NEP

Aligned

9% 25%

32%

Newam
Enjoying
Mathemaics Jose Paul

Class

8
Oxford Edition
Pducate

OXFORD
A

New
Enjoying
theraiss
Class
8
Jose Paul

OXFO RD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
 Contents
Preface 3

UNIT I: NUMBER SYSTEMS 7 I 11 Direct and Inverse Variations 143

Chapter Check-Up/Worksheet 155-157
1 Rational Numbers
27-28 Ii UNITIV:GEOMETRY 158
Chapter Check-Up
12 Understanding Quadrilaterals 159
2 Exponents 29 1
Chapter Check-Up/Worksheet 173-175
Chapter Check-Up 38-39

13 Representing Solids on Paper 176

3 Squares and Square Roots 40
Chapter Check-Up 185-186
Chapter Check-Up 53-54

14 Construction of Quadrilaterals 187

Cubes and Cube Roots 55
Chapter Check-Up/Worksheet 193
Chapter Check-Up 62

UNIT V: MENSURATION 194

5 Playing with Numbers 63
Chapter Check-Up 70-71 15 Area Of Polygons 195
Chapter Check-Up/Maths Lab Activity 203-205
UNIT II: ALGEBRA 72 1
16 Surface Area and Volume 206
6 Algebraic Expressions and ldentities 73 Chapter Check-Up/Maths Lab Activity 214-216
Chapter Check-Up/MathsLab Activity 89-91

UNIT VI: DATA HANDLING 217

7 Factorisation 92
Chapter Check-Up/Maths Lab Activity 101-103 17 Tabulation of Data and its
Represention 218
8 Linear Equation in One Variable 104 Chapter Check-Up 235-236
Chapter Check-Up 113-114
18 Introduction to Line Graphs 237
UNIT III: COMMERCIAL MATHEMATICS 115 Chapter Check-Up/Worksheet 246-248

9 Applications of Percentage 116

Chapter Check-Up 127-128
19 Probability 249
Chapter Check-Up 254
10 Simple and Compound Interest 129
Chapter Check-Up 141-142 Answers to Selected Questions 255

6
 Unit Number Systems)
Chapters
Rational Numbers Cubes and Cube Roots
Exponents "Playing with Numbers
Squares and Square Roots

UNIT BLAGNOSTIe TEST

1. Ifaand b are two integers, then write the Remember
commutative property of addition for a and b.
Whole numbers along with negative numbers are
2. What is the additive inverse of (-212)? called integers.
* (-) x (-) - (+) and (-) * (+) =(-)
3. The temperature on a winter morning at a hill * (-) +(-) - (+) and (+) + (-) - (-)
station was -4 °C. After 6 hours it rose by
* Whole number + fraction - whole number x
6 °C. By evening it had fallen by another 6 °C. reciprocal of fraction
What was the temperature in the evening? * A
rational number is of the form where a and
9 9 9 9 9 b are integers and b 0.
4. Rearrange ascending order.
11' 7'15 133 In
1
5. Evaluate:

2.
* amx bm (aby

108

()6
b.
154

6. If7;juice is poured in 12 similar glasses, how much quantity of juice will there be in cach glass?
7. Evaluate:

a. 13.87+ 12.65 b. 9.48 8.85 C. 3.76 x 10 d. 3.775 +25 e.

2 4
8. Find two rational numbers between and
3

9. Express 65430000 using scientific notation

10. Find the value of:
a. The base and the exponent if 1024 is expressed in exponential torm.

b. 28 x 35 x6 x 155 c. (34) +(32) d.

10 x9
e. () x(y

7
 Rational) Numbers)
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
* Define rational numbers and express them in standard form.
t Represent rational numbers on a number line.
increasing or decreasing order.
t Compare rational numbers and arrange them in
t Add, subtract, nmultiply, and divide rational numbers.
multiplication, and division of rational numbers.
State the properties of addition, subtraction,
Solve real-life problems involving rational numbers.
t Explain the density of rational numbers and find
rational numbers between any two given
rational numbers.

RATIONAL NUMBERS
InClass VI, we learnt that the counting numbers 1, Solution:
2, 3, ... are called natural numbers. On including a.
3 is a rational number as 3 and 4 are integers
4
O
with counting numbers we get 0, 1, 2, 3, ... and denominator is 4 and not zero.
which are called whole numnbers. Whole numbers
together with negative numbers are called integers. b. -7 is arational number as -7 and 8 are integers
In Class VIL, we learnt about rational numbers. 8
Let us recapitulate the concepts on rational numbers and denominator is 8 andnot zero.
that we already know before we begin with the C. is a rational number as 0 and 6 are integers
properties of operations on rational numbers. 6
and denominator is 6 and not zero.
8 is not a rational number. Though 8 and 0 are
d.
Definition: Anumber that can be expressed as h
is a rational number ifa andb are integers and integers, the denominator is zero and
b is not equal to zero. The denominator b cannot division by zero is not defined.
be equal to zero because division by zero is not e. 10 is a rational number as 10 =
10
and 10
10 2 and -8 1
defined. For example, ,are all
3 and 1are integers and denominator is l and not
rational numbers. zero.

Rational numbers include natural numbers, whole f. -7= is a rational number as -7and 1are
1
numbers, integers, and all fractions. Note that 0 is integers and denominator is not zero.
also a rational number since it can be written as
0 0 0 Try This!
etc.
1'2'15
1. Which of the following are rational numbers?
Example1:State which of the following are a. b.
1
rational numbers. Give reasons. |7 c.

a.
3
b. -7
C. d. e. 10 f. -7 2. List any S rational numbers.
4 8 6
 Equivalent Rational Numbers 4 4x (-)_4
For example,
Rational umbers of equalvalue are called -9 -9x (-1) 9
Pguivalent rational numbers. For example, the Then, use the following two methods to convert it
rational numbers 1 2 and are equivalent
4
into standard form.
2'4
1 2 4 Method I
rationalnumbers because Divide the numerator and the denominator of the
4
rational number by their common factors until the
ToConvert into anEquivalent RationalNumber numerator and denominator become co-prime.
We can convert a rational number into For example, 48
can be converted into standard
an equivalent rational number by multiplying
denominator form as shown below.
72
or dividing the numerator and the
by the same number (other than zero), 48 48 +2 24 24+2 12 12+2 6 6+3
72+2 36 36+2 18 18+2 9+3 3
Example 2: Convert the rational number into an 72

equivalent rational number with a given numerator Since 2 and 3 are co-prime numbers, is the
or denominator. standard form of 8
12 35 72
a.
b.
12 Method 2
Divide the numerator and the denominator of the
36 3 40 rational number by their HCF.
C d.
96 90 9 12 can be converted into standard
For example,
Solution: 16
3 12 3x4 12 (":: 12 +3= 4) form as shown below.
a.
5x4 20 12 +4 3
5 HCF of12 and 16 is 4. Therefore,
16+4 4
735 7x5 35
b. (: 35 +7=5)
12 12x5 |60 Since 3 and 4 are co-prime numbers, 2 is the
36 3 36+12 3 standard form of l2
C. 96
(":: 36 +3=12) 16
96+12 8
Example 3: Which of the following rational
d 40 40+10 4
(: 90 +9= 10) numbers are in standard form? If they are not,
90 9 90+10 convert them into standard form.
Standard Form of aRational Number 7 6 8 39
a. b. C. d.
-35 12 91
Arational number is said to be in standard form if 8
Solution:
and only if:. 7
1. The numerator and denominator are co-prime, a. is in standard form as 7 and 8 are co-prime
1.e., they have no common factor other than 1. 8
and the denominator is positive.
2. The denominator of the rational number is
6
positive. b. is not in standard form as even though
-35
isin its
For example, the rational number 6and 35 are co-prime, the denominator is
negative. Sowe multiply the numerator and
standard form because 4 and9 are co-prime 6x(-1) -6
numbers and its denominator 9 is positive. the denominator by -l to get -35 x (-1) 35
which is in standard form.
ToConvert into Standard Form 8
is not in standard form as 8 and 12 have 2 and
Start by looking at the denominator. If the C
12 8+4 2
enominator of the given rational number is a
4 as common factors. 12+4 The standard
egative integer, then multiply the numerator and form of 8is 2
3
Lne denominator by -lto make the denominator a 12 3
positive integer.
 39 Example 5:Compare the following rational
d. is not in standard form as 39 and 91 have a line.
numbers using the number
91
-4 -1
39 39+13 3 2 b. and
common factor 13 other than 1. a. 0and 3 3
91 91+13
The standard forn of 39 Solution:
is
91
Rational Numbers on a Number Line -3 -2 2 3 4 5
3 3 3 3 3 3
Like natural numbers and integers, rational 3
numbers can also be shown on a number line. To 0 is on the left side of .Therefore, 0<
3 3
express rational numbers appropriately on a number b. -1
line, divide each unit length into as many number -2
of equal parts as thedenominator of the rational -6
number:, and then mark the rational number on the 3
number line. -4 -1
is on the left side of . Therefore.
5 -1 3 3
Example 4: Represent and on anumber
-4
line. 3 3 3 greater than or is smaller than
3 3 3
Solution:
-4 -4 -]
Step 1: Draw a line (Fig. 1.1). i.e., 3
Or
3 3
Step 2: Mark each unit length on both sides of 0. For any two rational numbers represented on a
Step 3: Divide each unit length into equal divisions number line, the rational number on the left issmaller
as per the denominator. than the rational number on its right.
Step 4: Now mark the required points at Comparison of Two Rational Numbers with
appropriate positions as done in figure 1.1. Different Denominators
T Step 1: Express the rational numbers with positive
-3 -2 -1 3 4 6
denominators.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Fig. 1.1
Step 2: Find the LCM of both the denominators.
Step 3: Write the rational numbers as equivalent
rational numbers with denominator as the
Try This! LCM.
1. Express in standard form. Step 4: Compare the numerators of the equivalent
60 35 300 85
a. b C. d. rational numbers. The rational number witt
130 70 550 102
-3 -6 2
the greater numerator is the greater ration
2. Represent 4'4'4 and on a number line. number.

Example 6: Compare the two rational numbers

-1 5
and .
Comparison of Rational Numbers -4 Which
is greater?
Comparisonof Two Rational Numbers with Solution:

Same Denominators Step 1: We write the rational numbersas

Using number line and -5
4
If the denominator is same, then we can easily
compare two rational numbers by just observing the Step 2: LCM of 8and 4=8
position of the numerator on the number line. We equivalen
Step 3: We write the rational numbers as
know that the value of numbers increases from left rational numbers:
to right on the number line. Thus, numbers which
-1 -5 -5 x2 -10
are on the left of a given rational number are smaller. and
4 4x 2

10
 -10
Step 4: -l>-10 = ComparisonofaGroup of Rational Numbers
We can compare two or more rational numbers by
Thus, >.-5 1.e., finding a denominator which is common to all of
8 4 -4
them. The lowest common multiple (LCM) of the
Example 7: Compare the two rational numbers denominator will help us in comparing them.
2 and Which is smaller? Example 8: Arrange thefollowing rational numbers
6 inascending order.
Solution:LCM of 9and 6 =3 x 3 x 2 = 18 3 4 -7 -2
2 2x2 4 8'12' 16' 3
9x2 18 3 6, 9 Solution: 24 -7 2
3 2, 3 8' 12° 16 3
5_5x3_ 15
6x3 | 18 2 2, 1 Step 1: Find the LCM of thedenominators 8, 12,
16, and 3.
4 15 1, 1 2 8, 12, 16, 3
18 18
2 4, 6, 8, 3
Comparison of Two Rational Numbers with 2 2, 3, 4, 3
Same Numerators 2| 1, 3, 2, 3
4 4
Take two rational numbers and In the case of 3 1, 3, 1, 3
11 7
4 1, 1, 1, 1
the whole is divided into 11 parts and four parts
4 LCM =2x 2x2x 2x3= 48
are considered. In the case of 7. the same whole
Step 2: Convert each of the fractions into an
isdivided into only 7 parts. In the second case, the equivalent fraction with denominator 48.
parts must be bigger than the parts we get when 3 3x6 18 4 4x4 16
we divide the same whole into 11 parts. Hence, the 8 8x6 48 12 12 x 4 48
4 parts out of 7 parts of the whole have to be larger -7x3 -21 -2 -2 x 16 -32
4 4 -7
than 4 parts out of 11 smaller parts. Thus, 11 16 16x3 48 3 3 x 16 48

Hence, when the numerators of two positive rational The equivalent rational numbers are
numbers are equal, the smaller the denominator, the 18 16 -21 -32
greater the rational number, iie., 48 48 48 48
if b> c> 0, then ,where a> 0. Step 3: Now, compare the numerators of the
C
equivalent rational numbers.
Note that this only holds for positive rational The numerators in ascending order are
numbers. Try tofind an expression in the case of -32 <-21 < 16< 18
negative rational numbers.
So, the equivalent rational numbers in increasing
Try This! order are -32 -2116 18
<
Circle the greater rational number. 48 48 48 48
3 7 7 5
a. and b and the rational numbers in ascending order are
12 6
S
and 5 d.
8
and
8 -27
8 15
3 16 12
10
Absolute Value of a Rational Number
Common Mistake! The absolute value ofa number is the quantitative
When comparing two rational numbers: value of that number. For example, the absolute
5
value of both + 4 and - 4 is 4. The absolute value
8 20 of a number is represented by the symbol | |,
Le.. the absolute value of 'x' iswritten as |x.
7 7

1
The absoiute value of a rational number isthe The absoiutevalue of is also
ìstance of the rational number from zerv on the
number line imespective of the direction, i.e.. of from 0 is 4
negative or positive. The absoBute value of iS WTittea as
For example. the absoute value of is the
and that of as
=

dìstane ot thìs number frm zero, hich is

Erample 9: Find the absolute value of
(Fig 1))
Solution: Absolute value of.

Try This!
Find the absolute value of each of the folloing
18
b -25

ExerciseIA
1. Statewhich of th followinRiongl numbers Give r n
478 1000
2. Which of the following ar nstandard ferm? If they are ot convat them ino stiri
b. I8 -6
6 -I3 48
3. Fill in the boxes
b. s d.
-16

4. Exprs efollowing as rRinal numbers witù piive dennminars

12 (-l6)
d.
(
(-) -S) (-4)
(-19)
5 Convert the ational number into equivlnt rannl numhers wih the fowing ns
b. -l6) d. (-4)
6 Loce the points on number ine
4 10 -
b.

7. Filln the boxSsing =,>,rí

b.

-10

12
 Deternine which of the two rational numbers is greater in cach case.
2 b, 4 -5 |4 -7 5 -3 -5
a. d. e.
77 9 6 11'8 -13 -21
o Eill in the boxes using symbols <, =, or >,
a. -7 b.
4
-3 C.
-114 d. -28
12 8 17 9 -36
25 4 19 19
f
4S 6/12 7: 19
h.
35 20
10. Arrange the following in ascending order. 11. Arrange the following in descending order.
-3 -7 8 19 -2
-15 -10 10 -15 30 -5

ADDITION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS When One Denominator is aMultiple of the

Other Denominator
We have seen that in the comparison of two or more
rational numbers, we make their denominators Example 12: Find the sum: 6
3
same. Similarly, in the addition or subtraction Solution: 3is a factor of 6. LCM of 3 and 6 is 6.
of two rational numbers, we first make their Thus, we convert the rational numbers into rational
denominators same and then add or subtract the numbers with denominator 6.
numerators to get the resultant rational nunmber. 4 4 2 8
That is, 3 3 2 6
There are four possibilities if two or more rational
numbers are to be added or subtracted.
So,
4
3
+
6
8,5_13=2
6
-+
6 6 6
1. The denominators are same.
2. One denominator is a factor or multiple
of the other.
Example 13: Add:
)
3. The denominators are c0-prime. Solution:
4. The denominators have common factors.
So,
In all the above cases, we convert the rational
numbers into equivalent rational numbers
with common denominators (LCM of the two -9+(-5)-9-$ -14*
denominators), which can then be added. 21 21 21

When Denominators are Same When Denominators are Co-Prime

7 4 -6
Example 10: Add 6
and 6'
Example 14: Find the sum of and
7

Solution: 65,7_5+7_
6 6
12
6 2=2 Solution: We have 5 and 7 are co-prime.
1
7 -13
Thus,their LCM is their product 5 x 7 =35.
Example 11: Add 5
and
5 4 7 28
-6
7 35
7-13
Solution: 5
5-30
35
Note: In the above examples, the denominators are same; we -30 28-30
thus directly add or subtract the numerators. +
35 35 35

13
 When Denominators have Common -9+14 5
Factors Now,
=

24 24
Example 15: Find the sum: +
7
7
12 8 -=

Solution: 12 and 8 have Therefore, 24

common factors.
We will proceed to find the LCM of 12 and 8. LCM This means that when any two rational
of 12and 8 is 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 24.
Now, we
find equivalent fractions of 5 -and
will are added, the order does
not matter.
property of addition
Thisnumbers
property
with 24 as the is known as commutative
denominator. 12 rational numbers.
5 S×2 10 7 7x3 21
12 12 x 2 24 8 8×3 24
Associative Property
S +7 10 21
Consider any three rational numbers, say,
10+ 21 31
So. 12 8 24
+
24 =1,7 2 1 and. -2
24 24 24
54 3
Try This! Now let us check if they satisfy this equation:
Find the sum of each of the following.
7
a b.
15

Properties of Addition of Rational

LHS
-+)-) (LCM of 4 and 5=21
Numbers
Closure Property
)-)
8+5
20
(LCM of 20 and 3-6)
39 40 -1
Consider addition of any two rational numbers, say,
3 -7 60 60
and
7
RHS

3-8
+
24 24- 49 -25 12
56 56 56
-25 (LCM of5 and 12 =60
is also a rational number.
56 24-25 -1
Hence,
, whena rational number is added to a 60 60
rational number, we will always get a rational Thus, LHS = RHSand hence
number as the answer. This property is called
closure property of addition of rational numbers.
Commutative Property 7 -3
This means that while addinga group ofrationl
Consider any two rational numbers, say, and
12 8 numbers, the grouping or the order does not malte
This property is called associative property oJ
Now, let us check if they satisfy this equation: addition of rational numbers.

Additive ldentity
LCM of 12 and 8 = 24 Consider the rational numbers 74 and -8
9
14+(-9) When we add 0 to each of these rational numo
24 3 3
14 9 5
i.e., +0=,
7
4+0= 4,+0= We getthe

24 24 same number as a result.

14
 Zeroisthe rational number which when added -7
7-7 0 is called the additive
rational number gives the same number as 0. Then
to any 0is calledthe additive identity of 3 3 3
aresult. Thus,
rational numbers. 7
inverse or opposile of 3 and vice versa.
Additive Inverse Every rational numher has its additive inverse. For
7
Consider arational number there exists a
example,
-8
has an additive inverse such that

-8 8
number
3
such that
3-0.ie}+) -+-= (0.
9

Remember
+If4 and are two rational numbers, then +-d is always a rational number.
d
C
are two rational numbers, then
+ If
b
and
d +;;
and are three rational numbers,
f
a
t If is arational number, then there exists a number zero such that + 0=0+=.0 is called the additive
identity for rational numbers.
* If is arational number, then there exists a rational number - such that +
b
= 0 . This 2 is called the
b

additive inverse of and vice versa.

ExerciseIB
1. Add the following.
4
a. b. d
40 25 25

2. Simplify.
7,2 3 1
a. b. c. -t7
-18 6
276 6 1 i.
16
f. 18 81 18
20 11 B 60 40 25

3. Fillin the boxes. Also mention the property used.

a.
C.
2,2-+
13 9 9

e.

4. Show that

15
 Application-Based Questions 3
7
5. Verify that a +(b+c)=(a+b) +e by taking and e=.
4

6. Add as fast as possible using associative and comnutative property.

a. 76 + $98 + 17. 31 C. 782 + 890 + 218
+
38 20 38

SUBTRACTION OF RATIONAL
NUMBERS
Let us look back at the subtraction of integers. Example 16: Find
Some of the possibilities in subtraction of integers Solution: When we have to subtract from we
are given below: 9
8
a. 7-5 b. 7-(-5) add the additive inverse of
9
to
9
c. -7-5 d. -7-(-5) -5
Thus, add 9 lo
e. 5-7 f. S-(-7) 9 9
g. -5 7 h. -5-(-) 8-5 3 1
9
a. 7-5 is 2 which is 7 + (-5)
Subtraction of 5 is addition of its additive 4
Example 17: Subtract from
inverse (-5). 7 11
b. 7 -(-5) is 7 + 5 = 12
Subtraction of -5 is addition of its additive Solution:
inverse (+5). 61
4 7 3 11 28 33
+
C. -7-5 =-12 which is -7 +(-5) 77 77 77
Subtraction of 5 is addition of its additive
inverse (-5). Properties of Subtraction
d. -7-(-5) =-7 +5=-2
Subtraction of-S is additionof its additive
Closure Property
3
inverse (+5). Example 18: Find 11
So, subtraction is the process of adding the additive 38 7 11 24
inverse. Solution: 77 53
11^8 8 1 88 88 88
Observe the next four cases also.
4
e. 5-7=-2, which is 5 + (-7) Example 19: Find - .
f. 5-(-7) = 12,which is 5 + (+7)
18_ 50_25
g. -5-7=-12, which is -5 +(-7)
h. -5-(-7)=2, which is -5+ (+7)
Sotution: - + 232
72 9
+
72 72 36

Subtraction isaddition of the opposite This implies that when a rational number is
(or additive inverse). subtracted from another rational number, we will
Similarly, subtraction in rational numbers is always get a rational number, i.e., rational numbers
addition of the additive inverse (or the opposite). are closed under subtraction.

16
Commutative Property
1 3
Example 23: Check -)--$-)
-! Solution:
Example20: Check if 4 4 4

Solution:
3
4 44 2
1 2 1
and 1 3_-2-1
4 4 4 2
-)
LHS =

Since
1 -1 Sx7-2x8) (LCM of 7 and 8 = 56)
56
3 1 1 3 35-16
4 4 4 4
56
7 10 10 7
Example 21: Check if,18 27 27 18 19 1
56 4
7 10 21-20 1
Solution:
18 27 54 54 19-14 5

20-21 -1 56 56
10 7
27 18 54 54

54
-is not the same as
54
-1
RHS =
$)
8
7 10 10 7 28
18 27 27 18
5 1 35-2 33
Therefore, rational numbers are not commutative 8 28 56 56
under subtraction.

Associative Property
Hence, associative property does not hold good for
Example 22: Checki subtraction of rational numbers.
Solution:
1 Remember
LHS--- 16
(LCM of 8and 4 =8)
t If
b
and are two rational numbers, then
-2-1 a
(LCM of 8and 16=16) - i s always a rational number.
16 b d

-3 If and are two rational numbers, then

b
16
a.So, subtraction in rational
RHS =
- 16
7
(LCM of4 and 16 = 16)
b d d b
numbers is not commutative.
6-7 -1 C and
are three rational numbers, then
(LCM of 8and 16= 16) b f
16 16
-3-1 (-)---So, suberaction in
16 16 , 0.e., LHS RHS
rational numbers is not associative.
Exercise I C
1. Subtract the following.
a.
9
20
3
20
b.
-40
111
-60 C.
14
31 31
15 d. +
)
7 3
e.
47
90
30
90 18
2
3
16
25 ) h.
60 20

- 12
25
2. State whether the statements are true or false. 3
3 +0=2
3 C.
a.

d. e. T f. -0=0
9

3. Solve the following.

7 11
a.
-)=
4. Simplify.
b.
24 16
d.

-4
a.

+-)/2 b.
11
c.

MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL Example 24: Multiply the following.

NUMBERS a. 3 x 7 b. -3 x 8 C.

Multiplication is the process of successive addition, d. 3 x4

for example, 6x8=8+8+8+8+8+8= 48. e. f.
4
+-+-= =21 1,1, 1,1,1, 1 Solution:
Similarly, 6x,3333 3
3.7_3x7 21
a.
Alternatively, 6 x 6 x 1 6
=2 11 lxl 1 =21
1 3 1×3 3 -3 8-3x8 -24
b.
So, when we multiply two rational numbers, lx1 =-24
we multiply the two numerators to get the new
numerator and the two denominators to get the new C.
3 4 3×4
denominator.
Consider the following examples: d. -3,4-3x4 -12 -3
8x1 8 2
1. -5 5x-7=).(5)x(-7)_35 -35
1 1
-1,3_ -7x3 -21
8 4 8x4 32

22-2)x3_6 -4
2.
11 5 11x5 55
4
4) x(-3) _121
9x4 36 3

18
 45 21 Associative Property
Exanple25: Simplify: rationalnumbers
84-X
27 Example 28: Consider three
Solution: Instead of multiplying the numerators and 3 4 ,and 7
Let us check ifthe associativeproperty
denominators, we can simplify the above question 7'9 12
cancelling out the common factors in numerators rational numbers,
by of multiplication holds true for
and denominators.
common factor 9.
A5 and 27 have a
45 21 becomes 21
X Solution: LHS=
So, 84
84 27
factor 21, we cancel 7 84 1
As 21 and 84 have a comimon
21 63 12 756
becomes X 84 1
out by21 and 84, 3 4 3 12
RHS =
28
=

7 108 756
45 21 5
So, 84

Try This!
27 12
so (?)6)
Example 29: Check if
-4
-56 36
b.
Multiply: a. x7 45 -64

Propertiesof Multiplication
Closure Property
Solution: LHS= -)
-3,5
Example 26: Multiply:x =
(-6) x(-) 3
7 8 20x 2 20
-3 5 -3x5 -15 23x(-1)
Solution:x
When two rational numbers
7x8 56
and are
RHS-(-)- (-2) x(-3)
4x2
3
7
-15 5x8 20
multiplied, we get which is also a rational
56
number. Take any other two rational numbers
and multiply them; youwill always get a rational
Thus, -(-)O)
Try with any other three rational numbers and see
number.
what happens.
Hence, rational numbers are closed under
In the multiplication of more than two rational
multiplication. numbers, the grouping of numbers does not matter.
Commutative Property Therefore, the rational numbers are associative
73 7x3 21 under mutiplication.
Example 27: 98
x = 9x8 72
Multiplicative ldentity
37 3×7 21 So, x
7.3 3.7 21
8x9 72 98 - x8 9 72 If a rational number, say, is multiplied by 1,
6
Takeany tworational numbers and multiply them 5
itself as xl=Sx1_ 5
bychanging their order, you will get the same we ge 6 6 6
result. That is, the order of the numbers does not Take any other rationalnumber and multiply by 1,
matter in multiplication. you will always get the same rational number as the
Therefore, the rational numbers are commutative product. So, 1is called the multiplicative identityof
under multiplication. rational numbers.

19
 Example31:Is
Multiplicative Inverse or Reciprocal 4(8+9
Consider arational number, say. there exists a
--
Solution: LHS =

rational number which when multiplied by 12 32+ 36

RIS-( ) ( :
+ 68
21 28 84 84
givethe product 1. That number is ; i.e. 68
1 =
=1. LHS = RHS 84
3 15
For the rational number there exists -8 such 4 2 4 3
-8 40 4
that
S 40
=1, multiplication by is distributed
In this case,the 3
This is true for all rational numbers except zero. Over additionoff and
3 4
This new number is called the multiplicative
inerse or reciprocal of the number. Example 32: Check if
-3 -8
3is the reciprocal of and vice versa.
-8
is the reciprocal of and vice versa.
Solution: LHS = 5 36 180
36
24 -81+96 15
There is no reciprocal or multiplicative inverse for zero RHS =
-9
+
as zero cannot be a divisor. 20 45 180 180

O. The reciprocal does not exist. 15 1

0= i.e.,LHS = RHS
1
180 12
0= .The reciprocal does not exist.
6
".

-3
Hence, the multiplication by is distributed ove
Try This! 5
-8
Find the multiplicative inverse of: addition of 3 and
4 9
a.
-7 b. Therefore, in rational numbers, multiplication is
13 2
distributed over addition.

Distributive Property of Multiplication Multiplication of a Rational Number by Zero

over Addition Consider the following examples:
Let us take an example from integers. 3x0 0

Example 30: 3 x (4 + 5) =3 x4 +
Solution: LHS =3 x (4 + 5)=3
3 x5
x9= 27
x0=g
x0=
-4x0
==0
8

=0
27
= 3x 4 + 3 x 5= 12 + 15 =
RHS
LHS = RHS =27 Take any rational nåmber and multiply it with U
multiplication is distributed over youwill always get Oas the result.
In integers, to rational
addition. The same principle applies
this through the
numbersalso. Let us examine For any rational number ,x0 is always zero.
following examples.

20
 Remember
* Ifand are any two rational numbers, then x is always a rational number.
b d
If and are any two rational numbers, then x C
b d d

rebdE,and f areany three rational numbers, then(x

+F is any rational number, then x1= 1x .1is the multiplicative identity or identity element for
b
multiplication of rational numbers.
Eor every non-zero rational number , there exists arational number such thatx 1;
b
bis called the multiplicative inverse or reciprocal of .
t If , and are any three rational numbers, then
f

ExerciselD
1. Multiply.
X
4 14
a.
4
15
3
b.
11 () C.
15

81 25
d -165 e. f.
25 8 100 27
2. Simplify.
-16
a. b.
25

3. Show that: a. b.

4 14 and c 3
4. Verify ax(6xc)=(axb) xc by taking a=- b= 15 4

5. State the properties illustrated in each of the following examples.

-4 -5
a. b.
7

C.

0. Simplify using distributive property of multiplication over addition.

a.
6 3 18 3 13 c. 273x 43+273 x57
b. x + x
20 4 31 4 31

21
 Division
Properties of
NUMBERS ClosureProperty
DIVISION OF RATIONAL Divide: 7 .
2
whole numbers Example38: 3
Let us take examples of division in
and integers. 33 9
Solution: +=x=
3
72 14
Example 33: We know that 6 + 2 is 3. 7 3
6
a rational number.
6+2=6x-;-3 The answer
is
rational number
a a
+0 is not define
In this case, division by 2 is multiplication by But, for any closed under
i.e., multiplication by the reciprocal of 2. numbers are not division
So, rational
Example 34: We know that 49 +(-7) = (-7) as Commutative Property
(-7) x (-7) = 49. !_1,1
This is also equal to 49 x (G) =-7.

(-7) is
Example 39:Let us checkif 4
2
2
2
2
1
+
4

So. we see in this case that division by Solution: LHS- * ; 7 7 2 1 1

multiplication by which is the multiplicative
14 4
inverseof (-7). RHS =
1.1
6+ is 12. 2 4 21 2
Example 35: We know
1
LHS# RHS as #2
6+ shows the number of halves in 6. 2
2
1has 2 halves. and hence 6
willhave 12 halves. 1,1,1 1
So, +4
1 6x 2 =12. 4 2 2
Hence, 6* 2 numbers is not
Therefore, division of rational
Inother words,we multiplied 6 by the Commutative.
multiplicative inverse of 2 which is 2. Associative Property
In rational numbers,division is exactly
multiplication by the multiplicative inverse Example 40: Let us check if
of the divisor.
75
Example 36: Divide: 2 9
7.5_7 x (Reciprocal of 9 is )5
2 9 2
63 =6 3
5
LHS-}
10 10 6 8 48
3 =
-=12
Example 37: Divide: +8 14
-4
(Reciprocal of is )
3
+
-4 3

-27
4 RHS--(-)--)
3 4 31 3
4-x 4
=+
32 inverse 4 1
Hence, we conclude that division is the 16
process of multiplication. 3
LHS# RHS as 12#
numbers where 16
Let and be two rational d
d
dividend and is the divisor, the
is the
is non-zero. If
multiplicative inverse of the
dividend is multiplied by the (
Therefore, division is not associative.
divisor, i.e., db c

22
Remember

and are any two rational numbers such that 0, then is arational number.
d b d
If and are two rational numbers,then
b d b d d
Hence, division of rational numbers is not commutative.
*If and f are three rational numbers, then Hence,division of rational numbers is
not associative,

Exercise IE
1, Divide.
12 2 b.
71 18 9 e. -18
C. d.
a.
19 3 8 2 132 34 40 11 44
18 i. -2.1
-)
4 2
f. h.
9 3 25 2 4
2. Simplify.
8 4 2
a. b.
15 5 3

REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS
Example 41: The length and breadth of a hall are Example 42: Mariam invested 7, lakhs in the
1
21-4 mand 11;
4 m,respectively. How many tiles beginning of a business. After one year, her profit
-2
are required to pave the floor of the hall if square was of the investment. Howmuch money or
3 15
tiles of side m are used? capital is left in her business?
4
87
Solution: Length of the hall = 21 4
m =
4
m Solution: Investment in the beginning-7- lakhs
2
Breadth of the hal] = |1! m =
45
m
=7,50,000
4 4
As her profit is negative, it is actually a loss of 2
Area of the hall =21 x111 sq. m 15
4 of her investment.
87 45 3915
= X
sq. m x=50,000 x2=1,00,000
Loss = 7,50,000
4 4 16 15
Area of one tile = 3 Sq. m = 9 Sq. m
4 16 She is left with ? 7,50,000 -?1,00,000
Area of the hall =6,50,000
Number of tiles required = Area of one tile
Therefore, she is left with ? 6,50,000 in her
3915 9 3915 16 business.
=435-tiles
16 16 16 9
Ihus, 43S tiles are needed to pave the floor
of the hall.
23
 it
Exercise IF | kmbelow sealovol, Then
descended 10
the shore, its current position with
1. Asubmarine afler travelling 100 km from
km. What is
3
next day, it ngain descended by 10 submarine fromthe seashore?
ascendecdabout km. The
distance of the 2% 7
respect to the sea level? What is the
horizontal
grams. Irthe chain weighs 12
80
decorative gifl bOx, weighs 6
2. Agold chain, when packed in n If there arc 8 kg o pears an
grams, what is the weight of the box? weighs 1 K8 9
containing apples, oranges, and pears basket is
. The tiuit basket there if the weight of the kg?
of apples are
3 kg of oranges, how many kilograms fully, what is the area
of
has to becarpeted
corridor is
66
m long and
56
m broad. If this corridor
4. A 7 55
the carpet required?
each. What wasthe length ofthe original rol
5. Aroll of ribbon was cut into 26 picces
of length 24 m
of ribbon?
25
6. Find the area of a square paper of side 2 cIm.
16
will it cover in hours?
7. A train is moving at an average speed of 4
425
km/h. How much distance
number of girls is 120 more than that of the boys.
the
of the total students are girls. If
5
8. In a school,
many boys are there?
what is the strength of the school? How
breadth of a garden are and
m 23- m, respectively, find the length of
9. If the length and the
fence around it.
barbed wire required to build a three layer a litre of petrol?
10. Rohan filled his car with 20 of petrol and paid 2620. What is the cost of

DENSITY OF RATIONAL NUMBERS 31 32 88 89 are

exactly rational numbers. and
Consider two integers, say, 3and 9. There5,are
6, 7, and 150 150 150 150
five integers between them. They are 4,
there are seven all rational numbers.
8.Similarly, between -5 and 3, 0, 1, and 2.
1,
integers. They are -4, -3, -2, - This means there are 59 rational numbers betwe
But this is not the case
between any two rational 30 90 3
3 and We can easily see 150
and , i.e.,
150
and 9 Now, ifwe consid
numbers. Consider 15
15
15 4 6 7 9 300
rational numbers and as and 900 respectively, then
that there are five IS' 15' 1s' 15 15 15 1500 1s00
8 between 3
and9 301 302
and
15 15 there will be 599 rational numbers,
15 3 1500 1500
The rational numbers and can be also
15 898 899 between 3 9
15 and
1500 and
30 and 90 1500 15 15
Between these two
written as 150 150

24
 will find that there are
process can be carried on any number of
the distance ten times. You
5 and 6 These
This with
times anytwo rational numbers, and thus we nine rational numbers between 10 10
rational
fnduncountable (infinite) number of
numbers between any two given
rationalInumbers.
are
51 52 59 Now magnify the distance
100' 100 100
understand this better with the help of the
Let us figure 1.3. 55 56 You can observe another
number line shown in between and
100 100
on the number line 551 552 559
Observe the first two markings nine rational numbers 1000 1000
using amagnifying glass. You willsee 1000
(0and l) line can be divided into ten equal continue
that the magnified which can be marked (Fig. 1.3). If we proceed like this, we will
parts and we getpositions two
to find more rational numbers between any
as
| 2 9
(Fig. 1.3), This shows that there rational numbers. This shows that there is a
10 10 10
numbers between the two rational high density of rational numbers between any
are nine rational
numbers 0 and 1. two rational numbers. We can say that there are
between the two countless rational numbers between any two given
Next bring the magnifying glass rational numbers.
6
rational numbers 5 and to again magnify
10 10

-1 1 3 4
-5 4 -3 -2

5 6 7 8 9 10
2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10

53 55 56 57. 58 59 60
50 51 52 54

100 100 100

100 100 al
100 100 100 100 100 100

555 556 557 S58 S59 560

550 551 552 553 554
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
1000 1000 1000 1000
Fig. 1.3

Finding Rational Numbers between Solution: Consider the given two rational numbers
Two Given Rational Numbers 1
and We have to find a rational number x
Method 1: greater than
1
and less than
3 2
Step 1:Add the two given rational numbers. 1 1
Step 2: Divide the sum by 2. The result is a rational i.e., x >;3 and x<
number between the two given rational 1
3 and
numbers. The average of 2
will be between these two
Etample 43: Finda rational number between rational numbers.
1 2+3_5
The sum of - and-+!=
1
3and 2 2 6 6
25
 numerator and the denominator of
To find average, divide the sum Multiply the
by 2. by 10.
both the fractions
Average = +2=x! 9x10 90
10x10 100
12 and 12x10 120
is a rational number between 1 12x10 120
and
12 2 100
90 and 5
Example 44: Finda rational number between Now
3
6 120
7 4 120
and 99
93 are all rational
9
Solution: We have to finda rational numberx such
91 92
120' 120' 120 120 numbers
andloO
7 90
that between
120 120

Find theaverage* Take any fiveof them as they areall

between 3
4
and
=127 127 6
Example 46: Find 20 rational numbers betweenr
2 72 144

Method 2: and 0.6.

5 6
Step 1: Convert both the rational numbers into Solution: 0.5=-10 and 0.6=10
rational numbers with same denominator. 5
Step 2: If you do not find any whole number There are no rational numbers between 10
and
between the numerators of the new rational with 10as denominator.
numbers, then multiply the numerator 6x10 60
and the denominator of both the rational Sx10 50
So, and
10×10 100
Between
numbers by 10 or 100, and so on. 10x10 100

Example 45: Find five rational numbers between them, there are 9 rational numbers with 100 as
3 denominator. But, we need 20 rational numbers.
and
4 60x10 600
50x10 500
Solution: First, we need to find equivalent rational Therefore, and
100 x 10 1000 100x 10 1000
numbers of 3 and
4 6 501 502 599 are 99 rational numbe
Now,
LCM of4 and 6is 12. 1000 1000 1000
3x3 5x2 10 between 0.5 and 0.6. Take any 20 of them as they
and
4x3 12 6x2 12 are all between 0.5and 0.6.

Exercise iG
1. Finda rational number between:
-8 -7 4 5 9
a. -5 and -6 b and C. and d. and
11 11 14 14
2. Find three rational numbers between:
1 1 7 6 2 3
and b and C. and 7 9
a.
10 d. and
12 13 11 10 11
3. Find five rational numbers between:
4 -16 18
a. and b. and
15 15 21 25

26
 Chapter Check Up).
, Which of the following is the additive inverse of Mental Maths

d. 0 1. Find: 872 479 228 121

6
Multiplicative inverse of anegative rational number is 2. Solve: 712. 137
35 35 8
2.
a. a positive rational number. 3. Find the value of
b. a negative rational number.
c. 0
d. 1
reasons also.
2 Circle the rational numbers and cross the ones which are not rational numbers. Give
6 16
7 d.
b. C.
19 12

4. Express the rational numbers in standard form.

-8 3 -2
32 b. C. d.
a. 4 -8
40 60
1 3 -6 18 and~12
5. Plot these rational numbers on the number line: 10° 10' 10' 10 10

5 10 15 20
-20 -15 -10
10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10

6. Fill in the boxes using >or <.

-7 -13 3 d. e.
2. b. C.
19 19 20 20

7. Solve.
7
16
+
3
8
b.
15
c.
) d. -3+*
8. State the properties involved in each of the following. 7 3 3
7

4 3 (.
10 20
b. 20 10
4 4

d.
18
23 6-9--) e. x0=0x-0
15 Xl=]xS_1s 16 3
17 x+
g. h
19 19 19 4 31
3 x+3!
9. Simplify using appropriate property: 20 3 203
a roll of ribbon of length 30 m. If she cuts strips of length 7 m
10, Seema has
roll
Strip, how many strips can she get from the roll? How much of the
Per
will be left?
27
 Case-Study
11. Priya and Based Question Where money goes Priya
and get Sumit are employed at the same
organisation ...
Sumin
equal monthly salary of 37,800.varioustable
the fraction of the The shows
Travel
1
1
things.
They both deposit salary
spend on
the they
remaining anmount in the bank. Household expenses
3
5
Use the above information to cho0se the 8

a. Priya spends
correct opo 1
3
on travel. Miscellaneous 18
i. 5000 6000 14
ii. 5400 iii. 5600 iv.
D. Which of the following statements is Irue about the household expenses
i. Sumit spends
more ii. Priya spends more
iii. Priya and Sumit spend equal amount iv. None of these
C.
Sumitdeposit in his savings account.
iv. 1875
i. 2056 ii. 2490 i . ? 1500

Everyday Maths
12. Atraintravels 722 2 km in 8 2 hours. Find the speed of the train in kmh.
shirts?
m of cloth. How much cloth is required for stitching 9
1
13. A shirt can be stitched using 2
4

Cross-Curricular Connect
(Sports) Long jump is atrack and fieldevent in which athletes combine speed, strength, and agility in as
attempt to leap as far as possible from atake-off point. Anju Bobby George made history when she won
the bronze medal in long jump at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics in Paris and became the firra
Indian athlete ever to win amedal in a Distance covered (in m)
Name
World Championships in Athletics jumping 610 m.
Shruti
3

Four friends had a competition to see how far

they could jump. The given table shows the distance Mehak

covered by each. Arti

4
a. How farther did Shruti jump than Mehak?
9
b. Who covered the longest distance? Ruchi
10

Being Indian
Regular exercise and physical activity has many benefits. Not only it gives you more energy, but it also
improves your mood, helps you sleep better and boosts your brain health. These are only a few of the
many benefits of being physically active. 4

Anuran's office is 12 km avway from his house. He takes an auto to travel of the total distance, covers
rest.
of the remaining by bus and walks the
a. Ifhe repeats the same on the way back, then find the distance he walks every day.
h If he goes to office 5 days in a week, how much distance does he walk every week
some distance dailv?
C. Why do youthink does he walk

28