Introduction to Kinesiology

and Kinematics
J.Lo, PTRP, MAAG, CMTP, CNMT, FRIPOT
University of Perpetual Help- Molino Campus
 Kinesiology
–Study of Motion

–Study of principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to

human movement

–Developed from fascination of human beings with animal

motion

–Why is the purpose of studying kinesiology??

 Biomechanics

–Application of mechanics to the living human body

•A) Static- bodies at rest or in uniform motion

•B) Dynamic- bodies that are accelerating or decelerating

 Kinematics
–Science of the motion of bodies in space

–Branch of dynamics that deals with aspect of motion apart

from consideration of mass and force
•A) Osteokinematics- movement of the bones

•B) Arthrokinematics- movement occuring between joint

surfaces
 Anatomical Body Position

•Standing erect with the head, toes, and palms of the hand facing
forward and with the fingers extended
 Joints are classified structurally

• Fibrous: held together by fibrous tissue

• Cartilaginous
• Synovial joints
–Synovial cavity separates joints
–Dense irregular connective tissue connects
them
–Ligaments may be involved

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 Joints are classified functionally

• Synarthroses- immovable

• Amphiarthroses- slightly movabel

• Diarthroses- freely movable; all synovial

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 Types of fibrous joints
• Sutures are irregular and
therefore stronger
–Some disappear in
childhood (synostosis)
–Metopic suture
persists
• Syndesmoses
–amphiarthroses
• Gomphoses
–Joint between tooth
and alveolar process
–synarthrosis
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 Cartilaginous joints
• Synchondrosis
– Example: epiphyseal plate
– Ossifies later in life
– synarthrosis
• Symphysis
– Ends of bones are covered by
hyaline cartilage
– Bones are connected by
fibrocartilage
– amphiarthrosis

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 Unique features of synovial joints

• Synovial cavity
• Joint is freely movable
• Articular cartilage reduces
friction
• Articular capsule
– Fibrous capsule, synovial
membrane
• Ligaments
– Regular tissue very strong
• May have adipose tissue (fat
pad)
• Synovial fluid
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 Synovial joints
• Accessory ligaments
might be outside or
inside articular
capsule (but not
within synovial
membrane)
• Menisci within
synovial joints can
improve “fit” or
create separate
compartments
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 Synovial joints
• Planar
–Articulating surfaces
are flat
–Gliding movement
(slight)
• Hinge
–Knee, elbow,
phalangeal
• Pivot
–rotation 12
 Synovial joints
• Condyloid joint
–Ellipsoidal, biaxial
• Saddle
–More movement
than condyloid
• Ball-and-socket
–Movement around
three axes
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–Hip and shoulder
 Planes of the body

•Sagittal plane
•Midsagittal or YZ plane

•Pivot around X axis

•Divides the body into right and left

•Motion that occurs: Flexion & Extension

•Frontal Plane
–Coronal or XY plane

–Pivot around the Z axis

–Divides the body into front and back parts

–Motions that occurs: Abduction and Adduction

•Horizontal Plane
–Transverse or XZ plane

–Pivot around the Y axis

–Divides the body into upper and lower parts

–Motions that occurs: Internal and External

Rotation/ Pronation and
Supination
•Special Cases
–Hand – sagittal plane is at the 3rd segment

–Foot- sagittal plane is at the 2nd segment

–Thumb- Flexion & Extension at Frontal plane;

Abduction & Adduction at Sagittal
plane
 Rotatory and Translatory Motion

•Rotatory Motion/ Angular motion/ Pivot point

•Occurring around an axis or pivot joint

•Every point on a segment adjacent to the joint follows the arc of a

circle
•Translatory Motion

•Movement of the body in which all of its parts

move in the same direction with equal velocity

•Few examples of true translatory motion in the

body
 Degrees of Freedom

•Ability of the body to transform

stereotyped angular motions of joints into
more efficient curvilinear motion of parts
can be appreciated
•One plane + one axis = One Degree of
Freedom
–Examples

•Two planes + two axis = Two Degree of

Freedom
–Examples

•Three planes + Three axis = Three Degree

of Freedom
 Kinematic Chains
•A combination of several joints uniting successive
segments
•Distal segments have higher degrees of freedom than do
proximal ones
–A) Open Kinematic Chain- distal segment moves in space
–B) Closed Kinematic Chain- Distal segment is fixed and
proximal parts are moving
 Arthrokinematics

•Rolling or Rocking – each subsequent point on one

surface contacts a new point on the other surface

•Sliding or Gliding Same point on one surface

•Spinning contacts new points on the
mating surface
Closed packed and Open packed

•Closed packed
–The ovoid surface of joint pairs match each
other perfectly in only one position of the joint
–Point of perfect congruency
–Characteristic
•Maximum area of surface contact occurs
•Attachment of the ligament are furthest and under
tension
•Capsular structures are taut
•Open packed position
–Ovoid joint surfaces do not fit perfectly but are
incongruent
–Ligamentous and capsular structures are slack
–Joint surface may be distracted several
millimeters
–Allows necessary motion of spin, roll and slide
–Decrease joint friction
 Accessory Motion
–Joint surface can be moved passively a few millimeter

–Lateral glide, anterior-posterior glide, rotation

END OF LECTURE