Hello everyone! I am ——— and our topic for today is the Earth's Interior.

Earth's
interior is divided into several layers, each with distinct properties and
characteristics. (pause ka dito) Understanding the Earth's interior is crucial in
fields like geology, seismology, and geophysics, as it provides insights into the
planet's composition, behavior, and evolution. In this report, I will be providing an
overview of the Earth's interior layers, elements, their properties, and how we
study them.

1. Crust:

 The Earth's outermost layer, the crust, is relatively thin, averaging about 30
kilometers (18.6 miles) in thickness beneath continents and around 5
kilometers (3.1 miles) beneath the ocean floor.
 It consists mainly of solid rocks, minerals, and sediments. Continental crust
is less dense and made up of granite and sedimentary rocks, while oceanic
crust is denser and composed of basalt.
 The crust is where most geological processes, like earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions, occur. Its role is to provide a solid surface for us to live on and
supports the planet's geological features.
 Elements: The Earth's crust is primarily composed of oxygen (O), silicon (Si),
aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and
magnesium (Mg). These elements combine to form various minerals.

2. Lithosphere:

 The rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
 The lithosphere consists of solid rocks and is divided into tectonic plates. It
is relatively cool and rigid, making it capable of bearing the Earth's surface
features.
 It is about 100 km thick, although its thickness is age-dependent.

3. Asthenosphere:

 The asthenosphere lies beneath the lithosphere and extends into the upper
part of the mantle.
  The asthenosphere is partially molten and exhibits plasticity, allowing it to
flow slowly over time. This property enables the movement of tectonic
plates.
 The asthenosphere is crucial for plate tectonics, as it acts as a lubricating
layer that allows the lithospheric plates to move on the more rigid mantle
beneath.

4. Mantle:

 Beneath the crust lies the mantle, which extends to a depth of about 2,900
kilometers (1,800 miles).
 The mantle consists of solid rock, but it can flow over long periods of time,
a property known as plasticity. This flow is responsible for plate tectonics
and the movement of continents.
 The mantle consists mainly of silicate minerals rich in iron (Fe) and
magnesium (Mg). Common minerals include olivine, pyroxene, and garnet.
 It plays a crucial role in the movement of tectonic plates, which is
responsible for earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the creation of
mountain ranges.

5. Outer Core:

 The outer core is situated beneath the mantle and extends to a depth of
about 5,150 kilometers (3,219 miles).
 It is composed of liquid iron and nickel, and it is responsible for generating
the Earth's magnetic field through a process called the geodynamo. This
magnetic field protects our planet from harmful solar radiation and plays a
vital role in navigation.
 Seismic waves do not propagate through the outer core, which provides
evidence of its liquid state.

6. Inner Core:

 The innermost layer, the inner core, begins at a depth of about 5,150
kilometers (3,219 miles) and extends to the Earth's center, approximately
6,371 kilometers (3,959 miles) from the surface.
  It is extremely hot and under immense pressure, causing the iron and nickel
to be in a solid state, despite the high temperature. The inner core's heat is
thought to be a source of energy that drives geological processes and helps
maintain the planet's magnetic field.
 Despite immense pressure, the inner core remains solid due to extremely
high temperatures, estimated to be around 5,700 degrees Celsius (10,300
degrees Fahrenheit).

Methods of Study:

 Seismology is a key tool for studying the Earth's interior. Seismic waves
generated by earthquakes and explosions travel through the Earth, allowing
scientists to infer the properties of different layers based on wave behavior.
 Laboratory experiments, such as high-pressure and high-temperature
studies, help replicate conditions within the Earth's interior to understand
material behavior.
 Geological samples, like rocks brought up from deep drilling or volcanic
eruptions, provide direct evidence of Earth's composition.
 Geophysical techniques, such as gravity and magnetic field measurements,
offer insights into the distribution of materials beneath the Earth's surface.

And for our conclusion:

Earth's interior is a complex and dynamic system comprising several distinct

layers with varying properties. Studying these layers helps us understand the
Earth's geological processes, its history, and even its magnetic field. Advances in
technology and scientific understanding continue to deepen our knowledge of the
Earth's interior, contributing to our understanding of our planet's past and future.