Care in Fetal

Development
Chapter 4
Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

‘the state of complete physical,

mental and social well-being’

What is HEALTH?
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

There are 3 threats to a healthy life :

1. Unhealthy DIET
2. Taking DRUGS for non-medicinal purposes
3. The attack of DISEASE
Diet
1
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

• Diet is the food that a person normally eats on a regular

basis throughout the year.
• It may be a balanced diet
which is healthy, or an
unbalanced diet which is
unhealthy.

What is a balanced diet and

why is it important?
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

• A balanced diet is one that provides sufficient intake of

the nutrients and energy needed to sustain the body and
ensure health and growth.
• Types of nutrient:
1. To provide energy –
carbohydrates and fats
2. To allow growth and
repair – proteins
3. To regulate the body’s metabolism – vitamins and
minerals
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

UNHEALTHY DIET
(Conception and development in the womb)
• Reduce sperm production
• Stop the menstrual cycle
• Slows down the growth of the fetus in pregnancy and
when the baby is born it is smaller than normal and less
able to resist the attack of diseases.
Drugs
2
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

• A simple definition of a
DRUG is a substance that,
when taken into the body,
alters the way the body
works.
• DRUGS are chemical
substances that change the
functions of the body,
especially the nervous system,
when they enter the body.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Three main types of drugs:

1. MEDICINAL DRUGS – to prevent, treat and cure
disease and to ease pain. Example: paracetamol,
amoxicillin, omeprazole, simetikon, etc.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Three main types of drugs:

2. NON-MEDICINAL DRUGS – affect the nervous
system and bring about the changes in the way brain
works which may alter a person’s behavior.
Example : pain killers, sleeping pills, codeine,
diazepam, aspirin, etc.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Three main types of drugs:

3. PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS – athletes
using for increase muscle growth or make their senses
more alert.
Example : steroid, erythropoletin, peptide hormones,
etc.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Taking DRUGS for Non-medicinal purposes

(Conception and development in the womb)
• Alcohol reduces the number of sperm produces in
males.
• Smoking can make the ovaries work less efficiently.
• Smoking in pregnancy increases the risk of the baby
being born prematurely.
• Cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and ecstasy can make the
menstrual cycle become irregular or even stop.
• Slow down sperm production and cause some sperms to
develop abnormally.
Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Taking DRUGS for Non-medicinal purposes

(Conception and development in the womb)
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Taking DRUGS for Non-medicinal purposes

(Conception and development in the womb)

Drug Effect on foetus

• Drinking even small amounts can cause nerve damage.
• Drinking large amounts can cause the head to be smaller
Alcohol and cause abnormal development of the eyes, nose and
lips.
• Foetal alcohol syndrome.
• Slows down growth – the organs may be smaller than
Tobacco
normal, the lungs may work less efficiently.
• Slows down growth.
• Makes it less able to fight disease.
Non-medicinal drugs
• The baby can become dependent on the drug the mother
was taking.
Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

DRUGS can enter our body when…

Injected into a vein Apply externally onto
Swallowed (orally) Inhaled (sniffed in)
(intravenously) the skin
Disease
3
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

• A DISEASE is an abnormal
condition which affects the
health of the body and
prevents it from working
properly.
• The body can recover from
many diseases with treatment
but if the treatment fails, the
disease can be fatal.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

How does disease occur?

• It occurs when the cells in
your body are damaged as a
result of infection, signs and
symptoms of an illness
appear.
• The infection occurs when
viruses, bacteria, or other
microbes enter our body and
begin to develop.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Bacteria Virus

• It is treated with antibiotics • Needs a host cell to reproduce.

• Examples: tuberculosis, tetanus, • It is prevented by vaccines.
pneumonia, etc. • Examples: influenza, chicken pox,
etc.

Fungi Protozoa

• Has spores that are carried through
the air
• It s treated with anti-fungal cream
• Examples: athlete’s foot, ring worm,
diaper rashes, allergies, eating
poisonous mushrooms, etc.
• It takes nutrients from the organism
that lives on or in a host.
• Examples: malaria, African sleeping
sickness, etc.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Disease are said to be

infectious or
communicable if these
*pathogens can be passed
from one person to
another.
Influenza, chickenpox,
malaria, syphilis, tetanus, etc.
Disease are said to be
non-infectious that are
not caused by
*pathogens
Bone fractures, depression,
Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, etc.

*Pathogens : organisms that do so and cause disease.

 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Vectors
• Some pathogens and parasites are transmitted between
hosts by vectors.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Type of Disease
1. ACUTE DISEASE
Diseases such as influenza, diarrhea, etc are described as
acute because their effects come on suddenly and affect
the body quickly.

2. CHRONIC DISEASE
If the diseases are more long-term (for months-years),
such as cancer, heart disease, etc are referred to as
chronic.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Type of Disease
3. HEREDITARY DISEASE
Diseases that is inherited genetically. It is passed on
from one generation to another through defective genes.
Example: high blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis, etc.

4. NUTRITIONAL DISEASE
Nutrient-related diseases and conditions that cause
illness. Example: beriberi, scurvy, rickets, etc.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

Type of Disease
5. DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
It is the result of a continuous process based on
degenerative cell changes. Example: stroke, Parkinson’s
disease, etc.

6. TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASE
It is transmitted from one individual to another by
infection. Example: malaria, tuberculosis, AIDS, etc.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

• There are many diseases which affect human life.

1) Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) or Sexually
Transmitted Infections (STIs)
2) Malaria
3) AIDS
4) Tuberculosis (TB)
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

1) STDs or STIs
• They are transmitted by sexual intercourse.
• Example : Chlamydia

• For female à causes a

build-up of scarring
that can block the
fallopian tube and
prevent fertilization.
• For male à causing
inflammation in the
tubes that carry sperm
from the testicles.
Chlamydia trachomatis
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

1) STDs or STIs
• They are transmitted by sexual intercourse.
• Example :
Gonorrhea

• For female à painful

or burning sensation
when urinating,
bleeding between
period.
• For male à swelling or
redness at the opening
of the penis, feeling
painful in the testicles.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

1) STDs or STIs
• They are transmitted by sexual intercourse.
• Example :
Syphilis
• For female and male à
a skin rash that causes
small, reddish-brown
sores including sores
inside the mouth,
vagina/penis, or anus.
• Syphilitic sores also
increase the risk of
contracting HIV.

Treponema pallidum
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

2) Malaria
• Malaria is a life-
threatening disease
caused by parasites that
are transmitted to people
through the bites of
infected female
mosquitoes.
• It is called Anopheles.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

3) AIDS
• AIDS stands for Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome which is a
disease of the body’s immune
system.
• It is caused by a virus named the
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV).
• It is spread mainly by sexual
intercourse with an infected person
or by drug users sharing unsterilized
needles.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS DISEASE Summary

4) Tuberculosis
• Tuberculosis is a disease
caused by a
microorganism belonging
to the bacteria group.
• It is spread by droplets
produced by coughing,
sneezing and spitting and
infects the lungs.
• It can spread to the brain,
kidneys and bones.
 Health Contents DIET DRUGS
STDs or STIs
• Female à PID (Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease) : the fallopian tubes are
THE ATTACK infected they become inflamed and
cause of infertility.
OF DISEASE • Male à the activity of the sperm is
(Conception reduced so that they are less able
to swim to find an egg.
and • Unborn baby à it can cause
blindness, deafness, swollen liver,
development and skin sores in the baby
in the womb) AIDS
• Unborn baby à it will damage the
immune system of the baby.
DISEASE Summary
Malaria
• Unborn baby à it can kill the fetus
or as it grows, slow down its
development so a smaller baby
than normal is born.
Tuberculosis
• Male à blocking the path of sperm
in males;
• Female à causing infections in the
•
oviducts and uterus in females;
Unborn baby à cause the death of
the fetus during pregnancy.
Rubella
• Unborn baby à it will damage the
nervous system and produce
deafness and blindness. The heart
can also be damaged.