GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 Hydrogen Bond

 Special dipole-dipole interaction

between the hydrogen atom in a polar
Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and
N-H, O-H, or F-H bond and an
Solids
electronegative O, N, or F atom.
Phase
Properties of Liquids
 Homogeneous part of the system in
contact with other parts of the system Surface Tension
but separated from them by a well-  Amount of energy required to stretch
defined boundary. or increase the surface of a liquid by a
2 Phases: Solid- ice; Liquid- water unit area.
 Strong intermolecular forces
Intermolecular Forces  High surface tension
 Attractive forces between molecules. Cohesion
Intramolecular Forces  Intermolecular attraction between like
molecules.
 Hold atoms together in a molecule.
Adhesion
**Generally, intermolecular forces are much
weaker than intramolecular forces.  Attraction between unlike molecules.
“Measure” of Intermolecular Force Viscosity
boiling point  Measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
 Strong intermolecular forces
melting point
 High viscosity
^Hvap
^Hfus
Crystalline Solid
^Hsub
 Possesses rigid and long-range order.
4 Types of Intermolecular Forces In a crystalline solid, atoms, molecules
or ions occupy specific (predictable)
Dipole-Dipole Forces positions.
 Attractive forces between polar Amorphous Solid
molecules.
 Does not possess a well-defined
Ion-Dipole Forces arrangement and long-range
molecular order.
 Attractive forces between an ion and a
polar molecule. Unit Cell
Dispersion Forces  Basic repeating structural unit of a
crystalline solid.
 Attractive forces that arise as a result
of temporary dipoles induced in atoms At Lattice Points
or molecules.
- Polarizability is the ease with  Atoms
which the electron distribution in  Molecules
the atom or molecule can be  Ion
distorted.
- Polarizability increases with: 7 Basic Unit Cells
 greater number of electrons  Simple Cubic
 more diffuse electron cloud  Tetragonal
**Dispersion forces usually increase with  Orthorhombic
molar mass.  Rhombohedral
 Monoclinic
  Triclinic
 Hexagonal
3 Types of Cubic Unit Cells
 Simple Cubic
- 1 atom/unit cell
 Body-Centered Cubic
- 2 atoms/unit cell
 Face-Centered Cubic
- 4 atoms/unit cell
Types of Crystals
Ionic Crystals
 Lattice points occupied by cations and
anions.
 Held together by electrostatic
attraction.
 Hard, brittle, high melting point.
 Poor conductor of heat and electricity.
Covalent Crystals
 Lattice points occupied by atoms.
 Held together by covalent bonds.
 Hard, high melting point.
 Poor conductor of heat and electricity.
Molecular Crystals
 Lattice points occupied by molecules.
 Held together by intermolecular forces.
 Soft, low melting point.
 Poor conductor of heat and electricity.
Metallic Crystals
 Lattice points occupied by metal
atoms.
 Held together by metallic bonds.
 Soft to hard, low to high melting point.
 Good conductors of heat and
electricity.
Amorphous Solid
 Does not possess a well-defined
arrangement and long-range
molecular order.
Glass
 Optically transparent fusion product of
inorganic materials that has cooled to
a rigid state without crystallizing.
Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
 Vapor pressure measured when a
dynamic equilibrium exists between
condensation and evaporation.
Dynamic Equilibrium
Rate of condensation = Rate of
evaporation
Molar Heat of Vaporization (^Hvap)
 Energy required to vaporize 1 mole of
a liquid at its boiling point.
Boiling Point
 Temperature at which the (equilibrium)
vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to
the external pressure.
Normal Boiling Point
 Temperature at which a liquid boil
when the external pressure is 1 atm.
Critical Temperature (Tc)
 Temperature above which the gas
cannot be made to liquefy, no matter
how great the applied pressure.
Critical Pressure (Pc)
 Minimum pressure that must be
applied to bring about liquefaction at
the critical temperature.
**Melting point of a solid or the Freezing
point of a liquid is the temperature at which
the solid and liquid phases coexist in
equilibrium.
Molar Heat of Fusion (^Hfus)
 Energy required to melt 1 mole of a
solid substance at its freezing point.
Molar Heat of Sublimation (^Hsub)
 Energy required to sublime 1 mole of a
solid.
Phase Diagram
 Summarizes the conditions at which a
substance exists as a solid, liquid, or
gas.
© Yasmin Bucay