Leadership and Management 3.
Scheduling – Setting time frame
1. Management Theories
a. Taylor – Scientific Management
b. Weber – Bureaucratic Organization
c. Fayol – Management Functions
d. Follet – Participative Management
e. Mayo – Hawthorne Effect
f. Mcgregor – X and Y
g. Argyris – Employee Participation
2. Leadership Theories
a. Aristotle – Great Man Theory
b. Lewin & White – Leadership Styles
c. Fiedler – Contingency Leadership
d. Hersey & Blanchard – Situational
Leadership
e. BWRNS – Trans…
f. Gardner – Integrated Leadership
Elements of Administration
a. Planning
b. Organizing
c. Directing
d. Controlling
Planning
Pre-determined course of action in order to
arrive at a desired result.
A. Characteristics of good plan
1. Clear objectives
2. Guided with policies.
3. Indicates priorities.
4. Flexible & Realistic
5. Develops logical sequence of
activities.
B. Elements of Planning
1. Forecasting – Estimating future.
2. Establishing Objectives –
SMART
e.g., Gantt Chart
4. Budget – Numerical Description
of income and planned
expenditure.
Approaches:
a. Centralized
b. Decentralized
Components of Institutional
Budget:
a. Capital Expenditure:
Buildings, equipment, repair,
major projects.
b. Institutional Budget:
Personnel budget. Cost of
labor, hiring and recruitment.
c. Operating Budget: Financial
Analysis of expenditure and
revenue.
Types:
1. Fixal- ceiling: Limit per year
2. Open ended: Single Cost
3. Flexible
4. Sunset: Self-destruct
5. Zero-based budget: Must be
justified.
6. Contingency: Emergency
Direct & Indirect Expenses
a. Direct: Associated with
patient care
b. Indirect: Utilities
Fixed & Variable Cost
a. Fixed: Constant in nature
e.g., building, equipment
depreciation, fringe benefits,
admin salary.
 b. Variable cost: Fluctuates
depending on volume of supplies. e.g., med-
surg supplies, medicine, laundry, food cost.
Assigned Patterns of Nursing Care
a. Functional Nursing: Function
according to job description
b. Total care: Patient centered
c. Team Nursing: Composed of care
provider with different
specializations
d. Primary Nursing: Care given from
admission to discharge. 1:1 or 1:3.
Best but expensive.
Patient Care Class System
Level 1 – Minimal Care
Level 2 – Intermidiate / Moderate
Level 3 – Intensive Care
Level 4 – Critical Care
Organizing
Formal Structure:
 Lines of Communication
 Channel of Authority
 Span of Control
 Decision Making
Organizational Process
Delegation: Creates an obligation to perform
Basic Concepts:
1. Authority to Legitimize power
2. Power is the ability to influence
others
3. Delegation is distribution of
authority.
Chain of Command
Three levels of Management:
1. Top level – Admins
2. Middle level – Supervisor
3. Operational level – Staff Nurse
Delegation of authority is guided by:
a. Exemption principle: Someone must
be in charge
b. Scalar chain of command
c. Decentralization
d. Parity Principle: Delegated authority
must equal responsibility
e. Span of Control: C.N. > S > M
f. Unity Principle: Report to one
supervisor only
g. Responsibility: work is work
assigned to a position
h. Accountability: Moral responsibility
i. Communication: Transmission of
information
Major Types of Organization
a. Formal
b. Informal
*Line authority: Authority within
organization or units chain of command
*Staff authority: Advisory to line authority
Activities of Organizing
a. Communicating with people
b. Coordinating meetings
c. Coordinating activity
d. Develop job description
* Organizational chart: Graphic
representation of chain of authority
Types of Organizational Structure
1. Bureaucratic: Line structure, large
h.c. facility
2. Ad hoc: Temporary
3. Matrix: Focuses on both product and
function
Staffing
 Determine the type and number
needed
 Starting with self assessment
Activities:
 a. Interviewing Accreditation:
b. Recruitment Quality of nursing education.
c. Selection Private school: PAASCU, PACOCOA
d. Placement
e. Indoctrination Development Standards:
Predetermined level of excellence that
Job Description: serves as guide to practice.
 Specification of duties &
responsibilities Audit:
 Guidelines Measurement used to provide quality care.
 Reduce conflict/ frustrations
 Determine work
 Basis for salary

Directing

Policy utilization, revision, and updating.

Supervision:
 Guides
 Directs
 Motivates
 Teaches
 Facilitates

Frequent mistakes in delegating

1. Under delegation
2. Over delegation
3. Improper delegation

Controlling

1. Performance appraisal
2. Fiscal accountability
3. Quality Control
4. Legal & ethical control

Performance appraisal
a. Individual performance: 70%
b. Personal Task: 30%

Types of rating sacale:

a. Rubric
b. Trait
c. Checklist
d. Peer review
e. Self-appraisal
 Research

Purpose:
1. Applied
2. Simple (survey)

Time dimenstion
1. Cross-sectional
2. Longitudinal
3. Prospective
4. Retrospective

Research Design
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative