48 HE AY CILLA AF AE RH) ( Foundations of Geometry) Ht NTT TE LIN o 1833 SERENE « WEAR I (Janos Bolyai) HEH SE SALAMA HEAI AIO LARRY — Pe: BE IE ML AHI OAL, UAT LS RATS MES ATE. APSE PS MET BL ATF” RIDE, TL SHES RA =e RARERA= AER TEE REDE SSRN. RA BAK, NEG AT AE BE She R= TAR a PEE AER TE we 0 feoSt eA 21 a [ + BE > AX ED M21 SMe" A” BF SPAR RATT LAR — PR EE BR, A BS ARATE ON AAS SR ALT: 441 4PRRA MARA R EGR DRE, 2ER—TS oA DASH A Rt TB A, — A BT Ra, BST RLSM ANAR, RRA Re le HR. SENT + FE (Max Dehn) HEN , RNG AS TAR RES DT BEAR AACN. BARE AS QE) FB IR, Fa — FRAG BBE AE. HE. BRAT EA FAB TE IAP ER AL Sb BB UE He I. IL SE FRR , WASTE FAD TT BUGS A PTE Ad FE OY BA, SSR PA ME ADELE — PI TBR SO BOR PT WR. BD — ARUN EATS BUN, SESE AR AR + BE WF ( Giuseppe Peano) #£ 1887 45] AfY), #8 Ja 4E 1893 4F ER OK IK + AR (Camille Jordan) S| A... 3k MRP ETAT, FIL ( 2) EIU > TB J BAS ET ( Eudoxus ) A977 48H ( method of exhaustion) , FY VATE HAF) ATCA 4 HHS, ZEA CRI 225 EBERHART A A RHR, HOMRABERSAD, BAL ARS TK FEMUR UE, 32 EARLS GE + 4248 (Bernhard Riemann) #£ 1854 SEG BEL). AAA Ay BRAT AD ATE A Ao EE 0 IBC 0 FI) HA I FP FB eT 9 TTR MBSE A 17 Hea BN 19 Hike, — 7 A, ABUT | MAA IT AAR WK. 1823 4, WT RYPY (Augustin Cauchy ) 7% SA Fl. HAR TE BORE. 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Gilt 1914 AE ABA SEIT + BEIT SK (Felix Hausdorff) WE RA, 4 JER ARTA BEE RA RB BREE BT SR) 33 Fe ROM AE Bt 8 00 THE 2S a RE SMSO. Bay 24 (EF — BIR A TE RR, FUR ER el A AD 24 TT BN 1924 AE WE ZE + EHR ( Stefan Banach) AIBA AR 3 1H 0 + SEAR WIFE ( Alfred Tarski) Xt A> BRU AEA TET AM WAR. HAS, ASH wT A WS Ti BRA BHAA. TEFL ZR(0 ABR RAT BBN BL. (Fe 1988 4 ARSE + TLR AEA ( Miklos Laczkovieh ) HEAH , I LGE—“M DRA RE BURA 52910) PBA) SR, EZ ST LoR-MEAEARA HRN. uk, AFL , BRR AA UF HEL , HIER REA 2.2 RB: MESEIE Remt aA Ste (1910) TER Ey BRIG" CA BO RP HRS. TARA LL BNR, MTA F BRA AO HE SS, LTE MIL AAT aa J 25 ANF HE RFE SSS, ARO NESS ETE A BB, ECF HE TEATS IE. FA a BRK IE AR Hs BW Se BE ON HB A LE, TA RE ZS TUR G HELE, Aa ES AB a A 1 eB TS DDR PEA Te ER. SAB SR RCHES BUI (60 TE SUA De HB) ST AS BAIR. FU EY BN, BA PG ADEPT, EAE AE AN TG 7 tn ee ETE S| ET, SAE A PE PEE SET SE ee HR BAAD BE RL EE, AERA TOAD BEAPEAS TG 7 AES [ERC Hy AY JE BE RES EE PA MEE Si Eid FP BRAT i, RE POR AAAS, RA BS. EAE a + F(A (Heinrich Weber) 4£ 1893 4E FRI ML, CHE TSE Ft AS IME AF: AS A FH APE, GE. HE ERIE A a SE th Rg RT, CAAA Bee EA ABN 18 tthe , BH OEP He, HEE BY 1831 FE, RAAB #8 + MEAL( Augustus de Morgan ) AAU Mh BM ETE. TR BHT ROBO TAT. HS ARE IR RT FC BC, FUE A ABTA At Fe HE AT FE a es BE (HL EC BY 17 ht SPARE EA BOR, FMS ELAS - ERAS (John Wallis) Ft ABBA RRM, BPS EM AE GS! 19 theep OE ee ABE EA: ES-ES ( Richard Dedekind) 1858 47 FARE SC , BEFEAR 1872 4E FT QUE III AEX 5 SL BUETE 1545 4F th BRIBE + EARTH ( Cerolamo Cardano) WT Ri SU A SBE. 1572 AERA AK + FBI Al ( Raffaele Bombelli ) 2 QT SL3C A) BUA IE IE, (REFER BG APPL F fh] RE FARES LTTE RNG, OES AOR Rea WER” HAE — AED 18 hed, 1799 4E-R AR + He NPE A (Carl Friedrich Gauss) PY SELEA T (RH AAR BE, WIE SBR Bn KSHRAA n PLME A, EATER RA REM AMI ARETE. 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