SOL राजनितिक विचार और विचारधाराएँ

jktuhfr dks le>uk
bdkbZ 1 jktuhfr dks le>uk

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
1-0 mn~ns';
1-1 ifjp;
1-2 jktuhfr ,d O;ogkfjd xfrfof/k ds :i esa
1-2-1 jktuhfr % uik rqyk o.kZu dfBu
1-2-2 jktuhfr dh izÑfr
1-2-3 jktuhfr % ekuo fLFkfr dk vfuok;Z y{k.k
1-3 jktuhfr D;k gS\
1-4 jkT; D;k gS\
1-4-1 jkT; % jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa@lkekftd lanHkZ ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUurk
1-4-2 jSYQ fefycSaM ds jkT; laca/kh fopkj
1-5 jktuhfr ,d is'ks ds :i esa
1-6 'kfDr dk oS/kkfud iz;ksx
1-6-1 oS/krk laca/kh eSDl oScj ds fopkj
1-6-2 oS/krk % jktuhfr foKku dk dsUnzh; fo"k;
1-6-3 ^voS/krk* dh izfØ;k
1-6-4 n{krkiw.kZ lgefr
1-6-5 jkT; e'khujh ds deZpkjh % vfHktkR; oxZ
1-7 lkjka'k
1-8 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
1-9 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj
1 - 0 mn~ n s ' ;
Lukrd Lrj ds jktuhfr fl)kar ds uohu ikB~;Øe ds varxZr izFke [ka.M ds bl
ifjp;kRed bdkbZ esa ge vkidks jktuhfr ds cqfu;knh vFkZ ds ckjs esa crk;saxs vkSj bl
izdkj vki jktuhfr foKku dh fo"k; oLrq dh ekSfydrk ds ckjs esa tku ik;saxsA bl
bdkbZ ds i<+us ds ckn vki %
• jktuhfr D;k gS] bldh O;k[;k dj ik;saxs(
• jkT; ds vFkZ dks le> ik;saxs(
• 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk dk o.kZu vkSj O;k[;k dj ldsaxs( vkSj
• oS/krk vkSj voS/krk dks tku ldsaxsA
1 - 1 ifjp;
bl bdkbZ dk eq[; mn~ns'; ^jktuhfrd* dh vo/kkj.kk dks le>uk gSA jktuhfr dk
lkj ,d ,slh O;oLFkk ykus dh [kkst gS] ftls O;fDr vPNk ekurk gSA ^jktuhfr* 'kCn
xzhd 'kCn ,d ,slh iksfyl (Polis) ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ uxj vkSj jkT; nksuksa gSA
9
izkphu ;wuku ds varxZr jktuhfr u;s <ax ls lkspuk] vuqHko djuk Fkk vkSj bu lc ls
ijs] O;fDr ds lkFk lEca/k LFkkfir djuk FkkA ukxfjd ds :i esa os lHkh leku Fks] ;|fi
ukxfjd vius /ku] cqf) bR;kfn ds laca/k esa vyx-vyx FksA ;g jktuhfrd dh
vo/kkj.kk gS] tks ukxfjdksa dks foosd'khy cukrh gSA jktuhfr xfrfof/k gS] fo'ks"kdj bl
u;h oLrq ds fy, ftls ukxfjd dgk tkrk gSA jktuhfr dk foKku laHko gS] D;ksafd
jktuhfr vius vki ,d fu;fer iz.kkyh dk vuqlj.k djrh gS] ;|fi ;g ekuo izÑfr
dh n;k ij fuHkZj gS] ftlls ;g mRiUu gksrh gSA
;wukuh jktuhfr foKku us lafo/kkuksa dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj ekuo LoHkko vkSj jktuhfrd
la?kksa ds laca/kksa dk lkekU;hdj.k fd;kA 'kk;n bldk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh rRo îqujko`fÙk
pØ dk fl)kar* FkkA jktra= fujadq'kra= esa cny tkrk gS] fujadq'kra= dks dqyhura=
ds }kjk m[kkM+ Qsadk tkrk gS] tks vYira= esa tula[;k dks 'kks"k.k djus ds fy, ifj.kr
gksrk gS] ftls iztkra= ds }kjk gVk fn;k tkrk gS] tks vlguh; vfLFkj HkhM+ ds 'kklu
esa ifjofÙkZr gksrk gS( tgk¡ dqN 'kfDr'kkyh usrk vkius vki dks jktk dh rjg LFkkfir
djrs gSa vkSj pØ iqu% 'kq: gksrk gSA vjLrq dk fopkj gS fd iztkra= dk dqN va'k
larqfyr lafo/kku ds lcls vPNs izdkj ds fy, vko';d gksrk gS] ftls os jktuhfr
(Polity) ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSaA mUgksus vusd lafo/kkuksa dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj og
fo'ks"kdj jktuhfrd ifjoÙkZu dh e'khujh esa vfHk#fp j[krs FksA os lksprs Fks fd Økafr
lnSo lekurk ds fy, dqN ek¡xks ls mRiUu gksrh gSA
izkphu jkse jktuhfr dk loksZÙke mnkgj.k gS tgka jktuhfr in ij vklhu O;fDr;ksa

}kjk dh tkus okyh ,d ,slh xfrfof/k Fkh tks 'kfDr iz;ksx dks Li"V lhfer djrh gSA
tc jkse okfl;ksa us 'kfDr ds ckjs esa lkspk] mUgksaus ,d izeq[k fofHkUurk dks Lohdkj djus
ds Øe esa nks 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA
1 - 2 jktuhfr ,d O;ogkfjd xfrfof/k ds :i esa

jktuhfr dh ,d O;ogkfjd xfrfof/k ekuo laHkkoukvksa ds laxBu ij la?k"kZ gSA ,sls
esa ;g 'kfDr ls lacaf/kr gS( ;g dgk tkrk gS fd ;g lkekftd ,tsaVksa] ,stsfUl;ksa vkSj
laLFkkvksa ds i;kZoj.k] lkekftd vkSj 'kkjhfjd] dks O;ofLFkr ;k :ikarj.k djus ds
lkeF;Z ds ckjs esa gksrh gSA ;g mu lalk/kuksa ls lacaf/kr gS] tks bldh {kerk dks izHkkfor
djrs gSa vkSj mu 'kfDr;ksa ds ckjs esa gS tks blds iz;ksx dks vkdkj nsrs gSaA blds
vuqlkj] jktuhfr ,d vkoj.k gksrk gS ftls futh vkSj lkoZtfud thou esa ck¡Vrs gq,
;g lHkh lewgksa] laLFkkvksa vkSj lektksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA bldh mu lHkh laca/kksa] laLFkkvksa
vkSj <kapksa esa vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS] tks lektksa ds thou ds mRiknu vkSj iqu% mRiknu ls
lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA jktuhfr gekjs thou ds lHkh igywvksa dh jpuk vkSj muds fy, 'krZ
fu/kkZfjr djrh gS vkSj ;g lkewfgd leL;kvksa ds fodkl] vkSj muds fujkdj.k ds
rjhdksa dk dsUnz gSA
1 - 2 - 1 jktuhfr % uik rqyk o.kZu dfBu

jktuhfr dh laf{kIr ifjHkk"kk & mu pht+ksa ds vuqdwy ftUgsa ge vuk;kl jktuhfrd
dgdj iqdkjrs gSa & laHko ugha gSA jktuhfr fofHkUu iz;ksxksa vkSj vFkZPNk;kvksa dk ,d
in gSaA 'kk;n] ge bl NksVs dFku ds lcls utnhd igq¡p ldrs gSa] tks bl izdkj gS%
jktuhfr og xfrfof/k gS] ftlds }kjk lewg muds lnL;ksa ds chp fHkUurk esa lkeatL;
cSBkus ds iz;kl ds ek/;e ls vfuok;Z lkewfgd fu.kZ;ksa rd igq¡prs gSaA bl ifjHkk"kk esa
10 izeq[k fcUnq gSaA
1- 2- 2 jktuhfr dh izÑfr jktuhfr dks le>uk
jktuhfr ,d lkewfgd xfrfof/k gS] ;g mu yksxksa dks 'kkfey djrh gS] tks lkekU;
lnL;rk ;k de ls de ,d leku HkkX; dk lg;ksxh gksuk Lohdkj djrs gSaA bl izdkj
jkWfculu Øwlks jktuhfr dk vH;kl ugha dj ldrs FksA
jktuhfr fopkjksa dh izkjafHkd fofo/krk dks Lohdkj djrh gS] ;fn ;g y{; ls lEcaf/kr
ugha gksrh gS rc de ls de lk/kuksa lsA ;fn ge lHkh iwjs le; lger gks rks] jktuhfr
fQtwy gksxhA
jktuhfr okn-fookn vkSj vuqu; ds ek/;e ls ,sls erHksnksa esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djrh
gSA vr% lapkj jktuhfr dk dsUnz fcUnq gksrk gSA jktuhfrd fu.kZ; lewg ds fy,
izkf/kÑr uhfr gks tkrs gSa] ftUgsa ;fn vko';d gks rks cy iz;ksx }kjk ykxw fd;k tkrk
gSA jktuhfr dk eqf'dy ls opZLo gks] ;fn fu.kZ; fgalk ds }kjk fy;s tk;s ysfdu cy
;k bldh /kedh lkewfgd fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k lqfuf'pr djrh gSA
jktuhfr dh vko';drk ekuo thou ds lkewfgd vkpj.k ls mRiUu gksrh gSA ge lewg
esa jgrs gSa ftls lalk/kuksa dh Hkkxhnkjh] vU; lewgksa ls laca/k vkSj Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk ds
ckjsa esa lkewfgd fu.kZ; ysus gksrs gSaA ifjokj dh cgl fd NqV~Vh dgk¡ fcrk;sa] ns'k dks
;q) ds fy, fu.kZ; ysuk gS] fo'o dks iznw"k.k ls gqbZ {kfr dks lhfer djuk gS & lHkh
mnkgj.k lewg fu.kZ; ds gSa] tks mlds lHkh lnL;ksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA lkekftd
izk.kh gksus ds ukrs jktuhfr gekjs HkkX; dk ,d Hkkx gS] gekjs ikl bldk vH;kl djus
ds flok dksbZ fodYi ugh gSaA
1 - 2 - 3 jktuhfr % ekuo fLFkfr dk vfuok;Z y{k.k
;|fi ^jktuhfr* 'kCn dk vDlj ,d fujk'kkoknh (Cynical) :i esa iz;ksx gksrk gS]
lkoZtfud vfHk#fp ds varxZr futh ykHk ds dkj.k] jktuhfr okLro esa ekuoh; fLFkfr
dh fo'ks"krk gSA ;wukuh nk'kfuZd vjLrq us rdZ fn;k Fkk fd êuq"; LoHkkor% jktuhfrd
izk.kh gS*A blds vuqlkj mudk vFkZ ek= ;g ugha Fkk fd jktuhfr vifjgk;Z gS] cfYd
;g ,d vfuok;Z ekuoh; xfrfof/k gS] jktuhfrd dk;Zdyki dh og fo'ks"krk gS] tks gesa
nwljh mitkfr;ksa ls iwjh rjg vyx djrs gSA vjLrq ds vuqlkj yksx flQZ jktuhfrd
leqnk; esa Hkkxhnkjh ds ek/;e ls gh viuh lPph rdZ'khyrk vkSj ln~xq.kh LoHkko dks
vfHkO;Dr dj ldrs gSaA
lewg ds lnL; fcjys gh lger gksrs gSa] de ls de izkjEHk esa] D;k dk;Z djuk gS ijA
;fn y{;ksa ij le>kSrk Hkh gksrk gS] rks lk/kuksa ij fQj Hkh >xM+k gks ldrk gSA fQj
Hkh fu.kZ; gksuk pkfg,] ,d rjhds ls ;k nwljs ls vkSj ,d ckj fu.kZ; gksus ij ;g lewg
ds lkjs lnL;ksa dks izfrc) djsxkA bl izdkj jktuhfr mu fof/k;ksa dks lekfgr djrh
gS] tks fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;s tkus dh vuqefr nsrh gSa vkSj rc iwjs fu.kZ; dks la;qDr
fd;k tkrk gSA tSlk fd f'koyh crkrs gSa] ^^jktuhfrd dk;Z dks lkekU; leL;k dk
lcls lkekU; lek/kku dks cqf)eÙkkiw.kZ <ax ls <aw< fudkyuk ;k de ls de rdZ iw.kZ
lkekU; lek/kku ds rjhds ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS**A nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jktuhfr
lkoZtfud fodYiksa dks lekfgr djrh gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
uksV % i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
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ii½ vius mÙkjksa ds lq>koksa ds fy, bdkbZ dk var ns[ksaA
1½ O;ogkfjd xfrfof/k ds :i esa jktuhfr D;k gS\
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2½ jktuhfr dh vko';d izÑfr dh ppkZ djsaA
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1 - 3 jktuhfr D;k gS\

izR;sd O;fDr ds ikl jktuhfr 'kCn ds vFkZ ds ckjs esa dqN fopkj gksrk gS( dqN yksxksa
ds fy, ;g iz'u fcYdqy fQtwy gSA ^jktuhfr* og gS] tks O;fDr lekpkj i=ksa esa i<+rk
gS ;k Vsyhfot+u ij ns[krk gSA ;g jktuhfrKksa] fo'ks"k :i ls jktuhfrd nyksa ds usrkvksa
dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls lacaf/kr gSA jktuhfr D;k gS\ jktuhfr dh izÑfr dks D;k fu/kkZfjr
djrk gS\ ;fn dksbZ jktuhfrKksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr dh ifjHkk"kk ls 'kq:
djrk gS] rks dksbZ dg ldrk gS fd jktuhfr dk laca/k 'kfDr ds fy, muds la?k"kZ esa
jktuhfrd oSeuL;rk ls gSA ;g fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk gksxh] ftlls lokZf/kd yksx lger
gksaxsA laHkO;rk] bl ij Hkh lgefr gksxh fd jktuhfr varjk"Vªh; Lrj ij jkT;ksa ds chp
ds laca/k dks lwfpr djrh gSA
^jktuhfr 'kfDr vkSj bls dSls forfjr fd;k tkrk gS ls lacaf/kr gSa A ysfdu 'kfDr 'kwU;
esa rSjrh gqbZ dksbZ ewÙkZ lÙkk ugha gSA ;g ekuo esa lekfgr gksrh gSA 'kfDr ,d izdkj
dk laca/k gksrk gS] tgka ,d O;fDr nwljs O;fDr dh vkKk dks ekurk gS] pkgs og ekuuk
pkgrh gks ;k ughaA bl izdkj dh tks ifjfLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS] mls usr`Ro] vkf/kiR;
vkSj v/khu dh dksfV esa] oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA eSDl oScj us 1918 dk viuk izfl)
Hkk"k.k] ^jktuhfr ,d is'ks ds :i esa* ;g izLrko djrs gq, izkjaHk fd;k fd jktuhfr iwjh
rjg ls foLr`r gksrh gS vkSj fdlh Hkh izdkj dh Lora= usr`Ro okyh xf/kfof/k dks lekfgr
djrh gSA lanHkZ pkgs tks gks] ,slh ûsr`Ro* tgka Hkh fufgr gksrk gS] ogk¡ jktuhfr gksrh
gSA gekjs 'kCnksa] esa jktuhfr ml fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr dks 'kkfey djsxh] tgk¡ 'kfDr
laca/kksa dk vfLrRo gksrk gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ] tgk¡ yksx cf/kr ;k ncs gq, gks] vFkok fdlh
izdkj ds izkf/kdkj ds v/khu gksaA ;g mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Hkh lekfgr djsxh tgka O;fDr
lajpukvksa ;k laLFkkvksa ds ,d lSV }kjk nck;s tk;saA
,slh foLr`r ifjHkk"kk dk ;g xq.k gS fd ;g n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfr vko';d

:i ls ljdkj dh ckr ugha gS] uk gh iwjh rjg ls jktuhfrKksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls
lacaf/kr gSA jktuhfr mu lHkh lanHkksaZ esa fLFkr gksrh gS] tgk¡ lÙkk lajpuk vkSj usr`Ro
izkIr djus ;k bls cuk;s j[kus ds fy, lÙkk la?k"kZ gksA bl vFkZ esa dksbZ Jfed la?kksa
;k ^fo'ofo|ky; dh jktuhfr* ds ckjs esa ckrsa dj ldrk gSA dksbZ ^;kSu jktuhfr*]
iq:"kksa dk efgykvksa ds Åij vkf/kiR; ;k bl laca/k dks ifjoÙkZu djus ds vFkZ esa ppkZ
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dj ldrk gSA orZeku le; esa 'kfDr ds lanHkZ esa uLyh; jktuhfr ds ckjs esa vf/kd
fookn gSA ladqfpr vFkZ esa izR;sd dk;Z jktuhfr gksrk gS] tks gekjs thou dks izHkkfor jktuhfr dks le>uk
djrh gS] mu laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls tks jktlÙkk dk iz;ksx rFkk fu;a=.k djrs gSa rFkk
ftu mn~ns';ksa ds fy, os fu;a=.k dk iz;ksx djrh gSaA mi;qZDr m/k`r Hkk"k.k esa oScj us
lkekU; usr`Ro ds laca/k esa jktuhfr dh cgqr foLr`r ifjHkk"kk izkjfEHkd :i ls nsus ds
ckn] cgqr lhfer ifjHkk"kk nh % mUgksaus fy[kk fd ^ge jktuhfr ls le>uk pkgrs gSa] ,d
jktuhfrd la?k dk usr`Ro ;k bldks izHkkfor djuk] blfy, vkt ,d jkT; dk*A bl
ifjizs{; esa] jkT; dsUnzh; jktuhfrd la?k gSA ,d jktuhfrd iz'u og gS] tks jkT;
ls lacaf/kr gS] fdl mn~ns'; ds fy, 'kfDr dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bldk
ifj.kke D;k gksrk gS vkSj blh izdkj ds vU;A
1 - 4 jkT; D;k gS\

;gk¡ ,d u;k eqn~nk mHkj dj vkrk gS fd jkT; D;k gS\ bl iz'u dk fdlh izdkj ls
mÙkj nsuk vklku ugha gS] ugha bl ij dksbZ lgefr gS fd mÙkj D;k gksuk pkfg,A ;g
loZizFke vo'; lwfpr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd jkT; ds fofHkUu :i gksrs gSa] tks izeq[k
rkSj ij ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA xzhd uxj-jkT; vk/kqfud jk"Vª-jkT; ls lkQ rkSj
ij vyx gS] ftldk Ýkafllh Økafr ds oDr ls fo'o jktuhfr ij vkf/kiR; jgk gSA
ledkyhu mnkjoknh] iztkrkaf=d jkT;] ftldk vfLrRo fczVsu vkSj if'peh ;wjksi esa
gS] ;g fgVyj ;k eqlksyuh ds Qklhoknh jkT; ls vyx gSA ;g jkT; ds ml :i ls
Hkh fHkUu gS] ftldk vfLrRo HkwriwoZ ;w-,l-,l-vkj- vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi esa FkkA jktuhfr ds
v/;;u dk izeq[k Hkkx vkSj fu'fpr :i ls bl iqLrd dk vfHkUu vax] bu inksa dk
D;k vFkZ gS] mudh O;k[;k gSA bldk mn~ns'; ,d :i nwljs ls fHkUu dSls gS] bl dks
fn[kkuk gS vkSj ;g Hkh fd ,sls varj dk D;k egÙo gSA
1 - 4 - 1 jkT; % jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa@lkekftd lanHkZ ds vk/kkj

ij fofHkUurk
jkT; viuh jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dh rjg lkekftd lanHkZ] ftlds varxZr os vofLFkr
gSa vkSj ftUgsa os lqO;ofLFkr djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa] esa fHkUu gSaA blfy,] tcfd
mnkjoknh iztkrkaf=d jkT; izfrfuf/k laLFkkvksa tSls laln vkSj LorU= U;k;ikfydk ds
}kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS] usrk Qklhoknh jkT; dks fu;af=r djrk gSA lkekftd
lanHkZ ds laca/k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hksn if'peh vkSj lksfo;r iz.kkfy;ksa ds chp gS] igyk ,sls
lekt esa lekfgr gS] tks iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij laxfBr gS]
tcfd nwljs ekeys esa lekt ds mRiknu lalk/kuksa ij LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=.k jkT; }kjk
fd;k tkrk gSA vr% izR;sd ekeys esa] jkT;] fofHkUu :i ls laxfBr] cgqr fHkUu izdkj
ds lkekftd <akps esa dk;Z djrk gS] vkSj ;g jkT; dh izÑfr vkSj mn~ns';ksa dks cgqr
gn rd izHkkfor djrk gS vkSj ftudks fd ;g iwjk djrk gSA
jkT; ds fofHkUu :i gksrs gSa] ysfdu tks Hkh :i fdlh O;fDr ds fnekx esa jgs] jkT;
,d v[kafM+r bdkbZ ugha gSA tSls fd jkT; ljdkj* ugha gSA ;g fofHkUu rÙoksa dk
la;Dq r :i gS] ftldk fd ljdkj dsoy ,d rRo gSA if'peh mnkjoknh] iztkrkaf=d jkT;]
esa tks ljdkj cukrs gSa os okLro esa jkT; 'kfDr ds lkFk gSaA os jkT; ds uke ij cksyrs
gSa vkSj jkT; 'kfDr ds yhoj dks fu;a=.k djus ds Øe esa in xzg.k djrs gSaA
fQj Hkh Hkk"kk dk ifjoÙkZu djus ds fy,] jkT; ds ?kj esa vusd fuokl LFkku gSa vkSj
ljdkj muesa ls ,d dks xzg.k djrh gSA 13
1 - 4 - 2 jSYQ fefycSaM ds jkT; laca/kh fopkj
viuh iqLrd îwathoknh lekt esa jkT;* (The State in Capitalist Society) esa jSYQ
fefycSaM mu fofHkUu rÙoksa dk iath;u djrs gSa] tks ,d lkFk feydj jkT; dk fuekZ.k
djrs gSaA igyk] ijarq fdlh Hkh 'krZ ij jkT; midj.k dk ,dek= rÙo ljdkj gksrh
gSA nwljk iz'kklfud rÙo] flfoy lsok ;k ukSdj'kkgh gksrk gSA ;g iz'kklfud
dk;Zikfydk] mnkjoknh - iztkrkaf=d iz.kkfy;ksa esa] fu"i{k ekuh tkrh gS rFkk tks lÙkk
esa gksrs gSa] mu jktuhfrKksa ds vkns'k dk ikyu djrh gSA okLro esa] fQj Hkh ukSdj'kkgh]
dk viuk izkf/kdkj gks ldrk gS vkSj og bldk iz;ksx dj ldrh gSA r`rh;] fefycSaM
dh lwph esa gS fefyVjh vkSj iqfyl vkns'k-ifjikyu ;k jkT; dk neudkjh vax( prqFkZ]
U;k;ikfydk vkrh gSA fdlh Hkh laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk esa] U;k;ikfydk ljdkjh 'kfDr
j[kus okyksa ls Lora= ekuh tkrh gSA ;g mu ij fu;a=.k dk dk;Z djrh gSA ik¡poka mi-
dsUnz ;k LFkkuh; Lo'kklu bdkb;k¡ vkrs gSaA dqN la?kkRed iz.kkfy;ksa esa] ;s bdkb;k¡
dsUnzh; ljdkj ls dkQh lhek rd Lora=r gSa] 'kfDr ds vius {ks= dk fu;a=.k djrh
gq;h] tgk¡ ljdkj laoS/kkfud :i ls gLr{ksi ls vyx j[kh tkrh gSA dsUnzh; vkSj
LFkkuh; ljdkj ds chp dk laca/k ,d egÙoiw.kZ jktuhfrd eqn~nk cu x;k gSA tSlk
fd gky esa fczfV'k jktuhfr esa xzsVj yanu dkWfUly vkSj egkuxj dkmfUV;ksa dks gVkus]
LFkkuh; ljdkj dks foÙk iznku laca/kh okn-fookn] dher fu/kkZj.k vkSj vU; ds Åij
fookn ns[kus dks feys gSaA NVk vkSj varr%] fczfV'k iz.kkyh esa izfrfuf/k lHkk;sa vkSj laln
dks lwph dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA dksbZ jktuhfrd nyksa dh Hkh ppkZ dj ldrk
gS] ;|fi os de ls de mnkjoknh iztkra= esa] lkekU;r;k% jkT; e'khujh ds Hkkx ugha
gksrs gSaA os izfrfuf/k lHkk esa viuh izR;{k Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa vkSj ogk¡ de ls de] va'kr%
ljdkj vkSj fojks/kh i{k ds chp izfrLi/kkZRed eqdkcys dks laokfnr fd;k tkrk gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ vki jktuhfr 'kCn ls D;k le>rs gSa\
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2½ jSYQ fefycaSM ds jkT; laca/kh fopkjksa dk o.kZu djsaA
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jktuhfr dks le>uk
1 - 5 jktuhfr ,d is'ks ds :i esa
;g fcUnq gesa oScj vkSj muds igys ls gh m)`r Hkk"k.k] ^jktuhfr ,d is'ks ds :i esa*
dh vksj ys tkrk gSA ;g okn-fookn djus ds ckn fd jktuhfr dsUnzh; jktuhfrd la?k]
jkT; ls lEcaf/kr gS oScj us vkxs dgk fd jkT; dks] mlds dk;ksZa ;k mn~ns';ksa ds lanHkZ
esa ugha ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA dksbZ dk;Z ,slk ugha Fkk] tks fo'ks"k :i ls jkT;
dh O;k[;k djs] varr% jkT; dks fuf'pr lk/kuksa ds lanHkZ esa ifjHkkf"kr djus dh
vko';drk Fkh vkSj ;s lk/ku] vkf[kjdkj] 'kkjhfjd 'kfDr FksA oScj us fy[kk fd ^jkT;
,d ekuoh; leqnk; gksrk gS] tks fn, x, {ks= esa 'kkjhfjd cy ds oS/k iz;ksx ds
,dkf/kdkj dk lQyrkiwoZd nkok djrk gS*A
;gk¡ rhu [kkl rÙoksa dks feyk;k x;k gS% ,d fn, x;k izns'k ;k HkkSxksfyd {ks=] ftldks
fd jkT; fu;af=r djrk gS( vius fu;a=.k dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, 'kkjhfjd cy dk
iz;ksx vkSj rhljk lcls egÙoiw.kZ] ,sls cy ds oS/k iz;ksx dk ,dkf/kdkj gSA bl oS/krk
dks vf/kdrj yksxksa ds }kjk Lohdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn lHkh ds }kjk ughaA oScj
us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd muds vuqlkj jktuhfr dk vFkZ ^lÙkk esa Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, iz;kl
djuk ;k jkT;ksa ds vUrxZr lÙkk ds foHkktu ;k jkT; ds varxZr lewgksa ds chp
jktuhfr dks izHkkfor djus dk iz;kl djuk* gSA
bldk Hkh mYys[k Fkk fd izR;sd jkT; dk ,d fo'ks"k lkekftd lanHkZ ds varxZr vfLrRo
gksrk gSA jktuhfr dk v/;;u izeq[k :i ls jkT; vkSj lekt ds laca/k ij vk/kkfjr
gksrk gSA jktuhfr ds jkT;-dsfUnzr ifjizs{; dk ;g vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd bldk v/;;u
tks lekt ds foLr`r {ks= esa ?kfVr gksrk gS mldks ut+jvUnkt+ djs vkSj] tSlk fd oScj
us dgk fd ;g dSls ^lÙkk ds forj.k dks izHkkfor djrk gS*A
,d vkSj rF; dh vogsyuk ugha dh tk ldrh gS% ;g jkT; lÙkk dk yxkrkj fodkl
vkSj dsUnzh;dj.k gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr jkT; ds vkf/kiR; dks ,d fo'ks"khÑr midj.k
ds :i esa ns[krk gS] rc vk/kqfud dky dk bfrgkl vius iSekus vkSj idM+ ds foLrkj
ds }kjk lwfpr fd;k tkrk gSA vk/kqfud jkT; dks dk;ks± ds mUur'khy oSfo/; ds fy,
,d izxfr'khy la;qDr ukSdj'kkgh dh t+:jr gSA bls dM+s vkSj vf/kd fefJr] l'kL=
lSfud cyksa] vf/kd O;ofLFkr dY;k.kdkjh ,tsfUl;ksa dh t+:jr gksrh gS vkSj igys dh
rqyuk esa] xfrfof/k;ksa dh vf/kd foLr`r Js.kh dks viukrk gSA dk;Z ds jkT; {ks= dk ;g
foLrkj] bldk o`f) vkSj fodkl] mnkjoknh-iztkrkaf=d iz.kkfy;ksa ds vius
iwathoknh lkekftd-vkfFkZd lanHkZ esa vkSj lektoknh iz.kkfy;ksa ds vius lkewfgd
vkfFkZd <k¡ps] nksuksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA oScj us ,sls fodkl dks ,d izf'kf{kr] n{k vkSj
foosd'khy izHkkodkjh ukSdj'kkgh ds mn~Hkko ds :i esa ns[kkA fcYdqy fofHkUu jktuhfrd
vkSj lS}kafrd i`"BHkwfe okys ekDlZ bl fcUnq ij muls lger FksA ekDlZ us Ýkal esa jkT;
lÙkk ds fodkl dks ^yqbZ cksukikVZ ds 18oha cqes;j* ds varxZr fy[kk] ftls mUgksaus
vk/kqfud jkT; ds fof'k"V :i esa Lohdkj fd;kA mUgksaus o.kZu fd;k fd dSls lektokn
varr% jkT; dks u"V dj nsxk vkSj lekt neu ds fo'ks"khÑr midj.k ds fcuk vius
vki 'kkflr gksxkA oScj dk Bhd blds foijhr ekuuk Fkk fd lektokn dks
lkewfgd vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekt dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, vkSj vf/kd deZpkfj;ksa dh
t+:jr gksxhA
15
1 - 6 'kfDr dk oS/kkfud iz;ksx
ckr ;g gS fd jkT; 'kfDr ij fuHkZj djrk gS] ijarq ;g flQZ 'kfDr ij gh vk/kkfjr
ugha gksrk gSA ;gk¡] 'kfDr ds oS/kkfud iz;ksx ds fl)kar dk vkxeu gksrk gSA lkekU;r%
'kfDr vkSj bl izdkj jkT; dh 'kfDr] dk iz;ksx fofHkUu rjhdksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
t+cjnLrh 'kfDr dk ,d :i gksrh gS vkSj 'kk;n ftls vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk]
ysfdu ek= ;gh ugha gSA lHkh 'kfDr laca/kksa dks ,d vklku <k¡ps ds vk/kkj ij ugha
le>k tk ldrk gSA ;fn ,d O;k[;krk cgl vkSj Kku 'kfDr ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
vius fopkjksa ds fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gS] rks og 'kfDr ds ,d izdkj dk iz;ksx
djrk gS] ysfdu ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds bPNk ds fo#) ugha gksrh gSA T+;knk ek;us dh ckr
;g gS fd 'kfDr ds lHkh iz;ksx dÙkkZ vius 'kkflrksa dks vius 'kfDr iz;ksx dks lgh vkSj
mfpr crkrsa gSaA
yksxksa dks lEer djus dk vkSfpR;hdj.k dk ;g iz;kl fof/k lEer dh izfØ;k dgykrk
gSA ge bl mfpr ;k LohÑr 'kfDr dks izkf/kdkj (Authority) dg ldrs gSaA ,slk ge
dsoy izfrca/kksa ds Hk; ds dkj.k ikyu dh tkus okyh 'kfDr ls i`Fkd n'kkZus ds fy, dg
ldrs gSaA yksx bl oS/kkfud lÙkk ;k 'kfDr dk ikyu blfy, djrs gSa D;ksfd os ,slk
djus dks lgh le>rs gSaA os fo'okl djrs gSa] pkgs fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls fd lÙkk/kkjh
izHkqRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ds vf/kdkjh cu tkrs gSaA muds ikl oS/kkfud lÙkk gksrh gS] vkns'k nsus
dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA lÙkk ds ,d uohu fo'ys"kd ds 'kCnksa esa] ôS/kkfud lÙkk ,d
'kfDr laca/k gS] ftlesa lÙkk/kkjh dks vkns'k nsus dk vfHkLohÑr vf/kdkj gksrk gS vkSj
lÙkk dk ikyu fd;k tkuk ,d vfHkLohÑr dÙkZO; gksrk gS**A
1 - 6 - 1 oS/krk laca/kh eSDl oScj ds fopkj

oScj ds vuqlkj fof/k-lEer rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa] vFkkZr~] rhu rjhdksa ls 'kfDr ds iz;ksx
dks mfpr Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA igys dk laca/k ikjaifjd opZLo ls gSA blesa 'kfDr
dks blfy, mfpr Bgjk;k tkrk gS D;ksafd 'kfDr/kkjh ijaijk ;k vknr dks izHkkfor djrs
gSaA lÙkk lnSo muesa ;k muds ifjokj esa fufgr jgh gSA nwljk izdkj] dfj'ekbZ fof/k
lEer gSA yksx 'kfDr/kkjh dk vkns'k ekurs gSa] D;ksafd og usrk foy{k.k ;ksX;rk dk
izn'kZu djrk gSA vafre] rhljk izdkj fof/kd-rkfdZd gSA yksx dqN fo'ks"k O;fDr;ksa dk
vkns'k ekurs gSa] ftUgsa Li"V :i ls ifjHkkf"kr dk;Z{ks= esa fo'ks"k fu;eksa ds rgr vkns'k
nsus dks izkf/kÑr fd;k x;k gSA dksbZ O;fDr dg ldrk gS fd izFke nks izdkj oS;fDrd
izÑfr ds gSaA tcfd] fof/kd-rkfdZd izdkj izfØ;kRed gSA bl rjg] ;g jktuhfrd
lÙkk dh vk/kqfud ladYiuk ds laxr gSA ;g vk/kqfud ladYiuk ds laxr gSaA tSlk fd
oScj dgrs gSa] ;g vk/kqfud ^jkT; ds lsod* }kjk iz;qDr opZLo gS vkSj mu lÙk/kkfj;ksa
ds }kjk Hkh] tks bl ckr esa muds leku gSa*A
;g ckr Li"V gS fd fdlh Hkh iz.kkyh esa 'kfDr iz;ksxdÙkkZ pkgrs gSa fd mudh 'kfDr
dh oS/krk dks Lohdkj ugha djus okyksa ij cy iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa] ,sls yksx gks ldrs gSa tks fu;eksa dk ikyu dsoy blfy, djrs
gSa] D;ksafd fu;eksa dk ikyu u djus ij na.M fn;k tk;sxkA Li"V gS fd blls
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh fLFkjrk ml ek=k esa c<+ tkrh gS] ftl ek=k esa yksx ,sfPNd
:i ls fu;eksa ;k dkuwuksa dk ikyu djrs gSa] D;ksfd os laLFkkfir O;oLFkk dh oS/krk dks
Lohdkj djrs gSaA bl izdkj iznÙk tkjh bl izdkj os mu yksxksa dh lÙkk dks Lohdkj
16
djrs gSa] ftUgsa fu;eksa ds }kjk vkns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDr iznku dh xbZ gSaA okLro jktuhfr dks le>uk
esa] lHkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk,a lEefr vkSj cy-iz;ksx ds la;kstu ls gh dk;e gSA
1 - 6 - 2 oS/krk % jktuhfr foKku dk dsUnzh; fo"k;

bUgha dkj.kksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, th- jkbV feYl dgrs gSa] fd oS/krk ds fopkj dks
jktuhfr 'kkL= dh izeq[k ladYiukvksa esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA jktuhfr ds v/;;u
dk laca/k izeq[k mu fof/k;ksa ls gSa ftuds }kjk lÙkk/kkjh viuh lÙkk dks mfpr Bgjkrs
gSa vkSj buesa Hkh fd og dgk¡ rd blesa lQy gksrs gSaA fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
ds v/;;u ds fy, ;g egÙoiw.kZ gS fd yksx fo|eku jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks dgk¡ rd
oS/k ekurs gSa vkSj bl izdkj jktuhfrd lajpuk dk vk/kkj lEefr ij fdruk gS] ofuLir
cy iz;ksx dssA
lÙkk ds mu okLrfod vkSfpR;ksa dks lqfuf'pr djuk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS] ftudks fd izLrqr
fd;k tkrk gS( vFkkZr] os fof/k;k¡ ftuds }kjk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks oS/k crk;k tkrk
gSA tSlk fd fof'k"V oxZokn fl)kar'kkL=h ekWLdk dgrs gSa] ;g fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk dk ^jktuhfrd ea=* gSA oS/krk dk iz'u rc vkSj Hkh vR;f/kd egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk
gS] tc jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ds LFkkf;Ro vkSj ifjorZu dh ckr vkrh gSA ;g lp gS
fd jktuhfrd iz.kkfy;k¡ mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh lapkfyr gks ldrh gSa] tgk¡ tula[;k
dk ,d cM+k Hkkx iz.kkyh dh oS/krk dks ekuuk NksM+ nsA gky ds o"kks± esa nf{k.kh vÝhdk
dk mnkgj.k fn;k tk ldrk gS( mlh rjg iksySaM tgk¡ ;g izrhr gksrk Fkk fd
t+k:t+sfYlfd (Jaruzelski) dky dh mYys[kuh; yksdfiz; rÙoksa dh vk¡[kksa esa FkksM+h gh
oS/krk FkhA ckr ;g gS fd ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa 'kklu-dky dks iwjh rjg ls 'kfDr ij
Hkjkslk djuk iM+rk gSA rc ;g vius vki dks vf/kd vfuf'pr fLFkfr esa] vk?kkr ;ksX;
vkSj vkdfLed ?kVukvksa ds izHkkoksa dh tdM+ esa ikrk gSA ;g iz.kkyh dqN le; ds fy,
jg ldrh gS] ijarq tc ;g lgefr ds ctk; cy ij vf/kd vk/kkfjr gksrh gS] rc
Økafrdkjh ifjoÙkZu ds fy, ,d 'krZ vius vki dks mifLFkr djrh gSA
1 - 6 - 3 ^voS/krk* dh izfØ;k
mijksDr ;g n'kkZrk gS fd D;ksa fdlh Hkh Økafr ls igys ,d ,slk nkSj vkrk gS tc fdlh
iz.kkyh ds izeq[k fopkjksa dh fujarj vkykspuk gksrh gSA bls ^voS/krk* dh izfØ;k dg
ldrs gSa] ftlds varxrZ fopkj( tks 'kfDr dh fo|eku lajpuk dks mfpr Bgjkrs gSa]
mudh vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA Ýkal ds izkphu 'kklu-dky ds iru ds cgqr igys nSoh
vf/kdkj (Divine Right) vkSj dqyhura= dh fopkj/kkjkvksa dh nk'kZfudksa vkSj fu"is{k jkT;
ds vkykspdksa ds }kjk f[kYyh mM+kbZ x;h rFkk vLohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA voS/krk ds ,sls
vkUnksyu us iqjkuh O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj dks detksj fd;k FkkA blus blds Økafrdkjh
ifjorZu dk jkLrk iz'kLr fd;kA
vk/kqfud le; esa ,d mnkgj.k okbekj x.kra= (Weimar Republic) dk gS] tc teZu
tula[;k ds cM+s Hkkx us iztkrkaf=d 'kklu dky esa fo'okl [kks fn;k Fkk vkSj lkE;oknh
fodYi ds Hk; ls fgVyj dh jk"Vªh;-lkE;oknh ikVhZ dks viuk leFkZu fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i
fcuk vf/kd la?k"kZ ds x.kra= dk iru gqvkA leku dkj.kksa dk iwjs ;wjksih; e/;ns'k esa
leku izHkko gqvkA vusd mnkjoknh iztkra=ksa dh if'peh iz.kkfy;ksa dks m[kkM+ Qsadk
x;k rFkk mudh txg bVyh] Lisu] vkWfLVª;k vkSj gaxjh esa Qklhoknh ;k v)Z-Qklhoknh
lÙkkRed iz.kkfy;ksa us ys yh FkhA lkekU; vFkZ esa fu"d"kZ ;g vo'; gksuk pkfg, fd
17
dksbZ Hkh iz.kkyh viuh fLFkjrk dks [kks nsrh gS] tc iztk dh vk¡[kksa esa mldh ôS?krk* [kRe
gks tkrh gSA
varr%] ;g vo'; ekywe gksuk pkfg, fd lkekU; le; esa Hkh oS/krk vkSj voS/krk fdlh
Hkh jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh LFkk;h fo'ks"krk gSaA oS/krk dh izfØ;k dks fo|eku O;oLFkk dh
oS/krk ds fy, miyC/k vusd pSuyksa ds ek/;e ls vf/kd ;k de lw{e jkLrksa ls lapkfyr
fd;k tkrk gSA fof/k lEer fopkjksa dks f'k{kk dh izkjfEHkd voLFkkvksa ls lekfgr fd;k
tkrk gS] lkekftd var%fØ;k ds fofHkUu :iksa ds ek/;e ls ladfyr vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls
izsl] nwjn'kZu vkSj vU; ehfM;k ds izHkko ds ek/;e ls izpkj izlkj fd;k tkrk gSA
fopkj] ftUgsa fd Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS ;k ftUgsa iz.kkyh dh lhekvksa ds varxZr ekuk
tkrk gS] yxHkx lHkh ikBdksa] Jksrkvksa vkSj n'kZdksa ij ncko Mkyrs gSaA dk;Z tks bu
lhekvksa ls ijs gksrs gSa] mUgsa voS/k ekuk tkrk gSA vukd"kZd cuus ls dbZ jktuhfrd
fodYi can gks tkrs gSaA
1 - 6 - 4 n{krkiw.kZ lgefr
[krjukd fopkj mBs gh ugha] blds fy, dbZ izHkkodkjh fof/k;k¡ miyC/k gSaA fopkjksa dks
lzksr ij jksdk tk ldrk gS] lzksr psru vkSj vopsru efLr"d Hkh gks ldrk gSA 'kfDr
dk ,d izeq[k vk;ke yksxksa dh psruk dks izHkkfor djus rFkk <kyus dh {kerk gksrk gS]
ftlls fd os oSdfYid laHkkoukvksa ds ckjs esa fcuk dHkh tkus jkT; ds fo|eku ekeyksa
dks Lohdkj djsaxsA rc lgefr n{krkiw.kZ lgefr cu tkrh gSA ,d [kkl lhek rd ge
lHkh fo|eku ^tuer* ls izHkkfor gksrs gSaA ogk¡ ls ,d p<+ko iSekuk ml fLFkfr rd
igq¡pkrk gS] tgk¡ efLr"dksa dks <+kyuk] fØ;k dkS'ky (Manipulation)] jkT; dk tkuk
cq>k mn~ns'; cu tkrk gS rkfd ,d leku vkSj yksdfiz; ekufldrk iSnk gksA ,slk
ukt+h teZuh esa xks;csYl dh izpkj e'khu dk mn~ns'; Fkk vkSj ;g vHkh Hkh fdlh
loZlÙkkoknh 'kklu dky dk mn~ns'; gSA
fØ;kdkS'ky ^'kfDr 'kfDrghu ds fy, vKkr* gS tSlk fd lh- jkbZV feYl bls ekurs
gSaA ihVj okWlZys crkrs gSa fd ^;a= jpuk ftlds }kjk psruk dks dq'kyrk ls fu;af=r
fd;k tkrk gS] vkt ds lekt esa mldk egÙo c<+ jgk gS*A ekDlZoknh Hkk"kk esa] ,slh
n{krkiw.kZ lgefr varr% ^xyr psruk* dks tUe nsxhA blds fo#) ;g rdZ fn;k x;k
fd tgk¡ yksx] tSlk fd mnkjoknh- iztkrkaf=d iz.kkyh esa pquus vkSj vfHkO;Dr djus esa
LorU= gksrs gSa] psruk dks fu;af=r djuk laHko ugha gksrk gSA fØ;k dkS'ky dsoy ogha
mifLFkr gks ldrk gSA tgk¡ fd Lora= p;u dk izko/kku ugha gksrk gS tSlk fd ,d-
nyh; O;oLFkk esaA ;g Hkh rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd tgk¡ dgh Hkh yksx pquus ds fy, Lora=
gksrs gSa] ysfdu okLro esa fo|eku O;oLFkk ds fodYi dks ugha pqurs gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy,
Økafrdkjh ifjoÙkZu ds izfr izfrc) nyksa dk leFkZu djds & ;g ekuuk lqjf{kr gS fd
lekt dh fo|eku lajpuk foLr`r :i ls tks yksx pkgrs gSa] ogh gSA ;g bl fu"d"kZ
ij igq¡pk,xk fd jktuhfrd pquko vkSj bl pquko dks vfHkO;Dr djus ds lkeFZ; ds
egÙo dks de vk¡dk ugha tk ldrk gSA rFkkfi] ^yksx tks pkgrs gSa* dqN gn rd fofHkUu
dkjdksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA p;u 'kwU; esa laHko ugha gksrk gSA la{ksi esa] p;u
vius vki oS/krk dh izfØ;k ds izHkko ls iwjh rjg Lora= ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA
1 - 6 - 5 jkT; e'khujh ds deZpkjh vfHktkR; oxZ

laf{kIr losZ{k.k esa geus ftu jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ij ppkZ dh gS] dqN egÙoiw.kZ eqn~ns
18 mHkjrs gSa tksfd vkxs dh ppkZ esa iqu% mHkjsaxsA os eq[;r% bl okLrfodrk ls fudyrs gSa
fd jkT; 'kfDr dh lajpuk dh tkrh gS ;k mls rksM+k tkrk gS] fofHkUu vkSj fof'k"V Hkkxksa jktuhfr dks le>uk
esa ;s ge igys gh dg pqds gS fd fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds fof'k"V laca/kksa dks jktuhfrd iz.kkyh
ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlds varxZr os dk;Z djrs gSaA tSls fd] ,d
lkE;oknh jkT; dh vkUrfjd lajpuk vkxs dk iz'u bu Hkkxksa ds deZpkfj;ksa dks 'kkfey
djrh gSaA jkT; iwjh rjg ls e'khu ugha gS( ;|fi ^jkT; dh e'khujh* eqgkojs dk iz;ksx
fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkT; yksxksa }kjk lapkfyr laLFkkvksa dk ,d lsV gS] ftlds
deZpkfj;ksa ds fopkj vkSj cqfu;knh izo`fÙk;k¡ mudh mRifÙk vkSj lkekftd i;kZoj.k }kjk
dkQh gn rd izHkkfor gksrs gaSA jkT; ds lHkzkar dkSu gSa] ;g jktuhfr ds v/;;u esa
,d egÙoiw.kZ leL;k gSA ts-,-lh- xkfQFk us ^n ikWfyfVDl vkWQ n T;wMhf'k;jh* uked
iqLrd esa ^jkT; ds lHkzkar* in dks gky gh ds ,d orZeku v/;;u ds ek/;e ls Li"V
fd;k gSA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd fczVsu esa lkekU;r% ik¡p iw.kZ dkfyd is'ksoj U;k;k/kh'kksa esa
ls pkj vfHktkR; oxZ ls gksrs gSaA ;g vk'p;Z dk fo"k; ugha gS fd tc ^jktuhfrd
ekeyksa ds ckjs esa U;kf;d jk;* ij ppkZ djrs gq,] xzhfeFk ^bu ekeyksa esa n`f"Vdks.k dh
,d mYys[kuh; fujarjrk ikrs gSa tksfd jktuhfrd jk; dks ,d lhekar jsat esa dsafnzr
gksrh gSA
;gk¡ ;g le>uk pkfg, fd fofHkUu lS)kafrd n`f"Vdks.kksa ls] bl iz'u ds fofHkUu mÙkj
fn, tk;saxs fd jkT; ds lHkzkaUr dk LoHkko vkSj laxBu gSA lHkzkaroknh fl)kar bl
dkjd dks lcls vf/kd egRo nsrs gSaA muds ifjizs{; esa] jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ds LoHkko
dks blds vfHktkR; oxZ vYila[;d dk 'kklu] ds fo'ys"k.k ds }kjk lcls vPNh rjg
ls le>k tk ldrk gS] tks jkT; ds midj.k ij fu;a=.k j[krk gSA bl ifjizs{; esa]
yxHkx izR;sd pht+ usrkvksa dh izfrHkk vkSj ;ksX;rkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA usr`Ro dk
fuEu Lrj Hk;adj ifj.kkeksa dks mRiUu djsxkA bl dkj.k ls eSDl oScj teZuh
jktuhfrd usr`Ro ds izÑfr dks ysdj vf/kd fpafrr FksA os l'kDr laln ds i{k/kj Fks]
D;ksafd og bfPNr usrkvksa ds l`tu vkSj ftEesnkjh ;qDr dk;Z dh {kerk ds fy, i;kZIr
izf'k{k.k iznku djsxkA oSdfYid :i ls usr`Ro ukSdj'kkgh ds gkFk esa pyk tk,xk]
ftldk izf'k{k.k vkSj thou 'kSyh mUgsa l`tukRed usr`Ro ds fy, vui;qDr lkexzh cuk
nsxkA
ekDlZoknh fl)kar bl fo"k; ds laca/k esa nwljh rjg ls fopkj djsaxsA os jkT; ds
vfHktkR; oxZ dks de egÙo iznku djsaxsA ;g cgl gksxh fd jkT; dh xfrfof/k ds
iz;kstu vkSj mn~ns';ksa dk vfHktkR; oxZ ds }kjk de fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS] cfYd
ftl jkT; iz.kkyh dk vuqlj.k djrs gSa] mlds varxZr lkekftd ifjisz{; vkSj vkfFkZd
<k¡ps dk vf/kd izHkko gksrk gSA bl fparu esa jkT; e'khujh ds deZpkfj;ksa ds vkpj.k
dh vis{kk bldh lajpuk dk cgqr egÙo gksrk gSA lkekU;r;k ^lajpukRed* fl)kar
lkekftd lajpukvksa ls fudyus okyh ljdkj ds lkeus ck/kkvksa dks mtkxj djsaxs
ftlds varxZr ljdkj dks dk;Z djuk gSA ;|fi] nks izdkj dh O;k[;k,¡ vko';d ugha
gS fd ,d nwljs dks dkVsA
;g gesa vafre iz'u rd igq¡pkrk gS] tks jkT; vkSj lekt ds laca/k ds fo"k; esa gSA
eqgkojk] ftldk iz;ksx ekDlZ us cksukikfVZLV (Bonapartist) jkT; ds fy, fd;k] bldh
'kfDr ê/;-ok;q esa c[kkZLr* ugha gSA lHkh izdkjksa dks jkT; iz.kkfy;ksa ij ykxw fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vusd leL;k;sa Lor% mRiUu gksrh gSaA tSls lekt dh 'kfDr lajpuk dSls
jktuhfrd usrkvksa dks izHkkfor vkSj ckf/kr djrh gSa\ fdl lhek rd jkT; O;oLFkk
ôS/krk* dks rFkk iznku djus ds fy, gLr{ksi djrk gS ;k oSdfYid :i ls] lkekftd
iz.kkyh dh vlekurkvksa dks de djrk gS\ okLro esa fdl lhek rd ûkxfjd lekt* 19
jkT; ls Lora= gksrk gS\ dqN fl)kardkjksa ds vuqlkj] ^loZlÙkkokn* dh vo/kkj.kk dk
vFkZ ml ifjfLFkfr dk ft+Ø djuk gS] tgk¡ lekt iwjh rjg ls jkT; 'kfDr ls fu;af=r
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vr% lekt fcYdqy Lora= ugha gksrk gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ jktuhfr ,d is'ks ds :i ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
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2½ oS/krk D;k gS\ eSDl oScj ds blds laca/k esa D;k fopkj gSa\
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3½ voS/krk D;k gS\
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4½ lgefr dks dSls n{krkiw.kZ cuk;k tkrk gS\
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20
jktuhfr dks le>uk
1 - 7 lkjka ' k
;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfr dh le> dk vFkZ ekuo ft+Unxh dh
vko';drkvksa] mn~ns';ksa rFkk y{;ksa dks le>uk gSA ;g ekuo ds jktuhfrd
xfrfof/k;ksa ls lacaf/kr gksrh gSA jktuhfr 'kfDr dk [ksy gksrk gSA vusd f[kykM+h bl
[ksy dks ,d gh oDr [ksyrs gSa vkSj ,d nwljs ls izfr;ksfxrk djrs gSaA jkT; bl iwjh
xfrfof/k dk dsUnzh; fcUnq gksrk gSA jk"Vªh; xfrfof/k;ksa esa ;g jkT; ds v/khu gksrk gS
vkSj varjjk"Vªh; xfrfof/k;ksa esa ;g jkT;ksa ds v/khu gksrk gSA jkT; 'kfDr ds oS/k iz;ksx
ds fy, vf/kÑr gksrk gSA izkf/kdkj 'kklu djus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA izkf/kdkj 'kfDr
dh vis{kk o`) fl)kar gksrk gSA ifjfLFkfr dh ij[k dk vFkZ jktuhfr dh le> gksrk
gSA ;g ifjfLFkfrdh; ?kVuk dh mit gksrh gSA
1 - 8 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

,syu vkj-ckWy] ekWMuZ ikWfyfVDl ,.M xojesaV] eSdfeyu] yanu 1988A
dkyZ ts- ÝSMfjd] ,su bUVªksMD'ku Vw ikWfyfVDy F;ksjh] gkjij ,.M jks] U;w;kWdZ] 1967A
MsfoM gsYM- ¼55½] ikWfyfVdy F;ksjh VwMs] ikWfyVh izsl] dSfEczt 1991A
fyuVu jkWfcUl ¼laik½] baVªksM;wflax ikWfyfVdy lkb±l % FkhDl ,.M dUlSIVl bu

LVfMax ikfyfVDl] ykaxeSu] yanu 1985A
usfoy tkWulu] n fyfeV~l vkWQ ikWfyfVdy lkbal] Dysjus MkWu izl
s ] vkWDlQksM]Z 1989A
1 - 9 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

cks/k iz'u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 1-2
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 1-2 rFkk fo'ks"k :i ls mi-Hkkx 1-2-2
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 1-3
2½ ns[ksa mi-Hkkx 1-4-2
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 1-5
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 1-6 vkSj mi-Hkkx 1-6-1 vkSj 1-6-2
21
bdkbZ 2 jktuhfr dk lS)karhdj.k
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
2-0 mn~ns';
2-1 ifjp;
2-2 ,sfrgkfld vfHkxe (Approach)
2-3 lekt'kkL=h; vfHkxe
2-4 nk'kZfudh; vfHkxe
2-5 ,d lexz vfHkxe
2-6 jktuhfr foKku dk Lok;Ùk Lo:i
2-7 vuqHkotU; cuke fu;ked fl)kar
2-8 mRÑ"V dk;ks± dh lelkef;d izklafxdrk
2-9 ijEijkxr jktuhfrd fparu dh fujUrjrk
2-10 jktuhfr dk u;k foKku
2-10-1 ,sfjd oksxfyu ds fopkj
2-10-2 fØf'p;u cs ds fopkj
2-11 lkjka'k
2 - 0 mn~ n s ' ;
bl bdkbZ esa jktuhfrd nk'kZfudhdj.k@lS)karhdj.k ds fofHkUu izklafxd fparuksa ij
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds ckn vki fuEu ds ckjs esa leFkZ gks tk,¡xs %
• jktuhfrd ?kVukØe ds v/;;u ds fy, fofHkUu vfHkxeksa ij fopkj-foe'kZ djuk(
• vuqHkotU; vkSj fu;ked fl)kar ds chp vUrj djuk(
• ;g tk¡p djuk fd jktuhfr foKku fdl lhek rd ,d Lok;Ùk fo"k; gS(
• ijEijkxr jktuhfrd fparu ftlesa fd DykflDl lefgr gSa] dh izklafxdrk ij
fVIi.kh djuk( vkSj
• jktuhfr ds u, foKku ij fopkj-foe'kZ djukA
2 - 1 ifjp;
jktuhfr foKku ds Lo:i vkSj O;kfIr (Scope) dh ,d lqLi"V ifjHkk"kk dk iz;kl fd,
fcuk dksbZ Hkh dg ldrk gS fd jktuhfr vkSj jktuhfrd ?kVukØe dk ,d Ô;kid*
vkSj ^ladh.kZ* n`f"Vdks.k gksrk gS& ,d viuk /;ku jktuhfrd fØ;kdykiksa ij nsrk gS
rFkk jktuhfr dks ,d fØ;k ;k ,d izdkj dh xfrfof/k ekurk gS rFkk nwljk viuk
izcy tksj jktuhfrd lajpukvksa ij nsrk gS rFkk Lo;a dks fofHkUu izdkj dh jktuhfrd
laLFkkvksa ds bnZ-fxnZ ikrk gSA vjLrw us Li"Vr% jktuhfr dk ,d O;kid n`f"Vdks.k
viuk;k Fkk] tc mUgksaus bldh ek= jkT; esa gh ugha] vfirq ifjokj] fuxe] ifjla?k
22
vFkok fxfjtk?kj esa ryk'k dh tcfd vuqorhZ o"kks± esa dqy feykdj jktuhfr ij jktuhfr dks le>uk
fopkj-foe'kZ blds ladh.kZ n`f"Vdks.k rd lhfer Fkk] ftlesa jktuhfr dks lekt dh
jktuhfrd vkSj 'kklu dh mi-O;oLFkkvksa ds :i esa le>k;k x;kA ge lelkef;d
ys[kdksa tSls dSVfyu vkfn dks ,d ckj iqu% bl ladh.kZ n`f"Vdks.k ls gVrk gqvk rFkk
viuh izeq[k fpark ds :i esa ?kVukRed la?k"kZ ij t+ksj nsrs gq, ikrs gSaA bl n`f"Vdks.k
ds izknqHkkZo ls jktuhfrd oSKkfud ek= fooj.kkRed oxks± ls vkSj vf/kd larq"V ugha gSa]
;|fi lgh fooj.k vU; pj.kksa ds eqdkcys izFke vko';d pj.k gS( vfirq os fo'ys"k.k
dh vkSj vf/kd ifj'kksf/kr vkSj ifj"Ñr rduhdksa ij fopkj djuk pkgsaxsA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa os bls jktuhfr foKku esa cnyuk pkgsaxs ftls jktuhfrd n'kZu vFkok jktuhfrd
fparu vFkok jktuhfrd fl)kar ds :i esa ekuk x;k FkkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] dSVfyu jktuhfr
foKku dks ^^fdlh Hkh ckSf)d vk/kkj ij lekt'kkL= ls fHkUu ugha ekurs** vkSj budk
;g er gS fd lekt'kkfL=;ksa dk ^^ vla[; O;fDrxr dk;ksZa vkSj lewgksa ds e/; gt+kjksa
lEca/k** dk v/;;u ^^fo'oluh; rqyukvksa vkSj vjLrq vkSj eSD;koyh dh Js"Bre
ijEijk ds vuq:i fLFkjkadksa (Constants) ds izs{k.k (Abservation) dk vk/kkj
cuk**A rFkkfi] ;g vk'p;Ztud gS fd D;k jktuhfr dh ladYiuk ftlesa ifjokj
fu;a=.k iz.kkyh vkSj iknjh izFkk 'kkfey Fkh bruh O;kIr ugha Fkh fd mUgsa vFkZghu ekuk
tk,A
2 - 2 ,sfrgkfld vfHkxe (Approach)

jktuhfr foKku ds izfr ijEijkxr vkSj ,sfrgkfld vfHkxe dks tkWtZ ,p- lsckbu }kjk
Js"Bre rkSj ij vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA lSckbu jktuhfr foKku dh viuh cM+h
O;kogkfjd ifjHkk"kk ds lkFk vkxs c<+rs gSaA budk lq>ko gS fd gesa jktuhfr foKku esa
os lHkh fo"k; 'kkfey djus pkfg, tks lqizfl) jktuhfrd nk'kZfudksa - IySVks] vjLrw]
gkWCcl] ykWd] :lks] csaFke] fey] xzhu] gsxsy] ekDlZ vkSj vU;ksa ds ys[ku esa izeq[k izdj.k
jgs gSaA ge mu iz'uksa dk irk yxkus dk iz;kl dj ldrs gSa tks mUgksaus lR; vFkok
jktuhfrd fl)karksa dh oS/krk ds ckjs esa mBk, gSaA jkT; esa vFkok jkT; ds ek/;e ls
izkIr gksus okys lkeku vFkok vkn'kZ] Lora=rk dk vFkZ] euq"; 'kklu dk vkns'k D;ksa
ekurs gSa] 'kkldh; fØ;kdykiksa dk nk;jk] lekurk dk vFkZ vkfn ls tqM+s gq, iz'u dqN
,sls iz'u gSa tks ;qxksa-;qxksa ls jktuhfrd nk'kZfudksa ds fnekxksa ij Nk, jgs gSaA blds
vfrfjDr] ge jkT;] jkT; vkSj lekt ds chp rFkk O;f"V vkSj jkT; ds laca/k ls tqM+s
gq, iz'uksa dh ,d lwph rS;kj dj ldrs gSa vkSj mu ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dj ldrs gSA
;fn bu ij bu jktuhfrd nk'kZfudksa }kjk iw.kZ:is.k ppkZ ugha dh xbZ gSA ijEijkoknh
ehekaldksa ds vuqlkj] ;s ppkZ,¡ jktuhfrd fl)kar dk vk/kkj rS;kj djrh gSaA lsckbu
vkSj ijEijkxr ys[kdksa us ,sfrgkfld vfHkxe dks Hkkjh egRo fn;k gSA lsckbu ds
vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fl)kar ges'kk ^^,d i;kZIr fof'k"V fLFkfr ds gokys** esa izLrqr fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj blhfy, ges'kk ^^,d i;kZIr fof'k"V le;] LFkku vkSj fLFkfr** iquZ%jpuk
vko';d gS bls le>us ds fy, ;s lc bl ckr dk lwpd ugha gSa fd Hkfo"; ds fy,
bldk dksbZ egÙo ugha gSA egku~ jktuhfrd fl)kar ^^fo|eku fLFkfr ds fo'ys"k.k vkSj
vU; fLFkfr ds fy, lwpdRo**] nksuksa ls mRÑ"V gksrk gSA bl izdkj ,d Js"B jktuhfrd
fl)kar ;|fi ;g fof'k"V ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ifj.kke gksrk gS] lHkh vkus okyh
ifjfLFfr;ksa esa egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA ;FkkFkZr% jktuhfrd fl)kar dk ;gh fo'oLrjh;
Lo:i gS tks mls ekU;rk iznku djkrk gSA
lsckbu ds vuqlkj] ,d izdkjkRed jktuhfrd fl)kar esa 'kkfey gksrk gS ¼d½ ^^mu
dk;ks± dh lafLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa rF;xr fooj.k ftUgksaus bls mRÑ"Vrk iznku dh**] 23
¼[k½ bu lcdk fooj.k ^^ftUgsa eksVs rkSj ij uSfefÙkd Lo:i dk dgk tk ldrk gS]**]
vkSj ¼x½ mudk fooj.k ftuesa ^^dqN vo';eso gksrs gSa vFkok Hkfo"; esa lgh visf{kr gksrs
gSa**A bl izdkj] lsckbu ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fl)kar rhu ?kVdksa ls fufeZr gksrs gSa -
rF;xr] uSfefÙkd vkSj ewY;kadukRedA lkekU;r% vfr egÙo ds jktuhfrd fl)kar
rukoiw.kZ vkSj foÑr vof/k;ksa ds nkSjku fodflr gq, gSaA nks gt+kj ipkl o"kks± ls
vf/kd ds Kkr bfrgkl esa] tc yxHkx ipkl o"kZ dh nks vof/k;k¡ jgh gSa iw.kZ:is.k
izfrcaf/kr {ks=ksa esa jktuhfrd n'kZu lokZf/kd Qyk-Qwyk gS] 1½ bZlk iwoZ dh pkSFkh 'krkCnh]
nwljs vkSj rhljs pj.k esa] ,Fksal esa tc IySVks vkSj vjLrw us viuh egku~ Ñfr;k¡ jpha vkSj
1640 vkSj 1690 ds e/; baXySM esa tc gkWCl ykWd vkSj vU;ksa us vius jktuhfrd fl)kar
btkn fd;sA ;s nksuksa dky ;wjksi ds lkekftd vkSj ckSf)d bfrgkl esa c`gn ifjorZuksa
ds lwpd FksA bl izdkj] egku~ jktuhfrd fl)kar] lsckbu ds vuqlkj ^^jktuhfrd vkSj
lkekftd ladV dky ds vUrjky esa xqg~; gSa**A bl izdkj os ladVdky ds }kjk ugha]
vfirq ml izfrfØ;k }kjk izdV fd, tkrs gSa tks fopkjosÙkkvksa dh lksp dks izHkkfor
djrh gSA bl izdkj jktuhfrd fl)kar dks le>us ds fy, le;] LFkku vkSj mu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Li"Vr% le>uk vko';d gS ftuesa bldk fodkl gqvkA jktuhfrd
nk'kZfud oLrqr% vius dky dh jktuhfr esa Hkkx ugha ysrk] vfirq og blls izHkkfor
gksrk gSA lsckbu ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fl)kar bl vFkZ esa ^^nqgjk vfHku; djrs gSa**
fd ;|fi os fopkjksa dh HkkoukRed nqfu;k ls tqM+s gksrs gSa] os mu fo'oklksa dks Hkh izHkkfor
djrs gSa tks izsjd cu tkrs gSa rFkk ,sfrgkfld fLFkfr;ksa esa uSfefÙkd ?kVukvksa ds :i esa
izLrqr gksrs gSaA ;g le>uk Hkh vko';d gS fd D;k ,d jktuhfrd fl)kar lR; gS
vFkok xyr] Bksl gS vFkok ew[kZrkiw.kZ] oS/k gS vFkok vfo'oluh;A blesa ewY;ksa dk iz'u
vUrxzZLr gSaA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd jktuhfrd fl)kar dks le>us dh izfØ;k esa ge
rF;xr] uSfefÙkd vkSj ewY;kadukRed ?kVdksa ij Hkh ppkZ djus dk iz;kl djsaA
2 - 3 lekt'kkL=h; vfHkxe
,sfrgkfld vfHkxe dh lkekU;r% ,sls vfHkxe ds :i esa lekykspuk dh tkrh gS tks
ijEijk ds izfr vR;f/kd lukFk gSA vk/kqfud ys[kdksa }kjk ;g Hkh lwfpr fd;k x;k gS
fd ;g vfHkxe jktuhfr ds ladh.kZ n`f"Vdks.k dks ysdj vkxs c<+rk gS vkSj bls jkT;
ds {ks= rd lhfer j[krk gSA vusd lelkef;d ys[kdksa us jktuhfr foKku ds {ks= dks
O;kid cukus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] ftlesa jkT; gh ugha vfirq lekt dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k
tk ldsA ;g ,d ,slk n`f"Vdks.k gS tks Li"Vr% dSVfyu }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA
dSVfyu jktuhfr dks vjLrw ds lanHkZ esa iz;ksx djuk pkgsaxs] ,d ,slk lanHkZ ftlesa
jktuhfr esa os lHkh fØ;kdyki 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks lekt ds laj{k.k esa fd, tkrs gSaA
dSVfyu jktuhfr foKku dks lekt'kkL= ls vfHkUu ekurs gSaA mUgksaus bl vfHkxe ds
dbZ xq.kksa dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gS % ¼1½ ;g fo|kFkhZ dks lEiw.kZ lekt ds
laca/kksa vkSj bldh lajpuk ds v/;;u dh vuqefr nsrk gS] u fd lekt ds ,d VqdM+s
dk tks ;wjksi ds ,d fgLls esa ianzgoha vkSj l=goha 'krkCnh ds chp Ñf=e rkSj ij xfBr
gqvk vkSj vc ftldk ^^vk/kqfud jkT;** ds :i esa o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA ¼2½ ;g mlds
v/;;u dks lekt ds ,d lkekU; fl)kar ls tksM+rk gS ftls jktuhfrosÙkk ek= vius
ladV dky esa vuns[kk dj ldrs gSaA ;g ,slk dqN gS tks lokZf/kd vk/kqfud
jktuhfrosÙkkvksa }kjk ugha fd;k x;k gSA ¼3½ ;fn jktuhfrosÙkk jkT; vius fo'ys"k.k dh
bdkbZ ds :i esa ysrk gS] ml fLFkfr esa laHko gS fd og fnu-izfrfnu gksus okyh
jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa ls lacaf/kr tutkrh; vkSj tulkekU; C;kSjksa dh vksj /;ku u ns]
24
ftUgsa og rc rd ugha le> ldrk tc rd og mUgsa lekt esa gks jgh ?kVukvksa ls
u tksM+sA orZeku esa dbZ jkT; gSa ijUrq mUgsa jktuhfr ds fo'ys"k.kkFkZ] O;f"Vxr bdkbZ jktuhfr dks le>uk
ds :i esa ugha ekuk tk ldrkA igys muds ewyHkwrLo:i dks le>uk iM+sxkA ¼4½ ;fn
jktuhfrosÙkk laLFkkvksa ds ijs tkus dk fu.kZ; ysrk gS vkSj dk;ks± vkSj izfØ;kvksa dk
v/;;u djrk gS] rks mlds fy, ,d bdkbZ dk fo'ys"k.k vf/kd vklku gksxkA dSVfyu
us jktuhfr ds v/;;u ds fy, izeq[k fpUru ds :i esa vius i{k esa fu;a=.kksUeq[k ?kVuk
ds v/;;u dk fodYi pquk gSA fu;a=.k ds dk;Z ls mudk rkRi;Z gS ^Ô;f"V;ksa ds dk;Z**A
dSVfyu dks jktuhfr dh ml ifjHkk"kk ij dksbZ vkifÙk ugha gksxh tSlk oh-vks-dh- us
^^'kklu ds v/;;u** ds :i esa dh gS c'krsZ ge ^^'kklu** dks fu;a=.k ds i;kZ; ds :i
esa Lohdkj djsa] u fd laLFkkvksa ds i;kZ; ds :i esa] tSlk fd jk"Vªifr vFkok eaf=eaMy
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA jktuhfr dks ^^lÙkk vkSj izHkko dk v/;;u** Hkh iqdkjk tk
ldrk gS] ;fn ge Li"Vr% le> ik,¡ fd ^îzHkko 'kklu ugha gS**] vFkok eSDl oscj ds
'kCnksa esa] ^^lÙkk ds fy, la?k"kZ vFkok lÙkklhuksa dks izHkkfor djuk**] rFkk ^^bl izdkj
jkT;ksa ds chp vkSj jkT;ksa ds Hkhrj laxfBr lewgksa ds chp la?k"kZ dks vaxhdkj djuk** gSA
cks/k iz'u 1
ii½ vius mÙkjksa ds lq>koksa ds fy;s bdkbZ dk var ns[ksaA
1½ jktuhfr@jktuhfrd ?kVuk ds Ô;kid* vkSj ^ladh.kZ* n`f"Vdks.k D;k gSa \
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2½ jktuhfr ds v/;;u ds fy, ,sfrgkfld vFkok lekt'kkL=h; vfHkxe ds izeq[k
y{k.kksa dks crk,¡ vkSj mudk o.kZu djsaA
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25
2 - 4 nk'kZ f udh; vfHkxe
jktuhfr foKku laca/kh ijEijkxr vkSj lelkef;d n`f"Vdks.kksa ds vfrfjDr fy;ks LVªkWl
}kjk izfrikfnr ,d r`rh; n`f"Vdks.k gS ftldk nk'kZfudh; vfHkxe ds :i esa o.kZu
fd;k tk ldrk gSA fy;ks LVªkWl jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj jktuhfrd n'kZu ds e/; Hksn
djrs gSa vkSj ekurs gSa fd ;s nksuksa jktuhfrd fparu ds vax gSaA LVªkWl ds vuqlkj]
jktuhfrd fl)kar ^^jktuhfrd ekeyksa ds Lo:i dks tkuus ds fy, lPpk iz;kl gS**A
n'kZu ^^foosd ds fy, ryk'k** vFkok ^^HkweaMyh; Kku-laiw.kZ Kku ds fy, ryk'k** gksus
ds dkj.k jktuhfrd n'kZu jktuhfrd ekeyksa ds Lo:i] vkSj vf/kdkj nksuksa vFkok
Js"Brk] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks tkuus dk lPpk iz;kl** gSA jktuhfrd fparu
jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj jktuhfrd n'kZu nksuksa ij ykxw gksrk gSA jktuhfrd fl)kar
vkSj jktuhfr n'kZu ,d-nwljs ds lelkef;d gSa] D;ksafd vkerkSj ij dgk tkrk gS fd
^^fparu vFkok fØ;k vFkok dk;Z dks mldk ewY;kadu fd, fcuk le>uk vlaHko gSA**
LVªkWl ^^bfrgklokn** vkSj ^^lkekftd foKku izR;{kokn** nksuksa] ftUgsa lsckbu }kjk
izfrikfnr fd;k x;k Fkk] dh lekykspuk djrk gSA dSVfyu budk i{k ysrk jgs gSa
D;ksafd mudh n`f"V esa iwoZorhZ fLFkfr ^^jktuhfr n'kZu dh xaHkhj fojks/kh** gSA
LVªkWl dk fo'okl gS fd ewY; jktuhfr n'kZu ds vfHkUu vax gSa vkSj mUgsa jktuhfr ds
v/;;u ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA lHkh jktuhfrd fØ;kdykiksa dk y{; j{k.k
vFkok ifjorZu gS tks fdlh fparu vFkok ewY;kadu fd D;k xyr gS vkSj D;k lgh] }kjk
fn'kk-funsZf'kr gksrk gSA ,d jktuhfrd 'kkL=h ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd mlds ikl
egt jk; ls dqN vf/kd gksA mlds ikl ,d Kku] vPNkbZ dk Kku & vPNh ftanxh
vkSj vPNs lekt dk Kku - gksuk pkfg,A ^^;fn ;g izR;{kokfnrk lqLi"V gks] ;fn ekuo
vPNh ftanxh vkSj vPNs lekt dk Kku izkIr djus dk viuk lqLi"V y{; cuk, rks
jktuhfr n'kZu dk izknqHkkZo gksrk gSA** LVªkWl fy[krk gS] ^^jktuhfrd ekeyksa ds Lo:i
ls tqM+h dYiuk,¡ tks jktuhfrd ekeyksa dh lHkh tkudkfj;ksa esa lfUufgr gSa] erksa ds
Lo:i dh gksrh gSaA ,slk rHkh gksrh gS tc ;s dYiuk,¡ lekykspukRed vkSj lalDrkRed
fo'ys"k.k dk izdj.k cu tkrh gSa ftlls jktuhfr ds nk'kZfudh; vFkok oSKkfud
vfHkxe izdV gksrk gSA** mlds vuqlkj] ^^jktuhfr n'kZu jktuhfrd ekeyksa ds Lo:i
ds ckjs esa vfHker dks jktuhfrd ekeyksa ds Lo:i dh tkudkjh }kjk izfrLFkkfir
djuk** gS] ^^,slk iz;kl O;oLFkk dks lgh vFkks± esa tkuuk pkgrk** gSA O;kid :i esa
jktuhfr n'kZu blds vkjaHk ls gh] yxHkx fcuk fdlh foospuk ds gky gh esa ml le;
rd ifj"Ñr gksrk jgk gS tc O;ogkjokfn;ksa us bldh fo"k; oLrq] rjhdksa vkSj dk;ks± ij
fookn mBkuk vkjaHk fd;k rFkk bldh rFkkdfFkr laHkkoukvksa dks pqukSrh nhA
2 - 5 ,d lexz vfHkxe
;fn jktuhfr foKku dk foKkuokn vFkok uSfrdokn esa xqe gks tkuk vuqer ugha fd;k
tkuk egÙoiw.kZ gS rks ;g Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSa fd jktuhfrd fl)kar ds oSKkfud vkSj
nk'kZfud igywvksa dks le>us dk iz;kl djsa] ij blls igys fd ge jktuhfrd fl)kar
ds oSKkfud igyw dks le>s] gesa ;g le>uk pkfg, fd foKku D;k gS] Bhd mlh izdkj
tSls gesa jktuhfrd fl)kar ds nk'kZfudh; igyw dks le>us dk iz;kl djus ls igys]
;g le>uk pkfg, fd n'kZu D;k gSA
26
foKku dk fofHkUu izdkj ls o.kZu fd;k tkrk gS tSls ^^ml Kku vFkok v/;;u dh jktuhfr dks le>uk
'kk[kk tks Øec) rjhds ls O;ofLFkr rF;ksa vkSj lR;ksa ds fudk; ls tqM+h gS rFkk
lkekU; fu;eksa ds izpyu dks n'kkZrh gS**] ;kstukc) v/;;u }kjk vftZr fl)karksa ds
rF;ksa dh tkudkjh**] ^^laxfBr Kku ds Lda/k vFkok fudk;** ds :i esaA bl izdkj
leL;k ds v/;;u ds fy, oSKkfud vfHkxe esa nks ckrsa vUrxzZLr gksrh gSa % ¼d½ i)fr;ksa
ij lkeatL;] rFkk ¼[k½ oSKkfud dk;Z esa ekuo dk izf'k{k.kA bu nks igyqvksa dks /;ku
esa j[krs gq,] ÝhMfjp foKku dks ^^Øec) Kku ds fudk; tks mu i)fr;ksa ds iz;ksx
ds ek/;e ls tkudkjh ds ml {ks= esa fo'ks"kKksa dks Kkr gks vkSj izdkj dh tkudkjh dks
izkIr djus ds fy, laHkkO; rjhdksa ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSa** ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr
djsaxsA bl izdkj foKku ^^laxfBr* Kku gS vkSj pw¡fd fofHkUu fo)okuksa }kjk ml foKku
dh fo'ks"k tkudkjh dks ,df=r djus esa fu;ksftr i)fr;ksa esa lekurk gS] tks bls
rkfdZd lalDrrk iznku djrk gS] oSKkfud foojf.k;k¡ vU; fo)okuksa }kjk oS/khdj.k ds
fy, l{ke gksrh gSaA foKku dh ;g ifjHkk"kk ftls pqukSrh nsuk 'kk;n gh laHko gksxk] ;g
ugha dgrh gS fd lHkh izdkj ds foKku ds fy, ,d gh izdkj ds rjhds iz;ksx fd,
tk,¡A oLrqr% ,d txg iz;qDr rjhdk nwljh txg ykxw ugha gks ldrk gSA lekU;hdj.k
ds ljy mnkgj.k dks ysdj dksbZ Hkh nks foKku lkekU;hdj.k dh voLFkk esa lger ugha
gksrs ftlls mUgsa lgh vFkks± esa foKku cuk;k tk ldsA tks rjhds HkkSfrdh vkSj jlk;u
ds v/;;u esa vR;f/kd lQy gSa] leku :i ls [kxksy foKku dks ykxw ugha gksaxs vfirq
,slk v/;;u [kxksy foKku dh ^ôSKkfudrk** ls vyx ugha gksrkA ;g rdZ fn;k tk
ldrk gS fd os de ls de bl vFkZ esa leku gSa fd os nksuksa lqLi"V izek=kRed vk¡dM+s
ds lkFk dk;Z djrs gSaA rFkkfi] foKku ek= 'kq)rk dh ek¡x ugha djrk] vfirq blds
fy, izklafxd vkSj ifj.kkeksa dh i;kZIrrk visf{kr gSaA bfrgkl foxr dqN n'kdksa esa
vR;f/kd oSKkfud cuk fn;k x;k gSA ijUrq blds oSKkfud Lo:i ds fodkl dk mlds
izek=hdj.k ls dqN ysuk-nsuk ugha gSA ;g lk/kuksa ds vf/kd oSKkfud v/;;u rFkk vU;
izdkj ds izek.k ds vf/kd lekykspukRed iz;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftlds dkj.k bfrgkl
esa oSKkfud rjhds ds iz;ksx esa Hkkjh izxfr gqbZ gSA ÝhMfjp bls vkSj vf/kd Li"V djrk
gS fd ^û rks lkekU;hdj.k dh voLFkk vkSj u gh izek=hdj.k dh voLFkk Lo;eso foKku
dh izxfr dk ^^fujis{k** ekun.M gSa] vfirq bldk gLrxr lkexzh ds laca/k esa ewY;kadu
fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj rnuqlkj fu/kkZj.k Hkh**A og bl vuqeksnu ds lkFk vjLrw dk
mnkgj.k nsrs gSa tc og bldk ^îzf'kf{kr vkneh dh igpku** ds :i esa o.kZu djrs gSa
ftlls ^îzR;sd oLrq oxZ esa ifj'kq)rk dh ryk'k dh tk lds tgk¡ rd bls iztk dh
izÑfr Lohdkj djs**A
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ jktuhfr ds v/;;u ds fy, nk'kZfudh; rFkk lexz vfHkxeksa ds chp vUrj Li"V djsAa
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2 - 6 jktuhfrd 'kkL= dk Lok;Ùk Lo:i
ukWjeu tSdclu ds erkuqlkj] foKku vFkok n'kZu ds lkFk jktuhfr foKku dh lw{e
igpku ls ,d vU; izdkj dk [k+rjk izdV gksrk gS] jktuhfrd fl)kar dk tks fdlh
izdkj ds ^foKkuokn* vFkok ûSfrdokn* esa fleV dj jg tk,xkA tSdclu us ;g
Li"V djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd jktuhfr foKku u rks foKkuokn gS vkSj u gh
uSfrdokn- u iwjh rjg foKku ls bldh igpku gS u gh uSfrdrk ls- vfirq ;g mu
nksuksa ls vyx gS vkSj viuh futh igpku cuk, gq, gSA os tks jktuhfr foKku dks
foKku dk iw.kZ Lo:i nsuk pkgrs gSa rFkk bl ij foKku dh i)fr;ksa vkSj fØ;kfof/k;ksa
dks ykxw djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa] ges'kk ugha le> ikrs gSa fd foKku dk D;k vFkZ gSA
,d {ks= dh tkudkjh dk iz;ksx djds nwljs {ks= dh csgrj tkudkjh ds fy, ykHk
mBkus ls dksbZ badkj ugha dj ldrk] ijUrq bu {ks=ksa ds chp vUrj dks le>uk iM+sxkA
tSdclu dk er gS fd lelkef;d jktuhfr osÙkk jktuhfr foKku dks jktuhfr foKku
ls brj jktuhfr foKku cukus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA og fy[krs gSa fd ^^,slk izrhr
gksrk gS fd jktuhfr euksfoKku gS] vFkok ;g lekt'kkL= gS vFkok ;g uSfrd n'kZu
vFkok /keZ'kkL= gS**- ;g fd ^^;g jktuhfr ls vU;Fkk yxHkx dqN Hkh gS**A vU;
fo/kkvksa esa tk¡p ds ftu {ks=ksa dks izLrqr djuk gS dh vksj lokZf/kd /;ku vkdf"kZr djds
bl ij vkSj vf/kd izHkkoh <ax ls vkxs c<+us esa dksbZ uqdlku ugha gS] ijUrq ,slk ek=
mlh le; rd fd;k tk ldrk gS tc rd blls jktuhfr dks csgrj rkSj ij v/;;u
esa enn feysA ;fn ^foKku* dks jktuhfrd fl)kar ls vyx dj fn;k tk,] rc ;g
ek= ,d O;FkZ ^ûhfrxr** vof'k"V gks tk,xk( ;fn n'kZu dks blls vyx dj fn;k
tk,] rc ;g ?kVdj ek= ,d i)fror gks tk,xkA os tks jktuhfr foKku ds oSKkfud
vFkok nk'kZfudh; Lo:i ij ml lhek rd cy nsrs gSa] tgk¡ rd ,d vFkok vU; ds
lkFk jktuhfr foKku dh igpku dh tk lds] ^^foKkuokn* vFkok ^ûSfrdokn** dh
vPNh odkyr dj ldrs gSa ijUrq ds fuf'pr :i ls Lo;eso jktuhfrfoKku ds izfr
opuc)rk ds vFkZ esa vHkkoxzLr gSaA
2 - 7 vuqHkotU; cuke fu;ked fl)kar

tgk¡ le;-le; ij jktuhfr foKku ds fofHkUu vfHkxeksa dh odkyr gksrh jgh gS] vkSj
muesa ls dbZ izk;% lkFk-lkFk lg-vfLrRo esa jgs gSa] mUgsa O;kid rkSj ij nks Jsf.k;ksa esa
ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS - ,d rjQ vuqHkotU;-fo'ys"k.kkRed vFkok oSKkfud-O;ogkjkRed
vfHkxe nwljh rjQ rFkk fof/kd ,sfrgkfld vFkok fu;ked nk'kZfudh; vfHkxe rFkk
buesa ls izR;sd vfHkxe dh nwljs ds lkFk bl izcyu (Demarcation) ds lkFk gncanh
(Emphasis) gS fd tks ewY;ksa ds lkFk rF;ksa vFkok rF;ksa ds izfr ewY;ksa ij vkjksfir gSA
bl lEcU/k esa nks fojks/kh fLFkfr;k¡ muds }kjk mBkbZ xbZ gSa ftudk jkWcVZ Mky }kjk
vuqHkotU; fl)karokfn;ksa vkSj ijk-vuqHkotU;-fl)karokfn;ksa ds :i esa o.kZu fd;k
x;k gSA vuqHkotU; fl)karoknh ekurs gSa fd rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr ek= vuqHkotU;
jktuhfr foKku gh laHko gSa] tcfd nwljs] ijk-vuqHkotU; fl)karokfn;ksa dk er gS fd
jktuhfr dk v/;;u ;FkkFkZr% oSKkfud u rks gks ldrk gS vkSj u gh gksuk pkfg,A ;g
fojks/kkHkkl eq[;r% nks izeq[k eqn~nksa ds bnZ-fxnZ ?kwerk gS %
i) D;k jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k rVLFk gks ldrk gS\
ii) D;k jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k rVLFk gksuk pkfg,\
28
izFke fLFkfr esa vuqHkotU; fl)karokfn;ksa dk fuf'pr er gS fd D;k vuqHkotU; jktuhfr dks le>uk
izLFkkiuk,¡ lR; gSa vFkok xyr( bl ewY;-vk/kkfjr iz'u ij fopkj djus dh vko';drkvksa
ds fcuk jktuhfr ds ckjs esa gekjs fo'oklksa dks i`Fkd~ djuk vFkok mudk ijh{k.k djuk
laHko gSA vuqHkotU; rkSj ij D;k lp gS] bl ckr ^lgh* ij fu.kZ;] D;k gksuk pkfg,
lgh fu.kZ; ls fHkUu gksxkA D;k ewY; bZ'ojsPNk ls O;qRiUu gksrs gSa vFkok izkÑfrd fu;eksa
ls vFkok iw.kZr% izÑfr ds v/khu gS] tSlk fd ;FkkFkZoknh ekurs gSaA rF; ge lHkh ds
fopkjkFkZ gSa vkSj vuqHkotU; ijh{k.kksa ds v/khu gks ldrs gSa] tcfd ewY;ksa dk bl rjhds
ls ijh{k.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA D;k lkekU;r% vFkok fdlh fo'ks"k ns'k esa yksdfiz;
ljdkjksa dh fLFkjrk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls lk{kjrk] cgqnyh; izFkkvksa] lkuqikfrd
izfrfuf/kRo] f}-nyh;ra= ij fuHkZj gS] D;k ;g ,d lnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=ksa ds rgr
Js"Bre dk;Z ij ldrh gS] ,sls iz'u gSa ftldk bl rF; dh vksj /;ku fn, fcuk
ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS fd D;k os lgh vFkok xyr jktuhfrd ra=ksa ls tqM+s gq, gSaA
nwljh rjQ ijk-vuqHkotU;oknh ekurs gSa fd izkÑfrd foKku esa dSlh Hkh fLFkfr gks]
rF; vkSj ewY; ,d-nwljs ds lkFk bruh fudVrk ls vUrxzZfFkr gSa fd jktuhfr ds
v/;;u esa dksbZ Hkh O;kid fl)kar muds vuqlkj fujiokn :i ls ek= bl fl)kar esa
rF;xr foojf.k;ksa dh vuqHkotU; oS/krk ds ewY;kaduksa ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksxk] vfirq
mlesa ml fl)kar esa of.kZr jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa] izfØ;kvksa vFkok i`Fkkvksa dh uSfrd
xq.koÙkk Hkh gksxhA vr% ijk-vuqHkotU;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj ;g fopkj djuk ,d Hkze gS
fd jktuhfr dk iw.kZ:is.k mn~ns';ijd fl)kar gks ldrk gSA
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ jktuhfr foKku ds Lok;Ùk Lo:i ij fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
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2½ fu;ked vkSj vuqHkotU; jktuhfrd fl)kar ds chp vUrj crk,¡A
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29
2 - 8 mRÑ"V dk;ks± (Classics) dh lelkef;d izklafxd
tgk¡ ^Ô;ogkjokn** ds izHkko'kkyh oSKkfud vkoj.k ds v/khu vuqHkotU; fl)karoknh
ipkl esa vkSj lkBosa n'kdksa ds nkSjku jktuhfr foKku dh fo/kk ij fu;a=.k j[krs gq,
izrhr gq,] ogha izfrf"Br jktuhfrd n'kZu ds îz;ksx* vkSj îzklafxd* O;kid :i ls
iquxZfBr gksrh jgh vkSj cM+h la[;k esa izHkko'kkyh jktuhfrd fopkjosÙkk ijEijkxr-
izfrf"Br jktuhfrd fl)kar dh j{kk vkSj leFkZu djrs jgs rFkk vuqHkotU;-fo'ys"k.kkRed
vfHkxeksa dh dVqrk ls vkykspuk djrs jgsA mudh la[;k laHko gS] vf/kd u gks] ijUrq
os fofHkUu ns'kksa ls lEcU/k j[krs gSa vkSj cM+h la[;k esa vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj iz'kaldksa ij
viuk Hkkjh izHkko j[krs gSaA bl laca/k esa rRdky fnekx dks Li'kZ djus okys ukeksa esa
ekbdy vksd'kkWV] gkUuk vkjs.M] cVªS.M tqusy] fy;ks LVªkWl] fØfLV;u cs vkSj ,fjd
oksxsfyu ds uke vkrs gSaA
,d mRÑ"V dk;Z dks Lo;eso fdlh ôxZ* esa dk;Z] ^îzFke Js.kh ds vkSj vfHkLohÑr
cqf)eÙkk** ds dk;Z ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA IySVks dh fjifCyd ,aM ykWt]
vjLrw dh ,fFkDl ,aM ikWfyfVDl] vxLVkbu dh flVh vkWQ xkSM] ,fDoukl dh lqEuk
fFk;ksyksftdk esa VªhVkbt vkWu ykW] eSfd;koSyh dh fizal ,aMsfMldkslsZt] gkWCcl dh
ysfo;kFku] ykWd dh lsfd.M VªhVkbt+ :lks dh lks'ky dkW.VªsDV] gsxsy dh fQykWlkQh
vkWQ jkbV rFkk ekDlZ dh fQykWlkQhd ,aM bdkWukWfed eSuqfLØIVl vkWQ 1844 rFkk
tjeu vkWfM;ksykWth tSlh iqLrdsa ^mRÑ"V dk;Z* dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA cgqopu ds :i
esa bl 'kCn ds ;FkkFkZ iz;ksx esa ^dbZ Lojksa ds okrkZyki*] fofHkUu ifjizs{;ksa ds chp
midFku rFkk dqy feykdj okLrfodrk dk foospu 'kkfey gSA tSlk fd MSaVks tfeZuks
us bafxr fd;k gS fd ôkrkZyki* ^^dbZ Lojksa dk la?k"kZ ugha gS] vfirq dfri; rdZ dh
vkf/kdkfjd fLFkfr dh izfrfØ;k gS ftldh dsoy mUgha ds }kjk igpku dh tk ldrh
gS tks mls /;ku ls lqurs gSaA** ;g ^êkufldrk dk okrkZyki**] gS tks vk/kqfud le;
ls ijs e/;;qxhu vkSj izkphu dky rd O;kIr gS rFkk ftldh xq.koÙkk ml le; vFkok
LFkku ls izHkkfor ugha gksrh ftlesa ,d fo'ks"k jktuhfrd nk'kZfud vofLFkr FkkA og
lc tks vko';d Fkk] ;g Fkk fd ^êkuork ds bl okrkZyki esa Hkkx ysus okyk ml fnu
ds eqn~nksa esa izR;{k rkSj ij vUrxZzLr Fkk tks pkgs jktuhfr esa gks vFkok n'kZu esa] lHkh
dkyksa ds eqn~ns gSa] vkSj bu eqn~nksa ij xgu fopkj vFkok fpUru ds fy, l{ke Fkk rFkk
ml Hkk"kk esa Lo;a dks vfHkO;Dr dj ldrk Fkk] lHkh ;qxksa ds ekuoksa dks vihy djsA
2 - 9 ijEijkxr jktuhfrd fparu dh fujUrjrk

ekbdy vkWd'kkWV ftUgksaus 1951 esa gSjkYM ykLdh ls yanu Ldwy vkWQ bdkWukWfeDl ,aM
iksfyVhdy lkbal esa jktuhfr foKku dk izeq[k in l¡Hkkyk Fkk] dh baXySaM esa :f<+oknh
lksp ds iqu#RFkku ds lkFk igpku dh tkrh gSA ijUrq vkWd'kkWV dks ek= :f<+oknh
ekuuk xyr gksxk] ;|fi og ml vof/k ds izR;sd vFkZ esa :f<+oknh FksA mudk izeq[k
;ksxnku iwNrkN dh ijEijk ds :i esa jktuhfrd fl)kar dks cgkyh rFkk jktuhfr
foKku ds fy, lekykspukRed] lS)kafrd fo'ys"k.k dh laHkkouk dks iqu% dk;e djuk
FkkA O;ogkjokfn;ksa ls fHkUu tks ml le; la;qDr jkT; vesfjdh esa ,d igpku cuus
dh 'kq#vkr dj jgs Fks tc og yanu Ldwy vkWQ bdkWukWfeDl esa vius Nk=ksa dks vius
laHkk"k.kksa vkSj lsehukjksa esa rFkk vius izdk'kuksa ds ek/;e ls ,d fHkUu izdkj ds fl)kar
dk foospu dj jgs FksA vkWd'kkWV dk viuk nk'kZfudh; fo'ys"k.k vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr
Fkk tks ml fofo/k-vk;keu] ds iqujksn~?kkVu dh ek¡x djrk gS ftls fl)karoknh vkSj
30
izR;{koknh ys[kdksa }kjk fd, x, vuqHko ds izfr udkj fn;k x;k FkkA vkWd'kkWV n'kZu jktuhfr dks le>uk
vkSj foKku dks ekSfyd :i ls nks fHkUu izdkj ds fØ;k dykiksa ds :i esa ekurs gSa vkSj
mudk fo'okl gS fd ,d ds rjhdksa vkSj fpUrdksa dks nwljs dks vUrfjr djus dk iz;kl
xyr gksxkA og fy[krs gSa fd ^^;g /kkj.kk fd n'kZu dks oSKkfud fparu ds rjhdksa ls
dqN lh[kuk gS] iw.kZ:is.k xyr gSA** muds vuqlkj] ^^n'kZu dks viuk futh fgrkFkZ tkjh
j[kuk pkfg, vkSj bls lHkh vlEc) fgrksa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls O;kogkfjd fgr ls bldh
Lora=rk dks cuk, j[kuk pkfg,A**
vkWd'kkWV ekurs gSa fd jktuhfr n'kZu vFkok tSlk og dguk ilUn djasxs& jktuhfr
ds ckjs esa n'kZuhdj.k - n'kZuhdj.k ds fo'kky vfHku; ds lanHkZ esa ,d lhfer
fØ;kdyki gS - ^^vuqHko dh iw.kZrk dh n`f"V ls vuqHko-O;kogkfjd vuqHko dh fdlh
fo'ks"k voLFkk dks ns[kus** dk iz;klA gkWCcl ysfo;kFku dh viuh Hkwfedk esa tSlh fd
og ppkZ djrs gS]a jktuhfrd thou ds ckjs esa izfrfØ;k dbZ izdkj ds Lrjksa ij gks ldrh
gS vkSj og ,d Lrj ds nwljs rd izokg ds fy, i;kZIr Fkh] ijUrq jktuhfrd n'kZu esa
gekjs fnekx esa jktuhfrd fØ;kdykiksa dk ,d fo'o rFkk ,d ^^vU; fo'o** Hkh gksrk
gS vkSj gekjk iz;kl ^^nksuksa fo'oksa dh lalDrrk dks ,d lkFk** ryk'k djuk gSA muds
fy, ^^jktuhfrd n'kZu jktuhfr vkSj vuarrk ds chp lEcU/k dk v/;;u** gSA
^^jktuhfr ,d y{; dks iwjk djus esa lgk;d gS ftls ;g Lo;eso izkIr ugha dj
ldrh**A vkWd'kkWV ds fy, jktuhfr n'kZu ,slk ugha gS tks O;ogkjokfn;ksa ds fy, gS]
,slk ^îzxfr'khy** foKku gS tks Bksl ifj.kkeksa dk lap;u djrk gS vkSj mu urhtksa ij
igq¡prk gS ftu ij vkxs dk vuqla/kku vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA nwljh rjQ ;g fudVrk ls
bfrgkl ls tqM+k gqvk gS& ^ôLrqr% ,d vFkZ esa ;g dqN ugha gS vfirq bfrgkl gS] ;g
mu leL;kvksa dk bfrgkl gS ftUgsa nk'kZfudksa us [kkst fudkyk gS rFkk lek/kku ds ml
rjhds dk bfrgkl gS tks mUgksaus izfrikfnr fd;k gS ctk, blds fd ;g fl)karksa dk
bfrgkl gS-----A**
gUukg vjS.M dgha vf/kd Qynk;h ys[kd gSaA vR;f/kd ikafMR; ds O;fDrRo ds lkFk
mUgksaus jktuhfrd fl)kar dh izeq[k leL;kvksa ij vf/kdkf/kd izdkf'kr fd;k gS vkSj
,d vioknkRed ekSfydrk okys fopkjosÙkk ds :i esa viuh izfr"Bk dk;e dh gSA
vyx-vyx ekuoh; O;fDrRo ds vuks[ksiu vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro esa fo'okl j[krs gq, mlus
lHkh izdkj ds lokZf/kdkjokn dk ek= fojks/k gh ugha fd;k gS vfirq lkekftd foKku
esa O;ogkjoknh vfHkxe dk Hkh fojks/k fd;k gS] ftlls muds vuqlkj lokZf/kdkjokn dk
vk/kkj rS;kj gksrk gSA ekuoh; O;ogkj esa ,d:irk dh viuh ryk'k esa og psrkouh nsrh
gSa fd ;g Lo;eso ,d leku :f<+oknh ^êkuo** dk lg;ksx djsxkA
gUukg vjS.M ds uke ds lkFk cVªS.M n tqcSusy ds uke dh 'kk;n ppkZ dh tk ldrh
gSA nksuksa ekurs gSa fd jktuhfr esa jpukRed fØ;kdyki dh {kerk gS vkSj mls iz'kklu
e`rizk; ,d:irk esa :ikarfjr ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A nksuksa lokZf/kdkjokn ds izfrdwy
gSa] tks chloha 'krkCnh dh izcy ?kVuk ds :i esa vkus ds fy, vk'kafdr gS vkSj mUgksaus
bldh ckSf)d vkSj uSfrd ewy dh tk¡p djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
f'kdkxks fo'ofon~;ky; esa jktuhfr foKku ds izksQslj fy;ks LVªkWl ftudh vDVwcj
1973 esa e`R;q gqbZ jktuhfr n'kZu dh egku~ gkfu FkhA lelkef;d fl)karokfn;ksa esa
lokZf/kd vlk/kkj.k O;fDrRo esa ls ,d gSa vkSj O;ogkjoknh vfHkxe ds dVq lekykspd
gSaA vesfjdh n'kZu vkSj jktuhfr ij mudk izHkko vfr egku jgk gSA f'kdkxks esa] ,d
cM+h la[;k esa jktuhfr ds oSKkfud gSa tks Lo;a dks mudk f'k"; ekuus esa viuk
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ekurs gSaA 31
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ jktuhfr ds mRÑ"V dk;ks± dh izklafxd ij fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
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2½ ekbdy vkWds'kkWV vFkok gUukg vjs.M ds fopkjksa ij ppkZ djsaA
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2 - 10 jktuhfr dk u;k foKku

2 - 10
10-- 1 ,sfjd oksxfyu ds fopkj
vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fopkjdksa esa ftUgksaus jktuhfrd n'kZuhdj.k dh Å¡pkb;ksa esa mM+ku
Hkjh gS] ,fjd oksxfyu dk uke lokZf/kd izfl) gSA og ,d Qynk;h ys[kd gSa] ;|fi
mudh 'kSyh dqN tfVy gS rFkk ges'kk mudk vuqlj.k djuk vklku ugha gSA og
jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj jktuhfr foKku ds chp varj ugha djrs& muds vuqlkj
jktuhfrd fl)kar dk vFkZ gS jktuhfr ij ,d lekykspukRed izfrfØ;k] ftlds fcuk
dksbZ jktuhfr foKku ugha gks ldrkA oksxsfyu dk izcy er gS fd gekjs ikl dHkh Hkh
lS)kafrd fo'ys"k.k esa iwjh rjg vkxs c<+us ds fy, lkexzh dh miyC/krk rFkk ckSf)d
okrkoj.k dh mi;qDrrk ugha Fkh] tSlk fd vktdy gSA oksxsfyu vk/kqfud n'kZu esa ra=
fuekZ.k ds fo#) gSa vkSj ekurs gSa fd ra= fuekZrk vfLrRo ds ekSfyd vuqHko ls vutku gSAa
oksxsfyu ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fl)karoknh dk drZO; gS bfrgkl ds ek/;e ls euq";

ds vuqHkoksa dh tk¡p djuk vkSj mudk lekykspukRed ewY;kadu djuk] ftlls ml
izdk'k dh ryk'k dh tk lds ftls os ekuo lekt esa O;oLFkk ds fy, lR; dh viuh
[kkst esa iz;ksx dj ldsa- ,slk dk;Z ftls xzhd nk'kZfudksa vkSj bZlkbZ /keZ ehekaldksa }kjk
Js"Brk ls iwjk fd;k x;k FkkA oksxsfyu mu vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)karokfn;ksa ls
32
rhozrk ls vlger gSa tks jktuhfrd fl)kar dks vko';d :i ls iz.kkyh foKku ds :i jktuhfr dks le>uk
esa rFkk mlds dk;Z dks ek= ^^?kVukRed Lrj ij gLr-viz;Dq r vuql/a kku dks O;ogkjkRed
vfu;ferrkvksa ds :i esa ^^dkjd ds :i esa ekusaxs**A vfirq og jktuhfr foKku dks
^^fo|eku ekuoh; O;fDrRo ds ldy vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr lgh Øe okyh ijh{k.kkRed
foKku ds :i esa ekusx
a s**A oksxsfyu ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fl)kar dk dk;Z ^^vuqHkotU;
vkSj lekykspuk ds rkSj ij O;oLFkk dh mu leL;kvksa dks ifj"Ñr djuk gS tks
nkf'kZfudh; ekuo foKku ls lÙkk ehekalk ds ,d vax ds :i esa O;qRiUu gksrh gS**A
2 - 10
10-- 2 fØf'p;u cs ds fopkj
,sls le; ij tc O;ogkjoknh yksdra= dh fof'k"Vre /kkj.kk dks vius ^^vuqiz;qDr**
v/;;uksa vkSj lkaf[;dh; vk¡dM+ksa ds laxzg.k ds ek/;e ls ;qfDr;qDr vkSj U;k;fu.khZr
djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs Fks] mlh le; fØfLV;u cs] mRÑ"V jktuhfrd nk'kZfudksa dh
loksZRÑ"V ijEijk ds vuq:i] mudh ^^cqf)eÙkk** ij iz'ufpg~u yxk jgs Fks vkSj iwNrkN
dh mu leL;kvksa vkSj ifjizs{;ksa laca/kh dqN ekSfyd iz'u mBk jgs Fks tks muds }kjk
vuns[ks dj nh xbZ FkhaA og MsfoM bZLVu dh jktuhfr dh ifjHkk"kk ^ôs izfØ;k,¡ ftuds
}kjk lkoZtfud ewY; lÙkk vkSj izkf/kdkj ds ek/;e ls izksUur ,oa forfjr fd, tkrs gSa
ls lger Fks**] ijUrq bl ifjHkk"kk esa ekuoh; vko';drkvksa vkSj leL;kvksa dh jktuhfr
esa lEc)rk ds fdlh izlax dh okLrfod vuqifLFkfr ij mUgsa vkifÙk FkhA og fy[krs
gSa fd vkt jktuhfr foKku esa O;kogkfjd vuqla/kku dh ek=k ^^lkekftd] jktuhfrd
vkSj vkfFkZd eqn~nksa ij ernku rFkk vfHkerksa vkSj n`f"Vdks.kksa ij /;ku nsrh gSA ijUrq gesa
bl vuqla/kku esa ftl jktuhfrd f{kfrt dks ge le> ikrs gSa mls gh jktuhfrd dk
iwjk nk;jk ugha le> ysuk pkfg,A ,slk cgqr dqN gS tks ml le; /;ku ls pwd tkrk
gS tc ge lekt'kkL=h; rduhdksa & mnkgj.k ds fy, jktuhfrd opuc)rk ds
vyx-vyx vFkks± & ds ekud izdkjksa }kjk rRdky ekiu ij /;ku dsfUnzr djrs gSaA**
og yksdra= ds fu;ked fl)karksa ls O;kogkfjd vk¡dM+ksa dks vFkZiw.kZ <ax ls lEc) djus
dk iz;kl u djus ds orZeku vuqla/kku esa izpfyr izo`fÙk ds dVq vkykspd FksA bl
laca/k esa mUgksaus ^^vk'p;Ztud :i ls yksdrkaf=d fl)kar ds mi;qDr vius vk¡dM+ksa dks
ykus ds lrgh iz;kl ds lkFk jktuhfrd O;ogkj ds tksf[ke Hkjs fo'ys"k.k** dk m)j.k
fn;k ftls cSjylu] ykt+klZQsYM rFkk eSdQh }kjk ml le; fd;k x;k Fkk] tc
mUgksaus ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd yksdra= dh vesfjdh iz.kkyh ^^,d jktuhfrd laxBu
dks pykus ds fy, dfri; vis{kkvksa dks iwjk ugha djrh gS** vkSj ;g fd ^^;g izk;%
fof'k"Vrk ds lkFk dk;Z djrh gS**A ^^jktuhfr dh vkSj vf/kd i;kZIr ladYiuk ds lkFk**
mUgksaus fy[kk Fkk] ^^;g Li"V gks vk,xk] esjk fo'okl gS fd tks dqN ;s vkSj jktuhfrd
O;ogkj ij iqLrdksa ds dbZ vU; ys[kd n`f"Vikr dj jgs gSa] vk¡dM+ksa dk ek= ,d lhfer
nk;jk gS ftls vkSj vf/kd oSKkfud ftKklk }kjk rFkk ml jktuhfrd fl)kar ds
vf/kd O;kid ijh{k.k }kjk Hkh cqjh rjg vuqiwfjr fd, tkus dh vko';drk gS ftlesa
vko';drk] fodkl rFkk vke turk dh Hkykbz tks ukeek= dh gS] tSlh ladYiukvksa
ds fy, LFkku 'kkfey gSA** cs dks ,l-,e- fyIlsV tSls ^îje vknj.kh; ys[kd** ds ckjs
esa tkudj Hkkjh /kDdk yxk ftUgksaus cM+h [kq'kh ds lkFk nkok fd;k fd yksdra=
^^Lo;eso izpyu esa ,d vPNk lekt gS**] vFkok ;g fd ^^,d Lora= lekt ds vkarfjd
la?k"kks± dk ysu-nsu** Js"Bre Fkk ftldh ekuo i`Foh ij jgrs gq, vk'kk dj ldrk FkkA
dqN vkSj mnkgj.kksa dh ppkZ djrs gq, mUgksaus fy[kk] ^^lekt'kkL=h; rduhdksa dh
miyC/k vk;q/k'kkyk dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, ladfYir bl vuqla/kku us bl ?kVuk dks
ruko;qDr cuk fn;k gS fd ftldh jktuhfr ds vkSj gVkus ds fy, viuh bPNk esa ;s
33
vUos"kd fu;ked ftKklk ls ml dk;Z dks yksdra= tks ekuoh; bPNkvksa dks Lo;eso
var vFkok leku vLi"V /kkj.kkvksa ds ek/;e ds :i esa gS] dh vifjiDo /kkj.kkvksa vkSj
mlds ckjs esa dYiukvksa ls tksM+rs gSa**A
cks/k iz'u 5
1½ ,fjd oksxfyu vFkok fØfLV;u cs ds fopkjksa ij ppkZ djsaA
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2 - 11 lkjka ' k
jktuhfr foKku dks ml lhek rd vU; lkekftd foKkuksa ls fof'k"V le>k x;k Fkk
tgk¡ rd ;g lekt ds Hkhrj lÙkk fu;a=.k dh ?kVuk ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA eSDl oScj us
,d laxBu vFkok ifjla?k dks rHkh jktuhfrd ekuk ^^;fn vkSj iz'kklfud deZpkfj;ksa
dh rjQ ls HkkSfrd cy ds vuqiz;ksx vkSj /kedh }kjk ,d iznÙk Hkw-Hkkxh; {ks= esa mldh
O;oLFkk yxkrkj cuh jgrh gS**A rFkkfi] laLFkkvksa dks fo'ys"k.k dh izkFkfed bdkbZ ds
:i esa ekuk tkrk jgk ;|fi fparu dk dsUnz Lo;eso laLFkkvksa ls gVdj lÙkk ds
lap;u vkSj iz;ksx ij pyk x;kA jkWclu fy[krs gSa fd ^^jktuhfrd oSKkfud ds
^fpUru dk dsUnz* Li"V gS vkSj vlafnX/k gS] ;g lÙkk dks izkIr djus vkSj dk;e j[kus
ds la?k"kZ ij dsfUnzr gS ftlls nwljs ds Åij lÙkk vFkok izHkko dk iz;ksx fd;k tk lds
vFkok ml izdkj ds iz;ksx dk fojks/k fd;k tk ldsA** vkSj vf/kd gky gh ds o"kks± esa]
fpUru dk dsUnz O;f"V;ksa ds chp laca/kksa rFkk vUrfØZ;kvksa ds izfrekuksa dh vksj vfr
fo'ks"k :i ls varfjr gks x;k gSA pw¡fd jktuhfr vc ^^,d i;kZoj.k esa ekuoh; O;ogkj
ds igyw** ds :i esa ekuh tkrh gSA ewY;ksa ds vkf/kdkfjd vkcaVu ds :i esa jktuhfr
dh /kkj.kk ds O;kid ÝseodZ ds Hkhrj bldk egÙo ¼1½ fo'ys"k.k dh bdkbZ ds :i esa
fu.kZ;u ds lkFk fu.kZ; djus vkSj mlds fu"iknu ls gVdj ¼2½ uhfr fuekZ.k ftlesa
uhfr ?kVd vkSj jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa nksuksa ij ppkZ gksrh gS rFkk vUrr% ¼3½ lekt ds
mís';ksa ds fu/kkZj.k vkSj izkfIr dh vksj pyk x;k gSA f}rh; vkSj r`rh; igyw ds chp
izeq[k vUrj ;g gS fd f}rh; igyw izeq[kr% mu jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa ds lqLi"V Lo:i
ij dsfUnzr gS tks jkT; ds Hkhrj lapkfyr gSa] vfUre igyw mís';ksa vkSj iz;kstuokn
ls lEcf)r gSA

cSykuh vkj-] F;kSjht+ ,aM dkWUlsIV vkWQ ikWyfVDl % ,u baVªksMD'ku] eSupSLVj ;wfuoflZVh
34 izsl] eSupSLVj] 1993A
CykW.Msy] ts-] n fMlhfiYu vkWQ ikWfyfVDl] cVj-iFkZ] yanu] 1986A jktuhfr dks le>uk
ys¶Vfop] ,-] ¼laLdj.k½] g~okV bt+ ikWfyfVDl\] CySdoSy] vkWDlQksMZ] 1984A
ewd] lh-] n fjVuZ vkWQ n ikWfyVhdy] oSlksZ] yanu] 1993A
Iyku] vkj-] ekWMuZ ikWfyVhdy FkkWV] CySdoSy] vkWDlQksMZ] 1991A

cks/k iz'u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 2-1
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 2-2 vkSj 2-3
cks/k iz'u 2
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 2-6
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 2-7
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 2-8
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 2-9
cks/k iz'u 5
1½ ns[ksa mi-Hkkx 2-10-1 vkSj 2-10-2
35
bdkbZ 3 jktuhfrd fl)kar dh vko';drk
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
3-0 mn~ns';
3-1 ifjp;
3-2 jktuhfrd fl)kar o vU; vUrlZEc) 'kCn
3-3 jktuhfrd fl)kar ds vuqiz;ksx
3-3-1 jktuhfrd fparu ds bfrgkl Lo:i
3-3-2 fo'ys"k.k dh rduhd Lo:i
3-3-3 ladYiukRed Li"Vhdj.k Lo:i
3-3-4 vkSipkfjd vkn'kZ-fuekZ.k Lo:i
3-3-5 lS)kafrd jktuhfr-foKku Lo:i
3-4 eq[; lS)kfUrd ladYiukvksa dk egÙo
3-5 D;k jktuhfrd fl)kar viuk vfLrRo [kks pqdk gS\
3-6 jktuhfrd fl)kar dk iqu#RFkku
3-7 rkt+k ?kVukØe
3-8 lkjka'k
3 - 0 mn~ n s ' ;
;g bdkbZ Lo;a dks jktuhfr fl)kar gsrq vko';drk ls tksM+rh gSA bldks i<+us ds ckn
vki bl yk;d gksaxs fd %
• jktuhfrd fl)kar o vU; blh izdkj ds 'kCnksa esa Hksn dj ldsa(
• jktuhfrd fl)kar ds fofHkUu vuqiz;ksxksa ij ppkZ djsa] uker% jktuhfrd fpUru ds
bfrgkl Lo:i] fo'ys"k.k dh ,d rduhd ds :i esa] vkfn vkSj(
• tk¡p dj ldsa fd jktuhfrd fl)kar us dgha viuk vfLrRo gh rks ugha [kks fn;kA
3 - 1 ifjp;
jktuhfrd fl)kar jktuhfr-foKku esa ,d eq[; eeZ {ks= gSA ,slk vHkh gky gh esa gqvk
gS fd ;g ,d 'kSf{kd fparu ds :i esa mHkjk gSA igys os yksx tks bl m|e esa yxs Fks]
Lo;a dks nk'kZfud vFkok oSKkfud ds :i esa izLrqr djrs FksA izkphu ;wuku ls ysdj
vkt rd jktuhfrd fl)kar dk bfrgkl jktuhfr-foKku ds cqfu;knh vkSj 'kk'or~
fopkjksa ls Hkjk iM+k jgk gSA jktuhfr-foKku 'kCn dk izFke vk/kqfud iz;ksx pkYlZ-ywbZ
n lSdkWUnk ekSUrLD;w ¼1689-1755½] ,sMe fLeFk ¼1723-90½] ,sMe QX;wZlu ¼1723-
1816½ rFkk MSfoM áwe ¼1711-76½ dh iqLrdksa esa gqvk] tgk¡ bldk eryc Fkk ^dkuwu-
fuekZrk dk foKku*A
36
ml ckSf)d ijEijk dks fufnZ"V djus esa O;ogkj djus ds fy, ^jktuhfrd fl)kar* gh jktuhfr dks le>uk
lokZf/kd mi;qDr 'kCn gS] tks rRdky O;kogkfjd ekeyksa ds {ks= dks yk¡?kus vkSj euq";
ds lkekftd vfLrRo dks ,d vkykspukRed ifjizs{; ls ^ns[ks tkus* dh laHkkouk dks n`<+
djrk gSA jktuhfrd fl)kar laiw.kZ vFkZ esa jktuhfrd-foKku Fkk] vkSj fl)kar ds cx+Sj
dksbZ foKku ugha gks ldrkA Bhd oSls fd tc ge fl)kar ds ckjs esa ckr fl)karhdj.k
ds fdlh dk;Zdyki ds :i esa gh djsa] vr% jktuhfrd fl)kar dks oS/k :i ls vkSj
lVhd :i ls jktuhfrd-foKku ds i;kZ; ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3 - 2 jktuhfrd fl)kar o vU; vUrlZEc) 'kCn

jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj vU; 'kCnksa tSls jktuhfrd-foKku] jktuhfrd-foKku o jktuhfrd-
fparu] vkfn ds chp Hksn fd;k tk ldrk gS] gkyk¡fd vusd fo}ku budks vny-cny
dj iz;ksx djrs gSaA jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj jktuhfr-foKku ds chp Hksn vk/kqfud
foKku }kjk iuih ckSf)d ekU;rkvksa esa vke cnyko dh otg ls iSnk gqvk gSA
jktuhfrd-foKku us jktuhfr vkSj jktuhfrd O;ogkj ds fo"k; esa lR;kHkklh fu"d"kZ
vkSj fu;e nsus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA jktuhfrd-foKku jktuhfrd n`';?kVuk] izfØ;kvksa
,oa laLFkkvksa ij vkSj okLrfod jktuhfrd O;ogkj ij mls n'kZu'kkL=h; vFkok
uhfr'kkL=h; fud"k (criterion) ds v/khu dj izdk'k Mkyrk gSA og loksZÙke jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk laca/kh iz'u dks laKku (consider) ysrk gS] tks fd ,d o`gÙkj vkSj ,d vf/kd
cqfu;knh iz'u dk fgLlk gS] uker% ml thou dk vkn'kZ :i tks fd euq"; dks ,d
o`gÙkj leqnk; esa jgdj thuk pkfg,A rRdky vkSj LFkkuh; iz'uksa dk tokc nsus dh
izfØ;k esa ;g fpjLFkk;h eqn~ns dks mBkrk gS( tks fd bl ckr dk dkj.k gS fd D;ksa
lS)kafrd ewy xzaFkksa dk v/;;u bl fu;e i)fr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd curk gSA
jktuhfr-foKku esa fdlh Hkh fpjlEer mRÑ"V lkfgR; esa egku~ lkfgR; Ñfr;ksa ds
vfuok;Z rÙo gksrs gSa] tks fd vius LFkkuh; ifjos'k esa jgdj Hkh thou o lekt dh
fpjLFkk;h leL;kvksa dks fucVkrk gSA blesa] 'kk'or Kku dk lkj-rÙo gksrk gS vkSj og
fdlh ,d laLÑfr] LFkku] tu-lekt vFkok le; dh ugha] cfYd lexz ekuo tkfr dh
/kjksgj gksrk gSA
fof'k"V jktuhfrd fl)karksa dks fdlh ?kVuk ds lgh vFkok vfUre vocks/k (understanding)
ds :i esa ugha fy;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh ?kVuk dk vFkZ ges'kk u, n`f"Vdks.kksa ls Hkkoh
O;k[;kvksa gsrq [kqyk jgrk gS] gj ,d fl)kar jktuhfrd thou esa ,d fof'k"V
n`f"Vdks.k vFkok egÙo dh n`f"V ls O;k[;k vkSj fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr]
jktuhfrd fl)kar vius iz;Ru esa vkykspukRed gksrk gS] D;ksafd og ,slh jktuhfr dk
ys[kk-tks[kk izLrqr djrk gS tks lk/kkj.k yksxksa dh jktuhfr ls Åij gksrk gSA
jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj jktuhfr-foKku ds chp dksbZ ruko ugha gksrk] D;ksafd os viuh
lhekvksa o {ks=kf/kdkj ds fygkt ls gh fHkUu gksrs gSa] vius mn~ns'; esa ughaA jktuhfrd
fl)kar fo'ys"k.k] o.kZu] Li"Vhdj.k ,oa lekykspuk ds mn~ns'; ls fopkj]
/kkj.kk,¡ ,oa fl)kar izLrqr djrk gS] tks fd cnys esa jktuhfrd-foKku esa 'kkfey dj
fy, tkrs gSaA
jktuhfrd-n'kZu lkekU; iz'uksa ds mÙkj iznku djrk gS] tSls & U;k; D;k gS]
vf/kdkj-laca/kh ladYiuk,¡] ^tks gS* vkSj ^tks gksuk pkfg,* ds chp fHkUurk] rFkk jktuhfr
ds o`gÙkj eqn~nsA jktuhfrd-n'kZu ekuoh; jktuhfrd fl)kar dk fgLlk gS] D;ksafd og
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ladYiukvksa ds chp varlZaca/kksa dks LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA ;g dguk 'kk;n
Bhd gksxk fd gj ,d jktuhfrd-nk'kZfud ,d fl)karh gksrk gS] gkyk¡fd gj jktuhfrd
fl)karh dksbZ jktuhfrd-nk'kZfud ugha gksrk gSA jktuhfrd-n'kZu ,d tfVy dk;Zdyki
gS] tks fd lcls vPNh rjg mu dbZ rjhdksa dk fo'ys"k.k djds le>k tkrk gS ftudks
tkus-ekus fo)kuksa us viuk;k gksrk gSA fdlh ,d nk'kZfud vkSj fdlh ,d ,sfrgkfld
dky ds ckjs esa ugha dgk tk ldrk fd mlus bls fu"d"kZ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&
fp=dyk ls ge tks dqN Hkh le>rs gksa mlls dgha vf/kd og le>rk gS tks fd mldk
fp=dkj gS vFkok ftlus ml fp=dyk Ldwy dk vH;kl fd;k gksA
jktuhfrd fparu lexz leqnk; dk gh fparu gS ftlesa mlds lqLi"V Hkkxksa tSls is'ksoj
jktuhfrKksa] jktuhfrd Vhdkdkjksa] lekt lq/kkjdksa o fdlh leqnk; ds lk/kkj.k
O;fDr;ksa ds ys[k vkSj Hkk"k.k gksrs gSaA ;g fpUru jktuhfrd laf/k;ksa] ikafMR;iw.kZ ys[kksa]
Hkk"k.kksa] ljdkjh uhfr;ksa o fu.kZ;ksa] rFkk i| o x| ds :i esa Hkh gks ldrk gS tks yksxksa
ds larki gj ysA fpUru le;c) gksrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,] chloha lnh dk bfrgklA
la{ksi esa] jktuhfrd fparu esa os fl)kar 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks jktuhfrd O;ogkj] vkSj
mlds ewY;kadu gsrq ewY;ksa o ml ij fu;a=.k gsrq rjhdksa dks Li"V djrs gSaA
jktuhfrd fl)kar] fparu ls fHkUu] fdlh ,d O;fDr }kjk fujk/kkj dYiuk dh vksj
ladsr gS] tks izk;% O;k[;k ds vkn'kks± ds :i esa laf/k;ksa esa lqLi"V gksrs gSaA blesa laLFkkvksa
ds fl)kar vkrs gSa] ftuesa jkT; ds] dkuwu ds] izfrfuf/kRo ds vkSj pquko ds fl)kar
'kkfey gSaA iwNrkN dk rjhdk rqyukRed vkSj O;k[;kRed gksrk gSA jktuhfrd fl)kar
lk/kkj.k jktuhfrd thou ls tUe ysus okyh izo`fÙk;ksa o dkjZokb;ksa dks Li"V djus vkSj
,d izlax fo'ks"k esa muds fo"k;d lk/kkj.khdj.k djus dk iz;kl djrk gS % ;g
jktuhfrd fl)kar ladYiukvksa o ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds chp laca/kksa ds fo"k; esa vFkok muls
lac) gksrk gSA jktuhfrd-n'kZu jktuhfrd fl)karksa ds chp fooknksa dks gy djus ;k
le>us dk iz;kl djrk gS] tks fd iznÙk izfjfLFkfr;ksa esa leku :i ls Lohdk;Z izrhr
gks ldrs gSaA
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk ,d KkuÑr vkSj loZxzg.k'khy fl)kar gS] tks mls izkIr djus dh
,d foLr`r ;kstuk ds lkFk ekuo LoHkko vkSj lekt dk ,d lEiw.kZ vkSj lkoZf=d :i
ls O;ogk;Z fl)kar nsus dk iz;kl djrk gSA tkWu ykWd dks izk;% vk/kqfud fopkj/kkjkvksa
dk tud dgk tkrk gSA ekDlZokn Hkh ,d fparu laca/kh Js"B mnkgj.k gS] tks fd bl
dFku esa lesVk tk ldrk gS fd n'kZu'kkL= dk mn~ns'; gS & nqfu;k dks cnyuk u fd
flQ+Z mldh O;k[;k djukA leLr jktuhfrd fparu jktuhfrd n'kZu gS] rFkkfi
bldk foykse lR; ugha gSA chloha lnh esa Qklhokn] ukt+hokn] lkE;okn o mnkjokn
tSlh vusd fopkj/kkjk,¡ fn[kkbZ nhaA jktuhfrd fparu dh ,d fof'k"V fo'ks"krk mldh
erka/krk gS] tks jktuhfrd-n'kZu ls fHkUu] vkn'kZ lekt dks lkdkj djus laca/kh vius
mn~ns'; ds dkj.k vkykspukRed leh{kk dks lwfpr vkSj grksRlkfgr djrh gSA xSekbu
,oa lSckbu ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fparu jktuhfrd fl)kar dk ,d izfrokn gS D;ksafd
fparu gky gh esa tUeh gksrh gS] vkSj vk'kkokn ds izHkkok/khu vkReijd] vlR;kiuh;
ewY; vf/kekuksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA xSekbu] blds vfrfjDr] ,d jktuhfrd fl)karh
dks ,d izpkjoknh ls fHkUu ekurs gSa( muds vuqlkj tcfd iwoZorhZ ds ikl eqn~nksa dh ,d
xw<+ le> gksrh gS] ijorhZ rRdky iz'uksa ls lac) gksrk gSA
blds vykok] tehZuks Hkh] IySVks dh gh Hkk¡fr er vkSj Kku ds chp Hksn djrs gSa tgk¡
ijorhZ jktuhfrd fl)karh dk vkjaHk-fcUnq gksrk FkkA gjsd jktuhfrd fl)karh dh nksgjh
38
Hkwfedk gksrh Fkh & ,d oSKkfud vkSj nk'kZfud dh] vkSj fdl rjhds ls og viuh jktuhfr dks le>uk
Hkwfedk,¡ foHkkftr djrk gS] mlds fetk+t vkSj fnypfLi;ksa ij fuHkZj djsxkA dsoy bu
nks Hkwfedkvksa ds la;kstu }kjk gh ,d lkFkZd rjhds ls Kku izkIr djus esa enn fey
ldrh gSA fdlh fl)kar dk oSKkfud ?kVd lqlaxr vkSj egÙoiw.kZ yx ldrk gS] ;fn
ys[kd jktuhfrd thou ds mn~ns';ksa dh dksbZ iwoZdfYir /kkj.kk j[krk gksA nk'kZfud
vk/kkj mlh rjhds esa izdV gksrk gS ftlesa okLrfodrk dk o.kZu gksrk gSA
jktuhfrd fl)kar rVLFk vkSj fu"i{k gksrk gSA foKku ds :i esa] ;g tks dqN Hkh
vO;Dr vFkok lqO;Dr :i ls o.kZu fd;k tk jgk gks] ml ij dksbZ fu.kZ; nsus dk
iz;kl fd, cxS+j jktuhfrd c[kku djrk gSA n'kZu'kkL= ds :i esa] vkpkj-O;ogkj ds
fu;e fu/kkZfjr djrk gS tks fd lexz lekt ds fy,] u fd egt dqN O;fDr;ksa ;k oxks±
ds fy, mÙke thou lqfuf'pr djsaxsA fl)kUrh] fl)kar :i esa] Lo;a fdlh Hkh ,d ns'k
vFkok oxZ vFkok ny dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa dksbZ O;fDrxr #fp ugha ysxkA bl
izdkj dh fnypLih ds vHkko esa] okLrfodrk laca/kh mldk n`f"Vdks.k vkSj mÙke thou
laca/kh mldh dYiuk /kwfey ugha gksaxs] u gh mldk fl)kar dksbZ fo'ks"k gksxkA fdlh Hkh
fparu dk vfHkizk; lekt esa lÙkk dh ,d O;oLFkk fo'ks"k dks U;k;laxr Bgjkuk gksrk
gSA fl)karoknh ,d fgrc) i{k gksrk gS % mldk fgr ckrksa dk i{k ysus esa gks ldrk
gS] pw¡fd og mldh ;FkkfLFkfr dh vkykspuk djsxk& bl mEehn ls fd lÙkk dk ,d
u;k forj.k vfLrRo esa vk;sxkA fu"i{k fu/kkZj.k dh ctk; ge ;qfDrijdrk ilan djrs
gSaA rVLFk fooj.k dh ctk; gekjs ikl okLrfodrk dh ,d foÑr rLohj gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
1½ jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj vU; vUrlZEc) 'kCnksa dk varj Li"V djsaA
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3 - 3 jktuhfrd fl)kar ds vuqiz;ksx

vjLrw ds le; ls gh jktuhfrd fl)karoknh jktuhfrd izFkkvksa o muds vuqiz;ksx dks
le>us ds fy, ^jktuhfrd* dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs jgs gSaA vjLrw dh ;g fVIi.kh fd
êuq"; ,d jktuhfrd izk.kh gS*] lekt gsrq vUrtkZr ekuosPNk dh Hkwfedk ys ysrh gS
vkSj ;g rF; Hkh fd ekuoek= dks ,d jktuhfrd leqnk; dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj
og mlh ds ek/;e ls iw.kZrk ik ldrk gSA vjLrw ds vuqlkj] ^jktuhfrd* egÙoiw.kZ gS
D;ksafd bldk vFkZ gS & ,d lkoZtfud jktuhfrd LFkku tgk¡ ij lHkh ukxfjd tu
Hkkx ysrs gSaA rFkkfi] jktuhfr dh ifjf/k lhfer j[kuh iM+rh gSA
39
jktuhfrd fl)kar dk jktuhfrd vk;ke Lo;a dks jkT; vFkok ljdkj ds Lo:i] izÑfr
o laxBu vkSj oS;fDrd ukxfjd ds lkFk vius laca/k ls tksM+rk gSA ;|fi ;s vUrlZEc)
gSa] jktuhfrd dks ,d fof'k"V {ks= ds :i esa cjrk tkrk gS] tks fd vFkZO;oLFkk o
laLÑfr tSls vU; {ks=ksa ls fHkUu vkSj vleku gksrk gSA mnkjoknh ijaijk dk ;gh izeq[k
/;ku dsUnz gSA nwljh vksj] ekDlZokn ;g rdZ nsdj fd ^jktuhfrd lÙkk vkfFkZd lÙkk
dh ukSdjkuh gS]* jktuhfrd o xSj+ -jktuhfrd ds chp mnkjoknh foHksn dks lqLi"Vrkiwod
Z
fujLr djrk gSA og vkfFkZd lÙkk o jkT; ds chp laca/k rknkRE; LFkkfir djrk gSA
3 - 3 - 1 jktuhfrd fparu ds bfrgkl Lo:i

lkekU;r;k jktuhfrd fl)kar esa ikB~;Øe iqLrdksa vFkok fof'k"V jktuhfrd n'kZuksa ds
foLr`r ,oa fo'kn v/;;u izLrqr djrs gSa tks fd ,sfrgkfld ifjiz{; ls] IySVks ls ysdj
orZeku ;qx rd gksrk gSA bu iqLrdksa dk v/;;u dqN [kkl izdkj dh laLFkkvksa]
ljdkjksa o dkuwuksa dh okaNuh;rk ds fo"k; esa muds fu;ked dFkuksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gS] tks fd izk;% ;qfDrijd rdks± ds lkFk fn, gksrs gSaA bu dkyt;h jpukvksa dks xq.koÙkk
esa 'kk'or] Hkjksls esa LFkk;h vkSj muds egÙo esa lkoZHkkSfed ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk
gSA ,d ,sfrgkfld ifjisz{; ls ewy ikBksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs le; ;g ns[kuk egÙoiw.kZ
gksrk gS fd le; ds lkFk dksbZ fopkj vFkok ladYiuk fo'ks"k dSls Øefodflr gqbZ (
vkSj fofHkUu vFkZ ,oa O;k[;k,¡ Hkh ftuds v/khu og jgh gksA tcfd ;g tkuuk t+:jh
gS fd dksbZ ckr igyh ckj fdlus dgh] leku :i ls] fdlh fopkj vFkok ladYiuk ds
'kk[kk foLrkj dks tkuuk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd okWfyu jktuhfrd fl)kar
ds bfrgkl dk o.kZu fujarjrk vkSj uoizoZru] nksuksa }kjk lwfpr ekurs gSaA
3 - 3 - 2 fo'ys"k.k dh rduhd Lo:i

vjLrw dh ;g mfDr fd O;fDr ,d jktuhfrd izk.kh gS] jktuhfr dh izkFkfedrk vkSj
;g rF; n'kkZrk gS fd jktuhfrd fpUru fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vkSj fHkUu-fHkUu rjhdksa ls
gksrk gSA jktuhfrd bl izdkj ds n`f"Vdks.k esa u dsoy lokZd"kZd gh ugha] cfYd
dkjZokbZ dk loksZPp izdkj Hkh gks tkrk gSA jktuhfr ,d lkewfgd tu-thou dk izrhd
gS] ftlesa yksx ,slh laLFkk,¡ cukrs gSa tks fd muds vke thou dks fu;fer djrh gSA
;gk¡ rd fd Hkzkafrtud ljy lk/kkj.k cqf) iz'u vkSj jktuhfrd er Hkh mÙkj dks ;ksX;
cukrs gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy,] D;k lHkh O;fDr leku gSa\ D;k jkT; O;fDr dh vis{kk
vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gSa\ D;k jkT; O;fDr dh vis{kk vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gS\ jkT; }kjk iz;qDr
fgalk dks lgh dSls Bgjk,¡\ Lora=rk vkSj lekurk ds chp D;k dksbZ vUrfuZfgr ruko
gS\ cgqla[;dksa ds izfr vkns'k tkjh fd, tkrs le; D;k vYila[;dksa dks lgh Bgjk;k
tkrk gS vkSj D;k bldk foijhr Hkh lgh gS\ bu dFkuksa ds izfr O;fDr dh izfrfØ;k
izk;% ;g izdV djrh gS fd êkeyk D;k gksuk pkfg,]* u fd êkeyk D;k gS*A ;gk¡ ewY;ksa
vkSj vkn'kks± ds chp fodYi nk¡o ij gksrk gSA vius vf/kekuksa dk iz;ksx dj O;fDr
vutkus esa fdlh jktuhfrd fparu dks Lohdkj dj ysrk gS] ftldk eryc gS fd iz'uksa
ds mÙkj u dsoy O;fDrxr er ds vuqlkj fofo/k gksaxs] cfYd O;fDr ds ewY;
vf/kekuksa ij fuHkZj djrs gq, Hkh fHkUu gksaxsA ,slk bl cqfu;knh dkj.k ls gS fd
jktuhfrd fl)kar dks ,d eqDr lekt dk fgLlk cuuk gS] pw¡fd ;gk¡ ges'kk mnkjoknh
vkSj :f<+oknh tu gksaxs] jktuhfrd fl)kar esa izf'k{k.k O;fDr dks mi;qZDr iz'uksa dk
rkfdZd :i ls] lS)kafrd :i ls vkSj vkykspukRed :i ls mÙkj nsus esa enn djrh gSA
40
3 - 3 - 3 ladYiukRed Li"Vhdj.k Lo:i jktuhfr dks le>uk
jktuhfrd fl)kar fdlh jktuhfrd cgl vkSj fo'ys"k.k esa iz;qDr ladYiukvksa vkSj
'kCnksa dks le>us esa enn djrk gS % tSls Lora=rk] lekurk] yksdra=] U;k; o vf/kdkjksa
dk vFkZA ;s 'kCn u flQZ+ jkst+kuk dh ckrphr esa gh] vfirq jktuhfrd fl)kar laca/kh
ckrphr esa Hkh izkf;drk ls iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA bu 'kCnksa dh le> blfy, t+:jh gS
fd blls ml rjhds dk irk pyrk gS ftlesa ;s 'kCn iz;ksx fd, x,] lkFk gh mudh
ifjHkk"kk esa cnyko vkSj fdlh rdZ izk/kkj esa mudk iz;ksxA oSyMu tSls vusd fo}ku
lk/kkj.k iwoZ-lS)kafrd Hkk"kk esa ladYiukvksa dh lw{e tk¡p fd, tkus dh vko';drk ij
t+ksj nsrs gSaA ladYiukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k fdlh oDrk ;k@vkSj ys[kd dh oSpkfjd
izfrc)rk dks Hkh izdV djrs gSaA mnkjoknh tu Lora=rk dks viuh ilan lwfpr djus
o vojks/kksa ds vHkko ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa] tcfd lektoknh tu Lora=rk vkSj
lekurk dks ilan djrs gSaA mnkjoknh tu jkT; dks ekuo dY;k.k ds ,d lk/ku :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa tcfd ,d lektoknh ds fy, jkT; neu] izHkqRo vkSj oxZ
fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa dk ,d lk/ku gSA ladYiukRed oxhZdj.k fuf'pr :i ls laHko gS] ijUrq
i{kikr'kwU; ugha gks ldrkA os yksx tks blesa Li"V :i ls ;k xqIr :i ls yxs gSa] ewY;
vf/kekuksa dks Lohdkj djrs gSa] vkSj bl vFkZ esa mudk dke jktuhfrd fl)kar esa
dkyt;h jpukvksa ds ys[kdksa ls fHkUu ugha gS tks gesa ekuoh;] jktuhfrd ,oa uSfrd
dkjZokb;ksa ds vUrfuZfgr vk/kkj dks le>us esa enn djrs gSaA
3 - 3 - 4 vkSipkfjd vkn'kZ -fuekZ.k Lo:i

;g vo/kkj.kk fo'ks"k :i ls vesfjdk esa yksdfiz; gS] D;ksafd ;g jktuhfrd fl)kar dks
jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa ds vkSipkfjd vkn'kks± dks lksp fudkyus gsrq ,d iz;ksx :i esa
ysrh gS( Bhd lS)kafrd vFkZ'kkL= esa vkSipkfjd vkn'kks± dh gh rjgA ;s vkn'kZ nks
mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ djrs gSa % izFke] os O;k[;kRed gksrs gSa] ;kstukc) :i ls mu dkjdksa
dks izLrqr djrs gq, ftu ij jktuhfrd izfØ;k,¡ vk/kkfjr gSaA nwljs] os fu;ked gksrs
gSa] mu ifj.kkeksa dks n'kkZus dk iz;kl djrs gSa tks fdlh fu;e fo'ks"k dks viukus ls
izksn~Hkwr gksrs gSaA bl izdkj ds iz;ksx dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gS & ,UVksuh MkWu dk
^pqukoh-izfrLi/kkZ fl)kar* tks ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd ernkrk x.k pquko-ifj.kke ls
vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk mBkus dk iz;kl djrs gSa vkSj Vheksa ds :i esa ikfVZ;k¡ viuh
fot; laHkkoukvksa dks vf/kd-ls-vf/kd c<+kus dk iz;klA MkWu fQj crkrs gSa fd fdl
izdkj ikfVZ;k¡ thrus ds fy, oSpkfjd n`f"Vdks.kksa dks lksp fudkyrh gSaA ,d vU;
egÙoiw.kZ vkn'kZ gS & dSusFk ,sjks dk vlaHkkouk izes;] ftlds vuqlkj] vU; ckrksa ls ijs]
tgk¡ nks ls vf/kd fodYiksa ds chp ls ,d yksdrkaf=d fodYi pquk tkuk gks] izcy
laHkkouk gS fd ifj.kke ;kn`fPNd vkSj fodYi iz;ksx gsrq viukbZ xbZ izfØ;k }kjk
izHkkfor gksA tks+lQ+ 'kEihVj dk vkfHktkR; fl)kar bl ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd
euq"; jktuhfrd thou ds ctk; vius vkfFkZd thou dks vf/kd xaHkhjrk ls ysrk gSA
3 - 3 - 5 lS)kafrd jktuhfr -foKku Lo:i

chloha lnh esa jktuhfr-foKku ds mn~Hko us dqN jktuhfr-oSKkfudksa dks izo`Ùk fd;k gS
fd os jktuhfrd fl)kar ds bl fo"k; dks egt ,d lS)kafrd 'kk[kk ds :i esa ns[ksaA
vkuqHkkfod voyksduksa dks O;fDr ds fnu-izfrfnu ds lkalkfjd vuqHkoksa dh ,d
;kstukc) O;k[;k ds lkFk tksM+us ds fy, iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k dks
ikjaifjd jktuhfrd fl)kar dh fu;ked fo"k;oLrq ls vyx j[kk tkrk gSA ;|fi 41
jktuhfrd n`';?kVuk dh ek= O;k[;k laHko gS] ijUrq bldks vuqHkookn esa vk/kkfjr
djuk gh dkQh ugha gSA fu;ked rÙoksa ls eqDr fdlh jktuhfrd fl)kar dks izfrikfnr
djus dk iz;kl lgt gh vlQy jgsxkA ,slk bl otg ls gS fd jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa
dh fdlh Hkh O;k[;k dk eryc gksxk Hkkxhnkjksa ds fu'p;ksa ,oa izsj.kkvksa dh foo`fr] vkSj
bl izdkj dh foo`fr fu;ked eqn~nksa dks lkeus yk,xhA
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ jktuhfrd fl)kar dks fdUgha nks mi;ksxksa ij ppkZ djsaA
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3 - 4 eq[; lS)kfUrd ladYiukvksa dk egÙo

,d ikBd tks jktuhfrd fl)kar ls igyh ckj ifjfpr gks jgk gks] nqcksZ/k ladYiukvksa
dh ctk; laLFkkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk gh i;kZIr le> ldrk gS] rkfd og lekt
ds y{k.k vkSj izÑfr dks tku ldsA tcfd laLFkkvksa dk v/;;u laHko gS] gedks
Li"Vr;k vuqHko djuk iM+rk gS fd laLFkkxr izca/k lekt-lekt esa fHkUu-fHkUu gksrs gSa
D;ksafd os fopkjksa dh fofo/k Ükà[kykvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA ;g vuqHko gesa fo"k;oLrq
dh xgjkbZ rd ys tkrk gS fd egÙoiw.kZ D;k gS & ;FkkFkZrk vFkok vo/kkj.kk,¡] rF;
vFkok ladYiuk,¡\ D;k vo/kkj.kk,¡ okLrfodrk n'kkZrh gSa\ ;k fQj D;k ;FkkFkZrk
vo/kkj.kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gS\
3 - 5 D;k jktuhfrd fl)kar viuk vfLrRo [kks pqdk gS\

chloha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa vusd izs{kdksa us tYnh ls jktuhfrd fl)kar dh ,d fu/ku
lwpuk fy[k MkyhA dqN us blds iru dh ckr dh rks nwljksa us bldh e`R;q gh ?kksf"kr
dj nhA ,d us rks jktuhfrd fl)kar dks] dqÙkk?kj esa jgrk gS] rd crk fn;kA ;g
fujk'kkiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k blfy, gS fd jktuhfrd fl)kar esa lS)kafrd ijEijk vkerkSj ij
vkuqHkkfod ijh{k.k ds fu;a=.k ls ijs ewY; fu.kZ;ksa ls ynh gqbZ gSA fu;ked fl)kar dh
vkykspuk *rhl ds n'kd esa ;qfDr;qDr vk'kkokfn;ksa dh vksj ls vkSj rnksijkar O;ogkjokfn;ksa
dh vksj ls vk;hA bZLVu dk nkok gS fd pw¡fd jktuhfrd fl)kar fdlh izdkj ds
,sfrgkfld Lo:i ls tqM+k gS] ;g viuh jpukRed Hkwfedk Hkwy pqdk FkkA og jktuhfr
fl)kar esa ukVdh;rk ds fy, fofy;e Mfuax] pkYlZ ,p- eSdYosu vkSj tkWtZ ,e- lSckbu
dks nks"k nsrs gSaA bl izdkj ds jktuhfrd fl)kar us ewY; fl)kar ds ,d xaHkhj v/;;u
ls Nk=ksa dks jksdk gSA
42
viuh Hkwfedk esa fl)kar ,d ,slk ek/;e Fkk ftlds }kjk fof'k"V vkSj cqf)eku O;fDr jktuhfr dks le>uk
tu vius fopkj ekeyksa dks okLrfod fn'kk esa ys tkrs Fks vkSj ?kVukvksa dh okafNr fn'kk
fo"k;d dqN /kkj.kkvksa dks xaHkhj fopkjkFkZ izLrqr djrs FksA bl izdkj mUgksua s gekjs lkeus
vius uSfrd fl)karksa dk laiw.kZ vFkZ [kksydj j[k fn;kA orZeku esa] rFkkfi ,sfrgkfld
O;k[;k dk Lo:i izdkj ftlls ge jktuhfrd fl)kar ds v/;;u esa lqifjfpr gSa] us
ijorhZ ls gh viuk vuqie izdk;Z O;qRiu fd;k gS] tks fd ,d ewY;kRed fl)karksa dh
vksj lajpukRed :i ls igq¡pus laca/kh gSA vrhr esa] fl)kar ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k ,d
cqf)ijd dk;Zdyki ds :i esa gS] ftlds }kjk fo|kFkhZ ;g tku ldrk Fkk fd og
KkrO; ifj.kkeksa] vkSj muds ek/;e ls vius futh uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ds ewyHkwr vk/
kkjokD;ksa dk vUos"k.k fdl izdkj vkjEHk djsA vesfjdh jktuhfr-fl)kafr;ksa }kjk fy[kh
xbZ iqLrdksa dh lw{e tk¡p n'kkZrh gS fd muds ys[kdx.k vFkZ] var% laxrrk vkSj foxr
jktuhfrd ewY;ksa ds ,sfrgkfld fodkl fo"k;d QqVdj tkudkjh dh ctk; ,sls Kku
dks laizsf"kr djus esa #fp djus }kjk de izsfjr FksA Mfuax us , fgLVªh vkWQ+ ikWyfVdy
fFkvjh ¼1902½ uked vius rhu [k.Mksa esa jktuhfrd fl)kar esa vuqla/kku gsrq okrkoj.k
rS;kj fd;kA ,d bfrgkldkj ds :i esa ;g izf'k{k.k mUgsa jktuhfrd fl)kar rd
izeq[kr% ,sfrgkfld cnyko dh leL;kvksa dks j[kus ds :i esa vkSj bl izfØ;k esa
jktuhfrd /kkj.kkvksa dh Hkwfedk dks crykus ds fy, igq¡pus esa leFkZ cuk;kA ifj.kkeLo:i
jktuhfrd fl)kar] Mfuax ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd /kkj.kkvksa dh 'krks± o ifj.kkeksa dk ,d
,sfrgkfld ys[kk-tks[kk cu x;kA og ,d ;qx dh lkaLÑfrd o jktuhfrd
vo/kkj.kkvksa ij ls ijnk mBkus vkSj] cnys esa] lkekftd n'kkvksa ij bu /kkj.kkvksa ds
izHkkoksa dks vyx djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA
bZLVu Mfuax dks ,d ,sfrgkfldrkoknh crkrs gSa] D;ksafd og jktuhfrd fl)kar dks
uSfrd fopkj ls foeq[k djrs gSa vkSj lpsr :i ls ,d fo'kq) ,sfrgkfld izlax esa uSfrd
eqn~nksa ds lkFk fØ;kO;kikj ls cpkrs gSaA Mfuax jktuhfrd fl)kar dks vfuok;Zr% mu
eqn~nksa ds Hkhrj ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku ds :i esa ysrs gSa tks fd jktuhfrd rF;ksa o
izFkkvksa dks viukus ls iSnk gksrs gSaA og vius v/;;u dks jktuhfrd thou laca/kh
uhfr'kkL=h; dh ctk; dkuwuh vk;keksa rd lhfer j[krs gSa] ;|fi rnksijkar muds
f'k";ksa us mls jktuhfrd dk;Zdyki ds fl)karksa dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjus ds fy, bls
foLrkj iznku fd;kA og uSfrd n`f"Vdks.kksa dks fcuk vkSfpR; izfriknu ds lud] gBer
ds mRFkku ds :i esa ysrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj fo'ys"k.k vFkok O;k[;k ;ksX; ugha gSaA og
/kkj.kkvksa ds vFkZ vkSj rkfdZd laxrrk ij /;ku ugha nsrsA
eSDYosu us viuh iqLrd n xzksFk vkWQ+ ikWfyfVdy FkkWV bu n oSLV ¼1932½ esa
,sfrgkfld vuqla/kku dk iz;ksx fd;k gS D;ksafd og jktuhfrd /kkj.kkvksa dk ,d îzHkko*
ds :i esa ysrs gSa] u fd lkekftd dk;Zdyki dh fdlh izHkko'kkyh vUrfØZ;kRed
Hkwfedk ds :i esaA okLrfod thou ds cnyrs izfrekuksa esa ;FkkFkZ 'kwU;ksa ds :i esa
/kkj.kkvksa dh lkFkZdrk fl)karksa ls lacaf/kr bfrgkl dh ek= ,d ,slh Hkwfedk ds :i esa
gks ldrh gS] ftlesa /kkj.kk,¡ mÙkjorhZ /kkj.kkvksa ds fy, fLFkfr;k¡ vuqdwy cuk ldrha
gSa] ijarq mUgha esa ls ftuesa os dkjZokbZ ij dksbZ izHkko ugha NksM+rhaA jktuhfrd fl)kar
;gk¡ Kkuijd lekt'kkL= dh ,d 'kk[kk ds :i esa vuqeku fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd eq[;
:i ls Kku dks :ikf;r djrh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk okLrk j[krh gSa D;ksafd og le;
ds lkFk-lkFk cnyrk jgrk gSA jktuhfrd fl)karh dk dke gS og jkLrk fn[kkuk ftlesa
dksbZ lkekftd ifjos'k <yrk gS vkSj jktuhfrd fparu dks vkdkj iznku djrk gSA ;g
fopkj/kkjk ds fu/kkZjd rÙoksa dks vuko`Ùk djus laca/kh vuU; :i ls vkuqHkkfod dk;Z ls
tqM+k gksrk gSA 43
lSckbu dh iqLrd , fgLVªh vkWQ+ ikWfyfVdy fFkvjh ¼1939½ us *rhl ds n'kd esa
v/;;uksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA Mfuax vkSj eSDYosu dh gh Hkk¡fr] lSckbu
Hkh fl)kar ds ,sfrgkfld v/;;u dks fo"k;oLrq ds izfr ,d mfpr n`f"Vdks.k ds :i
esa ysrs gSaA bl iqLrd ls vkSj mlds rjhds dh O;k[;k ls ge tks izHkko ns[krs gSa] oks
;g gS fd fl)kar dk ,d ,sfrgkfld v/;;u viuh Lo;afl) U;k;laxrrk iznku
djrk gSA lSckbu Mfuax vkSj eSDYosu nksuksa ds n`f"Vdks.kksa dks tksM+dj pyrs gSaA Mfuax
dh gh Hkk¡fr og Hkh fo'okl djrs gSa fd jktuhfrd fparu jktuhfrd izfØ;k dk ,d
fgLlk gS] tks vUrfØZ;k djrk gS vkSj lkekftd dkjZokbZ dks izHkkfor djrk gSA og
eSDYosu ds bl er ls lger gSa fd izR;sd fl)kar esa uSfrd fu.kZ; dk o.kZu vkSj
fo'ys"k.k t+:jh gksrk gS] D;ksafd ;s fdlh dkjZokbZ ds egt ;qfDrdj.k gh ugha cfYd
bfrgkl esa fu.kZ;dkjh dkjd Hkh gksrs gSaA uSfrd fu.kZ; rF;ijd izLFkkiukvksa ds
eqdkcys fuÑ"V ugha gksrs gSa] tSls fd Mfuax fu'p;iwoZd dgrs gSaA ;|fi lSckbu
/kkj.kkvksa o dkjZokbZ ds chp laca/k fo"k;d viuh O;k[;k esa Mfuax dks nksgjkrs gSa] og
uhfr'kkL=h; fu.kZ; dh Hkwfedk ij vius tks+j fn, tkus }kjk jktuhfrd fl)kar ds
bfrgkl dh izÑfr laca/kh viuh vo/kkj.kk esa fHkUu gSaA
lSckbu ds vuqlkj gj jktuhfrd fl)kar dh lw{e tk¡p nks n`f"Vdks.kksa ls dh tk ldrh

gS % lkekftd n'kZu ds :i esa vkSj fparu ds :i esaA ,d fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa fl)kar
euksoSKkfud n`';?kVuk,¡ gSa] lR;rk vFkok vlR;rk dks NksM+djA fl)kar fo'okl gSa]
yksxksa ds eu esa ?kVuk,¡ gSa] vkSj viuh oS/krk vFkok izek.kuh;rk ij /;ku u nsrs gq,
vius O;ogkj esa dkjd gSaA fl)kar bfrgkl esa ,d izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa vkSj
blh dkj.k ,d bfrgkldkj dk dke gksrk gS & ml lhek dks fu/kkZfjr djuk tgk¡ rd
fd ;s fl)kar bfrgkl dks fn'kk ns ikus esa enn djrs gksaA fdlh Hkh fl)kar dh ekuoh;
dkjZokb;ksa ij mlds izHkko dh ctk; mlds vFkZ ds fy, tk¡p dh tkuh gksrh gSA bl
ifjizs{; ls ns[ks tkus ij fdlh Hkh fl)kar esa nks izdkj dh izLFkkiuk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa %
rF;kRed vkSj uSfrdA lSckbu uSfrd dh ctk; rF;kRed dFkuksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr
djrs gSa] D;ksafd ijorhZ lR;rk vFkok vlR;rk dh O;k[;k NksM+ nsrk gSA og ewY;ksa dk
lEeku ^dqN lkekftd ,oa HkkSfrd rF;* gsrq ekuoh; ojh;rkvksa dks izdV djus ds :i
esa djrs gSaA os u rks rF;ksa ls fuxE; gSa] u gh mUgsa rF;ksa esa cnyk tk ldrk gS vFkok
jk"Vªh; :i ls euksHkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr;ksa ds :i esa [kkstk tk ldrk gSA pw¡fd
jktuhfrd fl)kar ojh;rk laca/kh dqN dFku izLrqr djrk gS] ewY; fu.kZ; fl)kar ds
lkjHkkx dsUnz dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj mlds vfLrRo gsrq dkj.k Li"V djrs gSaA uSfrd
rÙo jktuhfrd fl)kar dks vfHkyf{kr djrs gSa] tks fd bl ckr dk dkj.k gS fd ;g
eq[;r% ,d uSfrd m|e D;ksa gSA fdlh fl)kar ds Hkhrj rF;kRed izLFkkiukvksa ds
ckoT+kwn fdlh izlax vFkok dky fo'ks"k dk o.kZu djus esa jktuhfrd fl)kar lexz :i
ls eqf'dy ls gh lR; gks ldrk gSA
bZLVu us vkerkSj ij jktuhfrd fl)kar ds iru vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls ,sfrgkfldrkokn

esa mlds iru gsrq dkj.kksa dh tk¡p dhA izFke vkSj loksZifj gS & jpukRed n`f"Vdks.k
ds vHkko dh vksj izo`Ùk djrh muds ;qx laca/kh uSfrd izLFkkiukvksa ds vuq:i jktuhfr-
oSKkfudksa ds chp #>kuA t+ksj fn;k tkrk gS O;fDr ds ewY;ksa dks vuko`Ùk djus vkSj
lkeus ykus ij] ftldk vFkZ gS fd bu uSfrd ewY;ksa ds xq.kksa ds fo"k; esa iwNrkN dh
vc vko';drk ugha jgh gS] vfirq muds ^mn~xeksa] fodkl vkSj lkekftd izHkko* dks
le> ysuk gh dkQ+h gSA bfrgkl dk iz;ksx orZeku ewY;ksa dk leFkZu djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs] uSfrd lkis{krkokn ml /;kukd"kZ.k gsrq ftEesnkj gS] tks bfrgkl
44 ds lkFk fdlh fl)kar dks feyk gksA
Ckks/k iz'u 3 jktuhfr dks le>uk
1½ jktuhfr fl)kar dh tk¡p fdu nks n`f"Vdks.kksa ls dh tk ldrh gS\ ppkZ djsaA
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3 - 6 jktuhfrd fl)kar dk iqu#RFkku

*rhl ds n'kd esa jktuhfrd fl)kar us lkE;okn] Qklhokn vkSj ukt+hokn ds loZlÙkkRed
fl)karksa ds fojks/k esa mnkjoknh yksdrkaf=d fl)kar ds cpko ds mn~ns'; ls /kkj.kkvksa
ds bfrgkl dk v/;;u 'kq: dj fn;kA ySloSy us ekuo O;ogkj ij fu;a=.k j[kus ds
laHkkfor mn~ns'; dks ysdj ,d oSKkfud jktuhfrd fl)kar dh LFkkiuk djus dk
iz;kl fd;k] tks fd efj;e }kjk crk, x, mn~ns';ksa ,oa ekxZ ij vkxs c<+uk gh FkkA
Dykfldh; ijEijk ls fHkUu] oSKkfud jktuhfrd fl)kar dk o.kZu djrk gS u fd
fu/kkZj.kA ikjaifjd vFkZ esa jktuhfrd fl)kar vkjsUb fFk;kWMkj vMksukZ] ekjD;ql] fyvks
LVªkSl vkfn dh jpukvksa esa thfor jgkA muds n`f"Vdks.k vesfjdh jktuhfr foKku ds
Hkhrj foLr`r fopkjksa ls ukVdh; :i ls fHkUu gSa] D;ksafd os mnkjoknh yksdra=] foKku
vkSj ,sfrgkfld izxfr esa fo'okl djrs FksA os lHkh jktuhfr esa jktuhfrd elhgkokn
vkSj jkejkT;okn dks vLohdkj djrs gSaA vkjsUM us eq[; :i ls euq"; dh vuq:irk
vkSj nkf;Ro ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k] ftlds lkFk gh og O;ogkjokn dh viuh
vkykspuk 'kq: dj nsrh gSaA mUgksaus fu'p;rkiwoZd dgk fd ekuo LoHkko esa vuq:irkvksa
gsrq O;kogkfjd vuqla/kku us euq"; dks dsoy :f<+c) djus dh fn'kk esa gh ;ksxnku
fn;k gSA
LVªkSl us vk/kqfud ;qx ds ladV ls mcj gsrq Dykfldh; jktuhfrd fl)kar ds egÙo
dks fQj ls nksgjk;k gSA og bl izLFkkiuk ls lger ugha gSa fd leLr jktuhfrd
fl)kar ,d iznÙk lkekftd-vkfFkZd fgr dks izfrfcfEcr djrk izÑfr esa oSpkfjd gS]
D;ksafd vf/kdka'k jktuhfrdfpard lkekftd fo|ekurk esa lgh O;oLFkk ds fl)kar dks
tku ysus dh laHkkO;rk }kjk gh vfHkizsfjr gksrs gSaA ,d jktuhfrd nk'kZfud dks eq[;
rkSj ij lR; esa #fp j[kuh pkfg,A foHkkftr ekU;rkvksa dk v/;;u lalfDr vkSj laxfr
dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fd;k tkrk gSA jktuhfrd fl)kar esa mRd`"V lkfgR; ds ys[kd
vf/kd Js"B gSa] D;ksafd os izfrHkklEiUu O;fDr gksrs Fks vkSj mUgsa mudh Ñfr;ksa ds fglkc
ls gh vk¡dk tkuk FkkA LVªkSl ûo* jktuhfrd-foKku ds rjhdksa vkSj iz;kstuksa ij lw{e
n`f"V Mkyrs gSa vkSj fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd Dykfldh; jktuhfrd fl)kar] [kkldj
vjLrw ds] ls rqyuk fd, tkus ij ;g nks"kiw.kZ gSA vjLrw ds vuqlkj] fdlh Hkh
jktuhfrd-oSKkfud dks fu"i{k jguk iM+rk gS] D;ksafd mlds ikl ekuoh; lk/kuksa dh
,d vf/kd O;kid vkSj Li"V le> gksrh gSA jktuhfrd-foKku vkSj jktuhfrd-n'kZu
rn~:i gSa] D;ksafd lS)kafrd vkSj O;kogkfjd igyqvksa okyk foKku n'kZu'kkL= ds rn~:i 45
gSA vjLrw dk jktuhfrd-foKku jktuhfrd oLrqvksa dk Hkh ewY;kadu djrk gS]
O;kogkfjd ekeyksa esa nwjnf'kZrk dh Lok;Ùkrk dh j{kk djrk gS vkSj jktuhfrd dkjZokbZ
dks vfuok;Zr% uhfr'kkL=h; ds :i esa ns[krk gSA bu vk/kkjokD;ksa dks O;ogkjokn
vLohdkj djrk gS] D;ksafd og jktuhfrd n'kZu dks jktuhfrd-foKku ls vyx djrk
gS vkSj mlds LFkku ij lS)kafrd ,oa O;kogkfjd foKkuksa ds chp Hksn dks j[krk gSA og
O;ogkjewyd foKkuksa ls O;qRiUu gqvk rks ekurk gS ijUrq Bhd mlh Hkk¡fr ugha gksrs tSls
fd Dykfldh; ijEijk ekurh gSA vk'kkokn dh Hkk¡fr O;ogkjokn Hkh vuFkZdkjh gS]
D;ksafd og ije fl)karksa ds laca/k esa Kku ls budkj djrk gSA mudk fnokfy;kiu
izR;{k gS] D;ksafd os vlgk; fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa tks loZlÙkkokn ds mn; ds pyrs lgh ;k
xyr vFkok mfpr ;k vuqfpr esa Hkh Hksn ugha dj ikrs gSaA LVªkSl bfrgklokn laca/kh
bZLVu ds nks"kkjksi.k dk izR;qÙkj nsrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ;g u;k foKku gh jktuhfrd
fl)kar esa iru gsrq mÙkjnk;h gS] D;ksafd mlus fu;ked eqn~nksa laca/kh viuh lexz mis{kk
dh otg ls if'peh ns'kksa ds vke jktuhfrd ladV dh vksj b'kkjk fd;k vkSj mls
nq"izsfjr fd;kA
oksxfyu jktuhfrd-foKku vkSj jktuhfrd fl)kar dks vfoHkkT; vkSj bl izdkj dk

crk;k fd ,d nwljs ds cxSj laHko ugha gSA jktuhfrd-foKku dksbZ fopkj/kkjk] dYiuk-
yksd vFkok oSKkfud dk;Ziz.kkyh ugha cfYd ,d iz;ksxkRed foKku gS tks O;fDr vkSj
lekt nksuksa esa lgh O;oLFkk laca/kh gSA bldks O;oLFkk laca/kh leL;k dk vkykspukRed
vkSj vkuqHkkfod :i ls lw{e ijh{k.k djuk iM+rk gSA
fl)kar lekt esa ekuo vfLrRo fo"k;d dksbZ er izdVu ek= ugha gS] vfirq ;g vuqHkoksa
ds ,d fu.kkZ;d oxZ dh fo"k;oLrq dh O;k[;k }kjk vfLrRo ds vFkZ dks lw=c)
djus dk ,d iz;kl gSA mldk rdZ ;kn`fPNd ugha gS cfYd og mu vuqHkoksa ds iw.kZ;ksx
ls oS/krk O;qRiUu djrk gS] mls vkuqHkkfod fu;a=.k gsrq LFkk;h :i ls lanHkZ ysuk
pkfg,A
3 - 7 rkt+k ?kVukØe
*lÙkj ds n'kd ls] O;kid :i ls gScjek] ukWft+d vkSj jkWYl ds iz;klksa ds pyrs
jktuhfrd fl)kar fQj ls thfor gks mBk gSA mlds iqu#RFkku ds ckn ls izeq[k :i
ls lkeus vkus okyh fo"k;oLrq,¡ LFkwyr% lkekftd U;k; vkSj dY;k.kdkjh vf/kdkj gSa
tks fd ,d lÙkk-fuewZyd ifjisz{;] mi;ksfxrkokn] yksdrkaf=d fl)kar ,oa cgqokn]
ukjhokn] mÙkj-vk/kqfudrkokn] uo-lkekftd lkE;oknh cgl esa ns[ks tkrs gSaA oLrqr%
lkE;okn us ekDlZokn dh ?kVrh yksdfiz;rk }kjk NksM+s x, fjDr LFkku dks Hkjus dk
iz;kl fd;k gSA rFkkfi] thou dh ;g vHkwriwoZ iV~Vk/k` (lease) tks jktuhfrd fl)kar
dks izkIr gqbZ gS] fo}R;fj"kn~ (academia) rd gh lhfer gSA vkSj ifj.kker% ;g ^,d
izdkj dh foeq[k jktuhfr gS*] ;Fkk mu dk;Zdykiksa ls dqN nwjh ij pyk;k tkus okyk
m|e ftudh vksj og ladsr djrh gksA ;g iqu#RFkku n'kkZrk gS fd buds iru
vkSj@vFkok lekfIr ds fo"k; esa mn~?kks"k.kk,¡ vifjiDo vkSj 'kSf{kd :i ls vnwjn'khZ gSaA
rFkkfi] gesa ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl)kar dh Dykfldh; ijEijk ls fHkUu igpkuus esa
lko/kku jguk iM+rk gS] D;ksafd iwoZorhZ dks izsj.kk ijorhZ ls gh feyrh gS vkSj bl vFkZ
esa os ledkyhu tfVyrkvksa ds izfr Dykfldh; ijEijk ds O;kid izk/kkjksa dk leaftr
djrs] u, gksus dh ctk; ifj"Ñr djus ds iz;kl gSaA
46
;g u;k-u;k iSnk gqvk tks'k mnkjoknh jktuhfrd layki rd gh lhfer jgk gS ftldk jktuhfr dks le>uk
dkj.k eq[; :i ls gS & O;kid lekt dks et+cwr cukus dh vko';drk
laca/kh tehZuks dh bPNk dks iwjk djrh jkWYl dh izkjfEHkd iqLrdA uohu mnkjoknh
fl)kar] vius fQj ls fy, x, vFkZ esa] fu"i{krk vkSj vkSfpR; laca/kh /kkj.kkvksa ij /;ku
dsfUnzr djrk gS] bl fo'okl ds lkFk fd ^HksnHkko mfpr fHkUurkvksa ij vk/kkfjr vo';
gksuk pkfg,*A ;g ckr bl rF; ls esy ugha [kkrh fd U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk dk ,d
lqfu;ksftr vkSj foLr`r fo'ys"k.k tks IySVks ds le; ls gh vfrvkisf{kr gS] jkWYl esa izdV
gksrk gS ftlds vuqlkj U;k; dk eryc gS vkSfpR;A jkWYl bl Dykfldh; ijEijk esa
bl ckr ls ljksdkj j[krs gSa fd D;k gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd vf/kdkjksa ds forj.k] voljksa]
vk;] /ku-lEifÙk vkSj vkRe-lEeku ds vk/kkj laca/kh fooknxzLr leL;k muds lkeus
vk;h FkhA ijLij gksM+ djrh fopkj/kkjkvksa ds chp tks chloha lnh esa dsoy mnkjokn
dks izos'k djkrh gSa] Qklhokn vkSj lkE;okn dk vLrj m/ksM+rh gSa vkSj fopkj ds Lora=
fofue; dh vuqefr nsrh gSaA ;g ledkfyd gksrk gS] vkSj t+:jr iM+us ij izFkk ds
vkyksd esa fl)kar dks vuqdwfyr dj ysrk gS rFkk mu rÙoksa dh igpku djrk gS tks
,d U;k;laxr vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk dk fgLlk fcuk vO;ogkfjd vkSj erkU/k gq,
curk gSA rFkkfi] bl u, mnkjoknh fl)kar dk dkQh dqN iwoZ lS)kfUrd fLFkfr;ksa dks
ifj"Ñr djus o Li"V djus dh izÑfr esa jgk gSA blds vfrfjDr] Qklhokn vkSj
lkE;okn nksuksa }kjk pqukSrh dk vHkko] izFker% f}rh; fo'o;q) esa mldh ijkt; ds
dkj.k /oLr gks x;h] Hkh fl) djrk gS fd dYiuk-yksdh vkSj vkewy ifjorZuoknh
;kstuk,¡ vc lS)kafrd ,oa O;ogkfjd :i ls okafNr vkSj O;kogk;Z fodYi ugha jgh gSaA
frl ij Hkh mnkjokn ds lkeus vkt ds le; es a lektokn] mÙkj -
vk/kqfudrkokn rFkk ukjhokn dh vksj ls pqukSfr;k¡ gSaA
Ckks/k iz'u 4
1½ jktuhfr fl)kar ds iqu#RFkku ij ppkZ djsaA
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3 - 8 lkjka ' k
IySVks ds le; ls gh jktuhfrd fl)kar vius dky vkSj LFkku ls izHkkfor jgk gSA viuk
[kqn dk le; Hkh dksbZ fHkUu ughaA xr ,d lkS o"kks± ds csgrj Hkkx esa mnkjoknh yksdra=]
Qklhoknh vkSj lkE;ckn ds chp ,d rhoz gksM+ jgh gSA Qklhoknh pqukSrh vYidkfyd
jgh tks f}rh; fo'o;q) esa gkj ds lkFk lekIr gks x;h] ijUrq lkE;okn dh pqukSrh
;q)ksijkar vkSj pkj o"kks± rd tkjh jghA bl vof/k esa vkjsUM ,oa ÝSfMªd }kjk
47
loZlÙkkokn dh izÑfr esa uohu n`f"V;k¡ ( cfyZu] g;sd o ikWoj }kjk mnkjoknh yksdra=
dk leFkZu rFkk teZu ekDlZokn o lksfo;r lkE;okn ds chp IykesUVk dh rqyuk vkfn
n`f"Vxkspj gq,A ,fousjh] cfyZu] Mky] ikWij ,oa VDdj }kjk ekDlZokn fl)kar ,oa
O;ogkj dh rh[kh vkykspuk,¡ lqukbZ nhaA fefycka vkSj bZLV ;wjksih; vlarq"Vksa us
lektoknh layki ds bPNkLokra=~;okn igyw dks mtkxj fd;kA f}rh; fo'o;q)ksijkar
dky esa lekfHk:irk fl)kar dk mn; vkSj mUur iw¡thokn ,oa fodflr lektokn ds
chp vke yksxksa ij tks+j nsrh oSpkfjd cgl dh lekfIr ns[kh x;hA bl izdkj
ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl)kar O;ogkjr% nqfu;k ds gj dksus ls egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnkuksa ds
lkFk oSf'od cu x;kA mifuos'kokn vkSj lkezkT;okn us jktuhfrd fl)kar gsrq xS+j-
ik'pkR; tkudkjh dh ,d izHkko'kkyh vfHkO;fDr dh vksj izo`Ùk fd;k tks fd xk¡/kh th
ds ^fgUn LojkT;* esa ik'pkR; HkkSfrdoknh lH;rk dh HkRlZuk] ifj"dj.k] ekvks t+nkSax]
vfeDyk yksi dScjk] ,MoM lSn ds ys[kksa esa ;wjksih;-dsUnzokn ds vLohdj.k rFkk
fyvksikWy lSaxj dh gC'kh ,oa vÝhdh igpku laca/kh ladYiuk esa izdV gqbZA
lokZf/kd izHkko'kkyh ;ksxnku chloha lnh ds mnkjokfn;ksa }kjk jgk] ftldk mn~?kkVu
gkWCgkml ds mnkjokn }kjk vkSj mRd"kZ jkWYl ds eq[; fl)kar esa gqvkA mUgksaus iwNrkN
ds u, jkLrs [kksyus dh ctk; igys ds fopkjksa dks gh oxhZÑr vkSj ifj"Ñr fd;kA ;g
dk;Zr% vifjgk;Z fopkj viuk, tk pqds gSa( gsxsy ds ckn os u, ns'k o ubZ fHkUurkvksa
esa fQj ls fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] ijUrq fQj ls fn[kkbZ iM+uk vk/kkjHkwr uo-ifjorZu dh laHkkouk
gsrq ,d dlkSVh gSA gekjs le; ds jktuhfrd fl)kar dk xr nks gtk+j lkyksa dh le`)
lS)kUrhdj.k ijEijk esa i;Zos{k.k gksrk jgk gS vkSj gekjs jktuhfrd thou ds egÙoiw.kZ
igyw fu;ked fl)kar dh ctk; O;ogkjewyd jktuhfr fo"k; uohu fo}rkiw.kZ iqLrdksa
esa vf/kd ik, tkrs gSaA gekjk t+ekuk mu t+ekuksa ls Hkh fHkUu gS tks blls iwoZ ,d
cqfu;knh <ax ds FksA ;g izkS|ksfxdh dk ;qx gS tks ekbØksfpi Økafr vkSj vkuq"kafxd
dk;Zra=ksa esa O;Dr gksrk gSA ckgjh izHkkoksa ds izfr jk"Vª-jkT;ksa ds vf/kd izos'; vkSj
xzg.k{ke cuus ds lkFk gh jktuhfrd fl)kar dh c<+rh ifjO;kfIr vkSj Hkwe.Myhdj.k
rFkk izkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk dk izR;qÙkj nsuk gksrk gSA rFkkfi] dhUl dk dguk gS fd
/kkj.kkvksa dk izHkko ges'kk O;kid gksxk vkSj jktuhfrd fl)kar dh le`) fojklr ds
<k¡ps ds Hkhrj gekjs le; dh tfVyrkvksa dks j[kus okys ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl)kar
dk jktuhfrd fl)kar ds bfrgkl esa viuk U;k;laxr LFkku vo'; gh gksxkA

cSjh] ch-] ^n LVªsUt MSFk vkWQ+ ikWfyVhdy fQ+ykslWQ+h*] MSekWØslh] ikWoj vkSj tfLVl %
,Llst+ bu ikWfyVhdy fFkvjh esa] DysjSUMu izSl] vkWDlQksMZ] 1989A
cfyZu] lj vkbZ-] ^Mt+ ikWfyVhdy fFkvjh fLVy ,fDt+LV\*] ih- ySLys ,oa MCY;w-th-
jUlheSu Ñr fQ+yklWQ+h] ikWfyfVDl ,.M lkslkbfV] f}rh; Ükà[kyk ¼la-½ esa] CySdoSy]
vkWDlQksMZ] 1964A
ek'kZ] Mh- ,oa th- LVksdj] fFkvjh ,.M eSFkM bu ikWfyVhdy fFkvjh % VªSMh'ku ,.M
MkboflZVh] dSfEczt ;wfuoflVhZ izSl] dSfEczt] 1997A
foUlsa] ikWfyVhdy fFkvjh % VªSMh'ku ,.M MkboflZfV] dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izsl]
dSfEczt] 1997A
48
bdkbZ 4 jktuhfrd fl)kar dh ladYiuk,¡
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
4-0 mn~ns';
4-1 ifjp;
4-2 jktuhfrd fl)kar dk fodkl
4-3 jktuhfrd fl)kar dh ,d ifjHkk"kk ds izfr
4-4 jktuhfrd fl)kar esa izeq[k ladYiuk,a
4-4-1 ,sfrgkfld ladYiuk
4-4-2 fu;ked ladYiuk
4-4-3 vuqHkotU; ladYiuk
4-4-4 lelkekf;d ladYiuk
4-5 lkjka'k
4 - 0 mn~ n s ' ;
bl bdkbZ esa jktuhfrd fl)kar dh vusd ladYiukvksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl bdkbZ
ds v/;;u ds ckn vki fuEu ij ppkZ djus esa l{ke gks tk,axs %
• jktuhfrd fl)kar dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds iz;kl(
• jktuhfrd fl)kar dh vusd ladYiuk,a( vkSj
• jktuhfrd lS)karhdj.k ij gky gh esa fd, x, iz;klksa dk i;kZoyksduA
4 - 1 ifjp;
bl bdkbZ dk eq[; mn~ns'; jktuhfrd fl)kar esa ik;h tkus okyh fofHkUu ladYiukvksa
dks le>uk gSA 'kq#vkr ds rkSj ij] ;g ppkZ djuk vko';d gS fd jktuhfrd fl)kar
og m|e gS tks fofHkUu vkPNknuksa (Shades) vkSj fooj.kksa tks fo'o ds oLrqr%
jktuhfrd thou esa ?kfVr gksrs gSa] ds jktuhfrd ?kVukØe ds fo'ys"k.k dh ek¡x djrk
gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jktuhfrd fl)kar ml fo'o dks izHkkfor djrk gS ftlesa ge jgrs
gSa vkSj tks gekjh izkFkfedrkvksa dks izHkkfor djrk gSA blls gesa lkekftd vkSj
jktuhfrd thou dk lq/kkj djus vkSj mlds ckjs esa viuh le> dks ifjekftZr djus
esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA ;g ,d vyx ekeyk gS fd lkekU;r% jktuhfrd fl)kar ds ckjs
esa xyrQgeh gS] tks ,d jktuhfrd fl)karoknh dks ,slh izFkDÑr rFkk ,dkUrfiz;
lÙkk ds :i esa ekurh gS tks okLrfod thou dh leL;kvksa dh vkSj U;wure /;ku nsrh
gS rFkk Lor% fufeZr ,slh dkYifud nqfu;k esa jgrh gS tgk¡ izk.kh lekt vFkok jktuhfr
ds fl)karksa dk eUFku djrk gSA
ijUrq rF; blls vU;Fkk gaSA jktuhfrd fl)kar lnSo ml okLrfod fo'o esa fLFkr gS
ftlds ckjs esa ;g cksyrk gS] Lo;eso lacksf/kr djrk gS rFkk mlls leL;k ds lek/kku
dh vis{kk djrk gSA lekt og /kkou ekxZ (Runway) gS tgk¡ ls dYiuk dh mM+ku 'kq:
50 gksrh gSA vr% lkoZtfud & jktuhfrd thou esa fy;k lfØ;rkoknh izf'kf{kr jktuhfrd
oSKkfudksa ds :i esa jktuhfrd fl)kar ds izfr egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku djrs gSA ,d jktuhfr dks le>uk
O;olk; ds :i esa jktuhfrd fl)kar mruk gh egÙoiw.kZ gS] ftruk og o`fÙk ds :i
esa gS rFkk ml O;olk; dk izek.k i= tks ek= fo|eku gh ugha gS] vfirq ftlls Kku
Hka.Mkj le`) gqvk gS] IySVks ls ysdj ekDlZ rd yEcs foxr dky ds ys[kdksa ls izkIr
fd;k tk ldrk gSA O;olk; ds :i esa jktuhfrd fl)kar ^^jktuhfrd vuqHko vkSj
fopkj/kkjk ds chp tfVy vUrfØ;k ds ckjs esa gekjs Kku dks iz[kj cukrk gS**] tSlk fd
'kSsYMu oksfyu us viuh iqLrd ikWfyfVDl ,.M fot+u esa bafxr fd;k gSA
4 - 2 jktuhfrd fl)kar dk fodkl

jktuhfrd fl)kar esa fodkl lnSo mu ifjorZuksa dks izfrfcfEcr djrk gS tks gekjs
lekt esa gksrs jgrs gSaA jktuhfrd fl)kar fofHkUu dkyksa esa mHkjus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dh
izfrfØ;k Lo:i iSnk gksrs gSaA gsxsy dk ^^tc vf/kdkj dh Nk;k dk lw=ikr gksrk gS
rc feujok dk mYyw mM+ku Hkjrk gS** ds :i esa pfjrkFkZ jktuhfrd fl)kar dk
izrhdkR;d Lo:i cgqr gh lgt xzká gSA
rFkkfi] ge HkyhHkk¡fr /;ku nsa fd jktuhfrd fparu tks lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds

ifj.kkeLo:i Hkh mn~Hkwr gksrh gS] le; vkSj LFkku ls c¡/kh gqbZ gS vkSj blhfy, ml
fl)kar ls fHkUu gS tks ,sls vojks/kksa dks rksM+ nsrk gS rFkk fHkUu Lo:i vkSj ewy ds
jktuhfrd ?kVukØe dks le>us vkSj le>kus esa viuh ;ksX;rk fl) djrk gSA bldk
dkj.k ;g gS fd fl)kar fopkj/kkjkvksa vkSj iwokZxzgksa ls ifj"Ñr vkSj ifjekftZr gksrs gSa
rFkk mu dfri; fl)karksa ij igq¡prs gSa] tks ek= dkyjfgr gh ugha gS] vfirq mUgsa Kku
Hkh iqdkjk tk ldrk gSA jktuhfrd mnkjoknh lS)kaUrhdj.k dk i{k ysrs le; ek=
viuh lud vkSj vfrdYiuk dh iwfrZ ds fy, gh ugha] vfirq mu fl)karksa dh ryk'k
ds fy, fopkjksa dk vuqxeu djrs gSa ftudh le> thou dks csgrj cuk ldrh gSA bl
m|e esa fl)karoknh dqy feykdj ltho jktuhfrd fLFkfr ls vfHkizsfjr gksrs gSaA
jktuhfrd fl)kar ds bfrgkl ls irk pyrk gS fd lef"V;ksa lS)karhdj.k ds vkSt+kjksa
dks fdl izdkj fLuX/k (smooth) cuk;k gS] ftlds ek/;e ls muds ihNs fofHkUu ekU;rk
izkIr fl)karksa] izFkkvksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa ij iz'ufpUg yxk rFkk Hkfo"; ds fy, CywfizaV
rS;kj fd;k x;kA
rFkkfi] ;g lR; gS fd fl)kar ds fy, ;g izsj.kk ges'kk dbZ izdkj dh foQyrk vkSj
lac) nks"kflf) ls izkIr gksrh gS fd oLrqvksa dks ,d mRÑ"V le> ds csgrj cuk;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj vUrr% mudk lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy,] jktuhfrd fl)kar
dk dk;Z ,d mM+rk gqvk tokc eqgS;k djkus rFkk ,d rkyesy dh fLFkfr ls larq"V jgus
rd gh lhfer ugha gSA vfirq bls leL;k dh tM+ rd igq¡puk gksrk gS rFkk oSdfYid
fl)karksa ds :i esa mldk mipkj ryk'kuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkj] fl)karoknh ek=
gLrxr leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa gh ugha] vfirq muls ijs Hkh fopkj dj ldsA
;gk¡ gesa jktuhfrd fl)kar dks dyk vFkok dfork ls i`Fkd djuk gksxkA n'kZu]
izfrfØ;k vkSj fparu ds 'kCnksa esa] jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj dyk rFkk dfork tSls vU;
jpukRed fØ;kdykiksa ds chp vf/kd vUrj ugha gSA rFkkfi] jktuhfrd fl)karoknh
vkSj ,d dfo ds chp vUrj ;g gS fd jktuhfrd fl)karoknh dk vkosx vkSj
vuqla/kku ,d fuf'pr Lo:i ds pSrU; dk;Z gSa] tcfd dfork dk dk;Z ,d lgt
fØ;k gSA vr% ;g l`tukRedrk ugha gS ijUrq pSrU;rk dfork dks ,d fl)kar dh
izkfLFkfr vuqer ugha djrhA 51
4 - 3 jktuhfrd fl)kar dh ,d ifjHkk"kk ds izfr
jktuhfrd fl)kar dks fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa }kjk fofHkUu izdkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
ifjHkk"kk,a blds ewyHkwr la?kVdksa dh izcyrk vkSj cks/k ds vk/kkj ij cny tkrh gSA
lsckbu dh jktuhfrd fl)kar dh lqizfl) ifjHkk"kk gS fd ;g dqN bl izdkj gS
^^ftlesa rF;kRed] uSfefÙkd vkSj ewY;kRed y{.kksa okys ?kVd gksrs gSaA** gSdj ds
vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fl)kar ^^vkosxghu rFkk rVLFk fØ;kdyki gSA ;g ml nk'kZfudh;
rFkk oSKkfud Kku dk fudk; gS tks bl ckr dh vksj /;ku fn, fcuk fd bls dc vkSj
dgk¡ fy[kk x;k] ml fo'o ds ckjs esa gekjh tkudkjh esa o`f) dj ldrk gS ftlesa vkt
ge jgrs gSa vkSj dy jgsaxsA**
vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfrd fl)kar dk gekjk rkRi;Z izLFkkiukvksa ds ,d

llDr (coherent) lewg ls gS ftlds ,d jktuhfrd ?kVukØe ds ,d fof'k"V oxZ ds
ckjs esa dqN foospukRed fl)kar gksrs gSaA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd fparu ls vU;Fkk fl)kar
,d fuf'pr le; ij dbZ ?kVukvksa ij fopkj ugha dj ldrk gS rFkk bls ek= eqn~nksa
ds oxZ vFkok izdkj ls tksM+uk iM+sxkA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
1½ jktuhfrd fl)kar ds fodkl ij dqN iafDr;k¡ fy[ksaA
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4 - 4 jktuhfrd fl)kar esa izeq[k ladYiuk,¡

fl)kardkjksa }kjk iz;qDr jktuhfrd fl)kar dh fofHkUu ladYiukvksa dh igpku djuk
rFkk mUgsa oxhZÑr djuk cgqr eqf'dy gSA fl)kardkjksa ds chp ml vH;kl dh ryk'k
dh izo`fÙk ls dfBukbZ lkeus vkrh gS] ftlesa os fofHkUu ladYiukvksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dk
vuqeku yxkuk vkjaHk djrs gSaA ;g lelkef;d jktuhfrd fl)kar ds lkFk blls
iwoZorhZ fl)karksa ds eqdkcys vf/kd lR; gS tSlk fd ge ckn esa ns[ksaxsA foxr le> esa]
fl)kardkjksa us dqN lhek rd fl)kar fuekZ.k esa ladYiuk dh 'kq)rk cuk, j[kh Fkh rFkk
dHkh-dHkh vius pqus gq,] ÝseodZ ls HkVd tkrs FksA ijUrq lelkef;d dkyksa esa ;g
ykxw ugha gksrk gS] tks ml fl)kar dh Qly ds lk{kh gSa tks LoHkkor% fefJr fdLe dh
izrhr gksrh gSaA
ijUrq O;kid rkSj ij] jktuhfrd fl)kar esa rhu fHkUu ladYiuk,¡ lkeus vkrh gSa ftuds
vk/kkj ij foxr vkSj orZeku fl)karksa dks ladfYir] U;k;fu.khZr vkSj ewY;kafdr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA ;s fl)kar gSa % ,sfrgkfld] fu;ked vkSj vuqHkotU;A
52
4 - 4 - 1 ,s f rgkfld la d Yiuk jktuhfr dks le>uk
dbZ fl)kardkjksa us vUrn`Zf"V vkSj ,sfrgkfld lalk/kuksa ds vk/kkj ij fl)kar-fuekZ.k dk

iz;kl fd;k gSA lsckbu ,sfrgkfld ladYiuk ds ,d izeq[k Hkk";dkj gSaA muds
erkuqlkj] jktuhfrd fl)kar dk Lo:i D;k gS tSls iz'u dk mÙkj foLrkj ls fn;k tk
ldrk gS] vFkkZr veqd fl)kar us ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa vkSj fof'k"V fLFkfr;ksa esa
izfrfØ;k dh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jktuhfrd fl)kar bl ifjizs{; esa mls fLFkfr-vkfJr
gks x, gSa] ftlesa izR;sd ,sfrgkfld fLFkfr ,d leL;k dh tud gS ftldk fl)kar
}kjk fn, x, lek/kkuksa ds ek/;e ls funku fd;k tkrk gSA
jktuhfrd fl)kar dh ;g ifjdYiuk ijaijk ls gVdj gSA dkWCcu Hkh ekurs gSa fd
ijaijkxr lafof/k ftlesa ,sfrgkfld cks/k iw.kZrk dks izkIr gksrk gS] jktuhfrd fl)kar dh
leL;kvksa ij fopkj djus dk lgh rjhdk gSA
;g lR; gS fd foxr] fl)kar-fuekZ.k ds gekjs iz;kl esa ,d ewY;oku ekxZfuns'kZd ds

:i esa dk;Z djrk gSa vkSj gesa fl[kkrk gS fd ge viuh ekSfydrk ds ckjs esa vR;f/kd
vk'oLr u gksA blls ;g ladsr Hkh feyrk gS fd lk/kuksa ij izdk'k Mkyus ds vfrfjDr
mu rjhdksa ls fHkUu fopkj djuk laHko gS tks izpfyr vkSj izeq[k gSaA ,sfrgkfld
tkudkjh gesa foxr ihf<+;ksa dh foQyrkvksa dk Hkh cks/k djkrh gS rFkk mUgsa orZeku
lkewfgd tkudkjh ls tksM+rh gS rFkk geesa dYiuk'khyrk dk lapkj djrh gSA
blds vfrfjDr] ,sfrgkfld ladYiuk gekjs fu;ked n'kZu esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku
djrh gSA oSpkfjd bfrgkl ls gesa irk pyrk gS fd gekjh lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd
nqfu;k mu oLrqvksa dk mRikn gS ftudh tM+sa foxr esa lekbZ gqbZ gSaA mudh csgrj
tkudkjh ls gesa irk pysxk fd fdl izdkj gekjs dfri; ewY;] ekun.M vkSj uSfrd
vis{kk,¡ gSa vkSj os dgk¡ ls gesa izkIr gq, gSaA gekjs bl cks/k ds lkFk ;g laHko gS fd ge
bu ewY;ksa dh tk¡p djsa rFkk leh{kkRed rkSj ij mudh mi;ksfxrk dk fu/kkZj.k djsaA
ijUrq bl ladYiuk ij vU; fo'okl ew[kZrk ls jfgr ugha gSA jktuhfrd fl)kar uked
ifj;kstuk dh mRÑ"Vrk ;g gS fd ;g izR;sd fLFkfr esa vuks[kk rFkk igsfy;ksa ls Hkjk
gqvk gSA bl izdkj] foxr dh ;ksX;rk dHkh-dHkh vuko';d gksrh gS] rFkk ;fn dksbZ bl
igyw ls vlko/kku gS rc ;g ck/kk Hkh cu tkrh gSA vr% ,d fuf'pr lkj ls ijs
jktuhfrd fl)kar esa bl vfHkxe dh mi;ksfxrk lafnX/k gS] D;ksa fd ;g lnSo
vizpfyr dky ds vizpfyr fopkjksa ls tqM+k gksrk gSA bu fopkjksa ds lqxzká ewY; cus
jgrs gSa ijUrq lS)kafrd dk;Z i;kZIr fLFkfr esa vkxs ugha c<+ ikrs gSaA
4 - 4 - 2 fu;ked ladYiuk
jktuhfrd fl)kar esa fu;ked ladYiuk fofHkUu ukeksa ls tkuh tkrh gSA dqN yksx bls
nk'kZfudh; fl)kar dguk ilUn djrs gSa rFkk dqN vU; bls uhfrfo"k;d fl)kar ds
:i esa izLrqr djrs gSaA fu;ked ladYiuk bl fo'okl ij vk/kkfjr gS fd fo'o vkSj
mlds vuqHkoksa dh lgk;rk ls rdZ] iz;kstu vkSj ifj.kke ds lanHkZ esa foospuk dh tk
ldrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;g ewY;ksa ds ckjs esa nkf'kZfudh; vVdyckth dk ewrZ :i gSA
vkn'kZoknh iz'u djsaxs fd jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk D;k ifj.kke gksxk\ O;f"V vkSj vU;
lkekftd laxBuksa ds chp lac/a k dks D;k uke fn;k tk,xk\ lekt esa dkSu ls izcU/k
izfrn'kZ vFkok vkn'kZ gks ldrs gSa rFkk ;g fdu fu;eksa vkSj fl)karksa }kjk fofu;af=r gksaxAs
53
dksbZ ;g dg ldrk gS fd muds fpUru uSfrd gSa vkSj iz;kstu] ,d vkn'kZ Lo:i dk
fuekZ.k djuk gSA bl izdkj ;s os fl)kardkj gS] ftUgksaus ges'kk viuh l'kDr dYiuk
ds ek/;e ls jktuhfrd fopkjksa ds {ks= esa ^jke jkT;* dh dYiuk dh gSA
fu;ked jktuhfrd fl)kar izcyrk ls jktuhfrd n'kZu ds izfr izo`Ùk gS] D;ksafd ;g
mlls csgrj thou dk Kku izkIr djrk gS rFkk mls fujis{k ekun.Mksa ds l`tu ds fy,
vius iz;kl esa ÝseodZ ds :i esa Hkh iz;ksx djrk gSA oLrqr%] lS)karhdj.k ds blds ;a=
jktuhfrd n'kZu ls m/kkj fy, x, gSa vkSj blhfy,] ;g ladYiukvksa ds chp
vUrlZaca/k LFkkfir djus dh ek¡x djrk gS rFkk ?kVukØe vkSj fl)kar esa llDrrk dh
ryk'k djrk gS tks nkf'kZfudh; n`f"Vdks.kksa ds izrhdkRed mnkgj.k gSaA
fy;ks LVªkSl us fu;ked fl)kar ds ek;us dh t+ksjnkjh ls odkyr dh gS vkSj rdZ fn;k
gS fd jktuhfrd oLrq,¡ LoHkkor% vuqeksnu vFkok vuqeksnu ds v/;k/khu gksrh gSa rFkk
mUgsa vPNs vFkok cqjs rFkk U;k;laxr vFkok vU;k;iw.kZ ls vU;Fkk fdlh vU; lanHkZ esa
fu.khZr djuk dfBu gSA
ijUrq vkn'kZokfn;ksa dh leL;k ;g gS fd os vius }kjk iksf"kr ewY;ksa dk nkok djrs le;
mUgsa lkoZHkkSfed ,oa fujis{k fp=.k djrs gSaA os ;g eglwl ugha djrs gSa fd HkykbZ ds
fy, fujis{k ekud ds l`tu dh mudh mRÑ"V bPNk nks"k jfgr ugha gSA uhfr fo"k;d
ewY; le; vkSj LFkku ds izfr lkis{k gSa tks muesa izpqj O;fDrijdrk dk izrhd gS rFkk
fujis{k ekud ds fdlh l`tu dh laHkkouk dks O;Dr djrk gSA ;g ;kn j[kuk gekjs
fy, vf/kd Js;Ldj gksxk fd ,d jktuhfrd fl)kardkj Hkh fo'o ds fu/kkZj.k esa ,d
lkis{k miLdj (Instrument) gS rFkk ;s lw{en`f"V;k¡ dbZ ?kVdksa ls izfrokafNr gksrs gSa tks
Lo:i esa fparu dh izrhd gSaA
vuqHkotU; fl)kar ds Hkk";dkj vkn'kZokfn;ksa dks ¼d½ ewY;ksa dh lkis{krk ¼[k½ uhfr;ksa
vkSj ekun.Mksa ds lkaLÑfrd vk/kkj ¼x½ m|e esa lS)kfUrd ?kVd rFkk ¼?k½ izk;kstuk
ds fujis{k ,oa vkn'kZ Lo:i dk mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSairs gSaA
;g lR; gS fd fu;ked ladYiuk ds izk;kstd fl)kar dh vkUrfjd lgofrZrk (internal

consistency) ds ckjs esa iwNrkN ls iwokZxzLr gksrs gSa tks vfoosd'khy jgrs gq, rFkk dHkh-
dHkh fo|eku lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd oLrqfLFkfr dh vuqHkotU; tkudkjh u gksus ij
Hkh vf/kdka'kr% fopkjksa ds Lo:i rFkk rjhds dh n`<+rk ls tqM+h gksrh gSA ;g vkSj
ihM+knk;d vkSj d"Vdkjh gS tc fdlh dks irk pyrk gS fd muds chp ;g izo`fÙk fdlh
vU; lay{k.k ls lg;ksftr gS] ftlds rgr os ,d fl)kardkj dks tokc nsuk pkgrs gSa
rFkk ml vuqHkotU; okLrfodrk tks muds lkeus ?kwj jgh gS] ls viuh vk¡[ksa pqjkrs gq,
ek= vius dk;Z dh leh{kk djrs gSaA bl izdkj] ;g mPp vkSj mRÑ"V fu;ked fpUru
ds uke ij fl)kar-fuek.kZ esa ,d Hkzked vkSj diViw.kZ iz;ksx cudj jg tkrk gSA
ijUrq yEcs foxr esa tks fu;ked fl)kar ds izfrf"Brk jgs] mUgksaus ges'kk vius fl)karksa
dks vius dky dh oLrqfLFkfr ds Kku ls tksM+us dh dksf'k'k dhA vr%] foxr esa lHkh
fu;ked m|e izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k vuqHkotU; izek.kksa ls iw.kZ Fks rFkk IySVks dk U;k;
dk fl)kar bls iznf'kZr djus ds fy, ,d vPNk mnkgj.k gks ldrk gSA
gky gh esa iqu% fu;ked fl)kar ds Hkhrj iqjkuk izcks/ku (sensibility) mHkjdj lkeus
vk;k gS rFkk csgrj thou vkSj csgrj lekt ds fy, Hkkokfrjsd dk iz.kkyhxr vkSj
vuqHkotU; prqjrk ls feyku fd;k x;k gSA bl eqn~ns ij tkWu jkWYl dh iqLrd F;kSjh
54
vkWQ tfLVl ,d ,slk ekeyk gS tks rdZiw.kZ vkSj uSfrd jktuhfrd fl)kar dks jktuhfr dks le>uk
vuqHkotU; miyfC/k;ksa esa laj{k.k iznku djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA jkWYl viuh dYiuk
ls fu;ked nk'kZfudh; nyhyksa dks O;f"Vokpd U;k; vkSj fgrdkjh jkT; ds ckjs esa
okLrfod fo'o izfr"Bkuksa ls tksM+us ds fy, ^êwy fLFkfr** dk l`tu djrs gSaA dqN vU;
fl)kaUrdkj Hkh lekurk] Lora=rk vkSj yksdra= ds ckjs esa mUgsa izfrfnu ds fpUru esa
vkjksfir djds rFkk mUgsa fof'k"V fLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk tksM+dj uSfrd fl)karksa esa fodflr
djus ds dk;ks± esa yxs gq, gSaA
ubZ ih<+h ds dqN fu;ked fl)kardkjksa us Hkh fl)kar dh lqfoK izo`fÙk dks fujkÑr djuk
vkjaHk dj fn;k gS tks iqjkus fnuksa ds Lo:i dk gS] ftlds rgr ;k rks fo|eku
izcU/kuksa ds fy, mUgsa izpqj U;k; dh is'kd'k dh xbZ Fkh vFkok os mudh lekykspuk
djus esa ladkspxzLr jgs rFkk bl izdkj viuh fparu esa ;FkkiwoZ fLFkfr ds Lrj ij cus
jgsA vc lekykspuk fl)kar ds :i esa Kkr ,d u;k fl)kar mtkxj gqvk gS tks
fu;ked izk;kstuk ds vax ds :i esa jktuhfrd ?kVukØe ls tqM+k gqvk gS rFkk fopkjksa
dks O;ogkj ls tksM+us dh dksf'k'k djrk gS rFkk lekt ,oa jktuhfr esa csgrj fLFkfr ds
fy, ifjorZuksa dks lgt cukus ds fy, izHkkoh vojks/k Hkh yxkrk gSA
4 - 4 - 3 vuq H kotU; la d Yiuk

chloha 'krkCnh esa opZLo dk;e djus okyk jktuhfrd fl)kar fu;kedoknh ugha gS]
vfirq vuqHkotU; jktuhfrd fl)kar ds :i esa Kkr ,d vU; ladYiuk gS tks
vuqHkotU; izs{k.kksa ls fl)karksa dks izkIr djrh gSA
vuqHkotU; jktuhfrd fl)kar mu fl)karksa dks vaxhdkj ugha djrk gS tks ewY;
fu/kkZj.kksa esa varZxzLr gSaA vr% LokHkkfod rkSj ij fu;ked jktuhfrd fl)kar vfHkerksa
vkSj izkFkfedrkvksa dh ek= fooj.kh ds :i esa ewfrZeku gSA
jktuhfrd fl)kar ds {ks= dks oSKkfud vkSj mn~ns';ijd cukus ds fy, ewY;-eqDr
fl)kar ds fy, vkUnksyu dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ tks fØ;k'khyrk gsrq ,d vf/kd fo'okl
fn'kkfunsZ'kd FkkA bl ubZ vofLFkfr dks izR;{kokn ds :i esa tkuk x;kA
izR;{kokn ds vkd"kZ.k ds rgr] jktuhfrd fl)kardkja us ,sls fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij

jktuhfrd ?kVukØe ds ckjs esa oSKkfud tkudkjh izkIr djus esa yx x,] ftls
vuqHkotU; rkSj ij lR;kfir ,oa fl) fd;k tk ldrk Fkk vkSj bl iz;kl esa n'kZu
foKku dk ek= vuqc) cudj jg x;kA fl)kar ds bl tksM+-rksM+ us ,d ,sls fu%Li`g
i;Zos{kd ds :i esa fl)kardkj dh Hkwfedk dk Hkh fp=.k fd;k tks lHkh opuc)rkvksa
ls ifjekftZr rFkk lHkh ewY;ksa ls jfgr gksA
jktuhfrd fl)kar esa ;g izk;kstuk Kku ds ml vuqHkotU; fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr Fkh]

tks ;g ijh{k.k djus ds fy, fd D;k lp gS vkSj D;k >wB vius ikl iw.kZ l{ke
ekun.M ik, tkus dk nkok djrk gSA bl ekun.M dk fupksM+ fl)kar ds ijh{k.k vkSj
lR;kiu esa fufgr gSA
tc jktuhfrd fl)kar bl izHkko ds rgr vkxs c<+ jgk Fkk] ,d rFkkdfFkr Økafr dk
izknqHkkZo gqvk tks Ô;ogkjewyd Økafr* ls fu;a=.kdkjh fLFkfr esa igq¡p xbZ vkSj blus
v/;;u vkSj vuqla/kku ds laiw.kZ {ks= dks u, vfHky{k.kksa dk leFkZu djus viuh fxj¶+r
esa ys fy;kA blesa lfEefyr Fkk % ¼d½ fo'ys"k.k esa izHkkokRed rduhd dks izksRlkgu
55
¼[k½ fu;ked ÝseodZ dh lekfIr rFkk vuqHkotU; 'kks/k dks c<+kok nsuk tks lka[;dh;
ijh{k.kksa ds izfr lqxzkg; gks ldrh gS ¼x½ oSpkfjd bfrgkl dh vLohÑfr vkSj mldk
cfg"dkj ¼?k½ lw{e-v/;;u ij t+ksj D;ksafd ;g vuqHkotU; O;ogkj ds izfr vf/kd
lgt vuqxkeh Fkk ¼M+½ fuf'k"Vhdj.k dk xq.kxku ¼p½ O;f"V ds O;ogkj ls vkadM+ksa dh
izkfIr rFkk ¼N½ ewY;-eqDr 'kks/k ds fy, rhoz pkgA
oLrqr%] O;ogkj ewY; okrkoj.k ,d fl)kar-fojks/kh fLFkfr ls vfrizHkkfor gqvkA ;g

muds fy, vuqdwy fl) gqvk ftUgksaus ijEijkxr vFkZ esa fl)kar dks ifj"Ñr fd;kA
fl)kar dk O;aX;fp= cuk;k x;k rFkk mls fparu] vewrZin] vf/kekufldk rFkk vkn'kZ
jkT; dk i;k;Z cuk;k x;kA dqN nqLlkgfl;ksa us fl)kar dks m|e ds :i esa fonk djus
dk leFkZu Hkh fd;kA
rRi'pkr~] tc rdZlaxr izR;{kokn izR;{kokn ds iqu% thouizn vorkj ds :i esa

n`f"Vxkspj gqvk rFkk blds inØe esa foVtsUlVhu tSls Hkkjh-otunkj 'kkfey Fks]
n`f"Vdks.k esa dksbZ vf/kd vUrj ugha vk;kA ,d ek= vUrj ;g Fkk fd izR;{koknh
jktuhfrd fl)kar ds {ks= dks oSKkfud cukuk pkgrs Fks] tcfd rkfdZd izR;{kokfn;ksa
us bls vewrZ:i rFkk v;qDrlaxr ?kksf"kr dj fn;k vkSj blfy, ;g oSKkfud Kku ds
nk;js ls ckgj FkkA
ijUrq ;g voLFkk yEcs le; rd ugha jgh D;ksafd laiw.kZ tkudkjh =qfViw.kZ FkhA ;gk¡
rd fd mn~ns';ijd tkudkjh izkIr djus ds tks'k esa] mUgksaus fparu dks okLrfodrk ds
,d igyw esa cny fn;k rFkk fparu vkSj okLrfodrk ds chp lqLi"Vrk dks vLi"V dj
fn;kA bl izdkj] os 'kh/kz gh foKku ds dqN nk'kZfudksa dh bZ";kZ vkSj Øks/k dk Hkktu
cus ftUgksus foKku ds izfr vuqorhZ - izR;{koknh vfHkxe gsrq ,d n'kZu izLrqr fd;kA
dkyZ ikWij us oSKkfud Kku ds ekun.M ds :i esa ^feF;kdj.k* dk fl)kar vo/kkfjr
djds ,d ubZ fLFkfr dks tUe fn;k rFkk rdZ fn;k fd lHkh Kku vuqeku fo"k;d
vLFkk;h Fkk rFkk lR; ls i;kZIr nwjh ij FkkA foKku ds n'kZu esa okLrfod eksM+ vFkok
lQyrk dk {k.k og Fkk] tc FkkWel dqu] bejs ykdkVksl rFkk eSjh gSls us rFkkdfFkr
ml oSKkfud fl)kar dh fuUnk dh tks jktuhfrd fl)kar dk loZuk'k dj jgk Fkk rFkk
,dhÑr foKku dh /kkj.kk dk cfg"dkj djds izR;{koklh vkn'kZ dh lk[k lekIr dj
nh vkSj bls izkÑfrd oSKkfud O;ogkj dh vuqfpr tkudkjh ds :i esa ?kksf"kr fd;kA
bldk fupksM+ vFkok rdZ ;g Fkk fd foKku ekuoh;] fØ;kdykiksa ds :i esa mu
foospukvksa ls vuqizkf.kr Fkk tks lkFkZdrk] lapkj rFkk Li"Vrk ls ;qDr FkkA
dqu dh iqLrd n LVªDpj vkWQ lkbafVfQd fjokWY;w'ku us izR;{koknh fl)kar dh dfe;ksa

vkSj foQyrkvksa ds izR;{khdj.k esa vxz.kh dh vkSj blesa n'kkZ;k fd lHkh ekU;rk,¡
tkudkjh vkSj varj-fo"k;d lapkj ds lk/ku ds :i esa foospuk ij fuHkZj FkhaA dqu us
izcyrk ls rdZ fn;k fd ;g ek= mi;qDr laxr lekxe ugha Fks tks lkFkZd ÝseodZ ds
xBu ds ihNs izPNUr fLFkfr esa Fks] vfirq foospuk vkSj lekykspuk }kjk fufeZr ;qfDr
laxr laHkk"kk;sa ds ek/;e ls Hkh lwfpr fd;s x, FksA
bl izdkj bl u, dqfUgvkuh ifjizs{; us foKku ds n'kZu esa u, vk/kkj tksM+s vkSj Kku
vkSj fl)kar dh izR;{koknh vVdyckth dks rhoz vkykspuk vkSj larh{kk ds nk;js esa
[kM+k dj fn;kA ijUrq ^lkekftd foKku n'kZu* dks fiNM+uk ugha Fkk] vr% 'kh?kz gh u;k
fopkjeaFku vkjaHk gqvk ftlus tkudkjh ls tqM+h gqbZ leL;k dks tk¡p ds rgr yk fn;k
rFkk tks bl leL;k dks ,dhÑr foKku ds ÝseodZ ds Hkhrj lqy>kus ds iz;kl esa tqV x;kA
56
ihVj foap] ,YÝsM 'kqVt+ rFkk pkYlZ Vsyj us bl u, ifjizs{; dh mn~?kks"k.kk dh vkSj jktuhfr dks le>uk
lq>ko fn;k fd lkekftd foKku esa tkudkjh leL;kvksa ls xzLr Fkh rFkk muesa nks
leL;kvksa dks fo'ks"k /;ku dh vko';drk Fkh % ¼d½ lHkh foKku foospukRed tkudkjh
dk Lo:i gS vkSj blfy, lHkh tkudkfj;ksa dk fl)kare; Lo:i gksrk gS ¼[k½
lkekftd foKku dk mn~ns'; fof'k"V :i ls oLrqijd gS] ftldk rkRi;Z ,sls vfHkdÙkkZ
ls gS tks Lo;a foospuk'khy lkekftd izk.kh gSA vr% bl ifjizs{; ds vuqlkj] lkekftd
foKku dh leL;k ^nqgjs foospu* ds lkFk flgju iSnk djrh gSA
bl u, vfHkxe ls tkudkjh] foospuk vkSj bl eqn~ns dh leL;k lkeus mBkbZ xbZ fd

fo"k; ds izrhdkRed fo'o dks ppkZ esa fdl izdkj yk;k tk,A blus jktuhfrd
fl)kardkjksa dh foospukRed iz;kstuk esa izrhdkRed fo'o ds izfr laosnu'khy cukdj
u, vFkZ ds fy, Hkh mRizsfjr fd;kA bl izdkj ek= vFkZ dk cks/k gh leL;kxzLr ugha
vfirq mUgsa le>kus dk eqn~nk izHkkfor gqvkA ;g gesa eSDl oScj dh ;kn fnykrk gS]
ftUgkas ûSfefÙkd i;kZIrrk* vkSj ^vFkZ dh i;kZIrrk* ds vius oxhZdj.k ds ek/;e ls bl
leL;k ds lkFk yEcs le; rd la?k"kZ fd;kA
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ jktuhfrd fl)kar dh vuqHkotU; vkSj fu;ked ladYiukvksa ds chp varj Li"V djs\a
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4 - 4 - 4 lelkekf;d la d Yiuk
jktuhfrd fl)karksa }kjk ckf/kr HkwHkkx vkSj lelkekftd dkyksa esa muds }kjk fu;ksftr
lS)kafrd midj.kksa dks fpf=r djuk ,d ;FkkFkZ pqukSrh gSA ;g pqukSrh dbZ lzksrksa ls
>ydrh gSA ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl)kar oxhZdj.k dh vke oxZ }kjk LohÑr Js.kh
dk Li"Vr% vuqxeu ugha djrk gS] uker% ,sfrgkfld] fu;ked vkSj vuqHkotU; rFkk
;g iwoZorhZ fl)karokfn;ksa ds fl)karksa dh rjg fo'ks"k ijEijk ds Hkhrj Hkh ugha fVdrkA
dHkh-dHkh os vius m|e esa fofHkUu ladYiukvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, rFkk ml rjhds ls
mudk fu;kstu djrs gq, izrhr gksrs gSa tks igys ugha ns[kk x;kA jktuhfrd fl)kar
esa iwoZorhZ izk;kstukvksa ds lhekadu ds izfrfØ;k Lo:i lS)kUrhdj.k esa o`f) gqbZ gS]
ftuesa vf/kdka'k nks egku ijEijkvksa ds vUrxZr vkrh gS] uker% mnkjokn vkSj ekDlZokn
rFkk tks mu ij pqfuUnk vk/kkj ij muls Hkou fuekZ.k ds nkSjku] os jktuhfrd vUos"k.k
ds fy, u, vk/kkjksa dh [kkst djrs gSa rFkk u, LFkyksa dk l`tu djrs gSa vkSj jktuhfr
ds fl)karksa dh 'kks/k vkSj LFkkiuk ds fy, u, midj.kksa dks Hkh tUe nsrs gSaA rFkkfi]
jktuhfrd fl)kar ij ledkyhu izk;kstuk jktuhfrd fl)kar uked O;kikj ds nk;js 57
ls ijs ugha tkrh] tSlk igys ppkZ dh tk pqdh gS] vFkkZr ,sfrgkfld] fu;ked vkSj
vuqHkotU; ladYiuk,sa] ijUrq muds fu;kstu dh fof/k Lo:i esa dqN nksxykiu fy,
jgrh gSA
ledkyhu jktuhfrd fl)kar ckSf)d insZ ij 1980 ds n'kd esa izdV gq,] ftuesa ls
vf/kdka'k fl)kar izfrf"Br ijEijkvksa ds fo#) izfrfØ;kLo:i Fks vkSj mUgksaus rdZ vkSj
foKku tSlh mu ckSf)d Jsf.k;ksa dks lkeus j[kk ftuls os c¡/ks gq, Fks] ftlus dbZ
igyqvksa dks tUe fn;k tks jktuhfrd fl)kar }kjk tk¡pk/khu lR; ds vk/kkj ds :i esa
izkIr gq, Fks vkSj ftUgksaus u, lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd czãk.M dks le>us vkSj mldh
dYiuk djus ds fy, u, fl)karksa dks vk/kkfjr djus dh 'kq#vkr dh] ftuesa ls dqN
^^vk/kqfud fLFkfr ds ckn** dh fLFkfr esa j[ks x,A
;g lR; gS fd jktuhfrd fl)kar esa ledkyhu ys[kdksa dh lac)rk vkykspukRed jgh

gS] cfYd leku :i ls :ikarjdkjh] dYiukRed vFkok n'kZukRedA ;|fi ledkyhu
le; esa ^û, lkekftd vkUnksyuksa** dks lekt ds :ikarj.k vkSj ubZ fLFkfr dh
O;fDr;ksa ij dkcw ikus ds uke ij buesa ls dbZ fl)kardkjksa dks uSfrd vkSj ckSf)d
leFkZu fn;k x;k gSA
rFkkfi] ,d O;kid fo'ys"k.k ds rgr vkt fofHkUu lS)kafrd izo`fÙk;ksa dks n`f"Vxkspj
djuk LosPNkpkjh gksxkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] lkEiznk;okn vkSj cgqlaLÑfrokn dks ,d lkFk
ysdj fuekZ.kokn vkSj vk/kqfudrkokn ds ckn dh fLFkfr ij ppkZ djuk muds izfr rFkk
muds fpUruksa vkSj opuc)rkvksa ds izfr ckSf)d vfrokfnrk ekuh tk,xhA D;ksafd
muds bfrgkl] muds fu;ked fpUru rFkk lS)kafrd midj.k vkSj vuqHkotU; gokykdkjksa
esa egÙoiw.kZ vlekurk rFkk fnDifjorZu gSA ijUrq fQj Hkh dksbZ Hkh ml lS)kafrd HkwHkkx
dks ja[kkafdr dj ldrk gS] ftl ij jktuhfrd fl)kar ls mudh lac/a krk mtkxj gksrh gSA
dbZ ledkyhu fl)kardkjksa vkSj muds fl)karksa dks lkFk-lkFk fuEu O;kid izcy oxks±
esa j[kk tk ldrk gS %
1½ lkoZHkkSeokn dk fojks/k
lelkekftd dkyksa esa jktuhfrd lS)karhdj.k us foxr o"kks± ds jktuhfrd fl)kar ds

lkoZHkkSfed nkoksa dks] mu ijEijkvksa ftuls os tqM+s gq, Fks] dh vkSj /;ku fn, fcuk]
lekykspukRed larh{kk ds rgr ykus dk iz;kl fd;k gS mUgsa mnkjoknh lkoZHkkSeokn
lkekftd vkSj rkSfdd lanHkZ ls oafpr Fkk vkSj muds erkuqlkj ik'pkR; lekt ds
vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij xqIr ^^fof'k"Vrkokn** us lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa vkSj ekun.Mksa ds :i
esa Nn~eos'k /kkj.k fd;k gSA os rdZ nsrs gSa fd lkoZHkkSfed fl)karksa dh vihy ekudhdj.k
ds lerqY; gS vkSj bl izdkj ml U;k; dk mYya?ku gksrk gS tks fof'k"V leqnk; vFkok
thou ds Lo:i esa fNik gqvk gS rFkk tks vius futh ewY;ksa vkSj fu;ked fl)karksa dk
izrhd gSA fo|eku dky esa lkEiznkf;drkokn fl)karksa vkSj cgqlaLÑfroknh fl)karksa us
bls iwjh rjg cyiwoZd fof'k"V :i ls mtkxj fd;k gS rFkk bu rFkk bu rFkkdfFkr
fl)karksa dks ewy :i esa ^^viokftZr** ds :i esa iqdkjk gS] ftlus ^vPNkbZ* ds ,d n'kZu
dks ges'kk ekuork ds ,d ek= n'kZu ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA
ets dh ckr ;g gS fd bl izdkj ds jktuhfrd fl)kar us fu;ked fo'o ds n`f"Vdks.k

dh fuUnk ugha dh gS] ijUrq mUgksaus ;g vkifÙk mBkbZ gS fd vkjaHk esa jktuhfrd fl)kar
us viuk ewY; fu.kZ; ^ôkLrfodrkoknh** 'kCnksa esa O;Dr fd;k rFkk lkis{k ewY;ksa ls vyx
58
j[kkA bl izdkj] mUgksaus lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd thou esa lR; dk cfynku fd;kA jktuhfr dks le>uk
vr% ;s fl)kar jktuhfrd fl)kar dh fu;ked Js.kh tSls U;k;] Lora=rk vkSj yksdra=
dks fo[kf.Mr djus rFkk mu ij fu.kZ; dh izkFkfedrk nsus vFkok ,d ij nwljs dk
opZLo dk;e djus ls vyx jgus dh ek¡x djrs gSAa i'p-lajpukoknh vkSj i'p-vk/kqfudrkoknh
bl izfØ;k es fyIr jgrs gSAa
2½ egku vk[;kuksa dh lekykspuk
mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh] nksuksa izdkj ds egku vk[;ku bl vk/kkj ij fuUnkxzLr gq,
gSa fd ;gk¡ lR; vkSj okLrfodrk dk vfr esgjkcnkj vkSj vLi"V vk/kkj gSA dqN
ledkyhu fl)karksa dks jktuhfrd fl)kar esa lHkh }kjk HkyhHkk¡fr LohÑr vk/kkjksa uker%
vU;] laizHkqrk vkSj lÙkk ds lrr- fojks/k ds dkj.k ^vk/kkj-fojks/kh* ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k
gSA fu"i{k :i ls ns[ksa rks os vLi"V vk/kkjksa ds vykok vU; vk/kkjksa dks vLohdkj ugha
djrs gSaA
egku vk[;kuksa ij vkØe.k djus okyksa esa i'p-vk/kqfudrkoknh eqdkcys ij gSa vkSj rdZ
nsrs gSa fd mn~ns';ijd iwoZ-iznÙk okLrfodrk vFkok mn~ns';ijd lkekftd leFkZu
fd;k tk ldsA mudk er gS fd ;g ^mn~ns';oknh laHkze* ds vykok dqN nsrs gSa] tks
bls oLrqijd foospu ds fy, ;qDr djrh gSA gesa ;g Hkyh Hkk¡fr ;kn gksxk fd i'p-
lajpukoknh vkSj i'p-vk/kqfudrkoknh ,d ckj jktuhfrd fl)kar esa vR;f/kd yksdfiz;
^^lajpukRed** rdZ ls vius dks ledkyhu ¼vkUrfjd esa fLFkfr½] lkoZHkkSfed vkSj
dkyjfgr Fkh vkSj bl izdkj ,sfrgkfld ugha FkhA blds LFkku ij os ^laHkk"k.k* uked
lajpuk dh ubZ /kkj.kk dk fu;kstu djrs gSa tks Lo:i ls ledkyhu ¼le; esa fLFkr½]
,sfrgkfld vkSj lkis{k gSA
3½ i'p -izR;{kokn
;g lkekftd foKku esa ewY; rVLFkrk okyh vkjafHkd fofu;kstu ds :ilkn`'; gS tks
,d ckj jktuhfrd fl)kar esa O;ogkjokfn;ksa ds opZLo esa FkkA ledkyhu fl)kar ewY;
;qDr m|eksa dks fujFkZd ekurs gSa vkSj fo'okl djrs gSa fd jktuhfrd fl)kar vkUrfjd
:i ls fu;ked rFkk jktuhfrd :i ls fofu;ksftr izk;kstuk gS ftlls Hkfo"; ds fy,
funsZ'ku vkSj ,d n'kZu ds izkpqrhdj.k dh vis{kk dh tk ldrh gSA
4½ vuqHkotU; vkSj izfrLi/kkZRed
ledkyhu fl)kaUrdkjksa esa i'p-izR;{koknh lksp mUgsa] fdlh izdkj ds lkekU;hdj.k dk

iz;kl fd, tkus ls igys] vuqHkotU; vkSj izfrLi/kkZRed vfHkxeksa ds fy, vko';drk
dh odkyr djus ls ugha jksdrh gSA cgqlaLÑfrokn ,d oSlk gh mnkgj.k gS] tks bl
lanHkZ esa laosnu 'khy gSA oLrqr%] bl izdkj dh vuqHkotU;-izfrLi/kkZRed i)fr
laLÑfr;ksa vkSj muds la?kVdksa ij O;kid lkekU;hdj.k ds Åij ,d fu;a=.k ds :i
esa gksxhA
ubZ lw{en`f"V;ksa ds ckoT+kwn tks lkekftd fl)kar ls mn~Hkwr gksrh gSa] mUgsa dbZ
det+ksfj;ksa dks lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA mRÑ"V jktuhfrd fl)kar ls vyx] vHkh rd
dksbZ izfrLi/kkZRed-vuqHkotU; lksp ugha gS rFkk fl)kardkjksa ds chp vU; fl)kardkjksa
ls m/kkj ysus dh izÑfr izpqj ek=k esa gSA fu;ked m|e rHkh mi;ksxh gks ldrk gS tc
bls okLrfodrk ls tksM+k tk,A vr% okLrfod pqukSrh fu;ked fl)kar dks lekt vkSj
59
jktuhfr dh vuqHkotU; okLrfodrk ds eqdkcys /kjk'kk;h djus esa lafufgr gSA ;gh
,d ek= ekxZ gS tgk¡ ,d oS/k jktuhfrd fl)kar ek= lkekU;hdj.k ls izdV gks ldrk
gS] tks i'p-mnkjoknh ifjisz{; rFkk lkis{krk vkSj folj.k dh bldh det+ksjh ds ml
lhekadu ij Hkh dkcw ik,xk tks jktuhfrd izk;kstukvksa ds fy, ges'kk 'kfDr'kkyh gSA
;g QyhHkwr gks ldrk gS] tSlk fd 'kSYMu oksfyu bls êgkfl)kar* ekurs gSaA
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ dqN O;kid ekU;rkvksa ij ppkZ djsa tks ledkyhu fl)kaUrdkjksa dks ,d lkFk ys
vkrs gSaA
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4 - 5 lkjka ' k
pw¡fd gekjs ikl jktuhfrd fl)kar dh fofHkUu ladYiuk,¡ gSa] os fofHkUu ijaijkvksa ls
fofHkUu izdkj ds vFkZ fudkyrs gSaA geus ns[kk gS fd jktuhfrd fl)kar D;ksa tUe ysrk
gS vkSj jktuhfr esa ekuoh; vojks/kksa dks lgt cukdj bfrgkl esa fdl izdkj Lo:i
xzg.k djrk gS vkSj fuekZ.k gksrk gSA fl)kardkjksa }kjk fu.khZr fofHkUu ladYiuk,¡ D;k
gSa ftu ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS rFkk mudh dfe;ksa dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gSA ledkyhu
m|e tks jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd okLrfodrk dh tkudkjh esa u, }kj [kksyus dk
nkok djrs gSa] mudh lhekvksa ds lkFk ppkZ dk fo"k; jgsa gSaA iwoZrhZ ppkZ ls Li"VrkSj ij
mHkjrk gS fd jktuhfrd fl)kar uke iz;kstuk esa n'kZu vkSj foKku ,d nwljs dks
izfrLFkkfir ugha dj ldrs] ;fn ekuork ds m)kj ds fy, n'kZu ,d y{; gS vkSj ;g
fd mn~ns'; ijd ^vPNkbZ* vFkok mn~ns'; ijd ^lR;* uked fdlh Hkh oLrq ds u gksus
ij Hkh] fl)kar ds fy, O;ogkfjd vk/kkj dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g ek=
okaNuh; ugha gS] vfirq vf/kizkfIr ;ksX; gSA jktuhfrd foKku esa dksbZ ifj;kstuk tks
vuqHkotU; miyfC/k;ksa dks dM+h vkykspuk ds v/;k/khu fu;ked fparu ls tksM+rh gS]
jktuhfrd fl)kar esa l`tu ds }kjk [kksy ldrk gS ftlds vk/kkj ij ge Hkfo"; esa
vkxs c<+ ldrs gSaA

'kSYMu cksfyu] ikWfyfVDl ,saM fot+u % daVhU;wVh ,saM buksos'ku bu oSLVuZ ikWfyfVdy
FkkWV] fyfVy czkmu] ckWLVU} 1960A
60
ihVj ySlysV vkSj MCY;w- th- jalheu ¼laik½ fQykWlkWQh] ikWfyfVDl ,saM lkslk;Vh] jktuhfr dks le>uk
CySdoSy] vkWDlQksMZ] 1957
th-,p-lSckbu] OgkWV bt+ ikWfyfVdy F;ksjh] tuZy vkWQ ikWfyfVDl] ¼1½] i`"B 1&16]
1939A
MCY;w-b-QkWukWyh] n VeZt+ vkWQ ikfyfVdy fMldkslZ] fizaLVu ;wfuoflZVh izsl] fizaLVu]

1983A
MsfoM feyj ¼laik½] n CySDoSy ,saUlkbDyksihfM;k vkWQ ikWfyfVdy FkkWV] vkWDlQksMZ]

CySDoSy] 1987A

cks/k iz'u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 4-2
cks/k iz'u 2
cks/k iz'u 3
61
bdkbZ 5 jktuhfrd rdZ vkSj lS)kafrd
fo'ys " k.k
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
5-0 mn~ns';
5-1 ifjp;
5-2 'kkL=h; ijEijk esa cglksa dk Lo:i
5-3 fu;ked fl)kar dh leh{kk
5-4 vkuqHkfod ijEijk esa cglksa dk Lo:i
5-5 izR;{kokn dk iru vkSj ,d fodYi :i esa O;k[;kRed fl)kar
5-6 jktuhfrd fl)kar esa fu;ked cnyko
5-7 vk/kkjoknh vkSj mÙkj-vk/kkjoknh fl)karksa esa cglksa dh izÑfr
5-8 ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k
5-8-1 izR;{koknh fo'ys"k.k
5-8-2 O;k[;kRed n`f"Vdks.k
5-9 lkjka'k
5 - 0 mn~ n s ' ;
;g bdkbZ Lo;a dks jktuhfrd cglksa ds Lo:i rFkk ladYiukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls tksM+rh
gSA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd %
• 'kkL=h; vkSj vkuqHkkfod ijEijkvksa esa jktuhfrd cglksa dh izÑfr ij ppkZ dj
ldsa(
• izR;{kokn dk iru ,oa ,d fodYi Lo:i O;k[;kRed fl)kar ds mn; ij lw{e
n`f"V Mky ldsa(
• vk/kkjoknh ,oa mÙkj-vk/kkjoknh fl)karksa esa cglksa dh izÑfr ij fVIi.kh dj ldsa(
vkSj vUrr%
• ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k ds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ij ppkZ dj ldsaA
5 - 1 ifjp;
bl bdkbZ dk eq[; mís'; jktuhfrd cglksa dh izÑfr vkSj jktuhfrd fl)kar esa
ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k ds iz;kstu dks le>uk gSA lS)karhdj.k ds fuekZ.k [k.Mksa ds
:i esa gesa jktuhfrd cglksa vkSj ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA ge
fdl fo"k; ij cgl djrs gSa vkSj ge fdl izdkj cgl djrs gSa] ;s nks fu.kkZ;d fopkj
gSa tks cgl dh izÑfr dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA cglsa lR;v/;Fkks± ds vkSfpR; izfriknu gsrq
ldkj.k izLFkkiukvksa dh ,d Ükà[kyk dh vksj ladsr djrh gSaA pw¡fd jktuhfrd fl)kar
dh fofHkUu ijEijk,¡ gSa ftuesa izR;sd dh igpku muds fof'k"V] lkj;qDr vkSj lqO;ofLFkr
62
eqís gksrs gSa] jktuhfrd cglksa dh izÑfr fofHkUu ijEijkvksa esa fHkUu-fHkUu gksrh gSA pw¡fd jktuhfr dks le>uk
jktuhfrd cglksa esa lR; v/;Fkks± dk vkSfpR; izfriknu vFkok izek.ku ik;k tkrk gS]
fofHkUu ijEijkvksa dk Kku fl)kar vkSj mldh dk;Ziz.kkyh gh jktuhfrd cglksa dh
izÑfr dks ekfQ+d cukrh gSA
,d vksj ge cglksa ds vk/kkj ij ladYiukvksa dks cukrs ;k jprs gSa] rks nwljh vksj ge
viuh cglksa dks ladYiukvksa ij vk/kkfjr djrs gSaA ladYiuk,a gh os 'kCn ;k 'kCnkoyh
gSa] ftudh enn ls ge dksbZ jktuhfrd ppkZ djrs gSaA ;s gekjh ifji`PNk (inquiry) dks
ekfQ+d cukrh gSa] lkFk gh lkFk jktuhfrd ifji`PNk fo"k; ppkZ dks lqlk/; Hkh cukrh
gSaA jktuhfrd cglsa ladYiukvksa esa gh mBrha vkSj mUgha ds ek/;e ls vkxs c<+rh gSaA
ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k ds blh dkj.k nks mís'; gksrs gSa % ,d] ladYiuk esa fufgr
;FkklaHko ,d brus Li"V vFkZ dks lkeus j[kuk fd ôkn-fookn dks vuq'kkflr djds*
vFkok ^LoPNan okn-fookn* dk fuokj.k djds fo}kuksa ds chp vlafnX/k lapkj esa enn
feys] vkSj nwljs] fopkjk/khu jktuhfrd cglksa dh tfVyrkvksa dks izLrqr djus dh n`f"V
ls fdlh ladYiuk ds vFkZ ij fookn dh tk¡p djuk vkSj lp [kksydj j[kuk] vkSj bl
izdkj jktuhfr laca/kh vius Kku dks le`) djukA ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k dk ,d
rhljk mís'; Hkh gks ldrk gS] uker% gesa mu nqcksZ/k rjhdksa ds izfr lrdZ djuk ftuesa
ladYiuk,¡ ;FkkFkZ fo"k;d gekjh vuqHkwfr;ksa ij inkZ Mky ldrh gSa vkSj vkykspukRed
ifjiz{s ; dks /kq/a kyk dj ldrh gS]a vFkok jktuhfrd izFkkvksa lac/a kh oSdfYid dYiuk'kfDr;ksa
dks ckf/kr dj ldrh gSaA lokZf/kd lkekU; Lrj ij] fofHkUu ijEijkvksa dks fu;ked
vkSj vkuqHkfod ijEijkvksa ds :i esa igpkuk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq fu;ked ijEijkvksa
esa jgdj] lR; v/;Fkks± dk vkSfpR; izfriknu] tks fd cgl dk mís'; gh gS] fofHkUu
ekun.Mksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] vkSj blhfy, ge bu ijEijkvksa dks vkarfjd :i ls
vk/kkfjd vkSj mÙkj-vk/kkfjd fl)karksa dh 'kCnkoyh esa ck¡V nsrs gSaA bl izdkj]
jktuhfrd cglksa dh izÑfr] gekjk nkok gS fd ,d ijEijk fo'ks"k esa Hkh fHkUu gksxhA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] fu;ked ijEijkvksa ds Hkhrj jktuhfrd cglsa vk/kkjoknh vkSj mÙkj-
vk/kkjoknh fl)karksa ds chp Hksn djsaxhA
5 - 2 'kkL=h; ijEijk esa cglksa dk Lo:i

IySVks ls ysdj ekDlZ rd vusd nk'kZfud gq, gSa ftudh Ñfr;ksa dks O;kid :i ls og
'kkfey djus okyk Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS ftls ik'pkR; 'kkL=h; ijEijk dgrs gSaA
bl ijEijk esa jktuhfrd cglsa vke rkSj ij bl rF; ds dkj.k fu;ked izÑfr dh jgh
gSa fd eqís vkSj fopkj dk fo"k; bl izdkj dh ckrsa jgh gSa tSls & U;k; D;k gS\ D;k
ekuokf/kdkj gSa vkSj ;fn ,slk gS rks os D;k gSa\ jkT; dh D;k Hkwfedk gksrh gS\ D;k
O;fDr tu dh ifjHkk"; vko';drk,¡ gSa vkSj ;fn ,slk gS rks mUgsa iwjk djus dh
ftEesnkjh fdldh gS\ D;k ljdkj dks vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dh vf/kd ls vf/kd
[kq'kgkyh gsrq iz;kl djuk pkfg, vkSj] ;fn ,slk gksuk pkfg, rks bl vuq"Bku esa
vYila[;dksa dk D;k LFkku gS\ dkSu lh ckr ljdkj dks oS/krk vkSj fdlh jkT; dks
laizHkqrk iznku djrh gS\ lalk/kuksa ij fdl izdkj ds nkos ;ksX;rk vFkok xq.k-nks"k
laca/kh ekU;rk dks lxq.k cukrs gSa\ 'ks"k lekt ij viuk uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k Fkksius esa
cgqer dgk¡ rd U;k;ksfpr gS\ D;k ge lkekftd uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k laLFkkvksa dk i;kZIr
ys[kk-tks[kk izLrqr dj ldrs gSa\ ljdkj dk loksZÙke Lo:i D;k gS\
lkekU;r;k] ;g 'kkL=h; ijEijk mÙke thou dh izÑfr ds lkFk] mu laLFkkxr izca/kksa

ds lkFk tks euq"; dks iuius ds fy, vko';d gksaxs] lEc) jgh gS rkfd mudh 63
vko';drk,¡ iwjh gksa vFkok mudh ;qfDrlaxr {kerk,¡ Li"Vr;k vuqHko dh tk,¡A lkFk
gh] bu ckrksa ds lkFk ,d iwokZxzg ns[kk x;k gS fd dkuwu] U;k;] ljdkj ds loksZÙke :i]
O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kdkj ,oa dÙkZO;ksa ds lkFk] vkSj lekt ds forj.kdkjh laxBu ds lkFk
jktuhfrd :i ls lgh D;k gSA jktuhfrd fl)kar lgh vkSj mÙke fo"k;d gh gksrs
Fks vkSj ,slh gh gksrh Fkha] jktuhfrd cglsaA bl n`f"V ls ns[ks tkus ij] jktuhfrd n'kZu
dh fo"k;oLrq dkQ+h dqN uSfrd n'kZu dk gh Hkkx vkSj va'k FkhA jktuhfrd cglksa us
uSfrd eqíksa vFkok ;qfDrlaxr vk/kkj ij uSfrd vkSj jktuSfrd lR; ds nkoksa dks
fuiVkus ds ,d Li"V mís'; ls uSfrd rdZ.kk dk :i ys fy;kA
jktuhfrd cglsa jktuhfr dh ewy izÑfr fo"k;d dqN lPpkb;ksa dks crkus dh ea'kk
j[krh Fkha] rkfd ,sls nkos dj ldsa ftUgsa oLrqijd vkSj vkReijd :i ls oS/k ekuk tk
ldsA ;g lPpkbZ vkSj oLrqijdrk fofHkUu ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh Fkh % dHkh dkj.k
fo"k;d] dHkh iz;ksxkfJr fo"k;d] dHkh laLFkk fo"k;d] vkSj vkolfjd :i ls jgL;ksn?~ kkVuA
lkFk gh] fdlh KkuehekalkRed lk{; dk Hkh vkg~oku fd;k tkrk Fkk tSls dkj.k vFkok
vuqHko] rkfd ekSfyd ekuoh; vko';drkvksa] y{;ksa] mís';ksa] laca/kksa vkSj buds mi;qDr
'kklu :iksa dks tks jktuhfrd foKku esa izos'k ik x, gksa] lR; eku fy;k tk,A
mnkgj.k ds fy,] IySVks] gkWCl] gsxsy vkSj fey us og laKkukRed vk/kkj] de ls de
va'kr%] rS;kj fd;k ftl ij jktuhfrd n'kZu esa nkoksa dks is'k fd;k x;kA
bl ijEijk esa jktuhfrd cglsa bl izdkj dqN Lor%fl) lR;] Lo;aflf);ksa] vFkok
lR; ;k Kku dh izÑfr fo"k;d ekU;rkvksa ls jktuhfrd lPpkb;ksa vFkok lR;kFkZ nkoksa
fo"k;d fu"d"kks± dh fn'kk esa c<+haA pw¡fd nk'kZfudksa us Lo;a gh laKkukRed lR; ds ekud
fu/kkZfjr fd, Fks] mudh jktuhfrd cglksa dh oS/krk dks flQ+Z vkUrfjd :i ls tk¡pk
tk ldrk gSA fdlh fl)kar-eqDr ekun.M gsrq vihy dk iz'u gh ugha FkkA ;fn vkius
bl /kkj.kk vFkok fl)kar ds vk/kkjokD; dks Lohdkj dj fy;k] rks fu"d"kZ dh oS/krk ls
cpus dk dksbZ jkLrk gh ugha FkkA ;g ckr cgjgky vyx Fkh fd tc dHkh vk/kkjokD;ksa
ij fookn gks tk;s & ;fn mlds laKkukRed nkos vkifÙk;ksX; gksaA
oLrqr% 'kkL=h; ijEijk dk bfrgkl ;g n'kkZrk gS fd jktuhfr nk'kZfudksa }kjk fudkys

x, fu"d"kks± esa cM+h fHkUurk,¡ Fkha] bl rF; ds dkj.k fd muds vk/kkjokD;ksa vFkok
Kkuehekalk esa fHkUurk FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa ,slh /kkj.kkvksa ds egÙo ds laca/k esa ,d ckr
mHkj dj vk;hA ;g iwNk tkus yxk fd jktuhfr laca/kh bl izdkj ds lHkh izfr}a}h
fl)karksa dh D;k izklafxdrk gS] ftuesa ls izR;sd jktuhfrd uSfrdrk fo"k;d lR;
/kkj.k djus dk nkok djrk Fkk] tc bu jktuhfrd ,oa uSfrd fl)karksa ds laKkukRed
vk/kkj dh mi;qDrrk dks fu/kkZfjr djus dk dksbZ ekin.M ugha FkkA bl izdkj ds iz'u
dk lkeuk djus ds fy, izR;{koknhtu lcls vkxs jgsA
cks/k iz'u 1
uksV % i) vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
ii) vius mÙkj ds ladsr bdkbZ ds var esa ns[ksaA
1½ if'peh 'kkL=h; ijEijk esa jktuhfrd cglksa dk Lo:i Li"V djsaA
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5 - 3 fu;ked fl)kar dh leh{kk

izR;{kokn] [kkldj LFkkuh; izR;{kokn tks Hkk"kkbZ n'kZu }kjk izHkkfor Fkk] us fu;ked
jktuhfrd fl)kar dks veksP; :i ls dkYifud laKkukRed vk/kkjjfgr vkSj ;gk¡ rd
fd vFkZghu ;k fujh cdokl crkdj dkQ+h dqN vLohdkj dj fn;kA
foVtSUlVhu] ftUgksaus rkfdZd izR;{koknh fl)karksa dks izsfjr fd;k] rhu 'kks/k-fo"k;ksa dks
vkxs c<+k;k Fkk] tks fd gekjs fy, ;gk¡ fu;ked fl)kar ds f[kykQ mnkgj.k Li"V
djus esa jkspd gksaxsA igyk Fkk & rdZ'kkL= o xf.kr] ftlesa iqu#fDr;k¡ 'kkfey Fkha(
nwljk] Hkk"kk tks fd lR;-izdk;ZRed izk/kkj j[krh gS vkSj mlds ewy rÙo gSa & fofHkUu
uke( vkSj rhljk] dksbZ Hkh uhfr'kkL=h; vFkok uSfrd dFku fuf'pr laKkukRed lwpuk
ugha ns ldrs gSaA
izFke dks JelEikfnr djrs gq, foVtSUlVhu us dgk fd xf.kr dk ewy izk/kkj
rdZ'kkL= ls O;qiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bl vFkZ esa xf.kr dh lPpkb;k¡ ikjEifjd
gSa] u fd vadksa vkSj muds laca/k ds fo"k; esa ^rF;ksa* dh mn~?kkVd dgk tk ldrk gSA
fd ewy 'kCnksa dh dqN ifjHkk"kkvksa vkSj fu"d"kZ.k fu;eksa dh ,d fo'ks"k le> dks ysdj
xf.krh; lPpkbZ ds lexz izk/kkj dks mRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq lR; ds ;s :i
ewy 'kCnksa o fu"d"k.k fu;eksa laca/kh viuh ifjHkk"kkvksa ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA ,d vFkZ esa os
ikfjHkkf"kd :i ls lR; gSaA ,slk yx ldrk gS fd ge xf.kr esa ubZ [kkstsa djrs gSa]
ijUrq ,slk flQ+Z blfy, gS fd ifjHkk"kk ds nwjorhZ ifj.kkeksa dks igys ls tku ikuk
dfBu gksrk gS vkSj mUgsa cM+h gh tfVyrk vkSj JelEiknu }kjk lqy>kuk iM+rk gSA
nwljk 'kks/k-fo"k; ;g gS fd Hkk"kk ,d ,slk izk/kkj j[krh gS ftldks rkfdZd fo'ys"k.k

}kjk vuko`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fo'ys"k.k Hkk"kk dks lR;-izdk;kZRed ds :i esa
izdV djsxkA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkk"kk esa tfVy izLFkkiuk] ftls ge lwpuk
igq¡pkus esa iz;ksx djrs gSa] la?kVd izLFkkiukvksa esa fo'ys"; ds :i esa n'kkZ;h tk ldrh
gSA Li"V gS fd bl izfØ;k dks jksduk iM+rk gS vkSj gekjs ikl Hkk"kk ds ewy fuekZ.k-
[k.M jg tkrs gSa] ftUgsa foVtSUlVhu îzkjafHkd izLFkkiuk,¡* dgrs gSaA bu izkjafHkd
izLFkkiukvksa esa fofHkUu uke gksrs gSa % ¼i½ os lh/ks vFkZ iznku djrh gSa] ctk; nwljh
izLFkkiuk dh e/;LFkrk ds] vkSj ¼ii½ os nqfu;k ls lh/kk laca/k j[krh gSaA
Qyr% ;fn Hkk"kk ds vFkZiw.kZ iz;ksxksa dks bl rF; ij fuHkZj djuk iM+rk gS fd uke
lh/ks yf{;r oLrqvksa dk lanHkZ nsrs gSa] rc blds Li"V ifj.kke uSfrd vkSj jktuSfrd
fparu gsrq gksrs gSaA ;fn fu;ked jktuhfrd jpukvksa esa nh xbZ ;s izLFkkiuk,¡ bl
fo'ys"k.k dh xqatkb'k ;ksX; ugha gS rks os lkFkZd ugha gSaA y{; ;k rks HkkSfrd oLrq,¡ gksrh
gSa ;k fQj izR;{k bafnz; vuqHkoA jktuhfrd Hkk"kk bl izdkj xgjs ladV esa iM+ tkrh
gS] dkj.k yf{;r oLrqvksa dk lanHkZ nsus ds fy, mÙke] U;k;] vf/kdkj tSls 'kCnksa dks
fdl vFkZ esa fo'ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS\
vafre fo"k;-fo'ks"k ls ;g Åij pfpZr fu"d"kZ gh fudyrk gSA uSfrd vkSj ewY;kadudkjh
Hkk"kk,¡ vke rkSj ij bl lR;-izdk;kZRed fo'ys"k.k dks Lohdkj ugha djrha vkSj uSfrd 65
^y{;ksa* dks fdlh laKkukRed lkFkZd rjhds ls O;Dr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA dsoy
HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ds ewy vuqHkoksa dk o.kZu djrh os izLFkkiuk,¡ gh lkFkZd gks ldrh gSaA
blls ;g ckr lkeus vkrh gS fd fdlh izLFkkiuk dks oS/k gksus ds fy, vkuqHkkfod :i
ls izek.; gksuk pkfg,] ftlds fy, ml izLFkkiuk dks izR;{k Hkko vuqHko dk lanHkZ nsuk
pkfg, vFkok og vuqHko fl)karr% Li"V mfYyf[kr gksuk pkfg,] ;fn izR;{k :i ls
miyC/k Hkko vuqHko 'kkfey u jgk gksA
;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd izkphu ijEijk ds dqN jktuhfrd fl)kar rF;kRed

vk/kkjokD;ksa ij vk/kkfjr Fks] tSls fd gkWCl] vjLrw vkSj fey dsA ;s fl)kar ekuo
LoHkko ds rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr FksA ml gn rd] tgk¡ rd fd ;s rF;kRed vk/kkjokD;
vkuqHkkfod gSa] os fl)karr% lR;kfir fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj fQj lkFkZd gks ldrs gSaA
izR;{koknh tu mu vk/kkjokD;ksa dks lkFkZd ekusaxs] ijUrq fQj leFkZu ds ml Lo:i ij
/;ku dsfUnzr djsaxs ftudks fd le>k tkrk gS fd ;s vkuqHkkfJr dFku fu;ked ,oa
ewY;-fu/kkZjd fu"d"kZ iznku djrs gSaA vkSj bl lanHkZ esa mUgksaus áwe dk LrqfriwoZd
vkàku fd;k] ftUgksaus crk;k Fkk fd fdlh cgl esa rF;kRed vk/kkjokD; ,sls fl)karksa
dks fujLr djus ds fy, fu;ked] uSfrd vFkok ewY;-fu/kkZjd fu"d"kks± dks tUe ugha ns
ldrsA áwe ds rdZ dks izk;% bl fl)kar ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS fd ^tks gksuk pkfg,
Fkk* dks fdlh ^tks gS* ls O;qRiUu ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
5 - 4 vkuqHkfod ijEijk esa cglksa dk Lo:i

;|fi izR;{kokn us fu;ked jktuhfrd fl)kar dks vLohdkj fd;k] mlus izkÑfrd
foKkuksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr jktuhfrd rF;ksa ds ,d oSKkfud v/;;u dks
c<+kok fn;kA bl ijEijk ds Hkhrj jgdj jktuhfrd rdZ dh izÑfr esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ
cnyko vk;k] D;ksafd vc fo"k;oLrq ds lkFk-lkFk og dk;Ziz.kkyh Hkh] ftl ij og
vius rdks± dks lgh Bgjk ldrh] fu;ked fl)kar okyh dk;Ziz.kkyh ls fHkUu FkhA
bu rdks± dh fo"k;oLrq ds laca/k esa] jktuhfrd rdZ dsoy vuqHkokfJr jktuhfrd

O;ogkj ,oa jktuhfrd vo/kkj.kkvksa ds rdkZ/kkfjr fo'ys"k.k fo"k;d gh gks ldrs gSaA
jktuhfr ds v/;;u ds laca/k esa] bu rdks± ds fy, visf{kr Fkk fd vfHkdFkuksa dks fdlh
vuqHkokfJr Hkko larks"k ds 'kCnksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk,A cnys esa] blds fy, visf{kr
Fkk fd rdZ O;ogkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ij vk/kkfjr gksa] rkfd jktuhfrd #>kuksa dk
v/;;u fd;k tk lds] lkFk gh os lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd rF;ksa gsrq ,d O;fDoknh
:ikUrjoknh n`f"Vdks.k ij vk/kkfjr Hkh gksaA ijorhZ dk fufgrkFkZ Fkk fdlh izdkj dk
dk;Ziz.kkyhxr O;fDrokn] rkfd jkT;] leqnk;] jkT;ra= tSlh lkekftd lef"V;ksa ls
lacaf/kr ladYiukvksa dks ,sls dFkuksa dh Ükà[kyk esa :ikUrfjr fd;k tk lds tks O;fDr;ksa
ds dsoy vkuqHkfod :i ls voxE; O;ogkj dk lanHkZ ns ldsA izHkkor%] jktuhfrd rdZ
ijkHkkSfrdh; dYiukvksa ls eqDr fd, x, vkSj iwjh rjg ls ewY;-fujis{k cu x,] ftudks
fd tk¡pk vkSj lR;kfir fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] D;ksafd ;s rdZ vuqHkokfJr n`';?kVukvksa
ds fo"k; esa FksA
jktuhfrd cglsa] bl ijEijk esa] euq"; vkSj lekt fo"k;d izkxuqHkfod rdZ dks
vLohdkj djrh Fkha] vkSj rF;ijd vkSj laf[;dh; ifji`PNkvksa dks vk/kkj cukrh FkhaA
;g tkudkjh ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gksrk Fkk tks vuqHko dks ,dek= izkekf.kd
Kkuk/kkj ds :i esa ysrk FkkA bl izdkj ds izk/kkj esa] jktuhfrd cglksa dk mn~ns';
66 voyksduh; n`';?kVukvksa dks Li"V djuk gh gksrk Fkk vkSj bu cglksa dh izkekf.kdrk
dks ij[kus dk ekin.M Fks % vkUrfjd lkeatL;] ,slh vU; cglksa ds fygkt ls laxfr jktuhfr dks le>uk
tks lac) n`';?kVukvksa dks Li"V djus dk iz;kl djrh gksa] rFkk mu vuqHkokfJr
iwokZuqHkkuksa dks lkeus ykus dh {kerk ftudks fd voyksdu ds fo#) tk¡pk tk ldsA
bu cglksa dk lR; nkok U;k;laxr fl) fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] ;fn og ;k rks lR;kiu
fl)kar ls esy [kkrk gks ;k fQj ikWij ds feF;k-n'kZu fl)kar lsA izR;{kokfn;ksa ds chp
O;ogkjokfn;ksa us feF;k-n'kZu fl)kar gh viuk;kA ;fn cgl dks feF;k fl) ugha fd;k
tk ldrk Fkk rks fQj og egt iqu#fDriw.kZ gh gksrh Fkh( ;Fkk] dsoy ifjHkk"kk }kjk
lR;] vkSj bl izdkj fujFkZdA cglksa dks izekf.kr gksus ds fy, feF;k fl) djus yk;d
gksus pkfg,] rHkh mUgsa oSKkfud fof/k ij vk/kkfjr dgk tk ldrk gSA
cks/k iz'u 2
ii) vius mÙkj ds ladsr gsrq bdkbZ ds var esa ns[ksaA
1½ uohu fu;ked fl)karksa esa jktuhfrd cgl dk Lo:i 'kkL=h; ijEijk esa jktuhfrd
cgl ds Lo:i ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\
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5 - 5 izR;{kokn dk iru vkSj ,d fodYi :i esa

O;k[;kRed fl)kar
;fn lHkh lkFkZd dFku] lR;kiuh;rk ds fl)kar ij] pkgs iqu#fDriw.kZ gksa ;k fQj
vkuqHkfod :i ls lR;kiuh;] Lo;a-lR;kiu fl)kar dk izfriknu D;k gksxk\ izR;{kokn
ds ikl bldk dksbZ larks"ktud mÙkj ugha Fkk vkSj ;g yxrk Fkk fd dFkuksa esa vFkZ vkSj
vuFkZ ds chp QSlyk djus ds fy, lgh ekin.M Lo;a gh fujFkZd gSA pw¡fd izR;{kokn
us bl Kku ehekalkRed Lrj dks [kks fn;k Fkk] 'kfDr dh o`gÙkj ek=k] vFkZ vkSj Hkko dk
,d vf/kd LoPNan n`f"Vdks.k mHkj dj lkeus vk;kA
O;k[;kRed fl)kar] vFkok Hkk";'kkL=] jktuhfrd ifji`PNk esa izR;{koknh jktuhfr-

foKku ds ,d fodYi Lo:i mHkjkA O;k[;kRed fl)karh izR;{koknh rjhds ds lkFk
vusd leL;kvksa dk mYys[k djrs gSaA os jktuhfrd thou vkSj ml jktuhfrd thou
dh Hkk"kk ds chp ,d voxzg dks ekurs gq, vuqHkooknh n`f"Vdks.k dh vkykspuk dhA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] os vuqHkookn dh vkykspuk mldh bl /kkj.kk ds fy, djrs gSa fd ,d
jktuhfrd ;FkkFkZ gS tks fo|eku gS vkSj fl)karr% ml jkT; O;oLFkk dh Hkk"kk ls Lora=
eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj ,d vksj lkekftd@jktuhfrd thou ds chp
vkarfjd laca/k ds ?kVrs egÙo vkSj nwljh vksj mlesa fufgr Hkk"kk dks Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk
gSA O;k[;kRed fl)karh dgrs gSa fd gekjs jktuhfrd O;ogkj ml Hkk"kk }kjk O;Dr vkSj
67
la?kfVr gksrs gSa tks muesa ¼;Fkk] jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa esa½ clh jgrh gSa] vkSj fd muesa clh
Hkk"kk viuk vFkZ mu jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa ds :i ls gh izkIr djrh gS ftuesa og
fodflr gksrh gSA pkYlZ Vsyj dk dguk gS fd gekjs jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa dks ml Hkk"kk
ls vyx djds ugha ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ge mudk o.kZu djus] mudk vkàku djus
vFkok mUgsa dk;kZfUor djus ds fy, iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl fLFkfr ds lkekftd vk;ke dh
'kCnkoyh bl vk;ke esa lkekftd O;ogkjksa ds :i esa gh vk/kkj j[krh gS( ;Fkk] dgk tk
ldrk gS fd 'kCnkoyh dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksrk ;fn O;ogkjksa dh ;g Ükà[kyk vfLrRo
esa u gksrhA vkSj iqu%] ;g O;ogkj Ükà[kyk bl vFkok fdlh lac) 'kCnkoyh dh
fo|ekurk ds cxS+j viuk oT+kwn ugha j[krhA ;g Hkk"kk] rnuqlkj] ;FkkFkZ dh la?kVd] bl
izdkj ds ;FkkFkZ ds vfLrRo ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA
tc Hkk"kk ;FkkFkZ dh la?kVd gks rks jktuhfrd thou dh O;k[;k vo'; gh vkuqHkfod
:i ls voyksduh; O;ogkj vkSj vkRexr izo`fÙk;ksa ls ijs tk;sxhA O;k[;k dks Hkk"kk ,oa
jktuhfrd thou ds vFkZ ,oa O;ogkjksa dks vuko`Ùk djus vkSj ,sls lkekftd lk¡ps dk
fuekZ.k djus ds fy, xgjs iSBuk pkfg, ftlds fo#) vkReijd izo`fÙk;k¡ cuh gksaA bu
dkQ+h cqfu;knh vUrjkRexr ,oa loZlkekU; vFkks± ,oa O;ogkjksa dks ,d xgu Hkk";'kkL=
dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks vuqHkkfJr ifji`PNk ls visf{kr lk{; ¼vk¡dM+kas½ ls Hkh ijs
gksrk gSA bl izdkj] vkuqHkkfod lekt-foKku jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd thou ds lcls
cqfu;knh igyqvksa dks Li"V djus ds fy, vi;kZIr gSA ekuo O;ogkj laca/kh vkReijd
izo`fÙk;k¡ vkSj vkuqHkkfod ladsrdksa ds fygkt ls O;k[;k,¡ fdafpr~ gh igpku j[krh gSa
vkSj jktuhfrd thou ds lokZf/kd xw<+ vFkZ vkSj vfHkizk; dk dkj.k crykrh gSaA
Hkk"kk }kjk lwfpr lkekftd@jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa dks vFkZ O;Dr djus ds fy, gesa
O;k[;k dh t+:jr iM+rh gS] D;ksafd os izk;% vifjiDo] vuqDr vkSj viw.kZ :i ls O;Dr
dh xbZ gksrh gSaA ijUrq rc bl izdkj dh dksbZ Hkh O;k[;k fooknkLin gksrh gS D;ksafd
fdlh ,d fof'k"V O;k[;k ds leFkZu djus dk eryc gS jktuhfrd fodYiksa dh ,d
Ükà[kyk dks ldkjuk] tcfd nwljksa dks xqIr :i ls {kfr igq¡prh gSA O;k[;kRed fl)kar]
blh dj.k] ewY;-'kwU; ugha gks ldrk gSA xSMej vius VªqFk ,.M eSFkWM esa crkrs gSa fd
lkekftd@jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa ds vFkZ dks le>us gsrq ,d mfpr izfrn'kZ fdlh
ewyikB dh O;k[;k okyk izfrn'kZ gh gksrk gS % ,d izfrn'kZ ftlesa ge dkj.kksa vFkok
dkuwu-jpuk gsrq vuqla/kku esa #fp ugha j[krs] ijUrq mlds vaxksa ds fygkt ls lewps dks]
vkSj ;ksxnkuksa ds fygkt ls mlds vaxksa dks le>rs gq, os lewps dk gh vFkZ nsrs gSaA
O;k[;kRed fl)ka r us lektokfn;ks a ] ukjh - vf/kdkjokfn;ks a ] vkS j mÙkj -
vk/kqfudrkokfn;ksa ds fu;ked fl)karksa ij gky ds o"kks± esa dkQ+h l[r+ izHkko Mkyk gSA
5 - 6 jktuhfrd fl)kar esa fu;ked cnyko

*lÙkj ds n'kd esa jkWYl] ukWft+d] okYt+j] }ksfdZu] xzsfoFk o vU; ds gkFkksa jktuhfrd
fl)kar esa ,d fu;ked cnyko ns[kk x;kA 'kk;n] HkkX; cnyus ds lcls cqfu;knh
dkj.kksa esa ,d dkj.k n'kZu'kkL= esa ,d dk;Zdj 'kfDr ds :i esa izR;{kokn dk gzkl jgk
gSA cM+s iSekus ij ;g gzkl Lo;a fl)kar dks lgh fl) djus esa v'kDr gksus ds dkj.k
gS] tks fd geus Åij ns[kkA blds lkFk gh] fu;ked jktuhfrd fl)kar ds iqu#)kj
gsrq ,d izsjd okrkoj.k xgjs uSfrd ladV }kjk cuk;k x;k ftldk fd if'peh lH;rk
dj jgh FkhA bl fopkj us] blh dkj.k] tM+ idM+ yh fd lekt dks ,d uSfrd
vk/kkj dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ;Fkk mu fo'oklksa dh ,d Ükà[kyk dh] tks fd ;k tks
68
og j[krk gS ;k mls j[kus pkfg,] tcfd /kkj.kk ;g gS fd O;kogkfjd dkj.k fuewZy jktuhfr dks le>uk
vkSj ;kn`fPNd gksrk gS] ;fn og ,d ,sls LohÑr ewY;ksa dh Ükà[kyk ij vk/kkfjr u gks
tks fd ml lekt ds fy, izkekf.kd ekus tkrs gksaA
ijUrq ;fn ewY; O;fDrijd gksa] tks fd izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij gks ldrk gS] tSlk fd
izR;{koknh dgrs gSa] rc ge ewY;ksa ij lger dSls gksaxs\ fu;ked jktuhfrd fl)kar]
nwljh vksj] dgrk gS fd ;g le>kSrk laHko gS] ;fn dqN ,sls vke fl)karksa dh Ükà[kyk
LFkkfir dh tk;s tks fQj vkReijd fopkjksa ds chp lkeatL; ,oa@vFkok fofHkUu ewY;ksa
ds chp vf/kfu.kZ; dk vk/kkj iznku dj ldsA fu.kkZ;d iz'u rc ;g gksxk fd ge vke
fl)karksa dh ml Ükà[kyk dks gkfly dSls djsaA bl iz'u ds nks mÙkj ;k rjhds gSaA
5 - 7 vk/kkjoknh vkSj mÙkj -vk/kkjoknh fl)karksa esa cglksa

dh izÑfr
igyk mÙkj ;g gS fd ge uSfrdrk ds ewY;ksa vFkok ekudksa dh ,d ,slh Ükà[kyk rS;kj
djsa tks fd lkoZf=d] ijklkaLÑfrd vkSj vUrjkReijd :i ls izkekf.kd gksA uSfrdrk
ds bu ekudksa dks ,sls vk/kkj dgk tk ldrk gS tks fof'k"V laLÑfr;ksa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa
fo'ks"k bfrgklksa ls dyqf"kr ugha gq,A ukWmeSuy lSYQ+ ¼dSUV½] ,ClWY;wV fLizV ¼gsxsy½]
izksfyVSfj,V ¼ekDlZ½] vkbfM;kt+ vkWj Q+kWElZ ¼IysVks½ tSlh Ñfr;ksa dks 'kkfey djus okys
vf/ko`Ùkkar ,d ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij fu.kZ;u~ ,oa vkSfpR;-izfriknu gsrq ,d ,slk gh
vk/kkj iznku dj ldrs gSaA uSfrd fl)karksa dh nwljh bl izdkj dh lkoZf=d vk/kkfjd
Ük`[a kyk gks ldrh Fkh % (i) mi;ksfxrkokn] (ii) dSUV dk uhfr'kkL= vkSj (iii) ekuo LoHkko
,oa ekuof/kdkjksa laca/kh dqN vo/kkj.kk,¡A mi;ksfxrkokn ls ijs] bu vk/kkfjd fl)karksa
esa ls vf/kdka'k] tgk¡ rd fd tkudkjh gS] xw<+ rdZ'kfDr ij gh vk/kkfjr gSaA vHkh gky
gh ds fnuksa esa] lkoZHkkSfed ;qfDrijd uSfrdrk dks tUe nsus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS]
;k rks izfØ;kRed ;qfDr;ksa ij t+ksj nsdj] tSls jkWYl dk vKku dk ijnk] ;k fQj
U;wure uhfr'kkL=h; izfrc)rk dh vo/kkj.kk ij fopkjksa dk vknku-iznku] tSls fd
izkFkfed oLrqvksa laca/kh jkWYl dh vo/kkj.kk ftUgsa fd fdlh Hkh O;fDr }kjk bfPNr
le>k tkrk gS] ;k fQj tSlk fd xzsfoFk dh izHkko dh U;wure 'krZ laca/kh vo/kkj.kk
esa gSA vk/kkjokfn;ksa ds jktuhfrd rdZ] rnuqlkj] mu 'kCnfpg~uksa ij vk/kkfjr gSa tks fd
euq";] lekt ,oa Lo;a dh izÑfr laca/kh ,d lkekU;] ijUrq vfuok;ZÑr fooj.k izLrqr
djrs gSa] vkSj ;qfDrijdrk ,oa oLrqfu"Brk laca/kh ftuds ekin.M ,sls gh 'kCnfpg~uksa ls
O;qRiUu fd;s tkrs gSa] ftudks fd lkoZf=d :i ls O;ogk;Z ,oa oS/k ekuk tkrk gSA
nwljk mÙkj mÙkj-vk/kkjokfn;ksa }kjk fn;k tkrk gS] ;Fkk lkE;okfn;ksa }kjkA oSls rks
vusdksa mÙkj-vk/kkjoknh fl)kar n`f"Vxr gksrs gSa] ijUrq ;gk¡ ge vUrFk`Zr jktuhfrd rdZ
dh izÑfr dks Li"V djus ds fy, dsoy lkE;okfn;ksa dks gh ysaxsA mudk dguk gS fd
gesa fdlh lkoZf=d] lS)kafrd uSfrd vk/kkj dh vko';drk ugha gS] vkSj fd
Li/khZ ewY;ksa ds chp fu.kZ;kns'k gsrq okafNr fl)karksa dh Ükà[kyk ,d leqnk; fo'ks"k esa
vO;Dr gksrh gSA bl vO;Dr dks lqO;Dr vkSj Li"V cukuk gksrk gSA jktuhfrd ykHk
nqcksZ/k rdZ.kk }kjk fu/kkZfjr ugha gksrs gSa] u gh mUgsa fueqZDr y?kqÑr uSfrd vfHkdÙkkZvksa
}kjk Lora=rkiwoZd pquk tk ldrk gSA ;s fof'k"V leqnk;ksa dh thou-i)fr;ksa ls tUe
ysrs gSa] vkSj mUgha esa O;Dr gksrs gSaA lkE;oknh rdks± dks O;k[;kRed Hkk"kk;h fl)kar ls
leFkZu feyk] mnkgj.k ds fy,] fQ+ykslWfQ+dy bUosfLVxs'ku vkSj fn Cyw cqd esa
foV~tSULVhu ds uohu ys[kksa ls] tks fd O;kogkfjd rdZ.kk gsrq fdlh cká ;qfDrijd
69
vk/kkj gsrq [kkst ij fopkj djrs gSa tSlh fd feF;k /kkj.kk gS] D;ksafd ;fn mudks ik;k
Hkh tk ldrk] rks os] oLrqr%] O;kogkfjd /keZladV ds laca/k esa fuf"Ø; gh gksrsA fdlh
thou-i)fr ds fy, gesa fdlh lS)kafrd vk/kkj dh t+:jr ugha gksrhA O;kogkfjd
dkj.k lksfQ+;k ¼foosd½] ;Fkk oLrqijd Kku ds U;k;laxr nkoksa ds fo"k; esa ugha gS] oju~
ÝksUlSfll ¼fu.kZ;½ ds fo"k; esa gSa] ;Fkk fdlh ifjfLFkfr fo'ks"k esa O;kogkfjd fopkjkRed
fu.kZ; dh {kerkA jktuhfrd rdZ dh izÑfr pw¡fd ml fof/kra= ij fuHkZj gksrh gS ftlesa
mls :ikf;r fd;k tkrk gS] pfy,] mÙkj-vk/kkjoknh jktuhfrd fl)kar esa jktuhfrd
rdZ dh O;k[;k djus gsrq ,d mnkgj.k ds :i esa jktuhfrd lS)karhdj.k ds fy,
Lo;eFkZd larqyu laca/kh jkWYl dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ij ,d ljljh ut+j Mkyrs gSaA ,d
O;k[;k mi;qDr gksxhA jkWYl dks mldh dqN /kkj.kkvksa ds fy, vke rkSj ij ,d
vk/kkjoknh ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gS] tSlk fd jkWYl ds fu.kZ; laca/kh ekbdy
lSMy dh lekykspuk esa vkrk gS] ijUrq lk/kkj.kr;k Lo;eFkZd larqyu laca/kh jkWYl dh
dk;Ziz.kkyh dks LoHkkor% mÙkj-vk/kkjoknh ds :i esa gh Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
LoeFkZd larqyu dh fof/k dk rdkt+k gS fd vius ^lkekU;rk ds lHkh Lrjksa ij le>s

x, fu.kZ;ksa ds fo#) ge mldh tk¡p dj ,d iznÙk uSfrd vFkok jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k
dk ewY;kadu djsaA ;Fkk] ge mlds vkarfjd laca/kksa vkSj lrgh lR;kHkkl ¼mudk leFkZu
djrs rdks± ds lkFk½ ds fygkt ls bl fl)kar dks lekfo"V djus okys nqcksZ/k fl)karksa
dh lkekU; laxfr dks le>sa( ge] rnksijkar] mu fof'k"V fu.kZ;ksa dh tk¡p djsa ftudks
fd bl izdkj ds fl)kar fo'o esa fufnZ"V mnkgj.kksa ds fo"k; esa vFkZlwfpr djrs gSa( lkFk
gh] ge mlds nqcksZ/k lR;kHkkl] vkarfjd laxfr ,oa fof'k"V mnkgj.kksa esa ^vUrnZ'khZ
i;kZIrrk* dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mldh leLr xzkárk gsrq lexz lEos"Vu ij fopkj
djsaA
Lo;eFkZd larqyu fu;ked nkoksa dh oS/krk dk ,d lqlaxr fooj.k gSA ;g ^vk/kkjokn*

ls bl ckr esa fHkUu gS fd og ;g ek¡x ugha djrk fd ge vlafnX/k izFke fl)karksa ls
vkxs c<+sa vkSj flQ+Z muls gh ,d vkuqekfud rdZ ds ek/;e ls fu"d"kZ fudky ysaA
bldk eryc gS fd fu;ked fl)kar ges'kk gh ubZ 'krks± ds vkyksd esa leh{kk v/khu
gksrs gSa] tks fd ;k rks uSfrd fl)karksa ds laca/k esa gksrh gSa ;k fQj nqfu;k ds mu igyqvksa
ls lacaf/kr ftuds izfr bu fl)karksa dks viuk;k tkuk gksrk gSA O;k[;k dh] rnuqlkj]
jktuhfrd lS)karhdj.k esa fuHkk;s tkus ds fy, ,d Hkwfedk gksrh gS vkSj rF; ;g Hkh
gS fd jktuhfrd fu.kZ; dnkfpr~ gh iDds gksrs gSa] cfYd os ges'kk ubZ vUrn`Zf"V;ksa
vFkok tkudkjh ds vkyksd esa iqufoZpkj ds fy, izLrqr jgrs gSaA
mÙkj-vk/kkjoknh fl)karksa esa jktuhfrd rdZ] rnuqlkj] lkekftd lR;rk ds fo"k; esa
vke lksp vFkok rdZ.kk dks ugha NksM+rs gSaA ijUrq ;g rdZ ges'kk ,d lkekftd :i ls
LFkkfir n`f"Vdks.k ls gksrk gS] tks fd bl /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS fd gekjh
lkekftd #fp vkSj lkekftd ewY; gh gekjs fopkjksa dks :ikf;r djrs gSa vkSj fd
gekjk lkekftd cks/k Hkh lkekftd thou dks :ikf;r djus dk gh ,d fgLlk gSA ;gk¡
,d cgqLrjh; rdZ lfUufgr gS tks fd fo'ys"k.kkRed rdZ'kfDr] vkuqHkkfod vk¡dM+ksa]
fu;ked Li"Vhdj.k ,oa O;k[;k ds chp fo'okl iSnk djrk gSA jktuhfrd rdZ vkerkSj
ij tfVy gksrs gSa vkSj la'kks/kd lhekvksa dks yk¡?kdj lkeus vkrs gSa] fo'ks"kr% foVtSULVhu
dh Hkk"kk-uhfr dh lhekvksa dksA oLrqfu"Brk ,oa ;qfDrijdrk ftudk fd jktuhfrd
rdZ vkSfpR;-izfriknu gsrq vkàku djrs gSa] izklafxd gksrs gSa] D;ksafd ,slk dksbZ izklafxd
Lora= fopkjk/kkj ugha gS ftl ij fd lkekftd O;ogkjksa dks ij[kk tk ldsA rnuqlkj]
70
fdlh jktuhfrd rdZ esa lR;rk gsrq dlkSfV;k¡ & lgh vkSj x+yr & Hkk"kk-uhfr ,oa jktuhfr dks le>uk
izlax gsrq iwjh rjg vkarfjd gksrh gSaA
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ vkuqHkkfod-O;kogkfjd ijEijk ds ,d fodYi Lo:i Hkk";'kkL= dh leh{kk djsaA
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2½ vk/kkfjd vkSj vk/kkfjdksÙkj fl)karksa ds chp rdZ-fordZ dh izÑfÙk esa D;k Hksn gSa\
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5 - 8 la d YiukRed fo'ys " k.k

ge fdlds fo"k; esa D;k rdZ nsrs gSa vkSj dSls og rdZ izLrqr djrs gSa] nksuksa gh ckrksa
dk laca/k bl ckr ls gS fd ge D;ksa vkSj dSls ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA
ladYiuk,¡ fo}rkiw.kZ iz;klksa ds fy, nks vFkks± esa fu;kZ.kd gSa % lk/ku Lo:i vkSj
lk/; Lo:iA lk/kuksa ds :i esa ladYiuk,¡ Kku gsrq vko';d gSa( os Kku dh laHkkouk
gsrq 'krs± gSaA bl vFkZ esa] foKku ladYiukvksa ds ek/;e ls laHko cuk;k x;k vUrkZRexr
:i ls fu;af=r Kku gSA ladYiuk,¡ O;k[;k ds fy, Hkh fu.kkZ;d gksrh gSa] vkSj blh
dkj.k] ladYiuk,¡ dSls tUe ysrh gSa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj] ladYiuk,¡
u flQ+Z Kku dk lk/ku gSa] oju~ lk/; Lo:i ,d Kku dk fo"k; Hkh gSaA
ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k ds rhu :ikUrj.k gSaA izFke :ikUrj.k dk mn~ns'; gksrk gS&
fdlh xw<+ vFkZ dks ;FkklaHko };FkZd ls eqDr djuk( ,d ,slh O;k[;k tks ;FkklaHko
loZJs"B oSKkfud dFkuksa] izkDdFku fojpu ,oa iqu#Rikn~; vkuqHkkfod fo'ys"k.k dks
Lohdkj djrh gSA f}rh; :ikUrj.k bl ckr ij fopkj djrk gS fd fof'k"V lkekftd
fl)karksa esa ladYiuk,¡ fdl izdkj fufgr gSa( ;gk¡ ladYiuk fuekZ.k fl)kar fuekZ.k ds
lekukUrj gh pyrk gS( vf/kd lkekU; rkSj ij & fl)karksa dks fo'ys"k.k gsrq ,d
71
izk/kkj ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gSA izFke :ikUrj.k ladYiukRed bfrgkl ij fopkj djrk
gS] tks fd orZeku lesr] bfrgkl dh ,d csgrj le> dh vksj ys tk ldrk gSA
bu :ikUrj.kksa ij ppkZ dks ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k gsrq nks n`f"Vdks.kksa ds rgr

ifjdfYir fd;k tk ldrk gS & izR;{koknh n`f"Vdks.k vkSj O;k[;kRed n`f"Vdks.kA
5-8-1 izR;{koknh n`f"Vdks.k

tSlk fd geus Åij ns[kk] rkfdZd izR;{kokn uked vljdkjh vkUnksyu dk vuqlj.k
djus okys nk'kZfudksa us ifji`PNk ds dsoy nks lkFkZd izdkjksa dks le>k % rF;ijd
fo"k;ksa esa vkuqHkkfod [kkstchu] vkSj 'kCnksa ds vFkks± ,oa iz;ksxksa dh ladYiukRed ppkZ,¡A
pw¡fd n'kZu'kkL= dksbZ vuqHkoijd] rF;-[kksth fparu ugha Fkh] mls ladYiukRed
fo'ys"k.k dh Hkwfedk lkSaih xbZA
ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k dk mn~ns'; Bhd oSlk gh Fkk tSlk fd foKku ds nk'kZfudksa us

oSKkfud ladYiukvksa ds rkfdZd fo'ys"k.k ds laca/k esa fd;k( dk;Zr% mudk vFkZ Li"V
djuk vkSj mUgsa ,d iwjh rjg vkuqHkfod] x+Sj-ijkHkkSfrdh; ,oa dkjxj vFkZ iznku djus
esa enn djukA
bl vFkZ esa] jktuhfrd n'kZu'kkL= jktuhfr-foKku dk ,d lgk;d Fkk] tks mUgsa iz;qDr
ladYiukvksa rFkk O;k[;kRed ,oa vuqHkotU; vFkZ ds vykok fdlh Hkh pht+ ls 'kwU;
djus ds iz;kl gsrq rdks± dks Li"V djrk Fkk] rkfd jktuhfrd layki ds 'kCnksa dks ,sls
rjhdksa ls iz;ksx fd;k tk lds fd tks oSpkfjd ,oa uSfrd igyqvksa ds chp i{kikr'kwU;
gksaA mEehn ;g Fkh fd Bhd mlh rjhds ls ftl izdkj oSKkfud fl)karksa dks vkxs
c<+k;k tk ldrk Fkk vkSj oSKkfudksa dh uSfrd o vU; fdlh izfrc)rk ij
/;ku cxS+j oSKkfud rF;ksa dh O;k[;k vkSj igpku dh tk ldrh Fkh] jktuhfr-foKku
Hkh ,d ewY;jfgr rjhds ls vkxs tk ldrk Fkk] ;fn ,d ckj ml foKku dh ewy
ladYiukvksa dks igpku fy;k tk, vkSj ,d ifjoR;Z vkuqHkfod ifjHkk"kk ns nh tk,] vkSj
lkFk gh] og jktuhfrd cgl Li"V ladYiukvksa ,oa lEer ifjHkk"kkvksa dks ysdj vkxs
c<+ ldrh FkhA ;g [kkst vko';d Fkh] D;ksafd tc rd ;g lQy ugha gksrh] og
jktuhfr dk ,d foKku j[kus dh mEehn ugha dj ldrh Fkh vkSj tc rd jktuhfr
dk dksbZ foKku ugha gksrk] ge jktuhfrd ,oa uSfrd rdZ-fordks± gsrq dkj.k izLrqr djus
dh vis{kk ugha dj ldrs FksA y{; Fkk & jktuhfrd ifji`PNk dh Hkk"kk dks iquxZfBr
djuk] rkfd mls jktuhfr ds foKku gsrq ,d mi;qDr ek/;e cuk;k tk ldsA
rFkkfi] izR;{kokn ds izHkko ls ckgj jgus okys jktuhfr-fl)kafr;ksa dks ladYiukRed

fo'ys"k.k esa dksbZ vgZrk izkIr ugha gS] ftudk fd mn~ns'; uSfrd :i ls mu i{kikr'kwU;
ladYiukvksa dks tUe nsuk gS tks jktuhfr-foKku esa Bhd mlh izdkj dh O;k[;kRed
dkjxj Hkwfedk fuHkk;saxh tSlh fd izkÑfrd foKkuksa esa oSKkfud ladYiuk,¡ fuHkkrh gSaA
n`"Vkar ds xq.k-nks"k ls ijs] os bls vokafNr Hkh ekurs gSaA
5-8-2 O;k[;kRed n`f"Vdks.k

ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k dk mn~ns'; ladYiuk-fo'ks"k dh vko';d ,oa i;kZIr 'krZ
¼ifjHkk"kk½ dks mtkxj djuk vFkok mldh vkarfjd lajpuk dks m?kkM+uk ugha gS] oju~
mUgsa le>us ds u,-u, jpukRed rjhds bZt+kn djuk gSA ladYiuk,¡ fueqZDr LFkkfir
lÙkk,¡ ugha gSa vkSj mUgsa ml o`gn~ lanHkZ esa le>k tkuk gksrk gS ftlesa os LFkkfir gksrh
72
gSa] ;Fkk ftl rjhds ls ,d lkfgfR;d ewyikB dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA ladYiuk,¡ ftl jktuhfr dks le>uk
rjhds ls iz;ksx dh tkrh gSa mlls os lkFkZd gks tkrh gSa vkSj blls ladYiukRed
fo'ys"k.k ,d tfVy] vuUr vkSj fooknkLin ekeyk cu tkrk gSA
dksuksyh dk rdZ gS fd jktuhfrd ladYiuk,¡ tSls Lora=rk] lÙkk] vkfn ^vfuok;Zr%*

fooknkLin gSaA os ^fooknkLin* gSa D;ksafd bl ladYiuk dh dlkSfV;k¡ vkSj mldk iz;ksx
izlax cgl ds fo"k; gSaA dlkSfV;ksa ls ;gk¡ eryc gS & fdlh ?kVuk ;k dkjZokbZ ls iwoZ
os 'krs± iwjh gksuh pkfg, tks iznÙk ladYiuk ds nk;js esa vkrh gSa dgk tk ldrk gSA
iz;ksx izlax dk vFkZ gS & ladYiuk-fo'ks"k dk mn~ns'; vkSj bl mn~ns'; ds lkFk gh]
mlls tqM+h gSa opuc)rk,¡A ^ladYiuk,¡ vfuok;Zr% fooknkLin gSa* dk eryc gS fd rdZ
dh ^lkoZHkkSfed* dlkSfV;k¡ bu fooknksa dks fuf'pr :i ls lqy>kus ds fy, i;kZIr ugha gSAa
izR;{koknh eq[;/kkjk lkekftd foKkuksa dh lqO;ofLFkr vfHk/kkj.kk,¡ ,oa ekud] tSls

dkjxj ,oa xS+j-dkjxj 'kCnkoyh] fo'ys"k.kkRed ,oa la'ys"kkRed dFku] O;k[;kRed ,oa
fu;ked ladYiuk,¡] vkuqHkkfod ,oa ladYiukRed rdZ lansgkLin oS/krk okys gSaA
dksuksyh crkrs gSa fd Hkk"kkbZ n'kZu'kkL= esa uohu Ñfr;k¡ n'kkZrh gSa fd vuqla/kku ds bu
ekudksa dks la'kks/kukFkZ nksgjk;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA bu ekudksa dh u, vkyksd esa
O;k[;k fd;k tkuk] tks fd] mnkgj.k ds fy,] fo'ys"k.kkRed fHkUurkvksa ,oa rF;-ewY;
}knS'; dh vksj izo`Ùk djrk gS] dksuksyh crkrs gSa] ;g vf/kd Li"V :i ls le>us esa
enn djrk gS fd D;ksa jktuhfr dh eq[; ladYiuk,¡ brus izkf;d :i ls fookn dk
fo"k; cu tkrh gSaA
blds vfrfjDr] og crkrs gSa fd i{kikr'kwU;] O;k[;kRed ,oa dkjxj :i ls ifjHkk";

ladYiuk,¡ jktuhfr dh le> dks lhfer dj nsrh gSaA ;g u dsoy lfUufgr vFkZ dks
/kjk'kk;h dj nsrh gS] cfYd jktuhfr fo"k;d oSdfYid] ekSfyd igyqvksa dh xos"k.kk gsrq
iz;klksa dks ckf/kr Hkh dj nsrh gSA i{kikr'kwU; dkjxj ladYiukvksa dks j[kus dk iz;kl
jktuhfr ls cpus dh ,d bPNk Lo:i tUek gSA ;g ;k rks tuthou dks ;qfDrlaxr
djus dh ,d bPNk ds :i esa tUerk gS] tgk¡ };FkZdrkvksa ,oa fooknkLin vfHkfoU;kl
dh ,d Ükà[kyk dks 'krks± ,oa izkFkfedrkvksa dh O;ofLFkr iz.kkyh ds fu;a=.k esa j[krs gSa]
vFkok tuthou dh uSfrd O;k[;k djus gsrq ,d [kkst ds :i esa] tgk¡ lHkh ukxfjdksa
dks lexzr% ,d loZlEefr ds v/khu ys vkrh gS tks jktuhfrd dks mikafrd vkSj
vegÙoiw.kZ cuk nsrh gSA jkT; O;oLFkk esa izpfyr ladYiukvksa dks la'kks/kukFkZ nksgjk,
cxS+j viukuk] blh dkj.k LFkkfir izFkkvksa ds i{k esa Mwch ckrphr dh 'krks± ij Lohdkj
djuk gh gSA
mi;qZDr ds vkyksd esa] fooknkLinrk dh ladYiuk dk egÙo ;g gS fd og jktuhfr dh

Hkk"kk esa fVds fooknkLin uSfrd ,oa jktuhfrd igyqvksa dks lkeus ykus ds fy,
vf/kd vkReeuu'khy jktuhfrd layki izLrqr djrh gS vkSj bl izdkj] jktuhfrd
ifjorZu dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gSA
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k ds

izR;{koknh vkSj O;k[;kRed fooj.kksa ds chp Hksn crk,¡A 73
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5-9 lkjka ' k

pw¡fd gekjs ikl jktuhfrd fl)kar ds fofHkUu ijaijk,¡ gSa vkSj gjsd fof'k"V lkj;qDr ,oa
lqO;ofLFkr fo"k;ksa }kjk igpku izkIr gSa] jktuhfrd cglksa dk Lo:i fHkUu-fHkUu
ijaijkvksa esa fHkUu-fHkUu gksrk gSA jktuhfrd cglksa esa pw¡fd lR;-nkoksa ds vkSfpR;
izfriknu ,oa oS/krk 'kkfey gksrh gS] fofHkUu ijaijkvksa ds Kku dk fl)kar ,oa izklafxd
Kkuehekalk dh dk;Z-iz.kkyh gh jktuhfrd cglksa ds Lo:i dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA
jktuhfrd cglsa vkSj ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k rkfdZd :i ls tqM+s gSaA ladYiuk,¡ gh os
'kCn vFkok 'kCnkoyh gSa ftudks ysdj jktuhfrd laokn fd;k tkrk gSA jktuhfrd
cglsa vUnj gh vUnj tUe ys ysrh gSa vkSj ladYiukvksa ds ek/;e ls vkxs c<+k;h tkrh
gSaA fu;ked jktuhfrd fl)kar lgh ,oa mÙke ds fo"k; esa Fks vkSj blh izdkj
jktuhfrd cglsa HkhA jktuhfrd cglksa us ,d ;qfDr;qDr vk/kkj ij uSfrd eqn~nksa vFkok
uSfrd-jktuSfrd lR;-nkoksa dks fucVkus ds ,d Li"V mn~ns'; dks ysdj uSfrd
rdZ'kfDr dk :i ys fy;kA bl ijaijk esa jktuhfrd cglsa jktuhfrd lPpkb;ksa vFkok
lR;-nkoksa fo"k;d fu"d"kks± dh fn'kk esa] lR; vFkok Kku ds Lo:i fo"k;d dqN
fuf'pr Lor% izekf.kr lR;ksa] Lo;aflf);ksa] vFkok vo/kkj.kkvksa ls fudy dj vkb±A
izR;{kokfn;ksa us fu;ked fl)kar dh vkykspuk dhA ;fn fu;kfed jktuhfrd ys[kksa esa
fn, x, dFku vkuqHkfod lR;kiu vFkok [kaMu ds izfr lgt izHkkO; ugha gSa rks os
lkFkZd ugha gSaA tcfd izR;{kokn us fu;ked jktuhfrd fl)kar dks fujLr dj fn;k]
mlus izkÑfrd foKkuksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr jktuhfrd n`';?kVukvksa ds ,d
oSKkfud v/;;u dks izksRlkfgr fd;kA tgk¡ rd fd bu cglksa ds fo"k; dk laca/k gS]
jktuhfrd cglsa dsoy jktuhfrd ladYiukvksa laca/kh vuqHkotU; jktuhfrd O;ogkj
,oa rkfdZd fo'ys"k.k ds fo"k; esa gks ldrh FkhaA bls] cnys esa] vis{kk Fkh fd cglsa
jktuhfrd izo`fr;ksa ds v/;;u ds lkFk-lkFk lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd n`';?kVukvksa ds
izfr ,d O;fDroknh y?kqdkjd n`f"Vdks.k ij Hkh vk/kkfjr gksaA O;k[;kRed fl)kar]
vFkok Hkk";'kkL= izR;{koknh jktuhfr-foKku ds izfr ,d fodYi ds Lo:i jktuhfr
ifji`PNk esa mHkjkA blus jktuhfrd thou vkSj ml jktuhfrd thou dh Hkk"kk ds chp
,d fo;kstu dh ifjdYiuk djus ds fy, vuqHkotU; n`f"Vdks.k dh vkykspuk dhA
O;k[;k dks Hkk"kk ,oa jktuhfrd thou ds vFkZ ,oa iz;ksxksa dks mtkxj djus ds fy, vkSj
xgjkbZ esa tkuk gh pkfg, tks fd ml lkekftd lk¡ps dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa ftlds fo#)
oLrqijd vfHkizk;ksa dk tUe gksrk gSA vr,o] vuqHkotU; lkekftd foKku jktuhfrd
,oa lkekftd thou ds lcls ekSfyd igyqvksa dks Li"V djus ds fy, vi;kZIr gSA
oLrqijd izo`fÙk;ksa ,oa O;ogkj ds vkuqHkkfod ladsrdksa ds 'kCnksa esa O;k[;k,¡ bruh
74
laf{kIr gSa fd jktuhfrd thou ds lcls xgjs vFkZ ,oa Hkko dks igpkuuk vkSj mldk jktuhfr dks le>uk
dkj.k crkuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA
Hkk";'kkL= rFkk if'peh lH;rk }kjk vuqHko fd, x, uSfrd ladV ds izHkko dh otg
ls] jktuhfrd fl)kar us ,d fu;ked eksM+ fy;kA rFkkfi] vk/kkjokfn;ksa ,oa mÙkj-
vk/kkjokfn;ksa ds chp dk;Ziz.kkyh ,oa Kkuehekalk ds laca/k esa Hksnksa ds dkj.k fu;ked
lS)karhdj.k ds Hkhrj jktuhfrd cglksa dk Lo:i fHkUu FkkA vUrr%] geus nks n`f"Vdks.kksa
dks viukus okys ladYiukRed fo'ys"k.k dks Hkh ns[kkA izR;{kokfn;ksa ds fy,] ladYiukRedrk
dk vFkZ Fkk i{kikr'kwU; dkjxj ladYiukvksa dks tUe nsukA O;k[;kRed fl)karh ,sls
iz;klksa dks vLohdkj djrs gSaA os jktuhfrd ladYiukvksa ds ^vfuok;Zr%* fooknkLin
Lo:i ij t+ksj nsrs gSa vkSj vkxs rdZ nsrs gSa fd i{kikr'kwU; ladYiuk,¡ LFkkfir izFkkvksa
dk i{k ysrh gSa vkSj jktuhfr fo"k;d vkykspukRed fopkj esa ck/kk Mkyrh gSaA
fooknkLinrk dh ladYiuk jktuhfr dh Hkk"kk esa fVds fookn;ksX; uSfrd ,oa jktuhfrd
igyqvksa dks lkeus j[kdj vf/kd vkReeuu'khy jktuhfrd layki izLrqr djrh gSA

,e- fxCcu ¼la-½] b.VjizsfVax ikWfyfVDl] csfly CySd oSy] vkWDlQ+ksMZ] 1987A
tkWu fØLVeSu] lks'ky ,.M iWfyfVdWy fQ+ykslWQ+h] , dkWUVSEiWjsjh b.VªksMD'ku] :Vst]

yanu] 2002A
tkWu xzs Ñr ^^vkWu n dkWUVSLVsfcfyVh vkWQ+ lks'ky ,.M iWfyfVdWy dWUlSIV~l**] iWfyfVdWy
fFkvjh] [k.M 5 ¼1977½A
ih- ySlys] b.VªksMD'ku Vq fQ+ykslWQ+h] ikWfyfVDl ,.M lkslkbfV] lhjht+ 1] CySd oSy]
vkWDlQ+ksMZ] 1956A
fofy;e dkWuksyh] n VElZ vkWQ+ iWfyfVdWy fMldWlZ] fizalVu ;wfuoflZfV izsl] fizalVu]
1974A

cks/k iz'u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 5-2
cks/k iz'u 2
cks/k iz'u 3
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 5-7
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 5-8
75
ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
bdkbZ 6 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ vkS j ekDlZ o knh
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
6-0 mn~ns';
6-1 izLrkouk
6-2 vk| (Early) Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUru dh izÑfr
6-2-1 ifjp;
6-2-2 ukekoyh dh leL;k
6-2-3 eRL;U;k; dh ladYiuk
6-2-4 /keZ vkSj n.M
6-3 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu % lzksr
6-3-1 [kkfe;ka vkSj lhek,¡
6-4 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu ds vfHky{k.k
6-4-1 /keZ ds rkusckus esa euksxr jktuhfrd thou
6-4-2 uhfr'kkL= dk izHkko
6-4-3 jktuhfr ij tkfr-vk/kkfjr lkekftd <k¡ps dk izHkko
6-4-4 ljdkj mPp oxksZa dh lk>hnkjh ds :i esa
6-4-5 jkT; o lekt ds chp dksbZ Li"V fHkUurk ugha
6-4-6 jktra= gh ljdkj dk lkekU; :i Fkk
6-4-7 ljdkj laizHkq ugha Fkh
6-4-8 vU; foHksndkjh vfHky{k.k
6-5 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ijEijk dks ckS)ksa dk ;ksxnku
6-5-1 jktin dh mRifÙk
6-5-2 ckS) la?k dh yksdrkaf=d izÑfr
6-5-3 jkT;ksn~Hko dk fl)kar
6-5-4 U;k;fu"Bk dk fl)kar
6-6 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ijaijk dks eqfLye 'kklua dk ;ksxnku
6-6-1 jkT; dk fet+kt
6-6-2 ckn'kkg dh bYe bykgh (Divinity)
6-6-3 ckn'kkg ds Qt+Z
6-7 lkjka'k
6-8 'kCnkoyh
6 - 0 mn~ n s ' ;
bl bdkbZ esa ge ik;saxs vk|dkyhu Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd fpUru dk Øe-fodklA bl
bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd %
• Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUru dh izÑfr dks Li"V dj ldsa(
5
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ • /keZ dh ladYiukvksa dk vFkZ ,oa egÙo Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ijaijk dh ewy
ladYiukvksa ds :i esa Li"V dj ldsa(
• Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ijaijk esa ckS) /keZ dk ;ksxnku le> ldsa( vkSj
• Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUru dks bLykfed ;ksxnku dk egÙo le> ldsaA
6 - 1 iz L rkouk
izkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUru ds ;kstukc) v/;;u dh 'kq#vkr dk laca/k
jk"Vªh;Ñr vkUnksyu ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fopkj ij vf/kdka'k
egÙoiw.kZ iqLrdsa blh dky esa fy[kh xbZ] tks fd bl vkykspuk dk tokc gS fd izkphu
Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd fpUru esa dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha jgk vkSj Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd-foKku
dksbZ vyx vkSj fHkUu foKku ugha jgkA fo}tuksa ds chp O;kid :i ls ;g ekuk tkrk
Fkk fd jktuhfr laca/kh fgUnw foKku oLrqr% fgUnw n'kZu ;k fgUnw /keZ dk ,d fgLlk gSA
;g er] gkyk¡fd xyr gS] bldh mRifÙk bu vo/kkj.kkvksa dks fofHkUu uke fn, tkus ls
'kk;n gqbZ] tSls ^jktuhfr*] ^jktuhfr-foKku*] o ^jkT;*A vusd fo}kuksa ds lkeus ;g
leL;k vkrh gS D;ksafd os jktuhfrd fpUru ds fodkl dk v/;;u if'pe }kjk iznÙk
fo'ys"k.k ds rkus ckus esa djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA ,d iwjh rjg ls fHkUu Hkkjr ds
,sfrgkfld ifjos'k ,oa lkekftd-lkaLÑfrd izlaxksa ds lkFk] mlesa ogh fopkj vkSj oxZ
ryk'k djus dk ;g ,d O;FkZ iz;kl gS] tks ;wjksih; fpUru ml lkekftd o jktuhfrd
okrkoj.k ls xgjs tqM+k gksrk gS ftlesa ;g tUe ysrk gSA
izkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd /kkj.kkvksa dk v/;;u] blhfy,] izkphu Hkkjrh; thoun`f"V]

izkpfyr lkekftd laxBu iz.kkyh ,oa Hkkjrh; jktra= ds vfHky{k.k] vkfn dks /;ku esa
j[krs gq, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
6 - 2 vk| (Early) Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUru dh izÑfr

6 - 2 - 1 ifjp;
vHkh gky rd vusd fo}kuksa dk er Fkk fd jktuhfrd fpUru esa Hkkjr us dksbZ ;ksxnku
ugha fn;kA ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd izkphu Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd fpaUru] ;fn fparu Fkk
rks fgUnw uhfr-foKku ;k /keZ dk ,d fgLlk FkkA mldks dksbZ vyx igpku izkIr ugha
FkhA ijUrq ;fn ge jktuhfr dh /kkj.kk dks fHkUu miyC/k lzksrksa esa ns[ksa rksa ;g Li"V
gksxk fd izkphu Hkkjrh; fopkjd u rks n'kZu'kkL= ls vkSj ugha /keZ ls fHkUu dksbZ
jktuhfr dh /kkj.kk j[krs FksA ;g Hkzkafriw.kZ fu"d"kZ ftl ij dqN fo}ku igq¡ps] bl rF;
ds dkj.k igq¡ps fd os jktuhfr vkSj jktuhfr foKku dh ,d r;'kqnk /kkj.kk j[krs Fks
tksfd if'pe ls izHkkfor FkhA ;fn ge jktuhfr dks vkSj ^^{ks=h; :i ls ,slk laxfBr
lekt ekus tks ,d loZekU; lÙkk ds izfr fu"Bk ls tqM+k Fkk**A ge muls 'kk;n gh
lger gksa tks ;g ekurs Fks fd izkphu Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd fparu dk dksbZ ;kstukc)
fodkl ugha gqvkA
6 - 2 - 2 ukekoyh dh leL;k
;g Hkze jktuhfr ds fy, izkphu Hkkjr esa iz;qDr vusd lekarj 'kCnksa ds dkj.k iSnk gqvk
gSA blds vusd uke Fks] ;Fkk % jkt/keZ& ftldk vFkZ gS 'kkld ds dÙkZO;( {k=fo|k&
6 og Kku tks 'kkld dks j[kuk pkfg,( jkT;'kkL=& 'kklu dky vFkok jkT;-foKku(
n.Muhfr& n.M fn, tkus gsrq vkpkj'kkL=( uhfr'kkL= % 'kkld o 'kkflr nksuksa ds ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
thou dks fu;fer djus okyk uhfr-foKku( vFkZ'kkL= % Hkwfe-vtZu vkSj j[kj[kko dh vkS j ekDlZ o knh
dykA
6 - 2 - 3 eRL;U;k; dh ladYiuk
izkphu Hkkjr esa gekjs ikl izkÑr voLFkk laca/kh ik'pkR; vo/kkj.kk ds lerqY; ,d 'kCn
gSA bldks ^êRL;U;k;** dgk tkrk gS] ;Fkk cM+h eNyh }kjk NksVh dks [kk tkus dh
voLFkkA izkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa ge ^êRL;U;k;** 'kCn ikrs gSa tks fd cy
iz;ksx vFkok n.M ds vHkko esa dk;ZO;kikj dh voLFkk dks Li"V djrk gSA cy-iz;ksx
dks jkT; ds ihNs ije vkns'k le>k tkrk gSA lkFk gh bl ckr ij Hkh tk+sj fn;k tkrk
gS fd cy iz;ksx ;kn`fPNd :i ls ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g ns[kus ds fy, vusd
fu;a=.k yxk;s x, gSa fd og O;fDr ftls 'kklu djus dk vf/kdkj lkSaik x;k gS] viuh
ethZ+ ls cy iz;ksx u djsaA
6 - 2 - 4 /keZ vkSj n.M

fHkD[kw ikjs[k ds vuqlkj] fgUnw jktuhfrd fopkjdksa us jktuhfrd thou dk nks eq[;
vo/kkj.kkvksa esa oSpkjhdj.k fd;k& /keZ vkSj n.MA nksuksa gh ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gSaA
^n.M* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS vuq'kklu] cy iz;ksx] fuxzg] neu vFkok lt+kA ^/keZ* oks gS tks
lekt dks ck¡/ks j[krk gSA bldh mRifÙk laLd`r ds ewy 'kCn /kz ls gqbZ ftldk vFkZ gS
idM+ ds j[kuk ls gqbZ vkSj lekt ,dtqV jg ldrk gS tc izR;sd O;fDr vkSj lewg
vius vius fof'k"V dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djrs gSAa bldks o.kkZJe /keZ dk ikyu djds izkIr
djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA o.kZ /keZ dk vFkZ gS ml lewg ds lnL; ds :i esa vius
dÙkZO;ksa dk dM+kbZ ls ikyu djuk] ftl ls ge laca/k j[krs gSa] ;Fkk Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa
tkfrA blhfy,] ;g jktk dk dÙkZO; Fkk fd o.kZ /keZ dks dk;e j[ksA o.kZ ladV] ;Fkk
fofHkUu o.kksZa dk feJ.k] fdlh Hkh dher ij Vkyk tkuk gSA bl ckjs esa fofo/k o.kZu
feyrs gSa fd D;k gksrk gS ;fn fofHkUu o.kksZa ls rkYyqd j[kus okys lnL; /keZ'kkL=]
/keZ'kL=] vFkZ'kkL= o egkHkkjr esa fn, x, vius-vius o.kksZa ls tqM+s ugha jgrsA
/keZ'kkL= ys[kdksa us O;fDr;ksa ,oa lkekftd lewgksa] ljdkj lesr] ds /keZ ij /;ku
yxk;kA mUgksaus gkyk¡fd Nkuchu ds ,d fHkUu ,oa Lok;Ùk fo"k; ds :i esa jktuhfrd
/keZ dks eqgS;k djkus dk iz;kl ugha fd;kA tks mUgksaus fd;k] oks Fkk lcds lc dks ,d
vkpkj lafgrk iznku djukA jktuhfr bl eq[; /kkjk ds izfr izklafxd FkhA
/keZ'kkL=ksa ds vfHkxe dks rqyuk esa vFkZ'kkL= ds ys[kd n.M dh O;oLFkk vkSj izfØ;k
esa vf/kd #fp j[krs FksA dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL= ljdkj dh izÑfr o la?kVu] neudkjh
'kfDr ds iz;ksx dh izÑfr o fof/k] lÙkk dSls gkfly dh tk, laca/kh j.kuhfr;ksa o lÙkk
dk;e j[kus dh fØ;kfof/k] o.kksZa dks laHkkfor [krjk] jkT; dh izÑfr;k¡ ;k rÙo rFkk
muds lkFk fØ;kO;kikj dk loksZÙke rjhdk vkfn ds fo"k; esa foLr`r tkudkjh nsrk gSA
vFkZ'kkL= ds ys[kdksa dh iqLrdsa fo'ks"kr% jktuhfrd FkhaA
/keZ'kkL=ksa o vFkZ'kkL=ksa ds nks vfHkxe eq[; rkSj ij viuh fo"k;oLrq esa fHkUu FksA ,d
/keZ ds n`f"Vdks.k ls jktuhfrd thou dk vUos"k.k djrk gS] rks nwljk n.M ds n`f"Vdks.k
lsA /keZ'kkL= fof/koknh vkSj /keksZUeq[kh Fks] tcfd vFkZ'kkL= laLFkkvksa ,oa jktuhfr ij
/;ku dsfUnzr djrs Fks vkSj vofLFkfr esa /keZfujis{k FksA dksbZ Hkh vfHkxe vius vki esa
7
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ ifjiw.kZ ugha Fkk] u gh vius vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk iwjh rjg ls dksbZ iz'kalk izkIrA ;s nksuksa
feydj gh jktuhfrd fpUru dh fgUnw ijEijk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
cks/k iz'u 1
ii½ vius mÙkjksa dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, vkn'kZ mÙkjksa ls djsaA
1½ vk| Hkkjr esa ^jktuhfr* 'kCn ds fy, bLrseky fd, tkus okys fofHkUu ukekofy;k¡
D;k gSa\
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2½ eRL;U;k; dh ladYiuk dk laf{kIr o.kZu djsaA
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3½ /keZ vkSj n.M dh ladYiukvksa dks Li"V djsaA
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6 - 3 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu % lzksr

tSlk fd igys ls gksrk vk;k gS] Hkkjr esa jktuhfr dks dksbZ Lora= vkSj Lok;Ùk f'k{kk
fo"k; ugha le>k tkrk FkkA gesa jktuhfr dh vo/kkj.kkvksa dks mu lzksrksa ds te?kV ls
[kkst fudkyuk iM+rk gS] ftuesa euq"; thou ds cM+s iz'uksa ds ckjs esa o.kZu gS] tks eq[;
rkSj ij LokHkkor% /kkfeZd vkSj nk'kZfud gksrs gSaA ,slk dksbZ ,d ewyikB ugha gS] ftlesa
jktuhfr gh jktuhfr gksA jktuhfr ds v/;;u gsrq eq[; lzksr gSa %
oSfnd lkfgR;(
/keZlw= ,oa Le`fr;k¡(
8
egkdkO; ,oa iqjk.k ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
vFkZ'kkL=
ckS) ,oa tSu lkfgR;
flDds ,oa phuh ys[k
vU; lkfgR;-lzksr ,oa iqjkys[k'kkL=
6 - 3 - 1 [kkfe;k¡ vkSj lhek,¡
Åij mfYyf[kr lzksrksa esa ls vf/kdka'k pw¡fd LoHkkor% /kkfeZd gSa muesa ls jktuhfr
laca/kh rF;ksa dks i`Fkd~ djuk cgqr eqf'dy gSA /keZ'kkL= lekt o jktuhfr dh ,d
vkn'khZÑr rLohj izLrqr djrs gSa tks okLrfodrk dks 'kk;n gh n'kkZrs gSaA vf/kdrj
fo}kuksa us tks Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa my>s gSa] bu lzksrksa dks lR; eku fy;k gS]
;|fi mudk dky] LFkku o izkekf.kdrk vfuf'prrkvksa ls Hkjs iM+sa gSaA
bu lc ds ckot+wn ,d vkSj eqf'dy gS fd Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ij vf/kdka'k iqLrdsa

jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu ds nkSjku fy[kha x;ha tks fd bl mn~ns'; dks ysdj Fkk fd if'pe
ds fo}kuksa dh lkezkT;oknh fopkj/kkjk dk [k.Mu djuk gSA lkezkT;oknh fopkj/kkjk
dqN if'peh fo}kuksa }kjk fodflr dh x;h ftUgsaus izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl v/;;u
djus dk iz;kl fd;k FkkA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl lac/a kh mudh le> nks ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kkfjr
FkhA ;s ekU;rk,¡ gSa %
ad½ izkphu Hkkjrh;ksa ds eq[; iwoZdj.kh; (intellectual) dk;Z n'kZu'kkL=kuqdwy Fks vkSj
muesa jktuhfrd vFkok HkkSfrd fl)kar dk vHkko FkkA
[k½ Hkkjrh; tu jk"Vªh;rk dk cks/k dHkh ugha dj ik;sA
bu fu"d"kksZa ds O;ogkfjd fufgrkFkZ Hkkjr esa Lo'kklu dh ek¡x ds izfr [krjukd FksA
mudk vFkZ Fkk fd Hkkjroklh vius HkkSfrd txr~ dks dk;e j[kus esa v{ke gSa vkSj blh
dkj.k vaxzst+ksa dks muds fy, mls laHkkyuk pkfg,A nwljk fufgrkFkZ ;g Fkk fd pw¡fd
Hkkjrh;ksa dks jk"VªRo dh dksbZ le> ugha gS] blfy, ;g mudh ijEijkuqdwy gh gksxk
fd os fujadq'k 'kklu ds v/khu fd, tk,¡A
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªoknh ,frgkldkjksa us lkezkT;oknh fopkj/kkjk dk [k.Mu djus ds fy, <sjksa

lkfgR; eFk MkykA Hkxoku yky bUnzthr] Hk.Mkjdj] vkj-,y- fe=] cky xaxk/kj fryd
vkSj fQj ds-ih- tk;loky] vkj-ds- etwenkj] ch-ds- ljdkj lkezkT;oknh fopkj/kkjk dh
vlR;rk dks fl) djus ds fy, Hkkjrh; bfrgkl laca/kh viuh gh O;k[;k dks ysdj
lkeus vk;sA mUgksaus dM+k nkok fd;k fd izkphu Hkkjr esa tks Hkh izpfyr Fkk] dksbZ
,dra=h; 'kklu ugha Fkk cfYd ,d e;kZfnr jktra= FkkA ds-ih- tk;loky us viuh
fgUnw ikWfyVh esa rdZ izLrqr fd;k fd izkphu Hkkjrh; jkT; O;oLFkk va'kr% ,FksUl dh
rjg lekurk iz/kku lekt okyh vkSj xzsV fczVsu dh Hkk¡fr laoS/kkfud jktra=ksa okyh FkhA
mUgksaus fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd ^^fgUnqvksa }kjk dh xbZ laoS/kkfud izxfr dh cjkcjh laHkor%
dHkh ugha gqbZ gS izkphu dky dh fdlh jkT; O;oLFkk dk vkxs fudyuk rks nwj dh ckr
gSA**
jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu ds nkSjku yksxksa ds chp vkRe-fo'okl dk vglkl txkus ds fy,

jk"Vªoknh fo}kuksa ds ;ksxnku dh rkjhQ+ fd, tkrs le; gesa bl vfHkxe dh e;kZnkvksa
dks Hkyh izdkj le> ysuk pkfg,A vkj- ,l- 'kekZ] ,d tkus-ekus bfrgkldkj us Hkkjrh; 9
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ jktuhfrd fparu ds v/;;u gsrq bl jk"Vªoknh ,oa iqutkZxj.koknh vfHkxe dh pkj
egÙoiw.kZ lhek,¡ crk;haA os gSa %
izFke] izkphu fgUnw laLFkkvksa dh ,d v?kk (full some) nsus okyh vjk/kuk }kjk mlus
eqlyekuksa dks foeq[k djus dh izo`fÙk n'kkZ;hA
nwljs] ;g vfHkxe vrhr ds ewY;ksa dk ,d >wBk vkHkkl djkrk gSA mlus bl rF; dks
njfdukj dj fn;k fd pkgs jktra= gks ;k x.kra=] nks mPp o.kZ nks fuEu o.kksZa ij gkoh
jgs ftudks fd lHkh jktuhfrd inksa ls vkerkSj ij ckgj gh j[kk x;kA
rhljs] vusd Hkkjrh; tu izkphu Hkkjrh; jkT;-O;oLFkk ds /kkfeZd igyqvksa dh
okLrfodrk ekuus lsa 'kekZrs Fks vkSj bl vijk/k-cks/k dks ekuks Nqikus ds fy, dksbZ dlj
ugha mBk j[krs FksA mUgsa de gh vglkl Fkk fd ik'pkR; fo'o rd esa 18oha 'krkCnh
ds iwokZ/kZ rd /keZra= dk gh cksyckyk FkkA
pkSFks] ,d Js"Brj lH;rk fl) djus dh /kqu esa vkfne tkfr;ksa ds Øe-fodkl ds
vkyksd esa tSlk fd ekuo-foKku ls irk pyrk gS] mlus 'kk;n gh izkphu laLFkkvksa ds
v/;;u esa dksbZ #fp fn[kkbZ gksA
vkjfEHkd Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu ds v/;;u esa gesa Åij mfYyf[kr lhek,¡
/;ku esa j[kuh iM+rh gSaA
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu ds v/;;u gsrq eq[; lzksrksa dk laf{kIr mYys[k djsaA
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2½ mDr lzksrksa ds D;k nks"k vkSj lhek,¡ gSa\
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6 - 4 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu ds vfHky{k.k

6 - 4 - 1 /keZ ds rkusckus esa euksxr jktuhfrd thou
izkphu Hkkjr esa ge ,sls oxksZa dks ugha ikrs tks fd jktuhfrd o lkekftd thou ds lkFk
vuR; (exclusively) :i ls okLrk j[krs gks]a ftudh rqyuk IySVks o vjLrw ds ^fjifCyd*
10
o îkWfyfVDl* ls dh tk ldsA lHkh miyC/k Ñfr;ksa esa vykSfdd rÙo ekStw+n gSA lekt ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
o ljdkj ds xBu esa nSoh gkFk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS( jktk }kjk nSoh iz;kstu ij cy fn;k vkS j ekDlZ o knh
tkrk gS] nSfod ,sfgd (earthly) n.M dks izcfyr djrk gS vkSj dHkh-dHkh pkykdh ls
mls gVk Hkh nsrk gSA ;gh gS ftls ge yxHkx ,sls lHkh xzaFkksa esa ikrs gSa tks yksxksa ds
thou ls ukrk j[krs gSaA ijUrq fdlh dks lPpkbZ ij fo'okl djus dks izsfjr ugha fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A ^'kkL=ksa* ijEijkvksa rFkk euq";ksa ds okLrfod thou ds chp ,d pkSM+h [kkbZ
FkhA ckã.koknh /keZ] ftldks lkekU;r% fgUnw /keZ ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gS] loZO;kid
ugha FkkA xS+j-ckã.koknh ijaijk,¡ Hkh Fkha] tks LoHkkor% HkkSfrdoknh Fkha vkSj tks vke
vkneh dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds ekxZn'kZu esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh FkhaA bl fygkt
ls ckS)/keZ dk ;ksxnku egÙoiw.kZ gSA ge bl ij fQj ppkZ djsaxsA
6 - 4 - 2 uhfr'kkL= (Ethics) dk izHkko

lkekftd fparu u flQ+Z uSfrdrk ds dqN fuf'pr cqfu;knh fl)karksa dks lqfuf'r djrk
gS] cfYd og ges'kk nSfgd thou dks fn'kkfunsZ'k djus dk iz;kl Hkh djrk gSA jktk dks
vo'; gh lpsr :i ls ln~xq.k dks izsfjr djuk pkfg, vkSj uSfrd thou] uSfrdrk dk
ekxZ fn[kkuk pkfg, tSlk fd /keZ'kkL=ksa esa 'krZ gSA jkT; lkeqnkf;d thou esa fopkj.kh;
:i ls Hkkx ysrk gS vkSj thou-fl)kar Lo;a dks ,d uSfrd fl)kar esa lekf/kr djus
dks vxzlj gksrk gSA laf{kIr esa] jktuhfr-foKku leLr lekt dk uhfr'kkL= cu tkrk
gS] vkneh ds dÙkZO; laca/kh foKku ftlus mlh dks lekt esa laca/kksa ds tfVy lewg esa
LFkkfir dj fn;kA
ijUrq tc vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/kksa dh ckr vkrh gS] ge ns[k ldrsa gS fd uhfr fo"k;d
dk;ZO;kikj] okLrfodrk ls ukrk tksM+ jgs gSaA dkSfVY; mnkgj.k ds fy,] eSdkboyh
'kSyh ds vuqlkj ;FkkFkZijd gks tkrs gSaA ys[kd dh d`fr;ksa esa uSfrd ijkdk"Bkvksa ls
vfr ?k`.kksRiknd ;FkkFkZokn fn[kykbZ iM+rk gSA
6 - 4 - 3 jktuhfr ij tkfr-vk/kkfjr lkekftd <k¡ps dk izHkko

mÙkj oSfnd dky esa leLr lkekftd euu esa tkfr ,d izeq[k LFkku ij jgh vkSj
mldk 'kklu-fl)kar ls lh/kk laca/k jgkA izR;sd o.kZ dks fof'k"V dk;Z lkSais x, FksA
jktk dk ;g loksZifj dÙkZO; Fkk fd og ;g ns[ks fd gj O;fDr Lo;a dks mu dk;ksaZ rd
lhfer j[ks tksfd mlds oxZ ls lacaf/kr FksA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr viuk fgr lk/kus vFkok
izdV djus dk iz;kl ugha dj ldrk Fkk( u gh viuh egÙodka{kk vFkok /;s;
fu/kkZfjr dj ldrk FkkA o.kkZJe /keZ us lekt dks ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh ykxr ij mUur
fd;kA T+;knk tks dqN Lo;aÑr Fkk mlus lkewfgd ?kVdksa dks jkLrk fn;kA vius dks
lkSais x, vf/kdkjksa o dÙkO;ksa ds miHkksx esa lHkh tkfr;k¡ vFkok o.kZ leku :i ls
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr ugha FksA mPp o.kZ& czkã.k o {kf=;& gh 'kkld oxZ FksA fdlh Hkh
O;fDr dk dke mldh lkekftd O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djrs FksA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius
dke dk vfrØe.k djrk Fkk og u flQZ O;oLFkk dk mYya?ku djrk Fkk] og okLro
esa lekt-fojks/kh Hkh dgykrk FkkA ;gh ,d rjhdk Fkk ftlls fgUnw fl)kar euq"; cuke
jkT; ;k lekt ds oSijhR; ls ikj ik ldrk FkkA
6 - 4 - 4 ljdkj mPp oxksZa dh lk>hnkjh ds :i esa

izkphu Hkkjr esa {k=h;ksa] czkã.kksa o rnksijkar oS';ksa us feydj 'kkld oxZ dk fuekZ.k
fd;kA 'kwnz lsod oxZ esa vkrs FksA ^{k=*& ykSfdd lÙkk viuh 'kfDr o vf/kdkj ^czã*& 11
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ vykSfdd lÙkk ls izkIr djrk FkkA oS'; Ñf"k o O;kikj tSls O;olk;ksa esa yxs Fks tks
jkT; dk vkfFkZd vk/kkj iznku djrs FksA iqjksfgr dk in lcls Å¡pk gksrk FkkA mls
Hkxoku ^czgLifr* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk] u fd ykSfdd lÙkk ^bUnz* lsA mldk dke
Fkk] /keZ dh O;k[;k djuk vkSj deZdk.M dk lapkyu djukA
iqjksfgr }kjk jkT;kfHk"ksd jktlh lÙkk iz;ksx djus ds fy, ,d iwoZ 'krZ FkhA izrhd :i
esa bldk vFkZ Fkk fd {k=h; 'kfDr czkã.k ls izkIr djsaA
iqjksfgr vFkkZr~ ;ktd jktk dk eq[; lykgdkj gksrk FkkA fnypLi ckr gS] ;wjksi ls
fHkUu] Hkkjr esa ;ktd in ykSfdd lÙkk ds fy, nkok ugha djrk Fkk] ,d ,slh n`';?kVuk
ftlus ;wjksi dks ,d [kkls yEcs le; rd Øks/kksUeÙk fd;kA ;ktd oxZ }kjk iz;ksx
fd;k tkus okyk izHkko [kkl rjg dk FkkA mudk f'k{kk ij ,d N= jkt Fkk vkSj /keZ
ds flQZ+ ogh O;k[;krk FksA mudh dk;Z-O;oLFkk ls ijs dksbZ Hkh] ;gk¡ rd fd jktk Hkh
ugha tk ldrk FkkA leqnk; laca/kh vius ckSf)d usr`Ro ,oa /kkfeZd fu;a=.k ds pyrs
;ktd oxZ ds fy, drbZ t+:jh ugha Fkk fd os Lo;a dks ppZ vkfn vFkok ,sls fdlh vU;
vk/;kfRed laxBu esa vaxfof'k"V (organise) djsaA
6 - 4 - 5 jkT; o lekt ds chp dksbZ Li"V fHkUurk ugha

ljdkjh laxBu o jktuhfr dks lekt uke ds o`gÙkj leqnk; ds fgLls ds :i esa ns[kk
tkrk FkkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lekt ,d O;kid :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA lekt dks jktuhfr
ds ut+fj;s ls ns[kus dh vknr ugha tUeh FkhA ifj.kker% u rks jkT; dh dksbZ Li"V
vo/kkj.kk Fkh] u gh ljdkj dhA nksuksa gh 'kCn vny-cny dj iz;ksx fd, tk ldrs FksA
6 - 4 - 6 jktra= gh ljdkj lkekU; :i Fkk

pw¡fd lekt ds pkSijrh (fourfold) foHkktu esa {kf=; tkfr dks 'kklu-lÙkk lkSaih x;h
Fkh] jktra= LoHkkfod ifj.kke gh FkkA ljdkj ds xS+j-jktra=h; :i Hkh gksrs FksA
dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL=] mnkgj.k ds fy,] ^}SjkT;* ¼nks jktkvksa }kjk 'kklu½] Ô;jkT;*
¼jktk jfgr jkT;½] vkfn dh ppkZ djrk gSA ^x.kla?k* Hkh gqvk djrs Fks tks fd ds-ih-
tk;loky ds vuqlkj] vk/kqfud x.kra=ksa ds ln`'k FksA ijUrq ljdkj dk lkekU; :i
vc Hkh jktra= gh FkkA gkyk¡fd xS+j-jktra=h; :i Fks] ijUrq os lk/kkj.k :i esa izpfyr
voLFkk u gksdj viokn ek= gh FksA
6 - 4 - 7 ljdkj laizHkq ugha Fkh

vius vfLrRo dh ;FkkFkZ izÑfr ls izkphu Hkkjr esa ljdkj dks 'kCn ds vkWfLVuoknh vFkZ
esa lEizHkq ugha ekuk tk ldrkA og vkns'kksa dks oS/krk iznku ugha djrh Fkh] cfYd mudh
oS/krk esa lk>snkj gksrh FkhA blds foijhr] ljdkj dk vius vki esa dksbZ vfLrRo ugha
gksrk FkkA lkekftd O;oLFkk dks dk;e j[kuk gh ek= mldk dk;Z FkkA laizHkqrk oLrqr%
nSoh bPNk esa fufgr ije lzksr FkkA O;fDr dh vksj ls lef"V :i esa lekt dks NksM+dj
fdlh ds Hkh izfr dksbZ ,dhÑr vuqpfDr (allegiance) ugha gks ldrh Fkh] u gh dksbZ
,dy fu"BkA dsoy laiHz kqrk lac/a kh vusdoknh fl)kar gh bl Hkkjrh; n`';?kVuk dks le>
ldrk FkkA
6 - 4 - 8 vU; foHksndkjh vfHky{k.k
Åij mfYyf[kr vfHky{k.kksa ls ijs] izksQslj fHkD[kw ikjs[k fgUnw jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa ds
12 dqN vU; fof'k"V vfHky{k.kksa dh Hkh ppkZ djrs gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa %
izFke] fgUnw ijEijk vk/kkjHkwr :i ls vlerkoknh gSA ;|fi mlus lHkh euq";ksa dh ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
uSfrd lekurk laca/kh /kkj.kk dks fodflr fd;k] mlus lkekftd] dkuwuh o jktuhfrd vkS j ekDlZ o knh
lewgksa dh dHkh ugha iuius fn;kA
nwljs] jktuhfrd fparu laca/kh fgUnw ijaijk vusdoknksUeq[kh gSA fgUnw jktuhfrd
ys[kdx.k furkUr vkjEHk ls gh lkekftd lewgksa dh Lok;Ùkrk dks ekU;rk nsrs vk;s gSaA
rhljs] igys ds Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd fparu LFkkfir lkekftd O;oLFkk ds izfr eksVs rkSj
ij vukykspd vkSj j{kkRed FkkA vf/kdka'k fgUnw ys[kdksa us tkfr O;oLFkk] /keZ dh
tkfr-vk/kkfjr vo/kkj.kkvksa] deZ dh LFkwyr% HkforO;rkoknh ladYiuk] 'kwnzksa o nklksa ds
fuEuinkjksi.k] jkT; ds O;kid uSfrd gLrd{ksi] bR;kfn dks mfpr gh Bgjk;kA blesa
lkekftd la?k"kZ ds laiw.kZ {ks= dks vuns[kk fd;kA
pkSFks] vusd fgUnw ys[kdksa us [kklrkSj ij 'kkldksa dk /;ku [khapus ds fy, fy[kkA mudh
iqLrdsa LFkwy :i ls uhfrfoKku vFkok iz'kklu dh fu;ekofy;k¡ gSa] vr% jktuhfrd
fparu eksVs rkSj ij f'k{kkRed ,oa O;ogk;Z gSA
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu ds eq[; vfHky{k.kksa dh lwph izLrqr djsaA
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2½ izkQ
s l
s j fHkD[kw ikjs[k ds vuqlkj fgUnw jktuhfrd fparu ds fof'k"V vfHky{k.k D;k gS\a
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jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡
6 - 5 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ijEijk dks ckS)ksa dk ;ksxnku
6 - 5 - 1 jktin dh mRifÙk
czkã.koknh lkfgR; dh rqyuk esa ge ckS) lkfgR; esa jktin dh mRifÙk dk ,d fHkUu
:i ikrsa gSaA nSfod mRifÙk fl)kar dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrkA jkt njckj ds fy,
pqukoksa ls lacaf/kr gekjs ikl tkrd dFkkvksa esa vla[; mnkgj.k gSaA dqN tkrd dFkkvksa
esa fuokZfpr jktk dk o.kZu gS] tks fd iqjksfgr vFkok cqtq+xksZa }kjk mlds xq.kksa vFkok
mlds egktu-lEer vFkkZr~ tks lHkh dks Lohdk;Z gks] ds vk/kkj ij pquk tkrk FkkA
vkerkSj ij vPNs ifjokj ds {kf=;ksa dks pquk tkrk Fkk] ijUrq tkfr jkt njckj gsrq bl
pquko esa dksbZ ck/kk ugha FkhA de ls de nks dFkkvksa esa ge ikrs gSa fd jktnjckj ds
fy, czkã.k pqus x,A ,d vU; tkrd dFkk esa ge ikrs gSa fd ,d fuEu tkfr dk vkneh
jktk pquk x;kA iztkihM+d fl) gksus ij mipkj LoHkkor% ,d vke cxkor Fkk ftlds
gekjs ikl vla[; mnkgj.k gSAa ;s fonzkgs fuEufyf[kr vk/kkjksa ij mfpr Bgjk, tkrs Fks %
1½ jktin iztktuksa o muds }kjk fuokZfpr O;fDr;ksa ds chp ,d vuqc/a k ls gh tUek gSA
2½ jktk ds loZlÙkkd vf/kdkj iztktuksa dh j{kk rFkk x+yr djus okyksa dks n.M nsus
rd gh lhfer gSa vkSj og dkuwu ls lhekc) gSA
turk us tkrd dFkkvksa ds izek.k }kjk] ,d yEcs le; rd vius vf/kdkj vkSj
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj dk;e j[ksA mUgksaus viuh egÙkk dqN viuh la[;k ls vkSj dqN vius
laxBuksa ls O;qRiUu dhA
6 - 5 - 2 ckS) la?k dh yksdrkaf=d izÑfr

izksQslj fjl Msfol dk er gS fd ckS) la?k yksdrkaf=d fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr FkkA muds
vuqlkj] ckS) la?k ^^,d izdkj dk x.kra= Fkk ftlesa lHkh dk;Zokfg;k¡ mlds lnL;ksa
dh mu fu;fer lHkkvksa esa lgefr izkIr izLrkoksa }kjk fuiVkbZ tkrh Fkha] tks dqN LFkkfir
fofu;eksa ds ikyu o dqN fuf'pr 'kCnk-:iksa ds iz;ksx ds v/khu vk;ksftr dh tkrha
FkhaA ;s 'kCn-:i o ikfjr izLrko ^dkek ukdkl* dgykrs Fks**A
ckS) O;oLFkk dk yksdrkaf=d Lo:i bl rF; }kjk vkSj vf/kd Li"V gksrk gS fd bu
fu;eksa o ladYiksa ds vfrfjDr egkoXx vkSj dqyoXx ls gesa ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd %
1½ ckS) la?k ds ikl lHkk esa j[ks tkus okys izLrkoksa ds Lo:i ls lacaf/kr fu;eksa dk
,d fudk; gksrk FkkA
2½ x.kiwfrZ (guorum) dk fu;e ykxw FkkA
3½ fHkUu er gksus dh n'kk esa cgqer ds oksVksa ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk FkkA
4½ tfVy ekeyksa dks lfefr;ksa ds fu.kZ; ij NksM+ fn;k tkrk FkkA
5½ nwjokfl;ksa ds oksV vkfn ekeyksa ds laca/k esa laHkor% fuf'pr fu;e gksrs FksA
fQj Hkh] bl ckr ds izek.k ugha gSa fd ckS) la?k esa izfØ;k tks ewy :i ls /kkfeZd O;oLFkk
Fkh] ^x.kla?k* esa izdV gksrh gh Fkh] tks fd ,d jktuhfrd la?k FkkA ijUrq fdlh Hkh n'kk
esa ckS) }kjk ifjdfYir jktuhfrd fopkj vyx gVdj Fkk vkSj /keZ'kkL=ksa vFkok
vFkZ'kkL= ds jktuhfrd fparu ls cgqr fHkUu FkkA bl ckr dk izek.k jkT; dh mRifÙk
laca/kh ckS) fl)kar esa feyrk gSA
14
6 - 5 - 3 jkT;ksn~Hko dk fl)kar ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
jkT; dh mRifÙk laca/kh fl)kar ^nh?kfudk;* esa ik;k tkrk gSA blds vuqlkj] /kjrh ij
esy-feyki vkSj [kq'kgkyh dk ,d lqugjk ;qx vk;k gqvk Fkk vkSj yksx pw¡fd /kekZRek
Fks] ,d lq[k-'kkfUr iw.kZ thou O;rhr djrs FksA ij ,d yEch vof/k esa tkdj yksx yksHkh
vkSj LokFkhZ gks x,A rnksijkar vU; cqjkb;k¡ Hkh pqids ls pyh vk;haA bl vkn'kZ jkT;
dk vUr gks x;kA rc yksx vius chp lcls vPNs vkneh ds ikl igq¡ps vkSj mlls ,d
le>kSrk fd;kA mldk dke Fkk xyr djus okyksa dks nf.Mr djuk vkSj cnys esa yksxksa
us mls viuh Qly dk ,d fgLlk nsus dk ok;nk fd;kA yksxksa }kjk pquk x;k og
O;fDr êgk lEer* ;k êgk fuokZfpr* (Great Elect) dgyk;kA bl izdkj] nh?kZfudk;
lkekftd O;oLFkk dh nSoh jpuk laca/kh oSfnd fl)kar dks pqukSrh nsrk gSA
'kkldksa ds izkf/kdkj dh vko';drk eglwl dh xbZ D;ksafd yksx Hkz"V gks x, Fks] ifj.kke
Lo:i jkT; vfLrRo esa vk;kA ijUrq fQj Hkh vijkf/k;ksa esa Hkxoku cq) us 'kkld }kjk
dBksj n.M fn, tkus ds Hk; dk egÙo vijk/kksa ds fuokjd ds :i esa crk;kA
lkekftd Øe-fodkl laca/kh ckS) fl)kar dk fof'k"V vfHky{k.k ;g gS fd ;g fujUrj]

uSfrd vkSj nSfgd iru gh gS ftlus lkekftd o jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vko';drk
dks tUe fn;kA bl Øfed gzkl dk ,d izR;{k ifj.kke lkeus vk;k& mÙkjksÙkj Øe
esa laifÙk] jkT; o lekt laca/kh laLFkkvksa dk mn;A ;g euq"; dk vkSj vf/kd iru gh
Fkk ftlus ml jktin dh laLFkk dh vksj izo`Ùk fd;k tks leqnk; vkSj fof'k"Vre O;fDr
ds chp vuqca/k ds ifj.kkeLo:i vfLrRo esa vk;kA lkekftd oxZ dk mn;] czkã.koknh
fl)kar dh rqyuk esa] O;olk;ksa ds LoSfPNd p;u laca/kh ,d ;qfDr ;qDr fl)kar }kjk
Li"V fd;k tkrk gSA bl lkekftd O;oLFkk esa {kf=; czkã.kksa ls Åij LFkku ikrk gSA
;g ges'kk ,slh O;oLFkk jgh ftlls fd os eqdjrs jgs fd jktk dk lhekca/ku o.kkZJe/keZ
dks dk;e j[kuk gh FkkA mUgksaus {kf=; o.kZ ds izfr jktin ds lhekca/ku ls Hkh badkj
fd;kA os ml iq.;kRedrk esa fo'okl ugha djrs Fks ftlesa jktk dk 'kjhj ifjosf"Vr
(sacred) jgrk FkkA
6 - 5 - 4 U;k;fu"Bk dk fl)kar
ckS) lkfgR; esa n.M dh dksbZ vge~ Hkwfedk ugha gSA /keZ dks vf/kd ldkjkRed rjhdksa
ls dk;e j[kk tkuk gSA U;k;kfu"Bk dk fl)kar /keZ laca/kh czkã.koknh ladYiuk ls fHkUu
gSA ;g ln~xq.k laca/kh ik'pkR; ladYiuk ds T+;knk fudV gSA czkã.koknh lkfgR; ds
vuqlkj] jktk ds fy, uhfr-fl)karksa dh ,d vyx Ükà[kyk gSA vke vkneh ds fy, tks
v/keZ gS jktk ds fy, /keZ gks tkrk gS] tc og lkekftd O;oLFkk dh j{kk djus esa yxk
gksrk gSA bldks jkt/keZ dgk tkrk gSA Hkxon~xhrk vkSj egkHkkjr nksuksa jkt/keZ dh
ladYiuk dk foLr`r Li"Vhdj.k vke ukxfjdksa ds }kjk O;oâr /keZ ls fHkUu ds :i esa
izLrqr djrs gSaA ckS)tu Hkh ;g ekurs gSa fd jkT; dk eq[; mn~ns'; lkekftd O;oLFkk
dh j{kk djuk gSA ijUrq bl O;oLFkk dks uSfrdrk dh Hkk"kk esa vf/kd le>k tkrk gS
vkSj /keZ jktk dh lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, ekud vo'; gksA vkarfjd o fons'k nksuksa
uhfr;ksa ds ekxZn'kZu esa bZekunkjh gh U;k;fu"Bk dk fl)kar gSA bZekunkj jktk ds fy,
U;k;fu"Bk gh jktk gSA jktk Hkh uhfr-fl)karksa dh mlh Ükà[kyk ls tqM+k gS ftlls fd
mlds iztktuA jktk gh vkn'kZ izLrqr dj viuh turk dh [kq'kgkyh ;k nq[k ykrk
gSA jktuhfrd U;k;fu"Bk] bl izdkj le>s tkus ij] gh l`f"V laca/kh ,d czãk.kh;
fl)kar ds Lrj dks Nwus yxrh gSA ;g ,d vfr';ksfDriw.kZ O;k[;k yx ldrh gS] ijUrq
15
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ bl ckr ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd jktk dk vkpj.k mlds iztktuksa ds O;ogkj
dks fopkj.kh; :i ls izHkkfor djrk gSA U;k;fu"Bk ds fl)kar dk foLrkj ml esa fo'o-
'kkld vFkok pØorhZ dh ladYiuk dks 'kkfey dj ds fd;k x;k gSA ,sls 'kkld ds
lgtxq.kksa esa u flQ+Z ns'k vkSj fons'k esa lkoZHkkSe loksZPprk o lQy iz'kklu 'kkfey gS]
vkUrfjd iz'kklu ds fygkt ls] U;k;fu"Bk 'kkld o mlds iztktuksa ds chp ikjLifjd
izse vkSj Lusg dk Hkh ladsr djrh gSA fons'k-laca/kksa ds {ks= esa] pØorhZ dh jkT;-fot;
cy }kjk ugha] oju~ U;k;fu"Bk }kjk gksrh gSA U;k;fu"Bk ds fl)karksa dk eryc gS&
mfpr n`f"Vdks.k] mfpr vfHkizk;] mfpr ok.kh] mfpr deZ] mfpr deZBrk] mfpr iz;kl]
mfpr izo`fÙk] vkfnA
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ ckS) lkfgR; esa jktk dks êgktulEer* D;ksa dgk x;k\
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2½ ckS) la?kksa dh dk;Z-izÑfr dk ,d laf{kIr fooj.k izLrqr djsaA
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3½ U;k;fu"Bk dh vo/kkj.kkvksa dks Li"V djsaA
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16
ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
6 - 6 Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ijaijk dks eqfLye 'kklu dk vkS j ekDlZ o knh
;ks x nku
Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu esa bLykfed ;ksxnku e/;dky ds nkSjku ns[kk tk ldrk
FkkA Hkys gh eqfLye 'kkldx.k viuh lÙkk ds fy, oS/krk ml [kyhQ+k ls izkIr djrs
Fks] ftldh mUgksaus lk/kuk dh gksA ;gk¡ Hkh] fgUnw jktuhfrd fparu dh Hkk¡fr] dksbZ Hkh
m)j.k vuU; :i ls jktuhfr fo"k;d ugha gSA rFkkfi] e/;dky esa fy[kha x;ha nks
egÙoiw.kZ iqLrdsa eqfLye 'kkldksa ds jktuhfrd fopkjksa ij dqN izdk'k Mkyrh gSaA muesa
ft+;kmn~nhu cuhZ dh rkjhd+-,-fQ+jkst+ vkSj vcqy Qt+y dh vkbu-,-vdcjhA bu
iqLrdksa ij rhu 'kh"kZdksa ds rgr ppkZ dh tk ldrh gS] uker% jkT; dk fetkt+ ckn'kkg
dh bYe bykgh (divinity) vkSj ckn'kkg ds QtZA
6 - 6 - 1 jkT; dk fet+kt
fujkin :i ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd de ls de fl)karr% jkT; izÑfr esa
/keZrkaf=d vo'; FkkA 'kkld nksgjh uhfr viukrk Fkk& ,d vius lg-/kehZ iztktuksa
ds fy, vkSj nwljh xS+j-eqfLyeksa ds fy,A ;g jkT; dk dÙkZO; Fkk fd eqlyekuksa ds
tkuksaeky dh j{kk djs] ij xS+j-eqlyekuksa dks jkT; esa viuh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djus ds
fy, ^ftt+;k* uked fo'ks"k dj pqdkuk iM+rk FkkA bl dky esa jkT; dk ,d vU; eq[;
vfHky{k.k ;g Fkk fd ml dh igpku jktoa'kh vFkkZr~ ckn'kkg ls gh gksrh FkhA
vcqy Q+ty ds vuqlkj] ^^[kqnk dh ut+j esa ckn'kkgr ls Å¡ph dksbZ bT+tr ugha**A
ckn'kkg dks fLFkjrk vkSj LokfeRo dk mn~xe ekuk tkrk FkkA vxj ckn'kkg dk otw+n
ugha gksrk] la?k"kZ dk lSykc dHkh 'kkar ugha gksrk] u gh [kqnxt+Z [okfg'ksa [kRe gksrhaA
vxj ckn'kkg ugha gksrk rks yksx jkT; ds dkuwuksa dk ikyu ugha djrs] vkSj mlh dh
ekStw+nxh] lt+k feyus ds Mj ls] yksxksa dks [kwu-[kjkcs ls nwj j[krh gSA
6 - 6 - 2 ckn'kkg dh bYe bykgh

vkbu-,-vdcjh esa ckn'kkg dk o.kZu uwj-,-bykgh ¼[kqnk ls fudyh jks'kuh½] vkQ+rkc
ls QwVha fdj.k] czãkaM dks jks'ku djus okys] vkfn ds :i esa fd;k x;k gSA ;g nso-
izdk'k gh fcuk fdlh fcpkSfy;s dh enn ls bZ'oj vkSj jktkvksa ds chp lapkj-O;oLFkk
gSA bl izdk'k ;k uwj dks /kkj.k djus ls vusd Js"B xq.k izokfgr gksrs gSaA ;s gSa %
1½ iztktuksa ds izfr ekr`-firòr~ Lusg(
2½ fo'kky ân;(
3½ bZ'oj esa o/kZeku vkLFkk( vkSj
4½ izkFkZuk o HkfDr HkkoA
6 - 6 - 3 ckn'kkg ds Qt+Z
jktk vFkkZr~ ckn'kkg ds eq[; dÙkZO; gSa %
1½ iztktuksa ds thou vkSj lEifÙk dh ns[kHkky vkSj lqj{kk lqfuf'pr djukA
2½ mudks nf.Mr djuk tks jkT; ds ekun.Mksa dk mYya?ku djrs gksaA
17
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 3½ lHkh dks fu"i{k :i ls U;k; fnykukA
4½ ckgjh vkØe.k ls jkT; dh j{kk djukA
5½ jktk dks Lo;a ds mnkgj.k izLrqr djds yksxksa dk usr`Ro djuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh
dk;Zokgh dh dq'kyrk mlh ds vkpj.k ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
6½ jktk dks pkj pht+ksa ls nwj jguk pkfg, %
i½ vk[ksV esa vR;f/kd le; O;rhr djuk( fujUrj ØhM+k eXu jguk( fnu-jkr
eneÙk jguk( vkSj lnk fL=;ksa ds lkFk lekxe jr jgukA
ii½ jktk dks feF;k dFku ;k diV ls cpuk pkfg,] D;ksa fd og lHkh euq";ksa ds
fy, vuqfpr gksrk gS vkSj jktkvksa ds fy, volj iM+us ij loZFkk vuqi;qDr
gksrk gSA
iii½ jktk dks ges'kk fot;ksRlqd gksuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk mlds iM+kslh mlds
f[kykQ gfFk;kj mBk ysrs gSaA
iv½ jktk dks viuh lsuk ges'kk Bksdj ij j[kuh pkfg,] dgha ,slk u gks fd
izf'k{k.k ds vHkko esa os ethZ+ ds ekfyd gks tk;saA
vcqy Qt+y dh vkbu-,-vdcjh nks izdkj ds jktkvksa ds chp Hksn djrh gS % lPpk
ckn'kkg vkSj [kqnxt+Z ckn'kkgA dgk tkrk gS fd nksuksa gh ds ikl Hkjiwj [ktkuk] Q+kSt]
ukSdj-pkdj vkSj rkcsnkj jS;r ¼iwtk½ gksrh gSA ,d lPpk ckn'kkg vius dks bu pht+ksa
ds eksg ls nwj j[krk gS] D;ksafd mldk mn~ns'; gksrk gS vR;kpkj feVkuk vkSj lc rjQ
lPpkbZ] oQ+knkjh vkSj bZekunkjh ykukA nwljh vksj] [kqnxt+Z ;kuh LokFkhZ jktk jktlh
lÙkk ds ckgjh Lo:iksa dks cgqr vf/kd egÙo nsrk gS ftl dkj.k lc rjQ vlqj{kk]
fo'okl dh deh] vR;kpkj vkSj ywVekj fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
cks/k iz'u 5
1½ Hkkjrh; eqfLye lkfgR; esa jkT; dh izÑfr dks Li"V djsaA
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2½ e/;dkyhu lkfgR; esa miyC/k jktk dh izÑfr o dÙkZO;ksa ij laf{kIr ppkZ djsaA
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18
ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
6 - 7 lkjka ' k vkS j ekDlZ o knh
la{ksi esa] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu ds Øe-fodkl laca/kh v/;;u dh ,d yEcs le;
rd mis{kk gksrh jghA vusd yksxksa dk ;g er Fkk fd vk| Hkkjr us jktuhfrd fparu
ds fodkl esa dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha fn;kA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu ds vius gh fof'k"V
vfHky{k.k gSaA og /keZ] lkekftd rkus-ckus ,oa uhfr'kkL= ls bruk vf/kd tqM+k gS fd
fparu ds vU; {ks=ksa ls mls jktuhfrd ds :i esa igpkuuk vR;ar eqf'dy dke gSA
;|fi Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fparu dh cjkcjh izk;% fgUnw jktuhfrd fparu ls dh tkrh
gS] Hkkjr esa vU; xS+j-czkã.koknh ijEijk,¡ Hkh Fkha ftUgksaus jktuhfrd fparu ds Øe-
fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;kA ckS)] tSu vkSj eqfLye tu mÙke iz'kklu] laca/kh viuh gh
/kkj.kk,¡ ysdj izdV gq,A ;g lR; gS fd vk| Hkkjrh; fopkjdksa us jktuhfr-n'kZu dks
fdlh Lok;Ùk fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa fodflr ugha fd;kA bl iz'u dk mÙkj nsus ds fy,
gh mUgksaus n'kZu'kkL= rÙoKku dh dksbZ ;kstukc) ijaijk ugha Mkyh] Hkkjrh; lkekftd
lajpuk dh ,d vkykspukRed lw{e tk¡p-iM+rky vkSj mldh rqyuk fo[;kr~ ,FksUl dh
lkekftd lajpuk ls fd, tkus dh vko';drk gS] tgk¡ jktuhfrd-n'kZu dh ijEijk
dk inkiZ.k gqvkA
6 - 8 'kCnkoyh
jk"Vª o knh bfrgkldkj % Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkj ftUgksaus Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ;g
ekudj fy[kk fd Hkkjr dk ,d jk"Vª ds :i esa ot+wn
izkphu dky ls gh FkkA
o.kZ % izkphu Hkkjr esa lekt pkj o.kksZa dh Jsf.k;ksa esa c¡Vk FkkA
buds uke gS&
a czkã.ktu] {kf=;tu] oS';tu] vkSj 'kwnt z uA
vkJe % fdlh O;fDr] [kkldj mPp oxZ ds lnL;ksa] ds thou esa
pkj voLFkk,¡A ;s gSa % czãp;Z ¼dkSek;Z-lk/kuk½] x`gLFk
¼fookfgr thou½] okuizLFk ¼fookfgr thou ls okilh½
vkSj laU;kl ¼lalkfjd thou ls laiw.kZ foPNsn½A
o.kkZ J e /keZ % pkj o.kksZa o pkj vkJeksa gsrq fofgr dÙkZO;A
jktra = % ,d gh jktk@ckn'kkg }kjk 'kkluA
x.kla ? k % yksxksa@turk dh lHkkA ewyr% ckS) lkekftd-/kkfeZd
laxBu ftudk o.kZu vusd bfrgkldkjksa }kjk ,d
x.kra=ksa ds rqY; ljdkj ds :i esa fd;k x;k gSA
oS f nd lkfgR; % bldk vFkZ gS pkj osn] ;kuh _x~] lke] ;tqj~]o vFkoZ
osnA
/keZ ' kkL= % yksxksa] vf/kdkj izkIr iafMrksa] }kjk O;ogkj esa yk;h tkus
okyh vkpkj lafgrk Jqfr ds vk/kkj ij] ftldk vFkZ gS
bZ'ojksDr vkKk ;k gqDe] mUgsa fy[kksA
vFkZ ' kk= % Kku dh og 'kkyk ftlesa Hkwfe vtZu o mlds j[kj[kko
lac/a kh ppkZ gSA ;g dkSfVY; dh iqLrd dk 'kh"kZd Hkh gSA
19
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ eRL;U;k; % eNyh fo"l;d og fu;e ftlds rgr cM+h eNyh
NksVh eNfy;ksa dks [kk tkrh gSA
egktu lEer % bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS og O;fDr tks lHkh dks Lohdk;Z
gksA ckS) jktk egktulEer dgykrk FkkA
tkrd dFkk,¡ % ckS)-n'kZu fo"k;d m)j.k tks fd dgkfu;ksa ds :i esa
feyrs gSaA

vkYVsdj] ,-,l-] 1958 % LVsV ,s.M xo~uZeS.V~ bu ,U'ksUV~ bf.M;k] r`rh; laLdj.k]
eksrhyky cukjlhnkl % cukjlA
izlkn] csuh] 1927 % fFkvjh vkWQ+ xo~uZeSUV~ bu ,U'ksUV bf.M;k ¼iksLVoSfnd½] bf.M;u
izSl % bykgkcknA
?kM+gy] ;w-,u-] 1959 % , fgLVªh vkWQ+ iWfyfVdy vkbfM;kt+] fgLVªh vkWQ+ fgUnwt+
iWfyfVdWy fFkvjht+ dk la'kksf/kr laLdj.k] vks-;w-ih- % cEcbZA
'kekZ] vkj-,l-] 1959 % ,sl~iSDV~l vkWQ+ ikWfyfVdWy vkbfM;kt+ ,.M bu~fLVV~;w'kUt~ bu
,U'ksUV bf.M;k] eksrhyky cukjlh nkl % fnYyhA
vIiknqjbZ] ,-] 1992 % bf.M;u iWfyfVdWy fFkafdax Fkzw fn ,ftt+] [kUuk ifCy'ktZ+ % ubZ fnYyhA

cks/k iz'u 1
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 6-3
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ ns[ksa mi-Hkkx 6-4-1 ls 6-4-7 rd
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 6-5
cks/k iz'u 5
20
ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
bdkbZ 7 dU¶+ ; w ' kloknh ijEijk vkS j ekDlZ o knh
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
7-0 mn~ns';
7-1 izLrkouk
7-2 jktin (Emperorship)
7-3 fo}ku~-inkf/kdkjh
7-3-1 ifj{kk,¡ rFkk ukSdj'kkgh dk izk/kkj
7-3-2 foHkkftr fu"Bk,¡ % ifjokj cuke lezkV
7-4 jktoa'kh; pØ
7-5 dU¶+;w'kloknh lkezkT;h; fopkj/kkjk dk var
7-6 lkjka'k
7-7 'kCnkoyh
7 - 0 mn~ n s ' ;
dgk tkrk gS fd phuh lkezkT; rhu Vk¡xksa ij [kM+k gqvk djrk Fkk %
• jktra=(
• fo}kyu~-inkf/kdkjhx.k( vkSj
• inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh dU¶+;w'kloknh fopkj/kkjkA
bu rhuksa lÙkkvksa ij vyx-vyx] vkSj mÙkjh ?kkl ds eSnkuksa ¼Steppe½ esa phu ds
?kqM+lokj] [kkukcnks'k iM+ksfl;ksa ds laca/k esa fopkj djuk iM+rk gSA ;g gesa phu ds
vusd jktoa'kksa ds cuus vkSj fcxM+us ds ckjs esa le>us esa enn djsxkA vius pjeksRd"kZ
ij vusd phuh lkezkT;ksa dk jkT; {ks= bruk fo'kky Fkk ftruk fd bfrgkl esa vkSj dgha
ugha Fkk( vkSj tc os fo[kf.Mr gksrs rks ogk¡ O;kid vO;oLFkk gksrh FkhA mRFkku vkSj iru
dk ;g pØ bl egku~ lH;rk ds bfrgkl esa nks gtk+j o"kksZa esa ls Hkh vf/kd rd ckjEckj
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA izLrqr bdkbZ bu iz'uksa ls lacaf/kr gS %
• dU¶+;w'kloknh ijEijk esa eq[; /kkj.kk,¡ D;k Fkha] vkSj phuh lkezkT;h; 'kklu esa
mudh D;k Hkwfedk Fkh\
• phfu;ksa vkSj mÙkjh ?kkl ds eSnkuksa ds ?kqM+lokj [kkukcnks'kksa ds chp D;k laca/k Fkk\
• phuh jkT;-O;oLFkk laLFkkvksa o fopkj/kkjk dh ,d fo"ks'k Ükà[kyk dh vksj ckj-ckj
dSls ykSV ldh\
• tfVy] 'kkunkj :i ls lQy lkezkT; ckjEckj fo[kafMr D;ksa gq,\
7 - 1 iz L rkouk
,sfrgkfld tkudkjh-----] loZnk izfØ;kvksa dh tkudkjh gS] ?kVukØe ds fo"k; esa tkuuk
ugha] ¼eqnhIrk dfojkt½ cfYd rkusckuksa dh rdZ;axfr (logic) dk irk yxkuk gSA
21
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡
22
dU¶+;w'klokn phuh bfrgkl dk fgLlk gS( vkSj tfVy vrhr dks le>us dk iz;kl ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
djrs gq, ge HkkSxksfyd rF;ksa ls 'kq: djrs gSaA lqfoLr`r fgeky; vkSj mlls tqM+h
ioZrekyk phu dks if'pe vkSj nf{k.k-if'pe fLFkr Hkkjrh; miegk}hi ls vyx djrh
gS( o`gn e/; ,f'k;kbZ ?kkl ds eSnku mÙkj esa QSys gSa( iz'kkUr egklkxj iwoZ esa ygjkrk
gS( vkSj Hkkjr-phuh izk;}hi nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA bl ikFkZD; ds ckotw+n phu dh vR;f/
kd le`f) us gt+kjksa lkyksa rd mÙkj ls ?kM+lokj fotsrkvksa vkSj nwj-nwj ty-Fky ls
O;kikfj;ksa dks vkdf"kZr fd;kA
cQZ ls <ds fo'kkydk; igkM+ mu egkufn;ksa dh vkiwfrZ djrs gSa tks ns'k ds ekufp=
ij likZdkj vkÑfr esa ut+j vkrh gSa] /kjrh ij ck<+ ykrha gS] [kkldj vius MsYVk {ks=ksa
esaA àkaxgks] ;k ihyh unh] vkSj ;kaXRts+ lcls cM+ha gSa vkSj lokZf/kd izfl) HkhA àkaxgks
vius lkFk <sjksa feV~Vh@ckyw vkfn ykrk gSA tks muds mrkj ij ogha te tkrh gaS] vkSj
bl dkj.k ;kaXRts+ dh Hkk¡fr ogk¡ [ksus dh mi;qDr t+ehu ugha jgrh( ijUrq bu ufn;ksa
dks ugjksa dk tky fcNkdj c<+k fn;k x;k] tks fd rhljh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ i'pkr~ rhoz
izsfjr lezkVksa dh >ksad esa vkdj curh jghaA 20oha 'krkCnh rd tyekxksZa dh cxy esa
;krk;kr fdQk+;rh Fkk vkSj lM+dksa ij dgha vf/kd egÙoiw.kZA
vius xeZ nf{k.k vkSj Ba.Ms mÙkj o if'pe ds chp phu ifjfLFkfrfd;ksa dh ,d foLr`r
O;wg jpuk izLrwr djrk gSA ;kaXRts+ ds f;afpr eSnku pkoy mRiknu ds fy, fo'o ds
eq[; HkwHkkx jgs gSa ( phu dh vkSj ,dfrgkfld :i ls egÙoiw.kZ iSnkokj esa 'kkfey gSa&
xsgwa] pk;] js'ke] uedA [kfutkssa dh Hkh ,d Ükà[kyk yEcs le; ls dks;yk] yksgk] rk¡ck]
fVu] pk¡nh] tsM+ o [kfut rsy ds mRiknu gsrq nksfgr dh tkrha jgha gSaA izkS|ksfxdh ds
fygkt ls phu 14oha 'krkCnh rd fo'o esa vxz.kh jgkA
nks gt+kj ls Hkh vf/kd lkyksa rd phuoklh lkezkT;h; jkT;ksa ds rgr jgs] rhljh
'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ls ysdj chloha 'krkCnh rd {ks=h; 'kfDr;ksa us Lok;Ùkrk ,oa Lok/khurk
ds fofHkUu ekun.Mksa dk nkok fd;kA phuh bfrgkldkj bu dkykof/k;ksa dks jktra=h;
v{kerk ls iSnk gqbZ vO;oLFkk ds {k.kksa ds :i fy;k djrs FksA ,sls dky flQZ+ fdlh ,sls
u, jktoa'k ds mn; ds lkFk gh lekIr gks ldrs Fks] tks 'kklu gsrq ^^LoxZ dh vkKk**
ls lEiUu gksA
vusd ckj iqjksfnr (re-emerged) lkezkT;h; jkT;ksa us] phu vkSj mlls yxs e/;
,f'k;kbZ ?kkl ds eSnkuksa ds fy,] muds chp fopkj/kkjkvksa] lzksrksa] izFkkvksa o izsj.kkvksa ds
dqN fpjLFkk;h :i lekfo"V fd, gSAa ,d u, jktoa'k dh LFkkiuk ds fy, phu ds Hkhrj
ls gh egÙodka{kh yksx lkeus vk ldrs Fks] ijUrq vDlj os mÙkj ls Hkh vk;sA iqu% phu
esa Hkkjr dh Hkk¡fr u, jktoa'kksa dh LFkkiuk mÙkj ds ?kqM+lokj ;k;koj fotsrkvksa] vFkok
phu esa muds lkezkT; ¼1276-1367½ }kjk Hkh dh x;hA rFkkfi] phu ij 'kklu djuk
mlds tfVy lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk] jkT;-O;oLFkk] ikfjfLFkfrdh] o izkS|ksfxdh ds lkFk-
?kqM+lokj fotsrkvksa dk dke ugha FkkA mls dqN [k+kl dh njdkj Fkh ( vkSj oks fo}kuksa
ds ,d ,sls oxZ }kjk iznku fd;k x;k tks dU¶+;w'kl o vU; izkphu xq#vksa ls f'k{kk izkIr
Fks] vkSj ftUgksaus ,d lezkV ds v/khu 'kklu djus dh ijEijk dks tUe fn;kA
23
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ ckWDl 1
jktoa ' kh ys [ kkfp=
uksV% phuh Hkk"kk ds 'kCn fy[kus esa ukeksa lesr] ;g bdkbZ csM-tkbYl O;oLFkk dk ikyu
djrh gS ij Mk;fØfVdy fpUgksa dks NksM+ nsrh gSA
dky jktoa ' k bl bdkbZ esa mYysf[kr foHkwfr;k¡
11oha ls 5oha pw jktk bZ'oj dk iq= gS mls LoxZ ls
'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ 'kklu dk vkns'k izkIr gSA blds ckn ds
pj.k esa vusd deksos'k Lora= jkT;A
403-221 la?k"kZjr jkT;
'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ
221-207 fpu f'ku>q vkMfr] phu dk izFke lezkV 1
'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ fof/kK jkT; O;oLFkk
206 'krkCnh iwoZorhZ gSu rqM-pqM--'kw] 179-104 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ]
bZlk iwoZ ls 8 bZLoh lkezkT;h; dU¶;w'klokn izfrokfgr
fd;kA
25-220 bZLoh ijorhZ gSu
221-580 bZLoh fofHkUu jktoa'k
589-617 bZLoh lqbZ fo}ku inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds p;u gsrq ijh{kk,a
vkjaHk dh x;h
618-906 bZLoh rkM-
907-959 bZLoh ikap jktoa'k
vkSj nl jkT;
960-1126 bZLoh mÙkjh lM- ,d l'kDr ukSdj'kkgh vius igyksa ds
eqdkcys lezkV ij vf/kd fuHkZjA 1126
esa mÙkjh jkt/kkuh NksM+us ds fy, ck/;]
;kM-Rt+s ds rV ij gkM-'kks esa lkezkT;h;
jkt/kkuh iquLFkkZfir dhA
1127-1275 bZLoh nf{k.kkh lM-
¼rFkk mÙkj esa fpu½
1276-1367 bZLoh eaxksy@;qvku
1368-1644 bZLoh feM- 16oha 'krkCnh% ;wjksi oklh vkus yxs
1945-1911 bZLoh eka'kw fpMs 19oha 'krkCnh%;wjksih; ncko ds lkeus
phu dh detksfj;ka t+kfgj gks x;haA
fopkjksa dk ;g fudk; ftls dU¶+;w'kloknh fopkj/kkjk ¼ckWDl-1½ ds uke ls tkuk tkus
yxk] 'krkfCn;ksa rd fodk; (evolve) izkIr djrk jgk D;ksafd blds okgd] fo}ku inkf/
kdkjhx.k] viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lQyrkiwoZd laHkkyrs jgs % ¼1½ jkT; pykus esa] vkSj
¼2½ jkT; }kjk fu;ksftr u fd, tkus ds le; Hkh vius thou izca/ku esaA bl lc dks
^^dU¶+;w'kloknh** ds :i esa ns[kk x;k& ;g fl)kar fd dU¶+;w'klokn oks gS] tks dqN
Hkh dU¶+;w'kl ds vuq;k;h lksprs vkSj djrs FksA blesa cgqr dqN] cfYd fopkjksa dk ,d
lkj Hkkx fudk; vkrk Fkk] tks dU¶+;w'klokn ¼Confucianism½ dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
24 fdjrk FkkA buesa 'kkfey Fks %
d½ jktk dh lÙkk dk leFkZu djrs fopkj& ;g mUgsa jktk ds izfr vkKkijk;.k lsok ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
djus dks opuc) djrs Fks vkSj] bl izdkj dh lsok ds ek/;e ls lekt esa vkS j ekDlZ o knh
dU¶+;w'kloknh ekuna.Mksa ds izpkj dk iz;kl ¼ns[ksa ckWDl-1 vkSj uhps ^x*½(
[k½ dk;Zr% vifjfer vuUr foLrkj dks lR; ekurs gq, tfVy dkeZdk.M(
x½ fo}tuksa ds fo"k; esa fopkjksa o vkn'kksZa dh ,d izHkko'kfDrA mDr fopkj/kkjk us
inkuqØe ds er ij] ekrk-firk ds izfr HkfDr ij] vkSj uSfrd ln~xq.kksa ij vf/kd
cy fn;kA ;s vke ekun.M Fks] tks jkT; o ifjokj nksuksa ds izfr O;ogk;Z FksA
ln~xq.k ij cy bl fopkj esa izdV gq, fd ,d vuqdj.kh; 'kkld cy iz;ksx o
fgalk dk lgkjk fy, tkus dh vko';drk ds cx+Sj] Lo;a }kjk izLrqr mnkgj.k dh
'kfDr ls 'kklu djus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg,A O;ogkjr% bl izdkj ds mnkgj.kkRed
'kkld ftudh lk/kqrk laiwZ.k O;ofLFkr O;ogkj lqfuf'pr djrh] dks ikuk eqf'dy
dke Fkk] vkSj fofHkUu ifjn`';ksa esa cy iz;ksx o fgalk dk bLrseky dkQ+h vke FkkA
ckWDl 2
dU¶;w ' kloknh fopkj/kkjk dk mn;
dU¶+;w'kl NBh vkSj ikapoha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa ,d phuh fopkjd vkSj fo}ku gq,
gSaA mudh o vU; izkphu dh f'k{kkvksa ¼eSafl;l] 372&289 bZlk iwoZ lesr½ us 'kklu
dh phuh ijEijk dks ,d lkaps esa <+kyk gS% lkekftd ,oa jktuSfrd O;ogkj ds fy,
vkSj lkezkT; dh tfVy] izHkko'kkyh deZdk.Mksa dh jpuk djus ds fy, lEekfur
ekxZn'kZdksa ds :i esa 1 dU¶+;w'klokn us jkT; ds dk;Zdykiksa esa uSfrdrk ds egRo
dk izfriknu fd;k] vkSj 'kkafr] ekuork vkSj yxu tSls ewY;ksa dk ,d lkezkT; ij
'kklu djus dh fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa] ;|fi phfu;ksa us oSf/kdokn (Legalism) dks
igys viuk;kA
f'kg à;qvkax&fr] izFke phuh lkezkT; fpu ds laLFkkid us 221 bZlk iwoZ esa
dU¶;w'kloknh ijEijk dks mlds uhfrokn lesr jí dj fn;kA ;gka rd mUgksaus
bldh iqLrdksa dks tyk Mkyus dk vkns'k fn;kA bldh ctk; mUgksaus oSf/kd fparu
esa fo'okl fn[kk;k tksfd l[r dkuwuksa] lezkV dh bPNkiwfrZ vkSj fdlh Hkh fojks/k dks
cnkZ'r u djus ds lkFk ,d dBksj ,oa izHkko'kkyh jkT; dh /kkj.kk dk leFkZu djrk
FkkA bldh ifj.kfr pkSng o"kZ ckn fonzksg esa gqbZ] ulhgrksa dk ,d lzksr bl fo"k;
ij fd fdlh jktoa'k dks vlQyrk ls cpus ds fy, ,d jktoa'k dks fdu ckrksa ls
cpuk pkfg,A bldks dU¶;w'klokfn;ksa ds e/; fQj ges'kk ,d cqjs mnkgj.k ds :i
esa ;kn j[kk x;k] ;|fi tfVy vkSj izk;% ijHk{kh iM+kSfl;ksa ls f?kjs ,d fo'kky
lkezkT; ds dk;Zdyki] okLro esa vdsys dU¶;w'kloknh uSfrdrk ij fVds ugha jg
ldrs FksA lkezkT; pykus esa dkuwuh izo`fÙk;ka vke ugha Fkha] gkykafd dksbZ Hkh Loa;
dks dkuwu okyk (Legalist) ugha dgrk FkkA phu okfl;ksa ds ikl ,d fo'kky lsuk Fkh]
vkSj mDr lkezkT;h; jkT; cy iz;ksx ls dHkh ihNs ugha gVk& vkarfjd vFkok cká
:i lsA
dU¶;w'kloknh ijEijk fdlh Hkh rjg fuf"Ø; fopkjksa dh dksbZ vifjorZu'khy laLFkk
ugha jghA fcydqy blds foijhr FkkA dU¶;w'kl ds yxHkx pkj 'krkfCn;ksa i'pkr~
mlls tqM+s fopkj /khjs-/khjs lkezkT; oS/krk-fl)kar esa lekfo"V fd, tkus yxsA ,d
iwoZ dkyhu jktin] pw ¼11oha ls 5oha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ½ ds ckjs esa ;g izpkj fd;k x;k
fd jktk ^bZ'oj ds iq=* gksrs gSa] ftuds ikl 'kklu djusndk LoxZ ls feyk vkns'k
gksrk gSA pw ds fo?kVu ds ckn] vkus okyh 'krkfCn;ksa ¼pkSFkh o rhljh] bZlk iwoZ½ ftUgsa
25
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ ^la?k"kZjr jkT;* dky ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] esa vusd NksVs jkT;ksa vkSj muds chp
dkQh la?k"kZ ns[kus dks feykA buesa ls dksbZ Hkh vUu; :i ls LoxZ dk Ñik ik= gksus
laca/kh pw tSlk nkok dk;e ugha dj ldk& vkSj mDr /kkj.kk /khjs-/khjs lekIr gks
x;hA dU¶;w'kl ,d dsUnzh; lÙkk ds vHkko okys bl foxzg dky esa dke djrs vkSj
i<+krs FksA bl izdkj dh lÙkk vYidkyhu fpu lkezkT; ¼221&207 bZlk iwoZ½ ds lkFk
gh LFkkfir gks ik;hA
pw] la?k"kZjr jkT;] fpu oa'k% ;g gSu oa'k dh i`"B Hkwfe Fkh blds jktuSfrd izca/k fpu
dh O;oLFkkvksa tSls gh FksA fpu vkSj gSu nksuks gh lQyrkiwoZd cy iz;ksx dj lÙkk
esa vk;s fQj Hkh gSu lezkV fpafrr Fks% fpu oa'k tSlk var Vkyus ds fy, D;k djsa\
mudh eq[; leL;k Fkh% mUgsa ;g rF; lgh Bgjkuk Fkk fd vius iwoZtksa dks gVkus
esa mUgksaus cy iz;ksx fd;k Fkk vkSj lkFk gh ;g n'kkZuk Fkk fd muds izfr}afn;ksa ds
fy, mUgsa gSu dks] gVkus ds fy, cy iz;ksx vuqfpr gksxkA muds fo}ku lykgdkj
frl ij ml izdkj ds LoxhZ; vkns'k dks ysdj pyrs jgs ftl ij fd igys pw
jktkvksa us Loa; nkok fd;k FkkA rqM-pqM-U'kw ¼179&104 bZlk iwoZ½ uked ,d fo}ku
us jktoa'kh; LFkkf;Ro lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fopkjksa dk egRoiw.kZ la;kstu izLrqr
fd;k( ijarq ;g nks ;k rhu 'krkfCn;ksa esa fopkjksa ,oa O;ogkjksa ds Øe fodkl esa cl
,d gh dne Fkk& ftlesa mu fofHkUu fo}kuksa o inkf/kdkfj;ksa dk ;ksxnku Fkk tks
vusd izdkj ds rRoksa ij t+ksj nsrs FksA
ljy :i ls] blds ÝseodZ esa j[ks x;s dqN fopkj fuEu Fks%
• ,d czák.Mh; n`f"Vdks.k] ftlesa lexz czák.M&LoxZ] i`Foh vkSj euq";ksa ds
dk;Zdyki] lHkh dks ,d gh O;oLFkk dk fgLlk le>k tkrk FkkA jktk dh
czák.Mh; O;oLFkk ds lkeatL; dks cuk;s j[kus esa fu.kZ;dkjh le>k tkrk
Fkk& mlds vius pfj=oku] vuqdj.kh; vkpkj-O;ogkj ds ek/;e lsA
• LoxZ@bZ'oj lc dqN jprk gS] vkSj ekuoh; fØ;kdykiska esa ,d lØh;
fnypLih cuk;s j[krk gSA tc vlkekU; ?kVuk,a fn[kk;h iM+rh gSa ¼vkdk'k esa
dksbZ vifjfpr oLrq] ck<+ vFkok vKkr izdkj dk ikS/kk ;k izk.kh½] ;s bZ'oj }kjk
Hksts x, ladsr (omens) gksrs gSaA ;s ladsr] tSls dh ck<+ vkSj lw[kk] vkdk'k esa
vlkekU; n`';&lapkyu dh vLohÑfr dk ladsr fd, tkus ds :i esa ns[ks tk
ldrs gSa] ;k fQj vlk/kkj.k tSfod :iksa ls lacaf/kr [kcjksa dh O;k[;k 'kklu
/kkjh jktoa'k ij bZ'oj ds vk'khokZn fpUgksa ds :i esa dh tk ldrh gS] vFkok
'kklu djus laca/kh u, bZ'ojh; vkns'k ds lkFk ,d u, jktoa'k ds lfUudV
mn; ds :i esaA ;fn bl izdkj ds lxquksa dks fo}kuksa }kjk igpku fy;k tk,
vkSj le> fy;k tk,] rks mfpr izR;qÙkj rS;kj fd, tk ldrs gSaA
• LoxZ rkvks (Tao) dh jpuk djrk gS] ;Fkk ekuoh; fØ;kdyki ds fy,
vifjorZu'khy ewy fl)kar( ijarq yksxksa dks viuh fofHkUu ,oa ifjorZu'khy
ifjfLFkfr;ksa gsrq mfpr rjhdksa ls rkvksa iz;ksx djus gksrs gSaA
vkus okyh 'krkfCn;ksa esa dU¶;w'klokn uked iSdst fodlfr gksrk jgkA blesa ,d
tfVy fopkj-lewg lekfgr fd;k x;k] D;ksafd blds vuq;k;h viuh cnyrh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds izfr viuh ijEijk esa miyC/k fopkjksa dks ykxw djus dk iz;kl djrs
FksA
;g dU¶;w'kloknh ijEijk gh Fkh ftlus vkus okys le; esa inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh
jkt'kfDr ij vf/kdkj j[kkA rqM- us ,d lkezkT; pykus esa dU¶;w'kloknh dh
26 f'k{kkvksa ds egRo ij cy fn;k] vkSj lq>k;k fd bu f'k{kkvksa esa ikjaxr fo}ku
ljdkj esa fu;qDr fd, tk,aA lkroha 'krkCnh bZLoh esa ,d dU¶;w'kloknh ikB~;Øe ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
esa ijh{kk,a ikl djuk izfr"Bkiw.kZ lkezkT;h; ukSdj'kkgh esa izos'k djus ds fy, vkSj vkS j ekDlZ o knh
vkxs c<+us esa ,d egRoiw.kZ ek/;e cu x;kA lokZf/kd egRo] blh dkj.k bu o bu
ls lacaf/kr ikB~;Øeksa dks tkjh j[kus] lh[kus o vkxs c<+kus dks fn;k x;k( vkSj bu
ijh{kkvksa ds fy, fu/kkZfjr ikB~;Øe dU¶;w'kloknh fl)kar ds fy, Hkh ,d l'kDr
ek/;e gks x;kA phu esa fo}kuksa dks izkIr Å¡ph izfr"Bk esa ;g f'k{kk ,d egRoiw.kZ
vo;o Fkk] tks ml lÙkk le`f) ls furkar ijs Fkh tks in ij jgrs gq, lQyrk ds
lkFk vkrh FkhA
lqfuf'pr O;fDr dk lEeku 'kkjhfjd Je djus okyksa ,oa ekufld Je djus okyksa ds
chp Hksn fd, tkus dk ekeyk Fkk( lHkh f'k{kkizkIr] vkSj [kkldj muesa inkf/kdkfj;ksa dks
^'kkldksa* ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk Fkk] tcfd nwljh vksj 'kkjhfjd Je djus okyksa dks
^'kkflrksa* ds :i esa( ijUrq dkjxj inkuqØe mlls dgha vf/kd tfVy Fkk] ftruk fd
;g ljy HksnHkko crykrk gSA
phuokfl;ksa] vkSj [kkldj mudk lqf'kf{kr oxZ ftlesa inkf/kdkjhx.k vkrs Fks] dh rqyuk
esa mÙkjh ?kqM+lokjksa us mudh jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa us tutkrh; laxBu vkSj] mlls Hkh
c<+dj] tutkrh; xBca/kuksa gsrq O;oLFkk tqVk nhA bu Lo;a bPNqd ;ks)k ?kqM+lokjksa ds
chp xBca/ku dk jkLrk fudkyuk vklku ugha Fkk( blds fy, vuqizkf.kr usr`Ro dh
vko';drk FkhA ewrZ :i /kkj.k djus ij ;s ?kqM+lokj eaFkj xfr ls pyrs phu okfl;ksa
dks jkSan Mky ldrs Fks] de ls de mÙkj esa] àkaxgks ds vklikl ds {ks= esaA
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ ik¡p ,sls izeq[k ikfjfLFkfrd rÙoksa dh lwph cuk,¡ ftUgksausa phuh bfrgkl ds
?kVukØe dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA
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2½ dU¶+;w'kloknh fopkj/kkjk dSls mHkjh\
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jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 3½ dU¶+;w'kloknh lkezkT;h; fopkj/kkjk esa eq[; /kkj.kk,¡ D;k Fkha\
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4½ phuh bfrgkl esa lkezkT;h; ifj{kkvksa dk D;k egÙo Fkk\
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7-2 jktin
Hkkjr esa eqxy lkezkT; ds fy, dgk x;k gS fd lezkV gh mldk ^êq[; izsj.kklzksr**
gksrk Fkk( lkezkT;h; 'kklu fdruh vPNh rjg dke djsxk mldh izHkkodkfjrk ij
fuHkZjrk FkkA phu esa Hkh lezkV ,d eq[; lzkrs dh rjg gh FkkA phu esa fo}ku-inkf/kdkfj;ksa
dh dksbZ ijEijk ugha Fkh] vkSj 7oha 'krkCnh rd mUgsa ,d O;kid ijh{kk i)fr ds ek/;e
ls pwus tkus dh 'kq#vkr gks jgh FkhA /kU; gS mudk lk>k Kku] dq'kyrk,¡] izsj.kk,¡ o
ijaijk,¡ tks fd os fo'kkydk; lkezkT;ksa ¼rkax] feax] fpax½ dks pykus gsrq vf/kdkjh oxZ
ds fo'kky rkusckuksa dks cukus esa l{ke FksA mudk osrueku iwoZ-vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa jgs
fdlh Hkh osru eku ls gj rjg ls Å¡pk gh FkkA bl ukSdj'kkgh ds ikl ,d lk>k
fopkj/kkjk o ijiEjk] vkSj jktoa'k ds izfr fu"Bk i;kZIr :i ls bruh Fkh fd ;g v{ke
lkezkVksa ds jgrs gq, Hkh dke dj ldsA 12oha 'krkCnh esa ;g ra=] mÙkjh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa
ds ncko ds rgr mÙkjh jkt/kkuh ds gkFk ls fudy tkus vkSj u, fljs ls ;kaXRt+s ds
nf{k.k dks jkt/kkuh cukus ds ckot+wn tqM+k jgkA dkj.kksa ds fy, ge vkxs i<+saxs]
cgjgky] tc lezkV vlQy gks x, rks lkezkT; ij xaHkhj [krjk e¡Mjkus yxkA
fQj Hkh lezkV pw¡fd ^^LoxZ dk iq=** Fkk] og reke oS/krk dk lzksr FkkA ,d lezkV ftls
vius vki ij Hkjkslk gksrk rks og vius fgr] vFkok ut+fj;s ij [krjs dks Hkk¡i dj
vf/kdkjh-ra= dks ,d rjQ dj viuk jkLrk fudky ysrk FkkA 'kq#vkrh 'krkfCn;ksa esa
lezkV dks cgqr gn rd oa'kkuqqØfed vfHktkR; ra= (Aristocracy) dh lÙkk dks ekU;rk
ns nsuh iM+rh Fkh] ftlds Hkh lnL; vxz.kh inkf/kdkjhx.k gksrs FksA lqax ¼960-1275½
rd vkrs-vkrs vfHktkrra= ,sls 'kkld oxZ dks jkLrk ns pqdk Fkk tks lezkV dh pkiywlh
vfHktkR;ra= ls dgha vf/kd djrk FkkA blds ckn lezkV ds gkFkksa esa vkSj vf/kd lÙkk
ladsUnz.k rFkk mldk fojks/k djus ij vkSj dM+s n.M dk izko/kku gks x;kA 15oha 'krkCnh
rd lSUlksjsV oLrqr% ^^fojks/k izn'kZu** laca/kh viuk igys dk dke NksM+ pqdk FkkA og
flQZ+ ,d fuxjkuh ,tsUlh cuk jgk] ftlls lSUlksjsV ,d ,slk lk/ku cu x;k ftls
lezkV o mlds vfHkdÙkkZ ukSdj'kkgh vkSj O;kid :i ls lekt ij fu;a=.k djus esa
28 iz;ksx dj ldrs FksA
vius vf/kdkjh oxZ ds laca/k esa lezkV fdruk 'kfDr'kkyh Fkk bl ckr esa izdV gksrk Fkk ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
fd mldh mifLFkfr esa fdl izdkj O;ogkj djuk gSA jktoa'kksa ds ikl ls xqt+jus ij vkS j ekDlZ o knh
muls ftl O;ogkj dh vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh] og mÙkjksÙkj vkSj nklksfpr gksrk x;kA rkax
¼618-906 bZLoh½ ds dky esa inkf/kdkjhx.k lezkV ds lkFk cSB ldrs Fks( laqx ¼960-
1275 bZLoh½ ds dky esa mUgsa cSBs gq, lezkV ds le{k [kM+k gksuk iM+rk Fkk( vkSj feax
¼1368-1644 bZLoh½ o fpax ¼1645-1911 bZLoh½ ds dky esa muls vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh
fd lk"Vkax n.Mor djsa vkSj lezkV ds lkeus ?kqVus VsdsaA
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ phu esa lezkV o mlds inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp D;k laca/k Fkk\
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7 - 3 fo}ku~ -inkf/kdkjh
7 - 3 - 1 ifj{kk,¡ rFkk ukSdj'kkgh dk izk/kkj
'kklu djus ds ^^LoxZ ds vkns'k** ds ckot+wn phuh lezkV lkezkT; ij 'kklu djus ds
fy, vius dU¶+;w'kloknh fo}ku-inkf/kdkfj;ksa ij fuHkZj jgrk FkkA vf/kdkjh-oxZ lezkV
ls vius ln~xq.k dk mnkgj.k j[k 'kklu djus vkSj lkezkT; pykus dk dke mu ij
NksM+ nsus dk vkxzg djrk FkkA bl dke esa dBksj deZdk.M bl izdkj fufnZ"V fd, x,
Fks fd os lef"V :i esa lekt ds fy, ln~Hkkoiw.kZ O;oLFkk vkSj inkuqØe dk Hkko mRiUu
djsaA fo}ku-inkf/kdkjhx.k bl deZdk.M esa Hkh fuiq.k gksrs FksA
lezkV vkSj inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp laca/k phuh lkezkT;h; ukSdj'kkgh ds Øe fodkl esa
fu.kZk;d Hkwfedk fuHkkrk FkkA ;g ,d /kheh izfØ;k FkhA izFke lglzkfCn-e/; bZLoh rd]
izFke lezkV ds le{k] phu esa 'kkldx.k igys ls gh fo}kuksa dks fu;qDr djrs jgs Fks vkSj
mudh ea=.kk izkIr djrs jgs Fks] ijUrq ;g laca/k fof'k"V fo}kuksa ds chp gksrk FkkA
gSu lkezkT; ¼206 bZlkiwoZ-220 bZLoh½ us fo}kuksa dks ,d inkuqØe esa lqO;ofLFkr :i
ns fn;kA rFkkfi mlds ckn] NBh 'krkCnh ds vafre o"kksZa esa lqbZ ls 'kq: gks dj
inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds bl fudk; esa HkrhZ] va'kr% fof'k"V fu/kkZfjr ikB~;p;kZ ds vk/kkj ij
vH;kfFkZ;ksa dh tk¡p djrs Fks& gkyk¡fd ;g ikB~; rkfydk ifjoZru ladsrksa ds v/khu
gksrh FkhA ijh{kk,¡] in gsrq HkrhZ ds fy, ,d lnk ,d lkekU; ek/;e jgha] tks rkax ds
v/khu 655 bZLoha ls iwoZ nl ls de vkneh;ksa ds okf"kd vkSlr ls laqx ¼960-1275
bZLoha½ ds v/khu 200-240 vkneh okf"kZd vkSlr rd QSyh FkhaA T;knkrj vkneh vU;
ek/;eksa ls yksd-lsok ds fupys inksa esa izos'k ikrs Fks] fQj Hkh bu ijh{kkvksa esa lQyrk
yksxksa dks lqf'kf{kr O;fDr dh izfr"Bk ds lkFk-lkFk mPp in ds mPphÑr vklkj iznku
29
djrh FkhA
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ ofj"B vf/kdkfj;ksa dks vf/kdkj Fkk fd fupys Lrj ds inksa ds fy, vius iq=ksa vkSj ikS=ksa
dks ukekafdr dj ldsa( dqN rks ;g ofj"B inkf/kdkjh dh fu"Bk lsok gsrq ,d iqjLdkj
gksrk Fkk] vkSj dqN ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd vf/kdkfj;ksa ds csVs [kqn gh vPNs vf/kdkjh
cusaxsA lh<+h ds fupys] LFkkuh; ik;nkuksa esa] yxHkx ljdkj esa 'kjhd gksus ds dbZ vU;
jkLrs Hkh FksA rnksijkar ;s yksx ijh{kkvksa esa cSB ldrs Fks vkSj dsUnz ljdkj esa vf/kd
O;kid nkf;Roksa okys Å¡ps inksa gsrq inksUufr ik ldrs FksA lsuk esa mRÑ"V izn'kZu djus
okys O;fDr;ksa dks Hkh dHkh-dHkh vlSfud ¼yksd½ lsok esa yk;k tkrk FkkA
7 - 3 - 2 foHkkftr fu"Bk,¡ % ifjokj cuke lezkV

ckj-ckj lkezkT;h; foLrkj gsrq phu dh {kerk ckjEckj ,d izcy ukSdj'kkgh dks mRiUu
djus dh {kerk ij fuHkZj jghA fo}ku-inkf/kdkjhx.k dU¶+;w'kl dh f'k{kkvksa dh 'kiFk
ysrs Fks] vkSj muds fopkj uSfrd O;ogkj ds ewY;ksa dks mRlkg iznku djrs Fks] ftuesa
ekrk-firk ds izfr HkfDr ,oa vkKkikyu Hkh 'kkfey FksA ;s ewY; phuh lalkj esa vfLrRo
ds nks [kEcksa dks et+cwr djus esa enn djrs Fks % ifjokj vkSj jktinA
izFker% ;s eqY; foLr`r ifjokj dks eu esa LFkku nsrs Fks] vkSj iwoZtksa ds fy, viuk lEeku]
[kkldj fo}ku-inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds lkekftd Lrj esaA ;s o`gn~ ifjokj] vkSj vDlj xks=]
ijh{kkvksa ds fy, rS;kjh dj jgs ;qok mPpdkaf{k;ksa gsrq vko';d enn tqVkrs Fks& tks
mUgsa jktckt ds ns'kksa dh vksj ys tk ldrs FksA blds vfrfjDr] ;fn dksbZ jktdeZpkjh
lkezkT;h; vuqdaik ls oafpr gks tkrk] rks mls viuh raxgkyh ds fnuksa esa ifjokjh tuksa
ds lg;ksx dh vis{kk gks ldrh FkhA blh dkj.k vius fy, vius lacaf/k;ksa ds foxr]
vkSj Hkkoh] egÙo ds pyrs] ,d ukSdj'kg vius in dk iz;ksx] izk;% vuqfpr :i ls] vius
lacaf/k;ksa rFkk Lo;a dh enn djus ds fy, djrkA
nwljs] jkT; bl /kkj.kk dks c<+kok nsrk Fkk fd lkezkT; ,d ifjokj gS] lezkV mldk
eqf[k;k % blhfy, og vkKk ikyu dk gd j[krk gS& Bhd mlh rjg tSls fd ifjokj
dk eqf[k;kA bl ewY; ds Lohdj.k us fo}ku-inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu"Bk vkSj vkKkikyu dks
lqfuf'pr djus esa enn dhA blls ,d l'kDr lkezkT;h; jkT; dk fu.kZ; laHko gqvkA
ekrk-firk ds izfr HkfDr ,oa vkKkdkfjrk ls lac) ewY;ksa us vkxs pydj ,d vksj o`gn~
ifjokjh lewg dks et+cwrh iznku dh vkSj nwljh vksj] ,d vf/kiR;-lwpd lkezkT;h;
jkT; dks bldh fu"ifÙk gqbZA phuh jktuhfrd o iz'kklfud O;fDr;ksa us Lora= laxBuksa
ds fy,] T;knk txg ugha NksM+h& tSlk fd vlarq"Vksa vFkok mRihfM+rksa dh vksj ls
laxfBr fojks/k-izn'kZu gsrq vuko';d gksrkA
bl lkekftd okrkoj.k esa] ;fn vki dsUnzhÑr ljdkj dh O;oLFkk gVk nsrs] tks fd
viuh vkKkvksa dk fu"iknu vius jktdeZpkfj;ksa ds ek/;e ls lkezkT; ds y{;ksa ds ikus
esa djokrh Fkh] ,slh dksbZ laLFkk ugha Fkh tks lekt ds O;ofLFkr dk;Zikyu dks lqfuf'pr
dj ldrhA ¼;wjksi esa] jkse ds iru ds ckn jkseu dSFkfyd ppZ us ,slk fd;k( Hkkjr esa]
tkfr-O;oLFkk dk viuk gh fLFkjdkjh izHkko FkkA½ egÙodka{kk-lEiUu yksx vius HkkbZ-
ca/kqvksa ,oa iq#"k-Hk`R;ksa ds lkFk jgrs] gj dksbZ viuk gh izHkqRo tekus vkSj ckrksa dk QSlyk
yM+dj r; fd, tkus dks bPNqd jgrkA ;g fLFkfr phuh bfrgkl esa vusdksa ckj lkeus
vk;hA
lkewfgd dk;ksZa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, <k¡pk] Li"Vr;k] dsoy lezkV ds bnZ-fxnZ gh rS;kj
fd;k tk ldrk FkkA lkezkT; Hkax gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa] fQj]mldh 'kj.k esa vkus gsrq
30
,d O;kid iwokZuqdwyrk Fkh tks dksbZ Hkh ,d lkezkT;h; O;oLFkk ds iquuZohdj.k gsrq ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
ok;ns dks iwjk dj ldrk& ,d 'kfDr'kyh lsuk-vxqvk ¼ftlus lq¡x dh LFkkiuk dh½] vkS j ekDlZ o knh
mÙkj ls ,d fotsrk ¼'kklu dh ;wvku ijEijk½A os dU¶+;w'kl dh Ñfr;ksa dk v/;;u
djrs jgs gksaxs] bl mEehn esa fd vkf[kjdkj lkezkT;h; in fey gh tk;sxkA iwoZorhZ
jkT;-O;oLFkk ds gLrkarj.k dh nks"k HkwriwoZ lezkVksa dh O;fDrxr det+ksfj;ksa ij yxk;k
tk;sxk ¼ns[ksa Hkkx 7-4½A dU¶+;w'kl vkSj mudh f'k{kk lsokfiZr Fks] fufoZokn :i ls] vkSj
,slk gh iz'kklu esa mu yksaxksa dk lkf/kdkj LFkku Fkk] ftudks bu f'k{kkvksa ls lEiUu
fd;k x;k FkkA
;fn phuh jkT; dh izo`fÙk] ckorh :i ls] fujadq'k jgh rks fuokj.k (withdrawal) vkSj
fuokrZu (resistance) ds iqujkoÙk ds izfreku Hkh ogk¡ jgsA blds nks izeq[k dsUnz jgsA ,d
Fkk tu-fonzksgA dU¶+;w'klokn 'kklu dh fopkj/kkjk cu pqdh Fkh& vkSj oks Hkh mudh
ftudks vR;kpkfj;ksa ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA os ftUgksus vius mRihM+u ds f[kykQ
cxkor dh] mUgksaus phu dh vU; izeq[k ijEijkvksa esa izrhd vkSj fopkj <w¡< fy, %
rkvksokn ¼Taoism½ vkSj ckS)/keZA
fuokj.k dk nwljk dsUnz Lo;a jktdeZpkfj;ksa ds chp gks ldrk FkkA vusd
fo}ku-inkf/kdkfj;ksa us vius O;olk; dks mPp-ckSf)d ds :i esa ns[kk vkSj muds
vuqlkj ,d inkf/kdkjh dk thou dHkh-dHkh cgqr uSjk'; iw.kZ gks ldrk gSA bl
fopkj.kh; vfuf'prrk ds ekgkSy esa inkf/kdkjhx.k ,sls lewg cukus yxs ftuds lnL;
,d nwljs dh enn djrsA izfr}a}h lewgksa dh vksj ls 'k=qrkiw.kZ dkjZokb;k¡] vkxs pydj]
dq.Bk dk ,d nwljk lzksr cu xbZaA dqN dqf.Br O;fDr inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds :i esa jkst+xkj
ls dne eksM+ ysrs Fks] vkSj Lo;a dks izkphu xzUFkksa dks i<+us] dkO; ys[ku] fp=dyk]
bR;kfn ds izfr lefiZr dj nsrs Fks ;g vPNh rjg ls tkurs gq, fd mUgsa ekSr dk Hkh
lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA U;k;ksfpr O;ogkj dh izfØ;k esa ,slk vkRe-cfynku Hkh
dU¶+;w'kloknh ijEijk ds vuqlkj ,d thou-cy lzksr jgk gSA
dqN fo}ku inkf/kdkjhx.k 'kfDrlEiUuksa dks pqukSrh T+k:j ns ldrs Fks( muesa ls Lo;a
lezkV dHkh dksbZ ugha cukA mlds fy, ^^LoxZ ds vkns'k** dh vko';drk gksrh] tksfd
dsoy ;q) ds eSnku esa thr ds ek/;e ls gh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA dU¶+;w'klokfn;ksa
dh fopkj/kkjk vkSj fl[kykbZ us mUgsa dsoy mudh lsok djus ds fy, rS;kj fd;k] tks
dksbZ Hkh lkezkT;h; lÙkk gkfly dj ysrk Fkk& mÙkjkf/kdkj ds ek/;e ls vFkok
cyiz;ksx ds ek/;e lsA ;gh Fks] lkezkT;h; lÙkk laca/kh vkSj dU¶+;w'kloknh inkuqØe
laca/kh nks fof'k"V fl)kar] ftUgksaus feydj phuh lkezkT;h; jkT; dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ phuh lkezkT; vius jktdeZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ fdl izdkj djrs Fks\
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31
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 2½ ekrk-firk ds izfr dÙkZO;ijk;.krk ,oa vkKkikyu laca/kh ewY; phuh lkezkT;ksa dh
izxfr dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrs Fks\
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3½ phuh lkezkT;h; vf/kdkjh-oxZ ds izfr laHkkfor fojks/k ds lzksr D;k Fks\
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7 - 4 jktoa'kh; pØ
phu lkezkT;h; jktuhfrd bfrgkl jktoa'kh; ?kVukpØksa esa& igpkU; pj.kksa ds lkFk]
vkxs c<+us dh fn'kk esa izo`Ùk jgkA pw¡fd i<+k-fy[kk oxZ o vU; yksx vius fgrksa ds ihNs
rRijrk ds lkFk yxs jgs] ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ iSnk gqbZa fd ftUgksaus vxys pj.k ds fuekZ.k
dh vuqefr ns nhA
jktoa'kh; laLFkkid] vkSj dHkh-dHkh mlds vklUu mÙkjkf/kdkjhx.k] izk;% ,d mYyflr

izsj.kk ds lkFk dke djrs Fks] vius vk| ds xfr osx dks fdafpr tkjh j[krs gq,A viuh
mRizsjd 'kfDr o lÙkk ds lkFk] ,d pfdrdkjh iSekus ij lalk/kuksa ij fu;a=.k j[krs
gq,] laLFkkid egÙokdka{kh ;kstukvksa dks tkjh j[k ldrk Fkk % lSdM+ksa fdyksehVj yach
ukfod ugjsa [kqnokuk] ;k fo'kky egy cuokuk ( nwjxkeh fot; vfHk;ku pykuk( fdlh
egku lkezkT;h; iqLrdky; vFkok izeq[k lkfgfR;d ;k ,sfrgkfld v/;;uksa o
ladyuksa laca/kh lHkk dks dk;kZf/kdkj lkSaiukA vYidkfyd lqbZ oa'k ¼589-617 bZLoh½ us]
lkroha 'krkCnh ds izFke n'kd esa] yxHkx nks gtkj fdyksehVj ugjsa] pkyhl Mx pkSM+h]
cyiwoZd Je iz;ksx }kjk cukbZ] ftlesa efgyk Jfedksa us Hkh dke fd;kA
bl iSekus ij dk;Z izc/a ku djus ds fy, vkSj lkezkT; pykus ds fy, u, lezkV~ dks vius
ukSdj ra= dks xfBr djus dh vko';drk FkhA nwljh vksj] lqf'kf{kr oxZ dks mEehn Fkh
fd lkezkT; pykus ds fy, mudh lsok,¡ yh tk,axh( vkSj mudh fopkj/kkjk us mUgsa
le>k;k fd lkezkV~ dh lsok gh djuh pkfg,A ;gk¡ rd fd ;g ck/;rk ,d fons'kh]
mÙkjh lezkV~ ij Hkh ykxw gqbZ % og O;fDr tks viuh deZ'kfDr;ksa ds cy ij 'kklu djsxk
xqIr :i ls Hkhrj gh Hkhrj u"V gks tk;sxk D;ksafd mls dkxt+h dk;Zokgh ds Å¡ps-Å¡ps
<sj i<+us iM+saxs] vkSj vius QSlys nsus iM+sxs( lkFk gh vDlj mldks vius inkf/kdkfj;ksa
32 ds chp dHkh u lekIr gksus okys QwVdkjh >xM+s ls tw>uk iM+sxkA
mDr jktoa'k ds ,d vkSj vkxs ds nkSj esa] bl izdkj dh fnup;kZ ls mdrk dj] ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
rRdkyhu 'kkludkjh lezkV~ fny cgykoksa ls Hkh ykHk mBk ldrk Fkk& jktHkou esa vkS j ekDlZ o knh
vusd laxhr lekjksg] dkO; ;k fp=dkjh] 'kkvksoknh deZdk.M] ,d mnkgj.k esa
c<+bZxhjhA lkezkT; pykus dk dke og vius fo'oLr inkf/kdkfj;ksa ij NksM+ fn;k djrk
FkkA dHkh-dHkh og vius egy esa dqN miÑr uiq¡ldksa ij Hkh Hkjkslk djrk Fkk] ftuesa
og dgha vf/kd fo'okl j[krk FkkA ;s dk;ZdÙkkZ] cnys esa] vius futh] xksiuh; dk;ksZa
ds izfr Lo;a dks lefiZr dj nsrs FksA ifjokfjd nkf;Roksa laca/kh mudh le> mUgsa gj
miyC/k lk/ku }kjk vius ifjokjksa ds fgrksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vius in] Å¡pk ;k
uhpk dk bLrseky djus dks mdlkrh FkhA mPp inkf/kdkjhx.k cM+h-cM+h HkwlEifÙk;k¡
vftZr dj ldrs Fks& ;gk¡ rd fd uiqald tu Hkh ifjokj j[krs Fks % ,sls ifjokj ftuesa
mudk tUe gqvk gks( cfYd dHkh-dHkh os jktegy esa ^^vusd** efgyk Hk`R;ksa esa gksrs] vkSj
^^naifÙk** cPpksa dks xksn ys ysrk rkfd dqN-dqN laiw.kZ ifjokj tSlk cu lds& vius lHkh
fgrksa ds lkFk( vkSj uiqladksa ds fy, ,slh dksbZ fopkj/kkjk rd ugha Fkh tks muds nq"deksZa
ls mUgsa jksdsA
;s inkf/kdkjhx.k vke rkSj ij lk/kkj.k fdlkuksa dh t+ehuksa ij dCtk dj viuh

lEifÙk;k¡ cukrs Fks& tks 'kfDr'kkyh inkf/kdkfj;ksa dk fojks/k ugha dj ldrs FksA pw¡fd
Hkwfeghu fujkJ;ksa dh drkjsa c<+rh tkrh Fkha] dksbZ ck<+ vFkok vuko`f"V fdlh cM+s
jktnzksg dks mdlkus ds fy, vkx esa ?kh dk dke dj nsrh FkhA ,d egku lkezkT; dk
;FkkFkZ vkdkj fnDdrsa is'k djrk FkkA vko';d lwpuk ,d= djuk] mlds egÙo dk
ewY;kadu djuk] vkSj mfpr mik; fudkyuk bl izdkj ds fo'kky vkdkj ,oa tfVyrk
okys fdlh lekt esa /kheh izfØ;k,¡ FkhaA
blh chp lkezkT; 'kk;n vO;oLFkk ds xrZ esa tk jgk Fkk& fdlh u, lkezkT;-fuekZrk
ds fy, jaxeap rS;kj djrk gqvkA phu jktoa'kh ?kVukpØ ds ,d nwljs nkSj esa dne
j[kus dks FkkA
ckDl 3
bfrgkl ys [ ku
phuh lkezkT;h; jktlHkk esa gksus okyh ?kVuk,a vkSj lezkV o mlds jktnjckfj;ksa
ds fy, vko';d xfrfof/k;ksa dks nks gtkj lky ls Hkh vf/kd rd] gj jkst]
/;kuiwoZd ns[kk vkSj vfHkfyf[kr fd;k x;kA bu vfHkys[kksa ij vk/kkfjr ,d
jktoa'kh; bfrgkl dks mÙkjorhZ jktoa'k }kjk çk;ksftr fn;k x;k & bl vk'kk ds
lkFk fd blls igys ds vdfYir [krjksa dks Vkyrs gq, viuh izxfr dk ys[kk fp=
rS;kj djus esa enn feysxh] lkFk ls iwoZtksa ds videsZa dks ns[krs gq, vius
vf/kdkjxzg.k dks lgh Bgjkus esa FkhA u, jktoa'k }kjk iz;ksftr dk;Z esa izfrr
jktoa'k ds f[kykQ iSnk fd;k tkus okyk LokHkkfod tksf[ke Hkh gksrk FkkA frl ij
Hkh lqf'kf{kr oxZ us vius vrhr ds bfrgkl dks xaHkhjrk ls fy;k] vkSj muds vkn'kks±
us muds fy, muds dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk ds cgqr Å¡ps ekud r; fd,A muds vuqlkj]
bfrgkl dk ys[ku vkSj mldh O;k[;k ,d izeq[k ek/;e gS ftlds }kjk lezkV Lo;a
izHkkfor gksxkA
mudh vdka{kk ij /;ku u nsrs gq,] fQj Hkh] bfrgkl ys[ku vrhr dks le>us gsrq
,d iz;kl ds :i esa] lVhd :i ls] ,d vlEc) :i esa] vius Lo;a ds vkSfpR;
izfriknu ds :i esa ugha ns[kk x;kA ;g vkerkSj ij fo}ku-inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds fy,
,d vfrfjDr dk;Z FkkA ftuds ikl lkezkT; ds ekeyksa dk dk;ZHkkj Hkh FkkA ml
33
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ fo'kky m/ke ds fy, bfrgkl ys[ku vfHkUu fgLlk Fkk] u fd dksbZ Lok;Ùk] fo'kq)
'kSf{kd xfrfof/kA fo}kuksa us bfrgkl ys[ku dks uSfrd ,oa jktuSfrd dk;Zokgh dk
ekxZn'kZu djus okys ,d lk/ku ds :i esa ns[kkA
miyC/k lzksr% vHkh rd vfLrRo esa gkykafd cgqr lkjs gSa] [kkldj izkjafHkd vof/k;ksa
;s jktlHkk esa vkSj mlds bnZfxnZ ?kVukvksa ij dsfUnzr yxrs gSaA ;s cM+h la[;k esa
izkphu nLrkostksa dh [kkst dj 20oha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku le`) gq,A blesa ewyikB o
vU; lkexzh 'kkfey gSa tks dczksa esa nQ+u ds lkFk tek fd, x, Fks vkSj ogka lfn;ksa
rd vfLrRo esa jgsA muds vius eqgYyksa ds ckjs esa dkQh dqN fy[kk Fkk] ftlesa
LFkkuh; bfrgkl ij lkexzh 'kkfey Fkh] vkSj bu ^^LFkkuh; Hkwxksy laca/kh dks"kksa** esa
ls gt+kjksa vkt bfrgkdkjksa }kjk v/;;u ds fy, miyC/k gSaA
blds vfrfjDr vius lekt ds tfVy o/kZeku vuqHkoksa ds mÙkjLo:i phuh fo}kuksa
o fopkjdksa us ,d oSpkfjd vkUnksyu pyk;k tksfd u flQZ 5oha 'krkCnh bZlkiwoZ
dU¶;w'kl dh ih<+h esa gh ugha cfYd vkus okyh 'krkfCn;ksa esa Hkh ckj ckj ns[kk x;kA
ns'kh lzksrksa ds iwjd gSaA 16oha 'krkCnh ls iwoZ fonsf'k;ksa tkikfu;ksa] vjc okfl;ksa o
ikjfl;ksa vkSj mlds ckn phfu;ksa ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; Nk= leqnk; dks Ñfr;kaA ;g lc
feydj vrqY; le`f) ,oa tfVyrk okys ,d ,sfrgkfld vfHkys[k dk fuekZ.k djrs
gSaA
bfrgkl ys[ku dh phuh ijaijk esa ¼ns[ksa ckWDl-3½] tc fo}ku-inkf/kdkfj;ksa us iwoZ

jktoa'k dk ys[kk-tks[kk izLrqr fd;k] mUgksaus fujiokn :i ls lkezkT; ds iru ds fy,
^^fiNys cqjs lkezkV~** vkSj mudh x+yfr;ksa dh fuUnk dhA pw¡fd os Lo;a fo}ku inkf/kdkjh
Fks] os lkekU; rkSj ij vius iwoZtksa dh x+yfr;ksa] vkSj c<+k-p<+k dj crkus dh izo`fÙk dks
vuns[kk djus dks izo`Ùk jgrs Fks vkSj ,sls :ikf;r gqvk gky dk lkezkT;A
fo}ku-inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh ;g ea'kk 'kk;n gh jgrh gks fd dksbZ lkezkT; bruk detk+sj

gks tk, fd og vius vkidks vf/kd le; rd dk;e u j[k lds] D;ksa fd ,sls rks muds
in muls fNu tk;saxsA fQj Hkh muds deZ lVhd :i ls ;gh ifj.kke yk,( ijUrq ;g
muds vius rFkk vius ifjokjksa o xks=ksa ds fgrksa ds ihNs rRijrk ls yxs jgus dk ,d
vukfHkizk; ifj.kke FkkA budks c<+kok nsus esa lkezkT; dks efV;k-esV dj fn;k x;k] tks
fd ,d cM+s iSekus dh n`';?kVuk Fkh( NksVs iSekus ds oS;fDrd d`R;ksa ls mldk laca/k
tksM+dj ns[k ikuk vklku ugha FkkA
bl ?kVukpØ ds mÙkjorhZ nkSjksa esa leku :i ls Hkkxhnkj tks ckr Fkh] oks Fkh ,d
lkezkT; izfrekuA ,d bruk fo'kky vkSj tfVy lekt] vly esa tc og lekt bruk
xfr'khy gks] iwoZ ?kVukvksa dks fQj ls ugha nksgjk ldrkA ogk¡ mYys[kuh; ifjoZru gq,(
ijUrq bl izdkj dh izfrfØ;kvksa ls ijs] tSls fd gSu lH;rk ds ,d vke foLrkj dk
izHkko] tula[;k o`f)] vkSj ,d ,sfrgkfld vfHkys[k laca/kh ,oa lkfgR; laca/kh c<+rk
HkaMkj] mu lkjh dh lkjh izo`fÙk;ksa dks vfHkyf{kr djuk eqf'dy gksrk tks fd ^îzxfr**
dh ,d Li"V fn'kk dks lkdkj djrh FkhaA
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ phu ds lkezkT;h; bfrgkl esa jktoa'kh; ?kVuk pØ dh :ijs[kk izLrqr djsaA
34
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
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2½ fdlh phuh lkezkT; esa bfrgkl fy[ks tkus dk D;k egÙo Fkk\
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7 - 5 dU¶+;w'kloknh lkezkT;h; fopkj/kkjk dk var

yxHkx nks gt+kj o"kksZa rd dU¶+;w'klokn gh phu esa ljdkj dh fopkj/kkjk jgkA
dU¶+;w'klokn dh jktuhfrd] uSfrd] ,oa ckSf)d loksZPprk dks ukSoha 'krkCnh-e/; rd
dksbZ xaHkhj pqukSrh ugha feyhA ml le; rd ;wjksih; o vU; fons'kh O;kikfjd]
lqlekpkjh] o vU; fgr phu esa xgjs iSB pqds FksA vkus okys n'kdksa esa phu ds 'kkld
vkSj fo}tu tkx#d gksus yxs] mÙkjksÙkj vf/kd iz[kj :i ls] fd dU¶+;w'kloknh
ijEijk ds ikl if'peh pqukSrh] ftlesa u flQZ+ O;kikj 'kkfey Fkk] ;Fkk ,d O;kid
dk;Z{ks= okyh pqukSrh] ftlesa u flQZa+ O;kikj 'kkfey Fkk] cfYd cy-iz;ksx ds lkFk-lkFk
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh lesr fo'oluh; Kku rd igq¡p Hkh 'kkfey FkhA vr% os viuh gh
ijEijk ds eksg esa foHkDr gksus yxs] D;ksafd mu yksxksa dh phuh fo}kuksa dh fLFkfr dqN-
dqN ,slh Fkh tSls fd iafMrksa] mysekvksa dh] vkSj nwljs izdkj ds ikjEifjd Kku dh
vko';drk Fkh] lkFk gh tks vk/;kfRed ,oa uSfrd mUufr ds fy, i;kZIr gks( ;|fi
i'pkR; Kku dh vko';drk rduhdh fo"k;ksa esa iM+ ldrh FkhA
vfUre >Vdk chloha 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk esa yxkA dU¶+;w'kloknh Kku ds izfr O;kid
fu"Bk gsrq ,d fo'ks"k rdZ ges'kk jgk % lkezkT;h; ijh{kkvksa gsrq ikB~;Øe& tks fd
ljdkjh jkst+xkj lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fu.kZ;dkjh gksrh FkhaA rnksijkar] 1905 esa]
ljdkj us ;g laca/k rksM+ fn;k( vr% lkezkT;h; ijh{kk,¡ vc mEehnokjksa ds Kku dks
dU¶+;w'kloknh ijEijk ij ugha ij[krhaA blds eq[; fo"k;ksa esa egkjFk gkfly djus gsrq
eq[; izsj.kk lekIr gks x;h] vkSj ,slk gh dU¶+;w'kloknh fopkj/kkjk esa tu fgr ds lkFk
gqvk] tks fd ljdkj o lekt dks laxfBr djus gsrq ,d ek= laHko vk/kkj Fkk] ;|fi
og phu ds bfrgkl ,oa ijEijk ds fgLls ds :i esa lEeku ikrk jgkA vkn'kksZa ds :i
esa vius ifjokj ,oa vius iwoZtksa ds izfr leiZ.k dk;e jgkA ,d oSdfYid fopkj/kkjk
gsrq phuh [kkst us mUgsa dU¶+;w'klokn rFkk 1949 esa egkØkafr dh vksj izo`Ùk fd;k( lkFk
gh mlds usrkx.k dU¶+;'w kl o muds fopkjksa dks eu ls nwj djuk pkgrs FksA rFkkfi] dqN
izs{kdksa dk fo'okl gS fd phuh lkezkT;h; ijEijk lkE;oknh phu dh lÙkkoknh 'kSyh esa
vkSj lewfgd yksxksa gsrq oS;fDrd mn~n's ;ksa dks o'k esa j[kus gsrq mldh {kerk esa izdV gksxhA
35
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ cks/k ç'u 5
1½ vk/kqfud fo'o esa dU¶+;w'kloknh fopkj/kkjk dk D;k gJ gqvk\
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7 - 6 lkjka ' k
geus phuh bfrgkl esa lkezkT;h; jktoa'kksa ds mRFkku vkSj iru ds izfreku dk nks
vk;keksa ds lkFk-lkFk v/;;u fd;k %
1½ ml izfreku esa eq[; rÙo %
• lezkV(
• muds inkf/kdkjksa dk fudk;(
• inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh fopkj/kkjk( vkSj
• ,d jktoa'k dks pqukSrh nsus okys laHkkfor yksx] tks fd ;k rks mÙkjh ?kkl ds
eSnkuksa ls vk ldrs Fks] vFkok phuh lekt esa ls( rFkk
2½ ml izfreku esa fofHkUu pj.k %
• ,d u, jktoa'k dh LFkkiuk(
• inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds fudk; dks c<+kuk] lkFk gh jkT;{ks=h; foLrkj rkfd
jktdeZpkfj;ksa dks osrueku vkfn ds Hkqxrku djus ds fy, jktLo lqfuf'pr gks(
• lkezkT; dh ns[kHkky] tks fd inkf/kdkfj;ksa o vU; dk;ZdÙkkZvksa }kjk pyk;k
tkrk Fkk] izk;% lezkV ds fy, ,d vkSipkfjd Hkwfedk ek= ds lkFk( vkSj
• lkezkT; ds fy, ijs'kkfu;ksa dk dky] tc vO;oLFkk,a QSy tk;k djrha Fkha]
vkSj fQj mldk vUr] ftlls ,d u, jktoa'k dh LFkkiuk gsrq mBus ds fy,
,d egÙodka{kh O;fDr dk jkLrk cukA
geus ns[kk fd nks gt+kj lky ls] dU¶+;w'kl ls tqM+h ekr`-fir` HkfDr laca/kh /kkj.kk us]
lezkV vkSj mlds inkf/kdkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedkvksa o muds chp laca/k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs
gq,] ,d u, jktoa'k ds iuius esa ;ksxnku fn;kA blh fopkj lewg us jktoa'kksa ds iru
esa Hkh ;ksxnku fn;k] D;ksafd ;s inkf/kdkjhx.k viuh lÙkk dk iz;ksx vius ifjokjksa ,oa
xks=ksa dh futh le`f) dks lafpr djus esa djrs Fks] ftlls jktnzksg vkSj vO;oLFkk dks
cy feyrk FkkA ;g ?kVukpØ chloha 'krkCnh ds vkjEHk esa gh lekIr gks x;k] tc phu
dks ,d vHkwriwoZ egÙo okyh pqukSrh dk lkeuk djuk iM+k& bl ckj if'peh ns'kksa dh
vksj lsA phu ds bfrgkl us fQj ,d fu.kkZ;d eksM+ fy;kA
36
ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
7 - 7 'kCnkoyh vkS j ekDlZ o knh
cz ã k.Mh; O;oLFkk % czãk.M esa gj pht+ dh xgu varlZEc)rk esa fo'okl
¼Cosmic Order½ j[kuk] pkgs oks flrkjs gksa ;k xzg] ouLifr txr~ gks
;k izkf.ktxr~] ;k fQj ekuoh; dk;ZdykiA
jktoa ' kh; pØ % jktoa'kksa ds ckj-ckj gksus okys mRFkku vkSj iru
¼Dynastic Cycle½ dk ,d izfrekuA
ekrk-firk ds izfr HkfDr % ;g fo'okl fd O;fDr vius thfor ekrk-firk ,oa
¼Filial Piety½ e`r iwoZtksa ds izfr vkKkikyu ,oa lsok dk _.kh gS(
blesa lezkV lkezkT;h; ifjokj dk eqf[k;k dgk tkrk FkkA
deZ d k.Mokn % izkphu phu esa ,d jktuhfrd fl)kar tks vuH;
¼Legalism½ dkuwuksa] lezkV dh bPNk iwjh djuk] ,d et+cwr vkSj
le`) lezkT; dk fuekZ.k] vkfn ds lkFk ,d dBksj
,oa izHkko'kkyh jkT; dk leFkZu djrk FkkA
LoxZ dk vkns'k % phuh bfrgkl esa ,d yEck pyk fl)karA blus bl
¼Mandate of Heaven½ vk/kkj ij ,d fotsrk jktoa'k }kjk 'kkldksa dks lgh
Bgjk;k fd thrus esa mldh lQyrk ;g n'kkZrh gS
fd mls 'kklu djus gsrq LoxZ dk vkns'k izkIr FkkA
fo}ku -inkf/kdkjh % phu ljdkj ds jktdeZpkjhx.k tks dU¶+;w'kl dh
¼Scholar Officials½ dqN lkfgfR;d jpukvksa ls lacaf/kr muds Kku ds
vk/kkj ij pqus tkrs FksA ;g Kku vusd] Øe-foU;kLr
yksd lsokvksa esa tk¡pk tkrk FkkA
?kkl ds eSnku % lery] ?kklHkjs] ikys ls vu<ds lkbcsfj;kbZ eSnku&
¼ Steppe½ orZeku eaxksfy;k& phu dh mÙkj fn'kk] ;ks)k ?kqMl
+ okjksa
dh ekr`-HkwfeA
vukfHkiz k ; ifj.kke % lkekftd fo}kuksa esa ;g /kkj.kk fd ekuoh; dk;Zdykiksa
¼Unintended ds vDlj ,sls ifj.kke lkeus vkrs gSa] tks dÙkkZ@dÙkhZ
Consequences½ vfHkdÙkkZ dks vHkh"V ugha gksrs vkSj mudk iwokZHkkl Hkh
og ugha dj ldrkA
ewY; ¼Value½ % ftldks thou esa ewY;oku vkSj egÙoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA

lHkh izeq[k lkekU; fo'odks'k] tSls ,UlkbDykWihfMvk fczVSfudk n dSfEczt fgLVªh vkWQ+
pkbuk] lHkh izdkf'kr [k.MA
+ ] 1982- , fgLVªh vkWQ+ pkbuht+ flfoykbts'+ ku] dSfEczt % dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izl
t+u]Zs tSd S A
áwvkax] js] 1990- pkbuk % , eSØks fgLVªh] veksZUd] ,u-okbZ- % ,e-bZ- 'kkisZA
37
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡
7 - 9 cks/k ç'uksa ds mÙkj
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 7-1
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 7-1 vkSj ckWDl 2-
3½ ns[ksa Hkkx 7-1 vkSj ckWDl 2-
4½ ckWDl 2] vafre iSjk] Hkkx 7-3 o 7-5 ns[ksa
cks/k iz'u 2
cks/k iz'u 3
3½ 'kkld ^bZ'oj dk iq=* gS] mls LoxZ ls 'kklu dk vkns'k izkIr gS] vkfn fo"k;d
fopkjA blds ckn ds pj.k esa] vusd dkekscs'k Lora= jkT;A
,d l'kDr ukSdj'kkgh] vius iwoZtksa dh ctk; lezkV ij vf/kd fuHkZjA 1126 esa
mÙkjh jkt/kkuh NksM+us ds fy, ncko iM+k] ;k³Rts+ ds rV ij gk³'kks esa lkezkT;h;
jkt/kkuh iquZLFkkfir dhA
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 7-4
2½ ckWDl 3 vkSj Hkkx 7-4 ns[ksa
cks/k iz'u 5
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 7-5
38
ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
bdkbZ 8 vjch - bLykeh jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ vkS j ekDlZ o knh
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
8-0 mn~ns';
8-1 izLrkouk
8-2 bLykeh jktra= dk fodkl
8-2-1 bLykeh jktra= dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe
8-3 f[kykQ+r dh laLFkk
8-3-1 [kyhQ+k dh ;ksXrk,¡
8-4 iq#"kksa dk izkf/kdkj
8-4-1 [kyhQ+k ds pquko ds fy, fØ;kfof/k
8-4-2 ,d le; esa ,d [kyhQ+k
8-4-3 [kyhQ+k ds izfr fu"Bk
8-5 lkjka'k
8 - 0 mn~ n s ' ;
bl bdkbZ esa vkidks bLykeh jktra= dh /kkj.kk ls ifjfpr djk;k x;k gSA blls
xqt+jus ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr dks le>kus dh fLFkfr esa gks tk,¡xs %
• bLykeh jktra= dk Lo:i(
• bLykeh jktra= dk fodkl(
• bldh foQyrk ds dkj.k( vkSj
• eqyqfd;r dk mRFkkuA
8 - 1 iz L rkouk
bl bdkbZ esa ge fuEu iz'uksa ij fopkj djsaxs %
1½ bLykeh jktra= fdl izdkj vfLrRo esa vk;k\
2½ os D;k ifjfLFkfr;k¡ Fkha ftuds dkj.k bls LohÑfr vkSj yksdfiz;rk izkIr gqbZ\
8 - 2 bLykeh jktra= dk fodkl

jkT; ds fy, jktra= dk fu;kstu vko';d gSA 622 bZloh esa enhuk esa bLykeh jkT;
ds xBu ds ckn bldk ewY;kadu vkjaHk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g dqjku ds bl mnkgj.k ij
vk/kkfjr gS& ^^[kqnk dk gqDe ekus] iSxEcj vkSj vkids vUnj ekST+kwn mldh lÙkk dk
gqDe ekus**A
39
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 8 - 2 - 1 bLykeh jktra= dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] vki bl rF; ls voxr gksaxs fd bLykeh jktra= ls igys vjc
esa tutkrh; jktra= FkkA bLykeh jktra= ls iwoZ O;oLFkk esa fofHkUu oa'k ds eqf[k;kvksa
}kjk fuokZfpr 'ks[k vFkok lS;n mudk v/;{k gksrk FkkA 622 bZloh esa enhuk esa bLykeh
jkT; ds xBu ds ckn] bLykeh jktra= ykxw gqvkA bLykeh jktra= esa] jkT; vkSj /keZ
bruh fudVrk ls tqM+s gq, gSa fd bu {ks=ksa dks i`Fkd djuk cgqr eqf'dy gSA rFkkfi]
/keZ dk ges'kk opZLo cuk jgkA bLyke esa] ;g nksuksa 'kfDr;k¡ iSxcj eksgEen dks nh x;ha
FkhaA mUgsa jkT; dk izeq[k rFkk /keZ dk usrk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA bLyke ds vuqlkj]
blds fu;e vkSj fofu;e 'kkld vkSj 'kkflr }kjk vuqikyu djus iM+rs FksA 'kkld dks
dksbZ fo'ks"k vf/kdkj ugha FksA
8 - 3 f[kykQ+r dh laLFkk
632 bZloh esa iSxcj eksgEen dh e`R;q ds ckn] f[krkQ+r lÙkk esa vk;kA f[kykQ+r dk
'kkfCnd vFkZ gS] fdlh iwoZ vf/kdkjh O;f"V vFkok xzqi ¼dkSe½ dk mÙkjkf/kdkj vFkok ml
iz;kstukFkZ fofHkUu iSxEcjksa ds fy, dqjku esa lkekU; vFkZ esa ;Fkk iz;qDr iwoZorhZ 'kkld
dk mÙkjkf/kdkjA rduhdh :i ls f[kykQ+r us dqjku vkSj lqUukg] ftlus iSxEcj
eqgEen dh ekSr ds ckn turk ¼mEekg½ ds dk;ks± dh ns[kHkky djus vkSj 'kfj;r dk
'kklu LFkkfir djus ds mn~ns'; ls /keZ dk izorZu fd;k] ds vk/kkj ij 'kklu dh
bLykeh laLFkk ds xw.kkFkZ dks xzg.k fd;kA lwjk ¼ifj"kn½ vkSj btek ¼lgefr½ ds nks
fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij] eqfLyeksa us 632 bZloh esa iSxEcj eqgEen dh e`R;q ds ckn
vcw cdj dks igys [kyhQk ds :i esa pqukA
634 bZloh esa vcw cdj dh e`R;q ds ckn] mej dks [kyhQk ds :i esa fuokZfpr fd;k
x;kA 645 bZloh esa mej ds nsgkUr ds ckn mLeku dks fuokZfpr fd;k x;k vkSj
rRi'pkr~ 654 bZloh esa mLeku dh e`R;q gksus ij vyh dks [kyhQk ds :i esa pquk x;k
vkSj og 661 bZloh esa viuh gR;k gksus rd [kyhQk cus jgsA vyh ds nsgkUr ds ckn
f[kykQr laLFkk dk var gks x;kA
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ lgh ¼gk¡½ vFkok xyr ds fy, ¼ugha½ vafdr djsaA
i) iwoZ bLykeh jktra= Lo:i esa yksdrkaf=d FkkA
ii) bLykeh esa /keZ vkSj jktra= ,d vFkok ogh gSaA
iii) vcw cdj [kqnk dk [kyhQk FkkA
iv) f[kykQr 630 bZloh ls vkjEHk gqvkA
2½ bLykeh jktra= ds Lo:i ij yxHkx ik¡p okD; fy[ksaA
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40 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
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8 - 3 - 1 [kyhQ+k dh ;ksXrk,¡
;ksXrkvksa ds eqn~nsa ij] bluk vk'kkfjl ds vykok yxHkx lHkh eqfLye fopkjd ,der
gSa ( vUrj ek= fofHkUu jktuhfrd fopkjdksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr 'krks± dh la[;k esa gks ldrk
gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] eokMhZ us lkr 'krsZa vo/kkfjr dh gSa] tcfd bZCu [kkyknwu mUgsa ?kVkdj
ik¡p j[krs gSaA x+Ttkyh dqN vk'kks/kuksa ds lkFk mUgha ;ksXrkvksa dks izLrqr djrs gSaA mueas
vf/kdka'k us bLykeh 'kfj;k dk Kku] 'kjhj vkSj fnekx dh LoLFkrk] ,d U;k;fiz; pfj=
vkSj dqjfS 'k;u oa'kkuqxrk (descent) dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k gS! [kyhQk dh ;ksXrk,¡ fuEuor~ gSa %
1½ [kyhQk eqfLye gksuk pkfg,A
2½ mls lkSE; rFkk izkS<+ gksuk pkfg,A
3½ mls iq#"k gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ,dek= iq#"k gh jktdkt dh Hkkjh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks
ogu dj ldrk gSA
4½ og ,d Lora= iq#"k gksuk pkfg, u fd ,d nkl tks vius drZO;ksa dk Lora=rk ls
fuokZg ugha dj ldrk gSA
5½ og 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld nks"kksa ls eqDr gksuk pkfg,A
6½ og bLyke ds fu/kkZfjr naMksa dks ykxw djus rFkk bLykeh jkT; dh j{kk djus vkSj
jkT; esa 'kkfUr vkSj O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus esa l{ke vkSj cgknqj gksuk pkfg,A
7½ [kyhQk ds fy, U;k; ,d egku iwokZis{kk gSA
8½ mlds fy, bLyke dk Kku vkSj mlds O;kogkfjd fufgrkFkZ Hkh vko';d gSa]
D;ksafd bl tkudkjh ds fcuk og bLykeh ladYiukvksa vkSj izFkkvksa ds vuqlkj
jkT; dks ugha pyk ldrk gSA [kyhQk ds dk;kZy; esa x+Sj-dqjS'kh dk pquko bls
fu"izHkkoh dj nsrk FkkA blh izdkj] 'kkgjLrkuh us Hkh fu.kZ; fn;k gS fd beke
dqjS'kh dh tkfr ls tqM+k gksuk pkfg,A bCu [kkyknwu dh bl eqn~ns dks ysdj ppkZ
vkSj nyhysa lEiw.kZ ifjn`'; dks blds mfpr ifjizs{; esa is'k djrh gSaA beke guoy
ds vuqlkj crk;k x;k gS] ^^tc vehj ¼usrk½ ds pquko dk iz'u mBrk gS vkSj gesa
,d vuqHkoghu ifo= iq#"k vFkok de ifo= ijUrq jktdkt esa vf/kd vuqHkoh iq#"k
ds chp pquko djuk iM+s rks de ifo= vkSj vf/kd vuqHkoh iq#"k dks izkFkfedrk nh
tkuh pkfg,A** beke gucy us iSxEcj ds ,d gnhl ¼dqjku dk dFku½ ds }kjk
bl er dk leFkZu fd;k gSA iSxEcj eqgEen ds mu lkfFk;ksa dks dksbZ iz'kklfud
fLFkfr iznku ugha dh xbZ] tks viuh ifo=rk ds fy, mYys[kuh; Fks] ijUrq mUgsa
iz'kklu dk dksbZ vuqHko ugha FkkA vcwt+kj us tks iSxEcj ls dgk] ds ckjs esa eqfLye
dgrk gS] ^^Bhd gS vki eq>s ,d lkoZtfud dk;kZy; esa fu;qDr ugha djsaxs\**-
iSxEcj us dgk] ^^vcwt+kj] rqe det+ksj gks vkSj izkf/kdkj ,d U;kl (trust) gS-**
vcwt+kj okLro esa cgqr gh ifo= vkSj [kqnk ls Mjus okyk iSxEcj dks lkFkh FkkA ;g
ppkZ djus ;ksX; gS fd [kjhftr [kyhQk ds dk;kZy; dks lHkh eqfLyeksa ds fy,
[kksyrs gSaA 41
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡
8 - 4 iq#"kksa dk izkf/kdkj
;gk¡ ,d vU; dqjkuh m)j.k dk gokyk nsuk vf/kd mfpr gksxk tks 'kklu esa iq#"k ds
izkf/kdkj ds laca/k esa cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gSA iSxEcj ds ,d gnhl esa ?kks"k.kk Hkh dh xbZ gS
fd bLykeh jkT; esa ftEesnkfj;ksa ds in efgykvksa dks ugha lkSais tkus pkfg,A
8 - 4 - 1 [kyhQ+k ds pquko ds fy, fØ;kfof/k

dqjku vkSj lqUukg esa ,slk dksbZ LFkku ugha gS] tgk¡ [kyhQk ds fuokZpu dk ,d fof'k"V
rjhdk mu yksxksa ls tqM+k gqvk gS ftuds dk;Z Lo;a mUgha ds chp ifj"kn~ }kjk r; fd,
tkrs gSaA ;g ijke'kZ gksrk gS u fd usrk pquus ds fy, ,d fuf'pr vkSj fu.kkZ;d
fØ;kfof/kA vf/kdka'k eqfLye jktuhfrd fopkjd [kyhQk dk pquko c;kr ¼fu"Bk dh
'kiFk½ }kjk djus ij cy nsrs gSaA muesa tks [kyhQkbZ dk ik= gSa] mUgsa fuEu ds }kjk
[kyhQkbZ ds fy, pquk tk, %
1½ iSxEcj ds inuke }kjk(
2½ 'kkld izkf/kdkjh ds inuke }kjk( vkSj
3½ okLrfod lÙkk/kkjd ds inuke }kjkA
8 - 4 - 2 ,d le; esa ,d [kyhQ+k
bLykeh uhfr esa [kyhQk ek= ,d [kyhQk gks ldrk gSA bl eqn~ns dks ysdj iSxEcj
dh Li"V ijEijk,¡ gSaA iSxEcj dh e`R;q ds ckn 632 bZloh esa ckuh lSnkg ds ldwQk esa
vk;ksftr cSBd Hkh bl eqn~ns ij lgk;rk djrh gSA ml cSBd esa vUljksa ¼lgk;dksa½
}kjk ;g ek¡x mBkbZ xbZ Fkh fd [kyhQk ds :i esa ,d vehj vUljksa ls rFkk nwljk vehj
eqgkftjksa ¼izokfl;ksa½ ls pquk tk,] ijUrq ogk¡ fo|eku eqfLyeksa }kjk bl ek¡x dk
vuqeksnu ugha fd;k x;kA
8 - 4 - 3 [kyhQk ds izfr fu"Bk

bLykeh dFkkvksa vkSj izFkkvksa esa [kyhQk vkSj mldh ljdkj ds izfr fu"Bk dks bLykeh
jkT; ds lHkh ukxfjdksa dk /kkfeZd drZO; crk;k x;k gSA ijUrq ;g fu"Bk lhfer vkSj
l'krZ gS] D;ksafd ;g dsoy vPNkbZ esa vfuok;Z gS] ftls 'kfj;r ds vkns'k dh iw.kZ
laLohÑfr ds :i esa ekuk x;k gSA tc rd [kyhQk vkSj beke lkekU;r% bLyke ds
ewY;ksa dk leFkZu djrk gS vkSj vius y{;ksa vkSj mn~ns';ksa dks ugha NksM+rk gS] mldh
vkKk dk ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lqjkg vyfulk] dqjku dk Nan 59] vius
vuq;kf;;ksa dks izkf/kdkjh dh vkKk ekuus ds fy, fuEu 'kCnksa esa vkns'k nsrk gS] ^^tks ge
ij fo'okl djrk gS] vYykg dk gqDe ikyu djs vkSj iSxEcj vkSj vkids vUnj mldh
lÙkk dk gqDe ekusA ;fn vkids vius vUnj fo|eku fdlh oLrq ds ckjs esa erHksn gS]
rks mls vYykg vFkok mlds iSxEcj ls dgks----** lÙkk/khu vkneh esa fu"Bk vYykg vkSj
mlds iSxEcj esa fu"Bk dh ekrgr gSA tc rd 'kkld vYykg vkSj mlds iSxEcj dk
vkns'k ekurs gSa] rc rd mudk gqDe iwjk djuk eqfLyeksa dk drZO; gS] ijUrq tc os
vYykg vkSj iSxEcj dh voKk djrs gSa] rc eqfLye mudh vkKk ikyu ds fy, ck/;
ugha jg tkrsA dqjkuh n`f"Vdks.kksa dks iSxEcj ds mu dbZ dFkuksa ls cy feyrk gS ftuesa
eqfLyeksa dks ml 'kkld ds vkns'k dk ikyu ugha djuk pkfg, tks vYykg vkSj mlds
iSxEcj ds vkns'k ds fo#) gSA
42
cks/k iz'u 2 ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
1½ f[kykQr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
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2½ [kyhQk gksus ds fy, dqN ;ksXrkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA
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3½ [kyhQk ds izfr fu"Bk ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
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8 - 5 lkjka ' k
bl bdkbZ esa vkius ekSfyd bLykeh jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa ds ckjs esa i<+k gSA bLykfed
uhfr ds fodkl ds ckjs esa vkidks le>k fn;k x;k gSA f[kykQr dh laLFkk tks iSxEcj
eqgEen ds ckn vfLrRo esa vk;h] ij bl bdkbZ esa foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vkius
[kyhQk cuus ds fy, ;ksXrkvksa] mlds pquko vkSj mlds izfr fu"Bk ds ckjs esa i<+k gSA
vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd vc vkidks vjch-bLykeh jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa dh ewyHkwr ckrksa
dh dqN le> gks x;h gksxhA
43
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡
vkWuZYM] lj FkkWel MCY;w]] n dSyhQsV] yanu] 1884
cD'kh] [kqnk ,l-] ikWfyfVDl bu bLyke] dksydkrk] 1920

cks/k iz'u 1
1½ i) ugha ii) gk¡ iii) gk¡ iv) ugha
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 8-2

cks/k iz'u 2
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 8-3
44
ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
bdkbZ 9 ;wukuh vkSj jkseu ijEijk,¡ vkS j ekDlZ o knh
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
9-0 mn~ns';
9-1 izLrkouk
9-2 ;wukuh uxj jkT;ksa dk fodkl vkSj izÑfr
9-3 jkT; dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk
9-3-1 jkT; dh izÑfr lacaf/kr nks fopkj /kkjk,¡
9-3-2 lq[ke; fta+nxh ds fy, jkT; dh vko';drk
9-4 ukxfjdrk dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk
9-4-1 ukxfjdrk laca/kh vjLrq ds fopkj
9-5 lafo/kku dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk
9-5-1 lafo/kku ds vusd izdkj
9-5-2 ,Fksal dk iztkra=
9-6 Økafr ds dkj.k
9-7 ;wukuh jktuhfrd ijEijk dh miyfC/k;k¡ vkSj foQyrk,¡
9-8 izkphu ;wuku ls izkphu jkse rd laØe.k
9-9 ,sfrgkfld Hkwfedk
9-9-1 jktra= dh LFkkiuk
9-10 jkse dk x.kra=
9-10-1 dqyhu (Patricians) vkSj fuEu oxZ (Plebeians)
9-10-2 tu çfrfuf/k;ksa dk 'kklu
9-11 jkseu jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡
9-11-1 yksdfiz; lHkk
9-11-2 lhusV
9-12 dkuwu laca/kh jkse dh vo/kkj.kk
9-12-1 dkuwu ds lzksr
9-13 flljks dh nsu
9-13-1 ekuo LoHkko vkSj jkT; laca/kh flljks ds fopkj
9-14 ppZ vkSj jkT;
9-14-1 ppZ ds fopkj
9-14-2 ekuo vkSj bZ'oj laca/kh lar vkWXLVhu ds fopkj
9-15 jkse dh jktuhfrd ijaijkvksa dh miyfC/k;k¡
9-16 lkjka'k
9-17 'kCnkoyh
45
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡
9 - 0 mn~ n s ' ;
bl bdkbZ esa vkidks izkphu ;wukuh vkSj jkse dh lH;rkvksa }kjk fodflr jktuhfrd
ijEijkvksa ls Hkyh Hkk¡fr ifjfpr djok;k tk,xkA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %
• izkphu ;wukuh vkSj jkse dh jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa dh vko';d fo'ks"krkvksa dks
le> ik;saxs(
• izkphu ;wukuh vkSj jkse jkT; ds fl)karksa] lafo/kku vkSj ukxfjdrk dh O;k[;k dj
ik;saxs(
• mudh miyfC/k;ksa vkSj foQyrkvksa dk ewY;kadu dj ik;saxs( vkSj
• ledkyhu jktuhfrd foKku ds lanHkZ mudh izklafxdrk dk vkadyu dj ik;saxsA
9 - 1 ifjp;
bl bdkbZ esa ge izkphu ;wukuh vkSj jkse jktuhfrd ijaijkvksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA bu
ijaijkvksa us if'peh jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjkvksa ds fy, vk/kkj LraHk dk dke fd;k rFkk
jkT; vkSj ukxfjdrk ls lacaf/kr vusd izHkko'kkyh fopkjksa dk izfriknu fd;kA
;wukuh jktuhfrd ijaijk dh 'kq#vkr ohjrk dky dh lekfIr vkSj ;wukuh uxj-jkT;ksa
dh LFkkiuk ds ckn gqbZA blus egku jktuhfrd nk'kZfudksa lqdjkr] IySVks vkSj vjLrq
ljh[kh foHkwfr;ksa dks tUe fn;k vkSj ljdkj ds fofHkUu :iksa ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;kA
;wukuh jktuhfrd vuqHko us NksVs uxj-jkT;ksa ;k iksfyl (Polis) dk fodkl fd;kA ;s
uxj-jkT; ns[kus esa NksVs Fks] ijUrq os jktuhfrd n`f"V ls ukxfjdksa dh tkx#d vkSj
lfØ; laLFkk FksA ;wukuh jktuhfrd ijaijkvksa dk var bZ-iw- pkSFkh 'krkCnh esa eSlMSsfu;u
ds vkØe.kksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i gqvkA
tSlk fd ge bl bdkbZ esa ik;saxs fd ;wukuh jkT; vkSj jktuhfr dh fopkj/kkjk ;wukuh
uxj-jkT;ksa ds vuqHkoksa ls gh vksr-izksr FkhA
9 - 2 ;wukuh uxj jkT;ksa dk fodkl vkSj izÑfr

;wukuh uxj-jkT; fofp= ;wukuh jktuhfrd vkSj izknsf'kd voLFkkvksa dh nsu Fkk] D;ksafd
t+ehu de Fkh vkSj mudh moZj 'kfDr bruh ugha Fkh ftlls fo'kky tula[;k dk
Hkj.k-iks"k.k gks ldsA ;wukuh uxj-jkT; cM+h la[;k esa tutkfr;ksa vkSj dchyksa ds
lfEefyr gksus ls fodflr gq, FksA vjLrw us bls ^dbZ xk¡oksa ds la?k* dh laKk nh gSA
;g fleVk vkSj lhfer {ks=] 'kgjh dsUnz ds pkjksa vksj QSyk gqvk] ioZrksa] leqnz vkSj
iM+kslh uxj-jkT;ksa dh izknsf'kd lhekvksa ls f?kjk gqvk FkkA blds ukxfjd] fons'kh vkSj
xqyke jgrs FksA flQZ ukxfjdksa dks gh jktuhfrd vf/kdkj izkIr FksA ;wukfu;ksa ds fy,
uxj-jkT; ek= izns'k ;k ewrZ fopkj ugha Fkk] cfYd LorU= O;fDr blesa jgrs FksA
uxj jkT; vfuok;Zr ,d f?kjk 'kgj Fkk vkSj jkT; ifjokj] 'kgjh /keZ-laiznk;ksa dks
eafnjksa] Å¡ps ntsZ ds n.Mkf/kdkfj;ksa ds n¶+rj vkSj lHkk-LFkyksa dks Lo;a esa lefgr djrk
FkkA ;g vDlj viuh vi;kZIr Hkwfe ij xqt+j clj djrk FkkA rqyukRed n`f"V ls
,FksUl dk iwjk izns'k 1000 oxZ ehy vkSj LikVkZ ds 3300 oxZ ehy dh vis{kk ;g ,d
46
NksVk izknsf'kd bdkbZ FkkA vU; uxj-jkT; eqf'dy ls izn's k ds 400 oxZ ehy ls vf/kd ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
{ks= esa QSys gq, FksA izkphu ;wuku ds ,FksUl vkSj LikVkZ nks izeq[k uxj-jkT; Fks vkSj os vkS j ekDlZ o knh
nks fofHkUu jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ds <k¡ps ekus tkrs FksA ,FksUl iztkra= vkSj Lora=rk vkSj
LikVkZ R;kx vkSj vuq'kklu ds fy, tkus tkrs FksA
cks/k iz'u 1
ii½ vius mÙkjksa dh tkap bdkbZ ds vUr esa fn, x, vkn'kZ mÙkjksa ls djsaA
1½ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
i½ izkphu ;wukuh lekt esa ukxfjd--------vkSj xqyke lfEefyr FksA
ii½ uxj-jkT; dk mn; fofHkUu-------vkSj-------ds lfEefyr gksus ls gqvkA
iii½ ,FksUl iztkra= ds fy, rFkk LikVkZ-------ds fy, tkus tkrs FksA
i½ fonsf'k;ksa dks ;wukuh uxj-jkT;ksa esa dksbZ jktuhfrd vf/kdkj izkIr ugha FksA
ii½ LikVkZ iztkra= vkSj vkt+knh ds fy, tkuk tkrk FkkA
iii½ uxj-jkT;ksa us jkT; ds fofHkUu :iksa ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;kA
9 - 3 jkT; dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk

jkT; dh laLFkk us ;wukfu;ksa ds jktuhfrd thou dks cgqr gn rd izHkkfor fd;kA
jkT; muds fy, flQZ ,d HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ ugha Fkh] cfYd O;fDr;ksa dk leqnk; FkkA
;wukfu;ksa us lnSo Lohdkjk Fkk fd uxj-jkT; thou ds mPprj y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy,
,d lk/ku FkkA
9 - 3 - 1 jkT; dh izÑfr lacaf/kr nks fopkj/kkjk,¡

izkphu ;wuku esa jkT; dh izÑfr lacfa /kr nks fopkj/kkjk,¡ FkhaA igyh fopkj/kkjk dk ekuuk
Fkk fd jkT; ,d izkÑfrd laLFkk FkkA IySVks vkSj vjLrw bl er ds leFkZd FksA nwljs
er ds leFkZdksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd jkT; ,d izkÑfrd laLFkk ugha Fkk] cfYd yksxksa ds
fjokT+kksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dh mit FkhaA
jkT; ,d izkÑfrd laLFkk blfy, ekuh tkrk Fkk] D;ksafd ;g lkekftd vkSj ,sfrgkfld
fodkl] ewY;ksa vkSj mn~ns'; ds lanHkZ esa mPpre la?k FkkA ;g ifjokj ls xk¡oksa ds
ek/;e ls jkT; rd la?kksa dh fodkl dh vafre voLFkk gSA jkT; laiw.kZ Fkk] ogk¡ nwljh
laLFkk;sa mlds vax FksA jkT; ,d laiw.kZ :i ls uSfrd ewY;ksa dk usr`Ro djrs gq, yksxksa
dks ,dtqV j[krs FksA
bl izdkj ;g ukxfjdksa ls vfoHkkT; Fkk] D;ksafd ;g lHkh ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dh

iwfrZ djrk Fkk vkSj vius vki esa i;kZIr FkkA
47
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 9 - 3 - 2 lq[ke; ft+anxh ds fy, jkT; dh vko';drk
;wukuh ekurs Fks fd jkT; ,d vfuok;Z laLFkk Fkk] D;ksafd flQZ jkT; ds varxZr] ge
thou ds vius y{;ksa dh iwfrZ dj ldrs FksA IySVks ds vuqlkj ek= vkn'kZ jkT; esa gh
ge [kq'kgky vkSj larq"V thou ;kiu dj ldrs FksA vjLrq ekurs Fks fd ifjokj vkSj
xk¡o dk vfLrRo thou dh lqj{kk rFkk lg;ksx ds fy, Fkk] ysfdu jkT; dk vfLrRo
flQZ thou ds fy, ugha Fkk] cfYd lq[ke; ft+Unxh ds fy, FkkA jkT; euq"; ds loksZÙke
vPNkb;ksa vkSj uSfrd drZO;ksa dk fuokZgu djrk FkkA
bl izdkj ;wukfu;ksa ds fy, jkT; ek= izknsf'kd ;k jktuhfrd bdkbZ ugha Fkk cfYd
fo'ks"k mn~ns';ksa vkSj y{;ksa dh ,d uSfrd bdkbZ FkkA ;g euq"; dks vPNh ft+Unxh thus
ds fy, ;ksX; cukrk FkkA
9 - 4 ukxfjdrk dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk

tSlk fd ge tku pqds gSa] jkT; dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk uxj-jkT; rd vkSj uxj-jkT;
esa gh lhfer gSA ukxfjdrk dk vf/kdkj flQZ Lora= O;fDr;ksa dks izkIr FkkA nwljs vU;
nks oxks±& fonsf'k;ksa vkSj xqykeksa& dks ukxfjdrk dk vf/kdkj izkIr ugha FkkA IySVks vkSj
vjLrw us ukxfjdksa dks izeq[k LFkku fn;k Fkk D;ksafd mUgksaus muds lkFk gh jkT; dks
n'kkZ;k FkkA tUetkr ukxfjdksa dks ¼ekrk-firk ds vk/kkj ij½ vkSj 18 o"kZ dh mez okyksa
dks vf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;k FkkA
9 - 4 - 1 ukxfjdrk laca/kh vjLrq ds fopkj
vjLrw ds vuqlkj ukxfjdrk 'kCn dk vFkZ izR;sd jkT; ds lafo/kku ds vuqlkj vyx-
vyx gksrk gSA izR;sd jkT; ds yksxksa dh fofHkUu dksfV vkSj mi-dksfV FkhA dqyhu ra=
esa 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu vleku :i ls fd;k tkrk FkkA ysfdu lkekU;r;k] ukxfjd
dks Lora= vkSj leku gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa U;k; vkSj lÙkk feyuk pkfg,A vjLrw ds
vuqlkj] ukxfjdksa dh vPNkb;ksa dks Lora= O;fDr;ksa ds ljdkj esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
mUgksaus Lohdkj fd;k fd euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh Fkk] vr% mldh izkÑfrd bPNk
lekt ds thou dh FkhA ;gk¡ rd fd mls nwljs dh enn ysus dh t+:jr ugha FkhA
ukxfjdksa dks jktuhfrd vf/kdkj izkIr Fks vkSj os jkT; ds jktuhfrd ekeyksa esa
lfØ;rk ls Hkkx ysrs FksA muls vf/kdkjksa ds izfr ltx gksus rFkk jkT; ds fofHkUu
laLFkkvksa dh lkjh xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysus dh vis{kk dh tkrh FkhA
9 - 5 lafo/kku dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk

lafo/kku fdlh Hkh ns'k dk cqfu;knh dkuwu gksrk gS vkSj ;wuku us fo'o esa loZizFke bls
fodflr fd;k FkkA ;wukfu;ksa us lafo/kku ds fofHkUu :iksa ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k FkkA
vjLrw dk dguk Fkk fd lafo/kku dk mn~ns'; bfPNr Hkko ls euq"; ds thou dks <kyuk
FkkA dksbZ Hkh lafo/kku vius <ax ls ukxfjdksa ij izHkko Mkyrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i]
ukxfjdksa dh O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd fo'ks"krk;sa lafo/kku esa dk;Z djrh gSaA bl izdkj
lafo/kku dk tks fuek.kZ djrk Fkk] mu O;fDr;ksa dk laiw.kZ :i gksrk FkkA
9 - 5 - 1 lafo/kku ds vusd izdkj

izkphu ;wuku esa vusd izdkj ds lafo/kku ns[kus dks feysA vjLrw us viuh iqLrd
48 ikWfyfVDl 158 lafo/kkuksa dk v/;;u djus ds ckn fy[khaA muds igys IySVks us
^lkbZfdy vkWQ pst a * (Cycle of Change) dh viuh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij lafo/kkuksa ds ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
ik¡p :iksa ij ppkZ dh FkhA muds vuqlkj] vkn'kZ jkT;] fVeksØslh] dqyhura=] iztkra= vkS j ekDlZ o knh
vkSj fujadq'kra= Fks ftuds ckjs esa viuh iqLrd ^fjifCyd* (Republic) esa mUgksaus ppkZ
dh FkhA IySVks loZizFke vius vkn'kZ ls vyx-Fkyx iM+ x,A nwljh vksj] vjLrw us
loZizFke okLrfod jkT;ksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k vkSj ckn esa lko/kkuh iwoZd fo'ys"k.k ds
vk/kkj ij vkn'kZ jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksua s ekuk fd jktra=] dqyhura= rFkk jktuhfr
jkT; ds rhu izdkj gS]a tks lkekU; vPNkbZ dks izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSAa mUgksus
Lohdkj fd;k fd fujad'q kra=] dqyhrua= vkSj iztkra= ljdkj ds rhuksa foÑr :i gSAa
;g oxhZdj.k U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr FkkA tc lafo/kku dh O;k[;k inksa dh

O;oLFkk ds :i esa dh tkrh Fkh] nks izdkj ds lafo/kkuksa ds chp varj] ftl izdkj inksa
dks LFkkfir fd;k tkrk Fkk] mlh fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij mudh O;k[;k dh tk ldrh
FkhA bl izdkj iztkra= ds in Lora= tUe vkSj dqyhura= ds /ku ds vk/kkj ij iznku
fd;s tkrs FksA vjLrw dk ;g er Fkk fd jktra= lk/kkj.k lafo/kku dk lcls vPNk :i
Fkk vkSj fujadq'k ra= foÑr lafo/kku dk lcls xyr :i FkkA
;wukfu;ksa us vkn'kZ jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dks fodflr fd;k vkSj bl vkn'kZ jkT; ds
vkyksd esa os lHkh fo|eku jkT;ksa dks O;ofLFkr djuk pkgrs FksA vkn'kZ jkT; dk
mn~ns'; lkekU; vPNkbZ Fkh vkSj ;g ukxfjdksa dks mudh izo`fÙk vkSj lkeZF; ds vk/kkj
ij thou thus ds ;ksX; cukrk FkkA
9 - 5 - 2 ,Fksal dk iztkra=
,FksUl viuh iztkrkaf=d ljdkj ds fy, bfrgkl esa izfl) gSA ,FksUl ds iztkra= dks
fodflr gksus esa cgqr le; yxk Fkk vkSj ;g isfjdYl (Pericles) ds dky esa vius xkSjo
dh pje lhek ij igq¡pkA bl vof/k esa] ,FksUl 'kgj dh vkcknh rhu yk[k Fkh vkSj
bldh vk/kh vkcknh uxj esa jgrh Fkh vkSj vk/kh nsgkr esaA ;g 100 MsEl (Demes) esa
caVh gqbZ Fkh] tks lkeqnkf;d 'kfDr ds dsUnz fcUnq FksA
izkphu ,FksUl esa] ukxfjdksa dh lkekU; lHkk] ukxfjdksa dh mez 20 o"kZ ls Åij Fkh] lHkh
izeq[k fu.kZ; ysrh FkhA ;g lky ds nl ckj fu;fer :i ls feyrh Fkh vkSj ifj"kn~ ds
cqykos ij vfrfjDr lk/kkj.k l=ksa dk vk;kstu gksrk FkkA lHkk ds lkFk-lkFk 500 dh
ifj"kn~ vkSj n.Mkf/kdkfj;ksa dk U;k;ky; Hkh lkoZtfud thou esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs FksA bu laLFkkvksa ds lnL;ksa dk pquko erksa }kjk ugha gksrk Fkk] cfYd la[;kvksa
ds vk/kkj ij gksrk FkkA mudk pquko ,d o"kZ ds fy, gksrk FkkA ;wukuh lksprs Fks fd
la[;kvksa ds bl rjhds ls inksa ij cgkyh 'kklu dk vuks[kk iztkrkaf=d :i Fkk D;ksafd
;g izR;sd O;fDr dks lekurk iznku djrk FkkA tujyksa dk pquko lHkk }kjk izR;{k :i
ls gksrk FkkA os dk;Zikfydk dk fuekZ.k djrs Fks vkSj jkT;ksa ds dk;ks± dks laikfnr djrs
FksA mudk pquko nksckjk gks ldrk FkkA tujyksa dh ifj"kn vkSj n.Mkf/kdkfj;ksa ds
U;k;ky; yksdfiz; pfj= dks n'kkZrs gSaA isfjdYl us ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd ,FksUl dk
iztkra= LorU=rk ds fy, Fkk vkSj yksx ljdkj ds lHkh fu.kZ;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs FksA
cks/k iz'u 2
49
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 1½ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, A
i½ vjLrw dk ekuuk Fkk fd jkT; ,d ---------- laLFkk FkkA
ii½ jkT; dk vfLrRo thou ds fy, ugha Fkk] cfYd ----------- thou ds fy,A
iii½ izkphu ;wuku esa ek= --------- jktuhfrd vf/kdkj izkIr FksA
iv½ jktra= --------- vkSj jktuhfr ljdkj ds rhu :i FksA

i½ vjLrw ds vuqlkj jkT; lkekftd le>kSrs dh nsu FkhA
ii½ dqyhura= esa xjhc yksxksa dk vkf/kiR; gksrk gSA
iii½ ukxfjd og gksrk gS] ftlds lÙkk ikl gks vkSj tks fu.kZ; ys ldrk gSA
9 - 6 Økafr ds dkj.k
;wukuh fopkjdksa us jkT; Økafr ds dkj.kksa dh O;k[;k dhA IySVks bl er ds leFkZd Fks
fd jkT; ds lafo/kku esa ifjorZu blfy, gqvk] D;ksafd ftUgksaus bldk fuekZ.k fd;k] mu
yksxksa dh izo`fÙk vkSj LoHkko esa ifjorZu gqvkA lekt esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ifjorZu
lafo/kku esa ifjorZuksa ds :i esa ns[kus dks feykA
vjLrw us Økafr;ksa ds dkj.k dh Hkyh Hkk¡fr O;k[;k dhA mUgksaus lkekU; ds lkFk-lkFk
fo'ks"k dkj.kksa dk Hkh ijh{k.k fd;k] tks fo'ks"k lafo/kku ls lacaf/kr FksA muds vuqlkj
Økafr dk lcls lkekU; dkj.k lekurk dh vo/kkj.kk ds izfr mRlkg Fkk] tks U;k; ds
vkn'kZ esa 'kkfey FkhA ;fn fdlh lewg dks ,slk yxk fd ftl vkf/kdkj ds os gdnkj
gSa] mu lafo/kkfud vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx os ugha djrs] rks U;k; dh viuh vo/kkj.kk ds
vk/kkj ij] os fojks/k dj ldrs Fks vkSj O;k[;k dks ifjofrZr djus dh dksf'k'k dj ldrs
FksA mUgksaus fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa Økafr dh iqujko`fÙk dks jksdus ds rjhdksa vkSj lk/kuksa ij
fopkj fd;kA
9 - 7 ;wukuh jktuhfrd ijEijk dh miyfC/k;k¡ vkSj

foQyrk,¡
blesa dksbZ lansg ugha gS fd ;wukuh jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ vkSj laLFkk;sa ekuo bfrgkl
dh lcls egku miyfC/k;ksa esa ls ,d gSaA ;wukfu;ksa us loZizFke jktuhfr dks ,d foKku
ekuk rFkk uSfrdrk vkSj n'kZu ls bls vyx fd;kA ;wukfu;ksa us lafo/kku dh vo/kkj.kk
dks fodflr fd;k vkSj jkT; dh jktuhfrd thou esa egÙkk ij Hkh izdk'k MkykA
mUgksaus ljdkj ds izFke iztkrkaf=d :i dks fodflr fd;k] ftlesa ukxfjdksa dh iw.kZ
:i ls Hkkxhnkjh FkhA jktuhfr dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk vko';d :i ls uSfrd Fkh] rFkkfi
mUgksaus ,d vkn'kZ jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dks fodflr fd;k] ftlesa euq"; vPNh ft+Unxh
clj dj ldrk Fkk] og ft+Unxh tks euq"; dks lcls vPNk cuk ldrh FkhA
ysfdu bu lQyrkvksa ds lkFk] dqN foQyrk,¡ Hkh feyhA ;wukuh viuh vkcknh dh
vk/ks ls vf/kd tula[;k dks ukxfjdrk ds vf/kdkjksa dks nsus esa vleFkZ jgsA mUgksaus
lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl ds Øe dks ugha vuqHko fd;k] 'kklu dh ,d bdkbZ ds
50 :i esa uxj-jkT;ksa us vkUrfjd xM+cfM+;ksa dks jksdus ds fy, la?kksa ds fuek.kZ dh uhfr
dk lgkjk fy;k] ysfdu os fLFkr ;k LFkk;h jkT;ksa dks LFkkfir djus esa vlQy jgsA ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
ijEijkxr ;wukuh fopkjdksa us Li"V :i ls jkT; vkSj lekt ds chp varj fd;k] rFkkfi vkS j ekDlZ o knh
os O;fDr;ksa ds fgr vkSj jkT; ds fgr ds chp iwjh rjg ls varj djus esa vlQy jgsA
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, A
i½ ,FksUl dh iztkra= ------------ ds dky dh vof/k esa vius xkSjo dks izkIr fd;kA
ii½ ,FksUl esa pquko --------- ds vk/kkj ij ---------- ij gksrk FkkA
iii½ --------- Fkk] ftUgksaus Økafr ds dkj.kksa dh ppkZ dhA
iv½ ;wukfu;ksa us --------- dks ,d foKku dh rjg loZizFke fodflr fd;kA

i½ ,FksUl dh iztkra= esa lkekU; lHkk loksZPp vf/kdkfj;ksa dk pquko djrk FkkA
ii½ Økafr;k¡ lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu dh otg ls gqbZA
iii½ ;wukfu;ksa us loZizFke ljdkj dh laoS/kkfud :i dks fodflr fd;kA
3½ ;wukuh jktuhfrd ijEijk dh egÙoiw.kZ miyfC/k;k¡ D;k Fkha\ ik¡p iafDr esa mÙkj
nhft,A
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9 - 8 izkphu ;wuku ls izkphu jkse rd laØe.k

eSflMSfu;uksa (Macedonians) ds vius lkezkT; dks ;wjksi rFkk ,f'k;k esa LFkkfir djrs
gh bZlk iwoZ 'krkCnh esa izkphu ;wukuh uxj-jkT;ksa us viuk egÙo [kks fn;kA ;wukuh
ijEijk ds dqN rÙoksa dks ,sysDt+saMj vkSj muds mÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa us vius 'kklu esa 'kkfey
fd;kA jkseu x.kra= bl dky esa mHkjk vkSj ,d gt+kj o"kks± rd lalkj ds bfrgkl ij
Nk;k jgkA jkse dh lcls izeq[k nsu fo'oO;kih jkT; ds fy, fo'oO;kih leqnk; ds
fl)kar dk izorZu FkkA ifj.kkeLo:i] jkseu jkT; dh izÑfr ewyHkwr :i ls ;wukuh
uxj-jkT;ksa ls vyx FkkA jkse okfl;ksa us dkuwu vkSj jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dks fodflr
fd;k] ftldk y{; iwjh tkuh-igpkuh nqfu;k ds lekt ds fofHkUu oxks± ds chp
igq¡pkuk FkkA
51
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ jkseu jktuhfrd bfrgkl dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS % ¼1½ x.krkaf=d jkse vkSj
¼2½ lkezkT;oknh jkseA vxys i`"B esa ge jkseu jktuhfrd ijEijk ds fofHkUu igyqvksa
ij fopkj djsaxsA
9 - 9 ,sfrgkfld Hkwfedk
jkse ds x.kra= dk fodkl bZlk iwoZ ik¡poha 'krkCnh esa gqvk vkSj blds varxZr yksdfiz;
lHkkvksa vkSj lhusV dh eT+kcwr laLFkkvksa us egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA bl vof/k ds
nkSjku] jkseu lekt ds varxZr ¼1½ iSfVªf'k;u (Patricians) tks mPp oxZ dk izfrfuf/kRo
djrs Fks] ¼2½ Iysfc;u (Plebians) tks lkekU; ukxfjd Fks] vkSj ¼3½ xqyke] vkrs FksA
iSfVªf'k;u vkSj Iysfc;u dks jktuhfrd vf/kdkj izkIr Fks] ysfdu vf/kiR; dk iSfVªf'k;u
FkkA bl izdkj vkjafHkd jkseu bfrgkl esa bu nks oxks± ds chp yxkrkj la?k"kZ py jgk
Fkk] D;ksafd Iysfc;u dks ftl vf/kdkj ls oafpr fd;k x;k Fkk] mls os izkIr djuk pkgrs
FksA cM+s iSekus ij Iysfc;u bu vf/kdkjksa dks izIr djus esa lQy gq,] ysfdu xqykeksa dks
nklrk dks Lohdkjus ds fy, foo'k gksuk iM+kA x.kra= dk 'kklu n.Mkf/kdkjh ds }kjk
pyk;k tkrk Fkk] ftUgsa lhusV ds }kjk pquk tkrk FkkA
9 - 9 - 1 jktra= dh LFkkiuk
jkse ds x.kra= us viuh x.krkaf=d fo'ks"krk dks [kks fn;k] tc os x.krkaf=d laLFkk;sa
lkezkT; dh leL;kvksa dks lek/kku djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha FkhaA og vkWxLVwl
(Augustus) dk dky Fkk ftl oDr x.kra= varr% fc[kj x;k vkSj jktra= dh LFkkiuk
gqbZA lkezkT;oknh jkse dh vof/k ds nkSjku] pkSFkh 'krkCnh ds ckn dkSaLVSUVkbZu
(Constantine) us blkbZ /keZ dks xys yxk;k vkSj ftlls fo'oO;kih leqnk; dh
vo/kkj.kk yksdfiz;k gqbZA jkse dh jktuhfrd ijaijk dks flljks (Cicero) vkSj lsaV
vkWxLVhu (Saint Augustine) ds }kjk le>k tkuk pkfg,A ftUgksaus fo'oO;kih HkkbZpkjs
dk blkbZ;r fl)kar dks izÑfr ds fu;e ds mnklhu fl)kar ds lkFk latks;kA
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, A
i½ izkphu jkseu jkT; izFke --------- jkT; FkkA
ii½ x.krkaf=d jkse esa] nks oxZ iSfVªkf'k;u vkSj --------- FksA
iii½ izkphu jkse esa] x.kra= dk var --------- ds 'kklu dky esa gqvkA
iv½ dkSaUlVSUVkbZu us -------- /keZ dks xys yxk;kA

i½ iSfVªf'k;u lekt ds fu;e oxZ ls rkYyqd j[krs FksA
ii½ lezkV vkWxLVhu us blkbZ /keZ dks xys yxk;kA
iii½ Iysfc;u us iSfVªf'k;u }kjk bLrseky fd;s tkus okys vf/kdkjksa dks izkIr djus
52 esa lQyrk izkIr dhA
ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
9 - 1 jkse dk x.kra= vkS j ekDlZ o knh
jkse dh x.kra= dh mRifÙk bZlk iwoZ pkSFkh 'krkCnh esa gqbZ vkSj mlus fof'k"V jktuhfrd
laLFkkvksa dks fodflr fd;kA ;s laLFkk;sa ml dky dh nsu Fkha ftl oDr yksxksa vkSj
jkT;ksa ds chp ?kfu"B laidZ FksA yksdfiz; lHkk vkSj lhusV nks izeq[k laLFkk;sa Fkh vkSj os
dkuwu ds vf/kuLFk FksA izR;sd izeq[k fu.kZ; lHkk esa fy;s tkrs Fks vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd egku
tujyksa dks Hkh lhusV ls fopkfjr tukns'k izkIr djuk iM+rk FkkA
9 - 10
10-- 1 dqyhu vkSj fuEu oxZ
tSlk fd igys crk;k x;k gS fd jkseu lekt nks oxksZa] dqyhu vkSj fuEu oxZ esa foHkDr
FkkA dqyhu oxZ vkcknh ds ek= 10 izfr'kr Fks] ysfdu os vf/kdkfjd 'kfDR;ksa dk iz;ksx
djrs D;ksafd muds ikl lkekftd izfr"Bk] jhfr fjokt+] /kkfeZd vf/kdkj vkSj
/kkfeZd-laiznk; FksA nwljh rjQ fuEu oxZ vf/kd la[;k esa xjhc Fks] ftldh otg ls
mUgsa jktuhfrd 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr ugha FkhaaA izkphu jkse esa lkekftd laca/k laj{kd vuq;k;h
<k¡ps ij vk/kkfjr FkkA vuq;k;h Lora= O;fDr gksrk Fkk vkSj nwljs ds laj{k.k ds fy,
dfVc) Fkk vkSj blds cnys mls muls lqj{kk iznku dh tkrh FkhA vuq;k;h vius
laj{kd dks vius ikl miyC/k gj izdkj ds lk/kuksa ls mUgsa lkoZtfud thou esa lgk;rk
igq¡pkrk Fkk vkSj laj{kd mls vkfFkZd rFkk oS/kkfud leFkZu iznku djrk FkkA
9 - 10
10-- 2 tu çfrfuf/k;ksa dk 'kklu
x.kra= dk 'kklu nks pqus gq, izfrfuf/k;ksa (Consuls) ds }kjk pyk;k tkrk FkkA
vkikrdky esa rkuk'kkg dk p;u fd;k tk ldrk FkkA lkekU;r;k] tuizfrfuf/k dk
pquko ,d lky ds fy, gksrk FkkA tu-izfrfuf/k;ksa dks loksZPp iz'kklfud 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr
FkhaA os lsok ds iz/kku gksrs Fks vkSj mUgsa dkuwuksa dh O;k[;k vkSj iz;ksx djus dk vf/kdkj
FkkA jktuhfrd xfrfof/k dk dsUnzfcUnw fo/kkf;dk ugha Fkh] cfYd dk;Zikfydk FkhA nksuksa
tu iz/kku ,d nwljs ls lykg-e'kfojk ysus ds ckn fu.kZ; ysrs FksA mUgsa ,d nwljs ij
ohVks dk vf/kdkj FkkA vr% os tu-fojks/kh fu.kZ; ugha ys ldrs FksA
9 - 11 jkseu jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡

9 - 11
11-- 1 yksdfiz; lHkk
yksdfiz; lHkk 'kk;n x.krkaf=d jkse dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ laLFkk FkhA bldh igpku jkse
ds yksxksa ls FkhA yksdfiz; lHkk dk tkjh fd;k x;k vkns'k jkse ds laizHkq yksxksa }kjk
vkns'k ekuk tkrk FkkA izLrko yksdfiz; lHkk vkSj lhusV ds uke ls ikl fd;k tkrk FkkA
lHkk dkuwu cukrh Fkh] ;q) vkSj 'kkfUr dk izLrko ikl djrh Fkh vkSj lcls egÙoiw.kZ]
tu-izfrfuf/k;ksa dk euksu;u djrh FkhA tu-izfrfuf/k;ksa ds ukeksa dk izLrko lhusVj
vius in ds vk/kkj ij djrs FksA 'kq: ds dky esa yksdfiz; lHkk 'kfDr'kkyh Fkh] ysfdu
/khjs-/khjs lhusV 'kfDr'kkyh cu xbZA bZ-iw- izFke 'krkCnh esa] lhusV us dkuwu cukus dh
'kfDr izkIr dhA varr% lHkk lhusV ds }kjk fu;af=r gksrh Fkh] D;ksafd muds ikl loksZPp
izfr"Bk vkSj /ku FkkA
53
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 9 - 11
11-- 2 lhusV
lhusV jkseu x.kra= dh 'kfDr'kkyh laLFkk FkhA izkjaHk esa lhusV dh iwjh lnL;rk rhu
lkS Fkh] ysfdu vkWxLVl ds dky esa ;g c<+dj 600 lkS gks xbZA lhusV ds lnL;ksa dk
pquko dqN yksxksa }kjk gksrk FkkA x.kra= ds vUrxZr lhusV ds izHkko vkSj izfr"Bk dk]
eq[;r;k] dkj.k blds lnL;ksa dks O;ogkfjd :i ls iz'kklfud vkSj jktuhfrd vuqHko
gksuk FkkA lhusV ,d 'kfDr'kkyh laLFkk FkhA blds ikl iz'kklfud 'kfDr ugha Fkh]
ysfdu ;g pqus gq, vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ?kjsyw vkSj fons'k uhfr] for vkSj /keZ ij lykg nsrh
FkhA blds ikl ;q) vkSj 'kkfUr dh ?kks"k.kk rFkk fons'kksa ls laf/k djus dk vf/kdkj FkkA
bZlk iwoZ izFke 'krkCnh ds var rd bldh 'kfDr c<+hA bls oS/kkfudrk izkIr Fkh vkSj ;gk¡
rd egku 'kkldksa (Generals) dks Hkh vius tukns'k dk leFkZu blls ysuk iM+rk Fkk
D;ksafd bls turk dk leFkZu izkIr FkkA lhusV esa vlgefr gksrh Fkh] fQj laj{kd
vuq;k;h dk laca/k blds dk;Z dyki esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk FkkA
jkseu lHkk vkSj lhusV ds lkFk] n.Mkf/kdkfj;ksa ds U;k;ky;ksa dk U;k; ds iz'kklu esa
egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk FkhA
cks/k iz'u 5
1½ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, %
i½ yksdfiz; lHkk vkSj --------- jkse dh egÙoiw.kZ iztkrkaf=d laLFkk;sa FkhA
ii½ izkjaHk ds lhusV dh dqy la[;k --------- FkhA
iii½ lHkh dkuwu --------- vkSj --------- ds uke ls ?kksf"kr fd;s tkrs FksA
iv½ lkekU;r% iz'kkld (Consul) dk pquko ---------- ds fy, gksrk FkkA
i½ 'kq: ls gh] lhusV jkse dh lHkk ls vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh FkhA
ii½ 'kkldksa dks fu.kZ; ysus ls igys ,d nwljs ls lykg e'kfojk djuk iM+rk FkkA
iii½ n.Mkf/kdkfj;ksa ds U;k;ky;ksa dh U;kf;d iz'kklu esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk FkhA
9 - 12 dkuwu laca/kh jkse dh vo/kkj.kk

bfrgkl dh jkse dh lcls cM+h nsu dkuwu dh vo/kkj.kk gSA ftldk fodkl vkSj
ifj"dj.k jkse ds U;k;k/kh'kks ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA dkuwu dh lkekU; laLFkk ds fy,
ySfVu 'kCn ^tl* (Jus) gSA tks ^ysDl* dh vis{kk foLr`r vkSj cks/k'khy gSA jkseuksa ds
fy, dkuwu dk vFkZ U;k;ky;ksa }kjk ykxw dh tkus okyh dkuwuksa dk fudk; FkkA jkseu
dky esa dkuwu dks nks Hkkxksa] izkÑfrd dkuwu vkSj ldkjkRed dkuwu esa foHkDr fd;k
x;kA izkÑfrd dkuwu dk vFkZ gekjs lkekU; ekuoh; LoHkko ds }kjk ekuork ij ykxw
fd;s tkus okyk dkuwu vkSj ldkjkRed dkuwu dk vFkZ] jkT; }kjk ykxw fd;k tkus
okyk dkuwu FkkA jkseu izkÑfrd fu;e ds egÙo dks le>rs Fks vkSj Lohdkj djrs Fks
fd vkpj.k esa uSfrdrk] U;k;] rdZ'khyrk ds dqN fu;e gSa] tks lHkh O;fDr;ksa ij ykxw
54 gksrs FksA bl okLrfodrk ds dkj.k ugha fd os jkT; ds ldkjkRed dkuwu ds varxZr
vkrs Fks] cfYd os vf/kdkj ds varxZr vkrs Fks vkSj mUgsa gekjk lEeku izkIr FkkA
9 - 12
12-- 1 dkuwu ds lzksr ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
jkseu bl fopkj dk leFkZd Fks fd dkuwu ds rhu lzksr] yksxksa ds jhfr-fjokT+k] fo/kkf;dh
?kks"k.kk esa vkSj fo/kkf;dh fu;eu FksA yksxksa ds jhfr-fjokt+ le; ds varjky ds ckn
fodflr gq, Fks vkSj mUgksaus dkuwu ds fuek.kZ esa cgqr gn rd enn dhA fo/kkf;dh
?kks"k.kk dk vFkZ jkseu lHkk vkSj lhusV ds }kjk dh xbZ ?kks"k.kk ls vkSj ckn ds o"kks± dh
vkSifuosf'kd ?kks"k.kk ls FkkA dkuwu dk rhljk lzksr fo/kkf;dh fu;du Fkk] tks
U;k;k/kh'kksa ds U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; FksA futh dkuwu ds fo'ks"kK O;fDr dh jk; muls
laidZ ds nkSjku yh tkrh FkhA mUgsa Hkh fo/kkf;dh fu;eu esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk FkkA
;s rhu lzksr izkphu jkse ds ldkjkRed dkuwu ds fuek.kZ esa lgk;d FksA
9 - 13 flljks dh nsu
flljks jkseu odhyksa ds egkRe; esa ls ,d Fks] tks jkseu x.kra= dks ljdkj ds ,d
LFkk;h :i esa cjdjkj j[kuk pkgrs FksA flljks dkuwu dh jkseu vo/kkj.kk dks fodflr
djus ds fy, tkus tkrs FksA flljks us izkÑfrd dkuwu ds mnklhu vkSj jktuhfrd
xfr'khyrk ds fl)kar dk izfriknu fd;k vkSj ?kksf"kr fd;k fd lPpk dkuwu izÑfr ds
rnuq:i lgh rdZ Fkk vkSj bldk bLrseky lHkh O;fDr;ksa ij fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g
'kk'or vkSj vifjorZu'khy FkkA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd dksbZ fo/kk;u Hkh dkuwu dk
mYya?ku ugha dj ldrk Fkk vkSj dksbZ O;fDr tks lgh Fkk] mls xyr ugha cuk ldrk
FkkA vius vkns'k }kjk] dkuwu yksxksa dks muds dÙkZO; ds izfr vkxkg djrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa
xyr djus ls jksdrk FkkA jkse ds fy, ,d dkuwu vkSj ,FksUl ds fy, vyx dkuwu ugha
gks ldrk Fkk] ugha dksbZ dkuwu vkt ds fy, vkSj dy ds fy, nwljk gks ldrk FkkA
9 - 13
13-- 1 ekuo LoHkko vkSj jkT; laca/kh flljks ds fopkj
flljks us dkuwu ds lkeus lHkh O;fDr dks leku ekuk FkkA lHkh tkfr ds O;fDr;ksa ds
ikl lgh vkSj xyr esa varj djus ds fy, vuqHko vkSj Kku dh leku {kerk FkhA mUgksua s
izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk fd lHkh O;fDr leku Fks vkSj muds fy, ,d gh dkuwu Fkk] rks os
vkil esa lHkh ukxfjd FksA mudk er Fkk fd jkT; LFkk;h :i ls vfLrRo esa ugha jg
ldrk Fkk] tc rd ;g blds ukxfjd dk ,d lkFk vf/kdkj ds lkewfgd nkf;Ro vkSj
igpku ds Kku ds izHkko dks ugha Lohdkjrk vkSj iznku djrkA flljks jkT; dks
^dkeuosRFk* ds uke ls iqdkjrs Fks] D;ksafd jkT; ,d lfEefyr vax Fkk vkSj bldh
lnL;rk lHkh ds fy, lkekU; FkhA bldk vfLrRo lkewfgd lg;ksx vkSj ljdkj ds
Qk;ns dks ukxfjdksa rd ig¡puk FkkA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd jkT; vius vki vkSj blds
dkuwu lnSo Hkxoku ds dkuwu] uSfrd ;k izkÑfrd dkuwu ds v/khu FksA
flljks us odhyksa ds yEch jkseu ijEijk dk usr`Ro fd;k] mUgksaus izkphu jkse ds dkuwu
vkSj U;k; ds vo/kkj.kk dks ifj"Ñr djus dh dksf'k'k dhA
9 - 14 ppZ vkSj jkT;

jkseuksa us izFke 'krkCnh esa lalkj esa izFke fo'oO;kih jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhA jkseu jkT;
,d fo'kky lkezkT; Fkk ftldk fu;a=.k ;wjksi vkSj ,f'k;k ds cM+s {ks=ksa ij FkkA bl
lkezkT; dks ,d lw= dh t+:jr Fkh] tks fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dks ,d lkFk lfEefyr j[k
ldsaA lkoZekSfyd jkseu leqnk; dks ,d fo'oO;kih /keZ dh vko';drk gqbZ vkSj pkSFkh
55
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 'krkCnh bZ-iw- esa lezkV dSULVSaVkbu us bZlkbZ /keZ dks viukdj bl t+:jr dks iwjk fd;kA
ml le; ,dek= ppZ lkoZekSfyd mn~ns'; Fks vkSj mlds ikl ,d ;ksX; lqlaxr
laxBu Fkk] tks fofHkUu la?k"kZ'khy yksxksa rFkk lkezkT; ds oxks± dks ,d lw= esa ck¡/k ldrk FkkA
9 - 14
14-- 1 ppZ ds fopkj
ppZ us vk/kkjkRed lÙkk dk izfrfuf/kRo fd;k vkSj nkok fd;k fd ;g ,d jkT; ls
vyx laLFkk Fkh vkSj jkT; ds O;fDr;ksa ds vk/;kfRed eqn~nksa dks laikfnr djus dk gd
Lora= :i ls çkIr FkkA jkT; ls vyx jkT; ykSfdd lÙkk dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh Fkk
vkSj ppZ o jkT; nks vyx lÙkkvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs FksA bl vof/k esa ppZ ekurk
Fkk fd ,d bZlkbZ ds fy, fuokZfpr lÙkk dk vknj djuk vfuok;Z Fkk ykSfdd txr esa]
mls jkT; ds vkns'kksa dk ikyu djuk pkfg, vkSj vk/;kfRed txr esa ppZ ds vkns'kksa
dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A bl izdkj] izR;sd O;fDr nks jkT;ksa dk ukxfjd FkkA izkjfEHkd
bZlkbZ cqf)thfo;ksa us ppZ dh lÙkk dh ns[k-js[k esa vf/kd vfHk:fp fn[kkbZ FkhA
9 - 14
14-- 2 ekuo vkSj bZ'oj laca/kh lar vkWxLVhu ds fopkj
lar vkWxLVhu us viuh jktuhfr laca/kh iqLrd bZ- ik¡poha 'krkCnh esa fy[kh vkSj nks uxj
dh vo/kkj.kkvksa & bZ'oj ds uxj vkSj ekuo ds uxj & dks fodflr fd;kA mUgksaus
ekuk fd nksuksa ds chp izfrLi/kkZ Fkh] tSlk fd ekuo dh uxj var% izsj.kk }kjk izHkkfor
fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj bZ'oj ds uxj] LofxZd 'kkfUr vkSj eqfDr ij vk/kkfjr FkkA ,d ek=
LofxZd uxj esa 'kkfUr laHko Fkh vkSj ,d ek= vk/;kfRed jkt/kkuh LFkk;h FkhA
ifj.kkeLo:i] ekuo-eqfDr bZ'oj ds uxj dh izkfIr esa gh FkhA
9 - 15 jkse dh jktuhfrd ijaijkvksa dh miyfC/k;k¡

jkseu ijEijk us izkphu ;wuku vkSj bZlkbZ ijEijkvksa ds chp ,d iq= dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z
fd;kA jkseuokfl;ksa us dkuwu ds le{k lekurk dh vo/kkj.kk dk izfriknu fd;k vkSj
fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds lkFk foHksn ugha fd;kA x.krkfU=d jkse us lQyrkiwoZd
jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa] tSls yksdfiz; lHkk vkSj lhusV dk lapkyu fd;kA mUgksaus
lkoZHkkSfed jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dks fodflr fd;k] ftlus lkezkT; ds varxZr vkus okys
fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ij fopkj fd;kA mUgksus ;wukuh fof'k"Vrk dk fojks/k fd;k rFkk dkuwu
dh vo/kkj.kk dks fodflr fd;k] tks lHkh dks U;k; iznku djrh FkhA os uSfrdrk dh
vo/kkj.kk] ls iwjh rjg tdM+s gq, FksA bZlkbZ izHkko ds varxZr jkse okfl;ksa us ppZ vkSj
jkT; ds chp laca/k dk lh/kk fu/kkZj.k djus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA
jkseu ljdkj fojksf/k;ksa dks nckus ds fy, cy iz;ksx djrs FksA mUgksaus nklrk dh ijEijk
dks vLohdkj ugha fd;kA os jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk rFkk jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds fl)kar dk
iwjh rjg ls fodflr djus esa vlQy jgsA tks yksxksa dks ,d lkFk ck¡/k dj j[k ldsA
jkseu jktuhfrd oxZ dh Øwjrk e'kgwj FkhA ifj.kkeLo:i] jkseu lkezkT; dHkh Hkh
jktuhfrd fLFkjrk vkSj jktuhfrd ,drk ds nkSj ls ugha xqtjhA
cks/k iz'u 6
56
1½ fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft, % ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
i½ -------- vkSj --------- jkse ds izkphu ------- dh nks izeq[k iztkrkaf=d laLFkk,¡ FkhaA
ii½ jkseuksa ds vuqlkj yksxksa dh fo/kk;h --------- vkSj -------- O;oLFkk dkuwu dh
vk/kkjf'kyk j[krh FkhA
2½ lafo/kku dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk;sa D;k Fkha\
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3½ jkseu jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj fLFkfr dSlh Fkha\

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9 - 16 lkjka'k
bl bdkbZ esa geus foLrkjiwoZd izkphu ;wuku rFkk jkseu jktuhfrd ijaijkvksa dk
v/;;u fd;k gSA geus i<+k fd ;wukfu;ksa us vfr fodflr jkT; vkSj ukxfjdrk dh
vo/kkj.kk dks fodflr fd;k FkkA ;wukfu;ksa ds fy, jkT; ,d izkÑfrd laLFkk Fkha]
ftlus thou vkSj vPNh ft+Unxh ds fy, 'krsZa fodflr djus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA mUgksua s
lafo/kku dh vfr ifjiDo fopkj/kkjk vkSj Økafr ds dkj.kksa ;k jkT; ds lafo/kku esa
ifjorZu dks fodflr fd;k FkkA jktuhfr dh ;wukuh fopkj/kkjk uxj-jkT; dh
vo/kkj.kk rd gh lhfer FkhA
jkseu jktuhfrd ijaijk ;wuku dh vis{kk de HkO; vkSj ekSfyd Fkh] ysfdu jkseu dkuwu
vkSj iz'kklu dh vo/kkj.kk dks fodflr djus esa Js"B FksA mUgksaus nqfu;k ds fofHkUu
leqnk;ksa dks ,d lkFk ck¡/kus ds fy, jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dks foLr`r fd;kA vr% ;g
,d lkoZHkkSfed jkT; fo'oO;kih leqnk; ds fy, FkkA ckn ds o"kks± esa jkseuksa us ppZ vkSj
jkT; lÙkk dks foHkkftr fd;k vkSj nksuksa ds fy, ekuo-nkf;Ro ds foHkktu dh
odkyr dhA
jktuhfr foKku vkSj jktuhfrd ijaijk;sa] izkphu ;wukfu;ksa rFkk jkseuksa }kjk fodflr
vkt vR;Ur Toyar gSa] D;ksafd jkT; ukxfjdrk vkSj lafo/kku dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk;sa
vkSj dkuwu] lkoZHkkSfed leqnk; dh jkseu vo/kkj.kk;sa jktuhfr foKku dh mfpr
vk/kkj dks vHkh Hkh cukrh gSaA
57
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡
9 - 17 'kCnkoyh
iks f yl % iksfyl dk vFkZ uxj-jkT; gksrk gSA ;g ,d NksVh jktuhfrd
bdkbZ FkhA ftlesa ukxfjd lfØ; vfHk#fp j[krs FksA jktuhfr
(Politics) 'kCn iksfyl 'kCn ls fudyk gqvk gSA
,xksjk (Agora) % dk vFkZ uxj-jkT; dk lHkk LFky] uxj esa Lora= iSnk gq,
Hknziq#"k ds fy, lqjf{krA ^,xksjk* ;k Lora= oxZ dk eryc
lkoZtfud euksjatu ls Fkk vkSj ckT+kkj oxZ tgk¡ fofHkUu
izdkj dh lkefxz;ksa dk vknku-iznku gks ldrk FkkA ;g
,Fksfu;u iztkra= ds fy, vko';d FkkA
MSe (Deme) % O;oLFkk dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ ftlesa lHkh ukxfjdksa dks Lo;a
dks ukekadu djokuk FkkA ;wukuh lq/kkjd DyhlFkhUl us
iqjkus dchykas dks ^MSe* esa foHkkftr fd;kA MSe ftidj
mUgksaus uxj esa lajpuk dh] Ñf=e FksA izR;sd ukxfjd MSe
ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk ftlls og lacaf/kr FkkA vjLrq ds
le; 150 MSe FksA MSe ds varxZr dchyk vkSj {ks=h; igpku
dh la;qDr felky FkhA vk/kqfud jkT; esa ,d MSe esa ukekadu
ernku jftLVjksa esa vfHkys[k ds leku FkkA
fVeks Ø lh % ;g IySVks dh iqLrd ^fjifCyd* esa of.kZr ljdkj dk ,d :i
(Timocracy) FkkA ;g vkn'kZ jkT; ds ckn lafo/kku dk nwljk lcls vPNk
:i FkkA IySVks dh ekU;rk Fkh fd fVeksØslh psruk dk rÙo
rdZ ls funsZf'kr gksxk vkSj 'kklu muds gkFk esa gksxk] tks
lkgl dk lEeku djrs FksA
isfjdYl (Pericles) % egkure ,Fksfu;u jktuhfrK] ftUgksua s ,Fksfu;u lafo/kku dks
cM+s iSekus ij yksdra=hdj.k fd;kA mUgksaus bZ-iw- 446 ls
ysdj 432 rd ,FksUl ij 'kklu fd;kA mUgksus vius izfl)
Hkk"k.k esa] ,FksUl dks ^;wuku dk fo|ky;* cryk;kA os egku
lsukuk;d Fks] ftUgksaus ,Fksfu;u lkezkT; dks lqn`<+ fd;kA
vkRe la ; e fl)ka r % bl n'kZu'kkL= fo|kihB dh LFkkiuk bZ-iw- rhljh 'krkCnh esa
T+kSuksa vkWQ flVhve (Zeno of Citium) ds }kjk dh xbZ FkhA
;g fopkj/kkjk dk gsyfs uLVhd fo|kihB (Hellenistic School)
FkkA bls LVksvk (Stoa) ds ØhfliWl (Chrysippus) }kjk
iquxZfBr fd;k x;k FkkA oSjkxh dk ekuuk Fkk fd ,d
nqfu;k&jkT; Fkk vkSj nksuksa bZ'oj vkSj O;fDr blds ukxfjd
FksA bldk ,d lafo/kku Fkk tks mfpr rdZ ij vk/kkfjr Fkk]
O;fDr;ksa dks fl[kkrk Fkk fd D;k djuk pkfg, vkSj D;k
ughaA mfpr rdZ izÑfr dk dkuwu Fkk] tks iSekuk izLrqr
djrk Fkk fd D;k mfpr vkSj Bhd FkkA
fo'oO;kih leq n k; % uxj-jkT; ds iru ds ckn] tks LoU'kklh Fkk] ,d u;k lekt
ftlesa euq"; dh igpku ,d O;fDr dh rjg FkhA ,sls vU;
58
O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk HkkbZ-pkjs dk laca/k LFkkfir djuk FkkA ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
mldk fo'okl nqfu;k-jkT; esa lHkh ekuo ds fo'oO;kih vkS j ekDlZ o knh
HkkbZpkjs esa Fkk] tks tkfr lkekftd vkSj jk"Vªh; foHkktu ds
ckoT+kwn mUgsa ,d lkFk tksM+rk FkkA jkseuksa us gh fo'oO;kih
leqnk; dh vo/kkj.kk dks fodflr fd;kA

ckDZj bZ- ;wukuh jktuhfrd fl)kar - IySVks vkSj muds iwoZt] vkWDlQksMZ 1970A
bjsuoxZ] ^;wukuh jkT;*] cSfly CySdoSy] vkWDlQksMZ] 1966A
lSchu tkWtZ] ^jktuhfrd fl)kar dk bfrgkl* vkWDlQksMZ] 1973A
dSfEczt dk izkphu bfrgkl] [k.M-5 laikfnr] ts-ch- cjh vkSj vU;] dSfEczt fo'ofo|ky;
izsl] dSfEczt] 1979A
xzkaV ,e] jkse dk bfrgkl] osfMuQhYM vkSj fudksYlu] yanu] 1978A

cks/k iz'u 1
1½ i½ fons'kh
ii½ dchyk vkSj oa'k
iii½ vuq'kklu
iv½ gt+kj oxZ ehy
2½ i½ lgh
ii½ xyr
iii½ lgh
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ i½ izkÑfrd
ii½ vPNk
iii½ ukxfjd
iv½ dqyhura=
2½ i½ xyr
ii½ xyr
iii½ lgh
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ i½ isfjdYl
ii½ T+;knk
iii½ vjLrq
59
iv½ jktuhfr
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 2½ i½ lgh
ii½ lgh
iii½ xyr
3½ loZizFke] ;wukfu;ksa us jktuhfr ds foKku dks fodflr fd;k vkSj ukxfjdksa ds
vf/kdkj vkSj drZO;ksa dh ppkZ dhA ;wukfu;ksa us jkT; ds fl)kar dks fodflr fd;k
vkSj ekuk fd ek= jkT; dh lgk;rk ls ge vPNh vkSj iw.kZ ft+Unxh th ldrs FksA
mUgksaus lafo/kku dh izÑfr vkSj jkT; esa ifjorZuksa ds dkj.kksa ij izdk'k MkykA
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ i½ fo'oO;kih
ii½ Iysfc;Ul
iii½ vkWxLVl
iv½ bZlkbZ
2½ i½ xyr
ii½ xyr
iii½ lgh
cks/k iz'u 5
1½ i½ lhusV
ii½ rhu lkS
iii½ jkse ds yksx
iv½ ,d o"kZ
2½ i½ xyr
ii½ lgh
iii½ lgh
cks/k iz'u 6
1½ i½ yksdfiz; lHkk] lhusV vkSj x.kra=A
ii½ jhfr-fjokT+k] ?kks"k.kk] fo/kk;uA
2½ lafo/kku dh ;wukuh vo/kkj.kk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk;sa] ;wukuh ekurs Fks fd jktra=]
dqyhura= vkSj jktuhfr ljdkj ds rhu :i Fks vkSj fujadq'kra=] dqyhura= vkSj
iztkra= muds fc[kjko FksA lafo/kku 'kfDr dk foHkktu vkSj lekt ds fofHkUu oxks±
ds inksa dh O;k[;k djrk FkkA tc lkekftd 'krks± esa ifjorZu gksrk Fkk] rks
lafo/kku esa Hkh ifjorZu ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA
3½ jkse esa yksdfiz; lHkk vkSj lhusV] nks egÙoiw.kZ jktuhfrd laLFkk;sa FkhA lHkh dkuwu
vkSj vkns'k jkseu yksxksa ds vkSj lhusV uke ls tkjh fd;s tkrs FksA ckn ds o"kks± esa
lhusV lnL;ksa (Two Consuls) dk euksu;u djrh Fkh vkSj ;q) vkSj 'kkfUr dk
fu.kZ; ysrh FkhA lhusV ,d lky esa nks lnL;ksa dks pqurh Fkh] os dk;Zdkjh lÙkk
dk fuek.kZ djrs Fks vkSj jkT; ds ekeyksa dh O;k[;k djrs FksA
60
ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
bdkbZ 10 ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh vkS j ekDlZ o knh
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
10-0 mn~ns';
10-1 izLrkouk
10-2 mnkjoknh-ekDlZoknh ijEijk ds y{k.k
10-3 mnkjoknh ijEijk cuke ekDlZoknh ijEijk
10-4 mnkjoknh ijEijk ds :ikUrj.k
10-4-1 Dykfldh mnkjokn
10-4-2 u;k mnkjokn
10-4-3 bPNk Lokra=~;okn
10-4-4 lerkoknh mnkjokn
10-4-5 vU; mnkjoknh :ikUrj
10-4-5-1 ns'k fof'k"V mnkjoknh ijEijk,¡
10-4-5-2 la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa mnkjokn
10-4-5-3 egk}hih; ;wjksi esa mnkjoknh ijEijk
10-4-5-4 Hkkjr esa mnkjoknh ijEijk
10-4-5-5 la;kstu esa mnkjoknh
10-5 ekDlZoknh ijEijk ds :ikUrj
10-5-1 ekDlZokn
10-5-2 ysfuuokn
10-5-3 ekvksokn
10-5-4 vU; ekDlZoknh :ikUrj
10-5-4-1 ik'pkR; ekDlZokn
10-5-4-2 ySfVu vesfjdh mnkjokn
10-5-4-3 Hkkjrh; ekDlZokn
10-6 lkjka'k
10
10-- 0 mn~ns';
bl bdkbZ esa mnkjoknh ekDlZoknh ijEijk ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS tks lkFk jgrs gq, vkSj
fo'o Hkj esa QSys gq, mu fl)kUrksa] lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa rFkk i`Fkkvksa dks izLFkkfir djus
vkSj laj{k.k dh izrhd Fkh] tks mYys[kuh; :i ls vU; jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa ls fHkUu
FkkA vyx-vyx ysus ij] os foxr nks 'krkfCn;ksa esa fo'o esa lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ oSpkfjd
fo?kVu dh izrhd FkhA bl bdkbZ ls xqt+jus ds ckn vki fuEu ds ckjs esa tku ik,¡xs %
• dqy feykdj mnkjoknh ekDlZoknh ijEijk ds y{k.k(
• ekDlZoknh ijEijk ls mnkjoknh ijEijk dk lhekadu(
61
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ • mnkjoknh ijEijk dh egÙoiw.kZ] fofHkUu vfHkO;fDr;ksa dh igpku(
• ekDlZoknh ijEijk dh egÙoiw.kZ] fofHkUu vfHkO;fDr;ksa dh igpku( vkSj
• bu ijEijkvksa }kjk jktuhfrd fl)kUr vkSj izFkk ij NksMs+ x, izHkko ij lq>ko nsukA
10
10-- 1 izLrkouk
dksbZ Hkh ijEijk O;kid :i ls ¼lgHkkftr½ mu fopkjksa] fo'oklksa vkSj izFkkvksa dk fudk;
gS] tks ijEijkxr gSa vkSj ih<+h nj ih<+h mudh fujUrjrk cuh jgrh gS] ,slk fo'okl gSA
,d ijEijk dqN lhek rd LohÑr gksrh gS vkSj ml fopkj/kkjk ds lkis{k esa lkoZtfud
LFky gS] ftlesa foHkktu vkSj leFkZu vUrxZzLr gksrs gSaA rFkkfi] ,d fopkj/kkjk] O;kid
vk/kkj gksus ij ,d ijEijk cu ldrh Fkh vkSj dHkh-dHkh leFkZu ds fy, dksbZ ijEijk
us dqN ?kVdksa dks vyx djds rFkk 'ks"k dh vuns[kh djds ,d fopkj/kkjk cu ldrh FkhA
izk;% ge mnkjoknh jktuhfrd ijEijk dks ekDlZoknh jktuhfrd ijEijk ds eqdkcys ij
[kM+k gqvk ikrs gSaA dbZ igyqvksa ij bu ijEijkvksa dh eq[;/kkjk dh vfHkO;fDr;k¡
egÙoiw.kZ :i ls ,d-nwljs ls fHkUu gSa ftlls ,slh fLFkfr dks U;k;laxr Bgjk;k tk
ldsA rFkkfi] tks bu nks ijEijkvksa ds chp lg;ksftr gSa] mlls os ,d tSlh vFkok
iwoZorhZ dh rjg izrhr gksrh gSaA blls mnkjoknh lEcU/k esa] dbZ ,sls eqn~ns vkids fpUru
ds fo"k; gSa tks bu nks ijEijkvksa ds chp lg;ksftr ekDlZoknh ijEijk dks ,d lkFk ysus
dk vkSfpR; ut+j vkrk gSA Lo;a muds lEcU/k esa Hkh muds chp lgHkkftr nk'kZfudrkoknh]
Kku ehekalh; fo'kky LFkku vkSj i;kZIr vuqcU/k Hkh gSaA
tgk¡ ,slk cgqr dqN gS tks mnkjoknh ekDlZoknh ijEijk dks ,d vfofNUud cukrk gS]
ogha muds chp izeq[k njkjsa vkSj muls mn~Hkwr egÙoiw.kZ erHksn Hkh gSaA okLro esa] erHksnksa
dh lhek mudh fof'k"V izo`fÙk;ksa ds vkj-ikj cnyrh jgrh gSaA blhfy,] muesa ls izR;sd
dks ,d Lora= ijEijk ds :i esa ekuk tk ldrk gSA
,d rjQ mnkjoknh ijEijk rFkk nwljh rjQ ekDlZoknh ijEijk dk xBu dSls gksrk gS\
bu ijEjkvksa esa ls fdlh ,d vFkok ,d lkFk ysdj nksuksa dh lhek,¡ vo/kkfjr djuk
eqf'dy gS] ;|fi bl ckr ij vf/kd vlgefr ugha gks ldrh mudh lkis{k ekSfydrk
dk fuekZ.k fdlls gksrk gSA rFkkfi] muds la?kVdksa ij FkksM+h lgefr gS tks ijLij
lok±xle gS vkSj os la?kVd Hkh gSa] tks ,d dks nwljs ls vyx j[krs gSaA
blds vfrfjDr ijEijk,¡ gksus ds ukrs] u fd ek= fl)kUr] mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh
ijEijk,¡ vH;korZd (inclusive) gSa ftuds {ks= ds Hkhrj ,d cM+h la[;k esa eqn~nksa vkSj
fpUruksa ij muds lkis{k fl)kUrksa ds leh{kkRed :i ls izfrfcfEcr fopkj( bu ijEjkvksa
dks cuk, j[kus okys yksxksa dh vknrsa vkSj fpÙko`fÙk;ksa (Concerns)( fo'o ds os fopkj
'kkfey gSa tks thou ds mu ekxks± ij vk/kkfjr gSa vFkok mudk leFkZu djrs gSa ftuij
os Qy-Qwy jgs gSaA ijEijkvksa ds :i esa os blls igys fd ge mudk iwjh rjg vFkok
dqN Hkkx vFkok muds la?kVdksa dks vf/kjksfir djus viuh fopkfjr ilUn cuk,¡]
lkoZtfud thou esa foy; gks tkrh gSa vkSj fcuk fopkjs gq, rjhdksa ls ewÙkZ :i /kkj.k
djrh gSaA
10
10-- 2 mnkjoknh -ekDlZoknh ijEijkvksa ds y{k.k
ge mu y{k.kksa dh igpku dj ldrs gSa tks dqy feykdj mnkjoknh-ekDlZoknh ijEijk
62 ds :i esa lkoZtfud gSaA os ijEijk ds vkl-ikl lgHkkxh gksrs gSa] ;|fi og rjhdk
ftlls ge ijEijk dh lhek fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa vkSj mlds Hkhrj vkUrfjd njkjsa iSnk ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
djrs gSa] bu y{k.kksa ds gekjs lan'kZ dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA vkS j ekDlZ o knh
mnkjoknh ekDlZoknh ijEijk fof'k"V :i ls vk/kqfud lH;rk dk ,d vax gS vkSj

ifj.kker%] blds dqN dsUnzh; ifjljksa esa lkoZtfud :i ls 'kkfey gksrh gSA ;g lH;rk]
dHkh-dHkh] iwoZ-vk/kqfud lH;rkvksa ds lan'kks± vkSj la?kVdksa ls] O;oLFkkxr vkSj i;kZIr
:i ls] la;ksftr gksus dk iz;kl djrh gSA dHkh-dHkh foxr esa tkdj bl ijEijk ds
iwoZ-bfrgkl dk fuekZ.k djus dk iz;kl Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA if'pe esa dqN
fo|kfFkZ;ksa us xzhdksa vkSj vkjafHkd bZlkb;r ls mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh fopkj thou;kiu
ds rjhdksa ds la?kVd ryk'k fd, gSaA blh izdkj] Hkkjr esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa us cq) /keZ esa bl
ijEijk ds et+cwr vo'ks"k izkIr fd, gSaA rFkkfi] blls ;g ijEijk iwoZ-vk/kqfud ugha cu
tkrh] vfirq ;g foxr ls vko';d :i ls vk/kqfud jgrs gq, bldh ijrksa ls leku
la?kVd izkIr djrh gSA
mnkjoknh-ekDlZoknh ijEijk lkewfgd ekuoh; vuqHko] dkj.k vkSj rdZ-fordZ ij

vk/kkfjr gS] tks jhfr-fjokT+k] iz;ksx] lÙkk vkSj bZ'ojh; Kku ij vk/kkfjr iwoZ-vk/kqfud
jktuhfrd ijEijk ls dkQh vf/kd vkxs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] e/;;qxhu bZlkbZ ijEijk
us lR; rd ys tkus okys viwoZr% fo'ks"kkf/kÑr LFky ds :i esa bZ'ojh; izkdV~; dks
ns[kkA ekDlZoknh mnkjoknh ijEijk lksp djrh gS fd lkoZtfud oLrq ds fuekZ.k dk
lEcU/k gS] bZ'ojh; izkdV~; jkT; dk lzksr ugha gks ldrk vkSj bldh izfrLi/khZ
ladYiuk,a viuh futh tkudkjh ds ckjs esa izfrfØ;kRed gksrs gq,] mnkjoknh vkSj
ekDlZoknh ijEijk,¡ ij jksd ugha yxk ikbZ vkSj bl izfØ;k esa] viuh futh fLFkfr;ksa dk
iqufuZ:i.k djuk iM+k vkSj og Hkh t+ksjnkjh ls dbZ ckjA mu Lora=rkvksa us] tks bu
ijEijkvksa ds izfr opuc) Fkha tSls y{k.k] vfHkO;fDr] tkudkjh vkSj lwpuk rd igq¡p
vkfn] vfuok;Zr% fo'oklksa vkSj ewY;ksa ds cgqokn ds fy, njokts+ iwjh rjg [kksy fn, tks
Lora= tk¡p ds vuq:i FksA bl izdkj] izfrfØ;kRed tkudkjh vkSj O;fDrxr Lora=rk
ls fo'oklksa vkSj i`Fkkvksa dh ck<+ vk xbZA
mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh dbZ egÙoiw.kZ eqn~nksa ij lger gq;sA dbZ igyqvksa ij] os ekuo
izk.kh dh ,d lkoZtfud ladYiuk vkSj i`Foh ij O;fDr dh dsfUnªdjrk esa lgHkkxh cusA
nksuksa us vius vkfo"dkjksa dk cpko fd;kA mu nksuksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd Lora=rk vkSj
Lora=rk ds fy, izsjd jktuhfrd leqnk; ,sls ewY; gSa] ftudk tksjnkjh ls iks"k.k fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A mUgksaus ekuo izkf.k;ksa ds chp vko';d lekurk vkSj ,dek= Hkwfedk fd
ekuo dks izÑfr esa [ksyus ds fy, cqyk;k x;k gS] dk leFkZu fd;kA mu nksuksa dk
fo'okl Fkk fd jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh egku~ le`) thou dh laHkkoukvksa dks mtkxj
djrh gSA vUrr% ekuo izkf.k;ksa dks vius lkewfgd thou vkSj HkkX; dk izHkkj laHkkyuk
gS vkSj bl izHkkj dks iw.kZ n;kyq ijekRek vFkok lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa dks nkuLo:i ugha
lkSaik tk ldrk gSA rFkkfi] os eqn~nksa dh le> vkSj fufgrkFkks± ij cqjh rjg vlger
gq,A os izfr"Bkuksa ds izkFkfedhdj.k ij vlger Fks rFkk vius ifj.kkeksa dks mUgksaus
vyx-vyx izdkj ls fpf=r fd;kA dHkh-dHkh muesa ls ,d us fdlh eqís dks vuns[kk
j[kk] ftls nwljs us egÙoiw.kZ djkj fn;kA
dqy feykdj mnkjoknh-ekDlZoknh ijEijk us tu-lk/kkj.k dh ldkjkRed Hkwfedk

ns[khA os tuleqnk; dks lfØ; :i ls jktuhfr ds {ks= esa [khapus ds ckjs esa leqRlkgh
FksA fdUrq tulk/kkj.k dh ladYiuk dSls dh tk;s vkSj oss fdl izdkj vius dks
vfHkR;Dr djsa] bl ij muesa erHksn FksA dHkh-dHkh le; ds lkFk muds er cnyrs FksA
63
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ mnkjoknh] tksfd izkjEHk esa dqyhura=okn vkSj jktuhfrd fo?kVu ds fo#) tulk/kkj.k
dh ykecanh dks ysdj mRlkfgr Fks] mUgksaus ,d ckj iqu% bl iz'u ij vius iSj f?klVus
'kq: dj fn, tc os lÙkk esa Fks vkSj 'kklu ds fu;e vkSj lafo/kkuokn dh Hkk"kk cksyus
yxsA blh izdkj] ekDlZokfn;ksa us vkRe-'kklu dh Hkk"kk NksM+ nh vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa dh
'kj.k yh] tSls gh ekDlZoknh ny lÙkk esa vk;sA
mnkjoknh-ekDlZoknh ijEijk le>nkjh ij funsf'kr gS vkSj yksdlÙkk ds vk/kkj] QSyko

vkSj lhekvksa dks ek= vuqdwy cukus dh ctk, fu/kkZfjr dj jgh gSA dqy feykdj
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds vuqdwyu vkSj og Hkwfedk tks blesa vfHkuhr gksrh Fkh]
iwoZ-mnkjoknh-ekDlZoknh ijEijkvksa ds y{k.k FksA
iwoZ vk/kqfud jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ LFkku vkSj le; esa lhfer FkhaA blds izfrdwy]
mnkjoknh-ekDlZoknh ijEijk us fØ;kfof/kd vkSj i;kZIr :i ls] fo'o ds laxBu vkSj
iqul±xBu ds fMt+kbu laLFkkfir fd,A
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ fuEu y{k.k mnkjoknh-ekDlZoknh ijEijk ds fy;s leku gSaA
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2½ ekuoh; izÑfr dh mnkjoknh-ekDlZoknh ladYiuk ij pkj okD; fy[ksaA
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10
10-- 3 mnkjoknh ijEijk cuke ekDlZoknh ijEijk
tgk¡ mnkjoknh ijEijk vkSj ekDlZoknh ijEijk] dbZ ekeyksa esa] mHk;fu"B (Common)
vk/kkj ij lgHkkxh gSa] os ,d-nwljs esa foy; ugha gks ldrhaA muds chp egÙoiw.kZ
erHksn gSaA blds vfrfjDr] ;s erHksn ml le; fof'k"V :i xzg.k dj ysrs gSa] tc ge
,d ijEijk ds vyx-vyx :ikUrjksa dh nwljs ds :ikUrjksa ls rqyuk djrs gSaA
64
mnkjokn ekuoh; izÑfr dh ,d lkis{kr] fu;r vkSj iw.kkZfdar /kkj.kk dks xzg.k djrk ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
gSA ekuoh; izÑfr] bl /kkj.kk esa] ;kSfDrdrk (Rationality) vkSj ml ek/;e ls vksrizksr vkS j ekDlZ o knh
gS tks bls iw.kZ cukrk gSA nwljh rjQ] ekDlZokn ekuoh; izÑfr dks ,d ,sfrgkfld
mRikn ds :i esa ns[krk gSA ;g lkekftd fj'rksa ftuesa ;g vofLFkr gS] dh Hkzfer xfr
esa ewfrZeku gksrk gS vkSj cnys esa] mu egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd fj'rksa dks dk;e j[krk gSA
tcfd ekDlZokn ekuoh; ;kSfDrdrk vkSj mlds vfHkdj.k ls budkj ugha djrk]
;g rdZ nsrk gS fd os izpfyr lkekftd fj'rksa }kjk ifj.kr gksrs gSa vkSj mUgsa /;ku esa j[krk
iM+rk gSA
vfHkdj.k ij cy nsrs gq,] mnkjoknh ijEijk izkr% ekuoh; vfLrRo dh Lora=rk vkSj
leku vrhUnzh; fLFkfr;ksa dh vksj mUeq[k gksrh gS vkSj os fof/kd vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
dks vf/kd izkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA pw¡fd ekDlZoknh fo'okl djrs gSa fd ;s ekuoh; vfHkdj.k
izpfyr lkekftd fj'rksa esa Q¡ls gksrs gSa] os vko';drk dks egÙo nsrs gSa vkSj os ?kVd
tks mUgsa vge cukrs gSa] ekuoh; izkFkfedrkvksa dks ewÙkZ:i nsrs gSa vkSj mUgsa fn'kkfunsZ'k
nsrs gSaA os Lora=rk vkSj lekurk dk foLrkj djus ds fy, izfrca/kksa vkSj j.kuhfr;ksa dh
jpuk djrs gSaA
ekDlZoknh ,d ,sfrgkfld fl)kar ds izfr ;ksxnku djrs gSa vkSj rdZ nsrs gSa fd lekt
ifjek.kkRed vkSj xq.kkRed] nksuksa ifjorZuksa ls xqtjrs gSaA iwoZorhZ mRiknd cyksa esa o`f)
djrk gS rFkk rnuq:ih jktuhfrd] fof/kxr vkSj lkaLÑfrd cnyko gksrs gSaA mÙkjorhZ
izpfyr lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd izca/kuksa dk fu:i.k djrk gS tks ,sls
fj'rksa dk leFkZu djrs gSaA lkekU;r% mnkjoknh lkekftd vfHkdj.kksa dh ,sfrgkfld
dFkkvksa dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha ysrsA blds LFkku ij os] ifjdYiuk ds rkSj ij] mUgsa rFkk
lekt vkSj jkT; ftlesa os jgrs gSa dks l{ke cukrs gSa] ftlls ekuo izk.kh ds dfri;
y{k.kksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls n'kkZ;k tk lds] tSlkfd gkWCcl vFkok ykSd lkekftd lafonk
ds xBu ls igys djrs gSaA
mnkjokn okLrfodrk dks le>us ds fy, ekuoh; fnekx ds izfr vkSj vf/kd iwokZfHku;
(Assume) djus ds fy, vfHkeq[k gksrk gSA ekDlZokn mlds O;fDrijd ewY;kadu dh
ctk, oLrqijd ;FkkFkZrk ds {ks= dks lhfer djuk pkgrk gSA blds vfrfjDr] ;g
mÙkjorhZ ds eqdkcys iwoZorhZ dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA rFkkfi] ekDlZokn bl ckr ls
lger gS fd fopkj tc os i`Fkk,¡ cu tkrs gSa vFkok yksxksa ds fny vkSj fnekx ij dkcw
dj ysrs gSa] Lora= vf/kdkjd cu ldrs gSaA
mu ladYiukvksa vkSj oxks± (Categories) esa mYys[kuh; varj gS] ftudk ç;ksx ekDlZokn
lkekftd fo'ys"k.k vkSj ,sMoksdslh ds fy, djrk gS( mnkokn dh rqyuk esaA mnkjokn
ds fy, ladYiuk,a vkSj oxZ] tSls fd^êkuoh;** vf/kdkj vkSj Lora=rk] vlSfud lekt]
izfrfuf/kRo] 'kfDr;ksa dk i`Fkdhdj.k] tuer] U;k; vkSj lekurk mlds fu:i.k ds izfr
ladsfUnzd gSaA rFkkfi] ekDlZokn dk viuk ÝseodZ ladYiukvksa ds fudk; ds :i esa gS]
tSls oxZ vkSj oxZ la?k"kZ] mRiknu dh fLFkfr;k¡] mRiknu xBtksM+ vkSj mRiknd cy]
vk/kkj vkSj c`gn <kapk vf/kd fofu;ksx] jkT; Økafr vkSj laØe.kA
ekDlZokn lekt dh ekSfyd bdkb;ksa ds :i esa lkekftd oxks± ij cy nsrk gSA ;g

O;f"V vfHkdj.k dks iwjh rjg de ugha vk¡drk] vfirq lkekftd oxks± ds izfr ,sfrgkfld
Hkwfedk vkjksfir dh tkrh gSA dqy feykdj] mnkjokn] O;f"Vxr ;qfDrlaxr vfHkdrkZ
dks fo'ks"kkf/kdkj iznku djrk gS vkSj mldks lkeZF; nsrk gS fd og Lora= fu.kZ; ys vkSj
viuk thou O;rhr djsA 65
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ ekDlZokn ,d oxZ foHkkftr lekt esa py jgh izfØ;kvksa dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr djrk
gS] tks ekuo thou ds fodkl ij jksd yxkrk gS vkSj mls foÑr dj nsrk gS rFkk ekuo
izkf.k;ksa dks le`) laHkkoukvksa vFkok muds thou ij vUos"k.k djus ls oafpr j[krk gSA
lkekU;r% mnkjokn O;fDr;ksa dks lgHkkxh vkdka{kkvksa ds lhfer {ks= rd cka/ks j[krk gS
vkSj mUgsa ftl izdkj ds balku os cuuk pkgrs gSa] viuh Lora=rkvksa dk iz;ksx djrs
gq;s mlds fy, vktkn NksM+ nsrk gSA
dqy feykdj] mnkjokn dh rqyuk esa ekDlZokn ekuo dk;ks± vkSj izÑfr ls muds
laca/k ds ,d O;kid fo'ys"k.k iznku djus ds fy, vxzlj gksrh gSA
ekDlZokn brj-fo'o (Other worldly) ugha gSA ;g fo'o dks gekjs var vkSj mn~ns';ksa
ds ckjs esa vkxkg djrk gSA rFkkfi] blesa dfri; vk/;kfRed ryk'k 'kkfey gS D;ksafd
;g oLrqvksa dks Lora= :i ls vo/kkfjr djds Lo;a dh le`) jpuk fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
tgk¡ mnkjokn ds Hkhrj ifjO;kIr fopkjksa dh yM+h gS] tks bl fo'o esa ekuoh; la?k"kZ dks
lhfer djrh gS] ;g ekuo izkf.k;ksa ds yksdksÙkj vkSj brj-fo'o ds la?k"kks± dks lek;ksftr
djus ds fy, vf/kdkf/kd [kqyk gSA mnkjokn vklkuh ls vk/;kfRed rFkk fo'osrj
ryk'k ds fy, vf/kd LFkku miyC/k djrk gSA
ekDlZokn ,slh fLFkfr dk leFkZd gS tgk¡ dksbZ 'kks"k.k u gks vkSj tgk¡ leqnk; dh
lajpuk Lo;a dh le`) fLFkfr ds lkFk-lkFk pysaA bldk ,sfrgkfld fl)kar ,d
iw¡thoknh lekt esa tks bl izdkj ds var dh vksj vxzlj gks] oxZ la?k"kZ ds rjhds ij
fopkj djrk gSA mnkjokn fofHkUu izdkj dh vlekurkvksa dk leFkZu djrs le; Lora=
bPNk ds lkFk mudk lraqyu cuk, j[kus dk iz;kl djrk gSA v'kks"k.k vkSj vizihM+u
ij vk/kkfjr lekt ds ihNs la?k"kZ djus dh ctk, fo|eku lekt dk lq/kkj djuk
bldk y{; gSA leqnk; mnkjoknh dYiuk dh ladsfUnzd ugha gSA rFkkfi] fopkjksa ds ,d
fof'k"V fudk; ds :i esa leqnk;okn ds mn; ls] mnkjokn cM+s rkSj ij leqnk; rd
igq¡pus dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA
ekDlZokfn;ksa ds ikl laØkafrd fu:i.k (Revolutionary Transformation) dh ,d HkyhHkk¡fr

lajfpr vkSj Hkkoizo.k ladYiuk gSA mnkjoknh fo|eku ekuoh; fLFkfr;ksa dks 'kk'or
vkSj LFkk;h cukus ds fy, izo`Ùk gksrs gSa vkSj ;fn os jktuhfrd lq/kkjokn dks va'knku
djrs gSa] ;g vafre iz;kl ds :i esa ladh.kZrk ls ifjxr gksrk gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa ds fy,
laØkfUrd fu:i.k dks lkekftd fj'rksa esa cnyko ds fglkc ls dk;Zlp w h esa LFkku fn;k tkrk
gS] tcfd mnkjokfn;ksa ds fy, ;g vf/kdkjksa vkSj U;k; dh j{kk esa uSfrd dkjZokbZ gSA
ekDlZoknh vkSj mnkjoknh jkT; dh Hkwfedk vkSj vko';drk dh ladYiuk ij ,d-nwljs

ls erHksn j[krs gSaA mnkjoknh jkT; dks vifjgk;Z cqjkbZ ds :i esa Lohdk;Z djrs gSaA
bldks udkjus ls bls Hkksxus dh vis{kk vf/kd gkfu gksrh gSA ekDlZoknh lekt esa
v[kaMuh; oxZ izfrjks/kokn dh fLFkfr esa mn~Hkwr ,d ,sfrgkfld mRikn ds :i esa jkT;
dks ekurs gSaA lekt dk izfrfuf/kRo djus dk nkok djrs gq,] ;g lekt ds Åij 'kklu
djrk gS vkSj vfHkHkkoh oxks± ds fgrksa dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSA os rdZ nsrs gSa fd jkT;
oxZ la?k"kks± vkSj oxZ laca/kksa ds fo?kVu ls eyhu gks tk,xkA
mnkjokn us ,sfrgkfld :i ls iw¡thokn ds lkFk fudV dk fj'rk dk;e fd;k gSA

mnkjokn ds dfri; :ikUrj tSls mRÑ"V mnkjokn] iw¡thokn ds fodkl ds 'kq#vkrh
pj.kksa ds lkFk fudVrk ls varxzZflr gSaA mnkjokn dh dfri; izo`fÙk;k¡] tSls fof/k ds
66
le{k O;kikj vkSj O;olk; dh Lora=rk rFkk lekurk iw¡thokn ds fy, fdlh ekeys esa ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
rdZ nsus ds fy, izHkkoh :i ls fu;ksftr dh tkrh gSaA lkekU; ekuoh; fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vkS j ekDlZ o knh
lgHkkftr ukxfjdrk dks viuh vihy djds] ;g oxZ laca/kksa dh vuns[kh djrk gS vkSj
mlds }kjk oxZ la?k"kZ vfHkHkkoh cuk jgrk gSA ;|fi mnkjokn dks iw¡thokn ls vyx
j[kk tk ldrk Fkk] ,slk djus esa bls] de ls de vHkh rd] lQyrk ugha feyh gS
D;ksfa d ftl rjg ds vf/kdkjksa dk ok;nk fd;k tkrk gS] oks vf/kdkj mRiknd lalk/kuksa
dh vis{kk futh vf/kdkjksa dh vf/kd egÙo nsrs gSaA okLro esa] ekDlZokn iw¡thokn ds
mUewyu ds izfr opuc) gS vkSj vk/kqfud lekt dh vf/kdka'k cqjkb;ksa dks ns[krk gS]
tks mlds iw¡thokn ds lkFk laca/k ds dkj.k gSaA
mnkjoknh :ikarjksa dh rqyuk esa ekDlZokn ds fofHkUu :ikarjksa ds chp izeq[k erHksn Hkh
gSAa ekDlZoknh ijEijk ds dbZ ckj ds :ikarjksa us Lo;a dks vius izoÙkZd iwoZtksa dh lEifÙk
ds fo'oLr /kkjdksa ds :i esa ekukA ysfuuokn us ekDlZ vkSj ,aftyl ds vuU; okfjl
gksus dk nkok fd;kA blh izdkj] ekvksokn us Lo;a dks ekDlZ] ,aftYl vkSj ysfuu dh
lEifÙk dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh ?kksf"kr fd;kA rRi'pkr~] mnkjoknh :ikarjksa esa eqf'dy ls Lo;a
dks iwoZoÙkhZ :ikarjksa ds fo'oLr Lojksa ds :i esa nkok djrs gSaA os nk'kZfud vkSj uSfrd
lgt laca/k dk nkok djrs gSa u fd oQknkj fujUrjrk dkA
ekDlZokn ds fofHkUu :ikarjksa ij mnkjoknh :ikarjksa dh rqyuk esa ,d fof'k"V fopkjd

dh xgu :i ls Nki yxh gSA vr% ekDlZokn dh fof'k"Vrk izk;% muds izfl) izoÙkZd
ds uke ij pyrh gSA
ekDlZokn ijaijk esa] ;|fi vuqorhZ us ijaijk dh vuU; olh;r dk Lo;a ds fy, nkok
fd;k] os oLrqr% o`f)xr :i ls vuU; gks x,A bl Nfo ds lkFk fd ;g izkekf.kd dh
izrhd Fkh] lg;ksftr bl izdkj dh vuU;rk ls nkok djus okyksa ds chp esa la?kkfrd
la?k"kZ gq,A rFkkfi] mnkjoknh ijEijk us vkarfjd erHksnksa vkSj la?k"kks± ij ,d cM+h
dkjZokbZ dh vuqefr nhA ,d dh thr ls nwljs dk mUewyu laHko ugha FkkA ekDlZoknh
:ikarj] lHkh dk izfrfuf/kRo djus ds muds nkos ds ckotwn] lhfer gks x,] tcfd
mnkjoknh :ikarj ijaijk ds lPps vkSj fo'kky /kkjdksa ds :i esa vko';d :i ls Lo;a
dh nkosnkjh ds fcuk] fo'kky ijEijk dk;e djus esa l{ke FksA
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh ijEijk ds chp ik¡p egÙoiw.kZ varj fyf[k,A
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jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 2½ ekuo Lora=rk ds izfr mnkjokfn;ksa vkSj ekDlZokfn;ksa ds chp varj crkrs gq, rhu
okD; fyf[k,A
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10
10-- 4 mnkjoknh ijEijk ds :ikUrj.k
mnkjoknh ijaijkvksa esa vusd ifjorZu gq,] D;ksafd blds lg-l;kstdksa (internal
Coordinates) us pqukSfr;ksa vkSj lekykspukvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu egÙoiw.kZ egÙkk
izkIr dhaA blesa vfrfjDr] blls vusd {ks=h; ifjorZu gq;s] bldh fofo/k fopkj/kkjk
vkSj lkekftd lanHkks± ds vUrji`"B ds dkj.kA
10
10-- 4 - 1 Dykfldh mnkjokn
tkWu ykWd ¼1632-1704½] tgk¡ rd bl :ikarj dk laca/k gS] ,d dsUnzh; vkÑfr gSA
mldk fopkjksa vkSj euksHkkoksa ds ,d lkis{kr% lalDr fudk; ds lkFk] foy; gqvkA blus
vc rd vH;Lr rjhdksa dh rqyuk esa mYys[kuh; fofHkUu rjhdksa ls lkekftd vkSj
jktuhfrd izfØ;k ds ekxZ dh vksj mUeqDr fd;k vkSj mldk fn'kk funsZ'ku fd;kA
blus fofHkUu ekunaMksa vkSj ewY;ksa dks yksxksa ds eu esa fcBk;k vkSj mUgsa izksUur fd;kA
blus yksd laLFkkvksa ds yk{kf.kd xq.kksa dk o.kZu fd;k rFkk mUgsa vius Lo;a ds fl)karksa
dh larh{kk (Scrutiny) ds v/khu dj fn;kA blus blds fopkjksa vkSj euksHkkoksa }kjk
mRizsfjr thou dh jkg vkSj vke tkudkjksa dks yksdkpkj cukus dk iz;kl fd;kA blus
bl dk;Zlwph dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy, izsjd rÙoksa dks iqu% izkIr djus dh ps"Vk dh vkSj
blds fy,] miyC/k olh;rksa (Legacies) ij /;ku fn;kA
Dykfldh mnkjokn us dfri; O;f"Vxr vf/kdkjksa tSls thou] Lora=rk vkSj lEifÙk
vkSj lEifÙk ij /;ku fn;k] tcfd bu vf/kdkjksa dh cks/kxE;rk ij egÙoiw.kZ erHksn Fks]
izkÑfrd fu;e ftlus ekuoh; lÙkk dks lwfpr fd;k] dh vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa mudh
cks/kxE;rk ds fy, izcy izo`fÙk FkhA dbZ fopkjdks]a ftUgksua s bl :ikarj dks Lohdkj fd;k
Fkk] dk rdZ Fkk fd ekuo lÙkk dks lekt esa cnyk x;k rFkk mls ,d lkekftd lafonk
ds ek/;e ls ,d lkoZtfud bPNk vkSj izkf/kdkj ds rgr fu;af=r fd;k x;kA bl
izdkj ds jpuk foU;kl esa] ekuoh; izÑfr dks la?kkRed ca/kuksa vkSj laca/kksa esa vkSj ds
ek/;e ls xfBr djus ds ctk, iwoZ-lkekftd ds :i esa xzg.k fd;k x;kA ekuoh;
izÑfr dks bl :ikarj ds }kjk ,d le; jfgr vkSj lkoZHkkSfed ekun.M ds ek/;e ls
,d ,sfrgkfld vkSj lanHkkZ/khu ,dkarokl ls gVkdj ,d :i fn;k x;kA Dykfldh
mnkjokn] fo'ks"kdj blds :ikarj dk fo'okl Fkk fd futh lEifÙk ukxfjd lekt }kjk
iSnk ugha dh xbZ Fkh] vfirq og blls igys ukxfjd lekt vkSj jkT; dks blesa gLr{ksi
dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha FkkA bl :ikarj esa] Lora=rk esa izfrjks/k u gkssus dh fLFkfr esa
udkjkRed vuqHko ds :i xzg.k dh xbZ FkhA
68
Dykfldh mnkjokn us ukxfjd lekt vkSj jkT; dks ewy :i ls vf/kdkjksa ds laj{kd ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
ds :i esa ns[kkA vr% jkT; dqN vU; ewY;ksa dks izksUur djus ds uke ij vf/kdkjksa esa vkS j ekDlZ o knh
n[ky ugha ns ldrk Fkk] vFkok vf/kdkjksa ds {ks= ij lhek vf/kjksfir ugha dj ldrk
Fkk] tc rd vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k dks Lo;eso ,slh n[kyankth dh vko';drk u gksA
blus ,d lhfer 'kklu dk leFkZu fd;kA blus 'kklu dks lhekvksa ds Hkhrj j[kus ds
fy, dbZ rjhdksa dk izLrko fd;kA vf/kdkjksa ds {ks= us ,d ukxfjd lekt dks tUe
fn;k tks fd fofHkUu la?kksa vkSj lewgksa ls cuk Fkk vkSj jkT; dh xfrfof/k ij fujUrj
fu;a=.k vkSj fuxjkuh j[krk FkkA fofHkUu Lora=rkvksa ds gksus ls ukxfjd lekt 'kklu
ds fofHkUu vaxksa ij vfojy vkSj lrr fuxjkuh j[kus esa l{ke gqvkA ,d izfrfuf/k
fo/kkf;dk] 'kfDr dk i`Fkdhdj.k] lkoZtfud izkf/kdkj dk QSyko lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj
vkof/kd fuokZpu bl :ikarj ds euksHkko ds dsUnz esa FksA blus cgqer ds 'kklu dh
ctk, cgqer dh lgefr Lohdkj dhA blus vius er ds }kjk viuh izfrfuf/kd-
izkFkfedrk dks O;Dr djus ds fy, izR;sd izkS<+ dh vis{kk dhA okLrfod izfrfuf/kRo]
vFkkZr~] bl izdkj dk;Z djus ds fy, gdnkj yksxksa dk izfrfuf/kRo] i;kZIr FkkA
bl :ikarj.k dk vkfFkZd izfrLFkk;h ;qDr ckt+kj vkSj vgLr{ksi uhfr FkhA oLrqr%]
mRÑ"V mnkjokn iz'kaluhr rkSj ij mHkjrs gq, ukxfjd oxZ ds fy, futh lEifÙk ij
vius LoHkkoxr cy] lhfer vkSj vkSipkfjd LohÑr Lora=rk rFkk O;kikj dh Lora=rk
ij cy ds lkFk ,d fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa jkl vk;kA ckt+kj esa vfHkO;Dr fofue; dh
Lora=rk fofue; nj mRikn ds mfpr ewY; fu;r djus ds fy, okafNr FkhA blds
vFkkZuqlkj] jkT; dks eqdkcys j[kk x;k FkkA
10
10-- 4 - 2 u;k mnkjokn
u;s mnkjokn ds dbZ fopkj] ftUgksua s Lo;aeso 19oha 'krkCnh ds var rd mnkjokn ds ,d
fof'k"V :ikarj ds :i esa lesdu fd;k] vkjaHk esa T+kkSa t+kd :lks ¼1712-1778½ }kjk
O;ofLFkr fd, x,A muds fy, Lora=rk ek= pqfuUnk Lora=rk ugha Fkh] vfirq yksxksa dh
jpukRed ;ksX;rk gS tks ekuo dh lÙkk dks eglwl dj ldsA leqnk; ds dk;ks± esa
Hkkxhnkjh ls fdlh ,d dh ftEesnkjh ij ,dek= lalk/ku] ftldh lekt-iwoZ jkT; esa
ekStwnxh ntZ dh tk ldrh Fkh] ds izfr lkewfgd lalk/kuksa dks j[kdj i;kZIr :i ls
jpukRed laHkkoukvksa dk foLrkj fd;kA jktuhfrd leqnk; vkSj mldh izfØ;kvksa esa
lgHkkfxrk ls okLrfod bPNk dks ryk'k djus rFkk foxr vkSj foyfEcr fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa
dh vkdfLedrkvksa dks cgk nsus dh {kerk vkbZA
u;k mnkjokn] teZu Kku tkxj.k (Enlightenment) ds fopkj] fo'ks"kdj] ,EeSu,q y dkUr
vkSj ,Q- MCY;w- th- gsxy ds fopkjksa ls vR;f/kd izHkkfor gqvkA dkUr us ,d okLrfod]
vkSj cqf)ijd O;fDrRo] ftUgsa og bfUnz;ksa }kjk mÙksftr fd, tkus ij bPNkvksa }kjk
izsfjr-,d mUur vkSj ,d vour O;fDrRo ds :i esa ekurs Fks] ds chp varj fd;kA
mUur vkRek Lora=rk dk lgh ekxZ FkkA dkUr ds fy, lPph Lora=rk ijk/khurk dh
v/khurk ls Lora=rk FkhA dkUr us fy[kk] ^^,slh Lora=rk dBksjre fLFkfr vFkkZr~ yksdksÙkj
Hkko ls Lora=rk** dgh tkrh gSA
;g 'kq) Lok;Ùk cqf)ijd bPNk dh Lora=rk gS] tks lgh rkSj ij 'kq)r% vkSipkfjd
uSfrd fu;e tks Lo;a ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] ds vuqlkj gSA #fp dh larqf"V vFkok
lhekvksa dh ck/kk ,slh Lora=rk ij ck/kk ugha gSA vfirq izR;sd ,slh ckr gS] tks 'kq)
dkj.k ds vk/kkj ij uSfrd thou esa ck/kk Mkyrh gSA gsxy us dkUr dh Lora=rk dks
69
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ ,d lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd vfHkO;fDr nsus dh ek¡x dhA mldk rdZ Fkk fd fo'ks"k
vkSj lhfer iz;Ru ds {ks= esa vfHkO;Dr Lora=rk Lo;eso Lora=rk ds :i esa Hkzfer djrh
gSA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k %
^^jkT;] ,d lEiw.kZ uSfrdrk gS] tks okLrfodrk dk og Lo:i gS ftlesa

O;fDr dh viuh Lora=rk gksrh gS vkSj og mldk vkuUn ysrk gS] ijUrq
mlds igpkus tkus dh 'krZ ij] ml ij fo'okl djds ;g bPNk djuh
iM+rh gS tks loZfu"B gSA**
FkkWel fgy xzhu ¼1836-1882½ us u;s mnkjokn :ikarj dh jpuk foU;kl fdlh vU;
dh vis{kk vf/kd O;ofLFkr fd;kA mUgksaus jktuhfrd leqnk; dh xq.koÙkk vkSj mldh
laLFkkvksa dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr djds mRÑ"V mnkjokn dh 'kCnkoyh dks myV Øe esa
djus dk iz;kl fd;k] ftlls ml rjg dh izkFkfedrk ds fy, l{ke gks tk,¡ tks oSlk
djuk pkgs@ mudk rdZ Fkk fd ,slk leqnk; ftldk viuk dkuwu vkSj 'kklu gS vkSj
tks rkdr ij fo'okl ugha djrk vfirq vius ukxfjdksa dh lgefr ij fo'okl djuk
gS] Lora=rk ds fy, vifjgk;Z 'krZ gSA ,sls leqnk; ds lnL; ,d-nwljs ds izfr vkHkkj
eglwl djrs gSa vkSj ;g ,sls fpUru vkSj leFkZu gSa] ftlls dksbZ Hkh ml izdkj dh
#fp;k¡ dj ldrk gS tks og pkgrk gSA bl vfuok;Zrk ds v/khu ukxfjd jkT; vkSj
vU; ukxfjdksa ds izfr viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks Lohdkj djrs gSa] D;ksafd bl izfØ;k esa
muds futh thou vkSj Lora=rk esa lEeku izkIr gksrk gS vkSj mls izkUs ur fd;k tkrk gSA
u, mnkjokfn;ksa ds fy, Lora=rk ,slk ewY; gS] ftldk iks"k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
rFkkfi] bl izdkj ds ewY; dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, fo'ks"k izdkj dk jkT; vkSj lekt
iwoZ 'krs± gSaA Lora=rk ds fy, uSfrd :i ls fufeZr O;f"V;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj
lkekftd laLFkk,¡ ,sls O;f"V;ksa dk fuekZ.k laHko cukrh gSA ;s laLFkk,¡ oLrqr% vius
lnL;ksa ds fØ;kdyki dh vfHkO;fDr gSaA
xzhu dh O;oLFkk esa vf/kdkj vkSj dkuwu Lora=rk ds varjax FksA vf/kdkj mu Lora=rkvksa
dh j{kk djrs gSa] ftls O;f"V vkSj lkekftd xzqi vius fy, nkok djrs gSa vkSj mldh
nwljksa dks laLohÑfr nsrs gSaA dkuwu esa] jktuhfrd fgrksa ls Åij mB jgs gSa vkSj
izfrca/kksa dks ykxw dj jgs gSaA fof/kra= ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djrk gSA jkT;
ck/kkvksa dks nwj djrk gS vkSj uSfrd fodkl ds i{k esa gkykr rS;kj djrk gSA jkT; ,d
lekt ds ek= ljdkjh vkSj dkuwuh laLFkk,¡ gh ugha gS] vfirq ukxfjdksa vkSj Lora= la?kksa
dks 'kkfey djrk gS] tks 'kkldh; fu.kZ;ksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj dk;kZUo;u esa
Hkkxhnkjh fuHkk jgs gSaA
u;s mnkjokn us ekuo LoHkko dks dky jfgr gksus dh ctk, xfriw.kZ gksus ds fy,
iqu%ladYiuk dhA ekuo LoHkko fof'k"V izdkj ds fu;eksa }kjk lqxfBr vFkok dqxfBr
gksrk gS rFkk ml iks"k.k dk leFkZu djrk gS rFkk cnys esa mldk vkSj mu fu;eksa dk
iks"k.k djrk gS] ml izdkj dh ekuuh; lÙkk dks izfrfcfEcr djrk gS tks mudks LFkkf;Ro
iznku djrh gSaA
u;s mnkjokn us vkfFkZd izfrjks/koknh uhfr;ksa] dY;k.k mik;ksa vkSj /ku ds iqu% forj.k
ds fy, ekxZ [kksy fn;kA blesa csjkst+xkjh vkSj xjhch dh leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy,
nyhysa vkSj U;k;;qDrrk eqgS;k djkbZ xbZA mlus vkSj vf/kd lekurkokn rFkk lgdkjh
lekt dh ek¡x dhA â"V-iq"V ukxfjd oxZ ds fuekZ.k ds fy, iwokZis{kk ds :i esa laLFkkvksa
ds LokLF; ij u, mnkjokfn;ksa }kjk t+ksj nsuk ,d jkT; ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ,d
70 'kfDr'kkyh Lianu FkkA
10
10-- 4 - 3 bPNk Lokra=~;okn ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
foxr rhu n'kdksa esa] vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lekt esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk dks lhfer vkSj ifjxr ijEijk,¡
djus rFkk ckt+kj dh Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, lrr iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA
blls mnkjokn dk bPNkLokra=~;okn uked ,d :iLrj izpyu esa vk;k gSA ;g
Lora=rk cuke vU; ewY;ksa dh izkFkfedrk dk nkok djrk gSA ;g mnkjokn dh ckt+kj
ds vfLrRo ds lkFk vuq{ksi lhek rd ladh.kZ cukrk gS] ftlesa ;g Lora=rk dk ewÙkZ :i
ns[krk gSA bPNkLokra=~;okn ds dqN izfl) oDrk gSa jkWcVZ ukWft+d] feYVu ÝhMeSu vkSj
,p-,- g~;sdA
bPNkLokra=~;oknh dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh ryk'k djrs gSa tks muds fopkj esa ^vlhfer*
gks pqdk gSA ;g ml le; dk;Z djrk gS] tc mls irk pyrk gS fd ukxfjdksa ds fy,
D;k vPNk gS] ctk, blds fd ukxfjd fu.kZ; djsa fd muesa ls izR;sd ds futh gsrq D;k
vPNk gSA ;g 'kkluksa ds izfr mu cgqerksa }kjk ladVkiUu gS] tks ywV-[klksV] equkQs ds
foHkktu ds fy, fofHkUu xzqiksa ds lkFk lkSnsckth r; djds lÙkk gkfly djus ds fy,
viHkz"V dk;ks± esa yx pqds gSaA cgqer dk 'kklu fofHkUu vYila[;d fgrksa ds xBca/ku
ij vk/kkfjr 'kklu cu x;k gSA bPNkLokra=~;oknh] bl izdkj] mnkjokn dks cgqer ds
'kklu ls vyx djus ds fy, la?k"kZjr gSaA
,slh fLFkfr ds fojks/k esa tgk¡ ljdkjsa tSlk mfpr le>rh gSa] fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dkuwu
cukus ds fy, Lora= gSa] ogk¡ bPNkLokra=~;oknh bl ckr dk i{k ysrs gSa fd yksxksa dks
p;u djus dh Lora=rk gksuh pkfg, ¼feYVu ÝhMeSu vkSj mudh iRuh }kjk ,d iqLrd
dk 'kh"kZd ^Ýh Vw pwt+* gS½A os ,d ,sls vYire jkT; dh ek¡x djrs gSa tks [ksy ds
fu;eksa dks vo/kkfjr djus] mudk iapkV djus rFkk mUgsa ykxw djus ds fy, iw.kZr%
fpfUrr gksaxsA os uSfrd gdnkjh dks ml jkT; ls gVkdj lekt fuekZ.k djus okys
O;f"V;ksa dks vUrfjr djuk pkgrs gSa] tks bl ij Lo;a ds fy, vukf/kdkj ps"Vk djus
yxrk gSA
lEifÙk dk vf/kdkj] ftls bPNk Lokra=~;oknh ,oa lekxe dk ekeyk ekurs gSa] muds
}kjk Lora=rk ds e/; esa ekuk tkrk gSA ,Q-,- g;sd dk dguk Fkk %
^^tks dqN gekjh ih<+h Hkwy pqdh gS og ;g gS fd futh lEifÙk dh O;oLFkk

Lora=rk ds fy, lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ izfrHkwfr gS] tks dsoy mUgha ds fy, ugha tks
lEifÙk ds ekfyd gSa] vfirq ceqf'dy muds fy, de gksxh tks blds ekfyd ugha
gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dk fu;a=.k Lora= :i ls dk;Zjr
yksxksa ds chp foHkkftr dj fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd gekjs Åij fdlh dh iw.kZ lÙkk
ugha gS vkSj ge O;f"V;ksa ds :i esa fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSa fd gesa Lo;eso D;k djuk
gSA** ¼,Q-,- g;sd] n jksM Vw lQZMe] yanu] :V ySt] 1944] i`-78½
bPNkLokra=~;oknh Lora=rk] ckt+kj] uhfr;ksa rFkk mik;ksa ds n{k vuqikyu ds e/; ,d

v[kaMuh; ca/ku LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA os eglwl djrs gSa fd Lora=rk dk
vfLrRo vnwjn'kZuh; rFkk vizkDdFkuh; dh laHkkouk NksM+ nsrk gS] ftlds Åij foKku
vkSj lH;rk fuHkZj djrh gSaA os rdZ nsrs gSa fd lokZf/kd mi;ksxh Kku og gS tks
tUetkr fodsUnzhÑr gS vkSj Rofjr vuq;kstu ds fy, O;fDr ds ikl miyC/k gksrk gS]
u fd ;kstukdkjksa ds iklA HkwfeLFk fLFkfr esa ifjorZuksa ls O;kid :i ls fu:fir
;kstuk,¡ vizpfyr gks tkrh gSaA ,d O;f"V lqlaxr vkSj mfpr tkudkjh ls csgrj
lqlfTtr gksrk gS vkSj mls dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ykyQhrk'kkgh dh vis{kk vf/kdre 71
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ iz;ksx esa ykrk gSA ckt+kj lqlaxr tkudkjh dk izlkj.k djds ;qfDrlaxr vkcaVuh;
fu.kZ;ksa dks lgt cukrs gSaA muds vuqlkj ckt+kj Lora= vf/kdkfj;ksa ds :i esa tks vius
j.k{ks= esa Lo;eso Lora= :i ls ckrphr djrs gSa] cy iz;ksx ugha dj ldrk gSA vr%
,d Lora= O;oLFkk ds Qyus-Qwyus ds fy, ;g i;kZIr ugha gS fd dkuwu dk 'kklu
izpfyr jgs] vfirq ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd ckt+kj lfg".kqrkiwoZd Hkyh-Hkk¡fr dk;Z
djrk jgsA
10
10-- 4 - 4 lerkoknh mnkjokn
mnkjokn dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ :ikarj tks gky ds o"kks± esa lfUuc) gqvk gS] lerkoknh
mnkjokn jgk gSA tkWu jkWYl dh , F;kSjh vkWQ tfLVl ¼1971½ vkSj ikWfyVhdy
fycjfyT+e ¼1893½ esa izLrqr vxz.kh jpuk us bl ifjisz{; ds foLrkj ds fy, egku~
;ksxnku fd;k gSA , F;kSjh vkWQ tfLVl mi;ksfxrkokn dh leh{kkRed gS] tks
yksduhfr vkSj laLFkkvksa dh fu"i{krk dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, fucy ldy larqf"V;ksa
(Net Aggregate Satisfactions) dks fu;ksftr djrk gSA jkYl eglwl djrs gSa fd ,slh
fLFkfr ls ml cgqla[;kokn tks vf/kdkjksa ds }kjk mi;ksfxrk dks izkFkfedrk ugha nsrk]
ds Lo:i dk leFkZu djus okyh izkFkfedrk ls iwoZ vPNkbZ dk fu/kkZj.k djds vkSj nwljksa
dh larqf"V ds fy, ekuo O;fDr;ksa dks lgk;d cukus ds fy, izo`Ùk gksus ls Lora=rk dks
de vk¡dus dk tksf[ke cuk jgrk gSA
mi;ksfxrkokn ds fl)kar ds fo#) vkSj bEekuq,y dkar ds uSfrd fl)kar ij dVk{k

djrs gq, jkWYl rdZ nsrs gSa fd U;k;fiz; O;oLFkk ^^vius var ls igys Lo;a** vkSj ^^HkykbZ
ls igys vf/kdkj** ds fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij gksuh pkfg,A ;g Lo;a gh gS tks fopkjksa
vkSj #fp;ksa ds ek/;e ls O;fDr dk ekxZ vo/kkfjr djrs gq, dfri; iwoZ-iznÙk ekuk
tkrk gS] pw¡fd ;g gekjs fØ;kdyki dks fueaf=r djus okys dfri; iwoZ y{;ksa ds izfr
opuc) ugha gksrkA jkWYl ,sls fl)karksa ds lw=hdj.k ds fy, lkekftd lafonk ;qfDr
dk vkJ; ysrs gSa ftu fl)karksa ij viuh lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dks vk/kkj
iznku djus ds fy, lHkh lger gks ldrs gSAa ;s fl)kar gSa % ¼1½ izR;sd O;fDr dks
lokZf/kd O;kid ekSfyd Lora=rk] tks nwljksa ds fy, leku Lora=rk ds vuq:i gks] dk
leku vf/kdkj gS] ¼2½ lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd Lora=rk,¡ bl Øe esa O;ofLFkr dh tk,¡
fd os nksuksa ¼d½ U;wure ykHk izkIr dks vf/kdre ykHknk;d gksa rFkk ¼[k½ mu dk;kZy;ksa
vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ls tqM+h gksa] tks volj dh fu"i{k lekurk ds 'krks± ds v/khu lHkh ds fy,
[kqyh gksaA buesa izR;sd fl)kar ds vius ifjek.k gksrs gSaA izFke fl)kar fof'k"V vf/kdkjksa
vkSj drZO;ksa dks tUe nsrh gS tSls cksyus dh Lora=rk] lHkk] var'psruk] (Conscience)
O;fDrxr lEifÙk vkSj ernku vkSj dk;kZy; cukus ds laca/k esa jktuhfrd Lora=rkA
nwljk fl)kar /ku vkSj 'kfDr dk fu"i{k forj.k fofu;fer djrk gSA jkWYl bu fl)karksa
ds vk/kkj ij ,d lao/S kkfud] fof/kd] U;k;laxr vkSj ukxfjd thou dk izLrko djrk gSA
jktuhfrd mnkjokn esa] jkWYl] dks yxrk gS fd , F;kSjh vkWQ tfLVl esa muds }kjk
izLrqr ladYiuk esa mUgksaus cgqyrk dks fglkc esa ugha fy;k gS] vfirq thou ds
;qfDrlaxr O;kid y{;ksa dh vksj /;ku fn;k gS tks vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d lekt esa
izpfyr gSaA bl iz;kstukFkZ og fu"i{krk ds rkSj ij Lora=-vpy fopkj dks U;k; ds :i
esa ns[kus dk izLrko djrk gS ftl ij ftanxh ds ;qfDrlaxr rjhds lger gSa vkSj mlds
gkl] ,d vfrO;kIr vkejk; ij igq¡prk gSA rnuqlkj] og nksuksa fl)karksa esa la'kks/ku
djrs gSa tks fd , F;kSjh vkWQ tfLVl esa ,d lhek rd izLrkfor fd;kA ;s fl)kar rhu
?kVdksa ij t+ksj nsrs gq, mnkjokn ds lekurkoknh Lo:i dk leFkZu djrs gSa vkSj mldh
72
vfHkO;fDr djrs gSaA ;s rhu ?kVd gSa % ¼d½ jktuhfrd Lora=rkvksa ds mfpr ewY; dh ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
izfrHkwfr tks muds 'kq) vkSipkfjd ewY; ds vuq:i ugha gS( ¼[k½ volj dh fu"i{k vkS j ekDlZ o knh
lekurk vkSj ¼x½ fHkUurk dk fl)kar ftlds vuqlkj lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa
dks lek;ksftr djuk] rkfd U;wure ykHk izkIr djus okyksa dks vf/kdre ykHk mn~Hkwr gksA
10
10-- 4 - 5 vU; mnkjoknh :ikUrj
10-4-5-1 ns'k fof'k"V mnkjoknh ijEijk,¡
mnkjoknh ijEijk ds :ikarj ftudk geus Åij mYys[k fd;k gS] fopkjks@ a fo'oklksa rFkk
ewY;ksa ds vkj-ikj egÙo vkSj laca/k rFkk ifj.kkeksa tks muls fHkUu :i ls lkeus vkrs gSa]
dk cks/k djkrs gSaA :ikarjksa us fofHkUu lektksa esa viuh futh fof'k"V Nki NksM+hA buesa
ls dqN lektksa us nwljksa ds laca/k esa dfri; :ikarjksa dh egku~ lkis{krk dk izn'kZu
fd;kA mnkgj.kkFkZ] u, mnkjokn us Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ij vkSj dbZ o"kks± rd
vkt+knh ds ckn ns'k dh uhfr;ksa ij Hkkjh izHkko dk;e fd;kA fofHkUu ns'kksa dh
lkaLÑfrd vfHkO;fDr vkSj mudh laoS/kkfud] fof/kd vkSj jktuhfrd vfHkO;fDr;ksa us
buesa ls dqN :ikarjksa dks ?kjsyw cuk fn;k ftlls mudh mnkjoknh ijEijk,¡ cM+s rkSj ij
Lons'kh cu xb±A
10-4-5-2 la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa mnkjokn
mnkjokn ds vesfjdh :ikarj us fopkjksa ds dfri; fof'k"V fudk; dks lkeus j[kk]
ftlus o"kkZuqo"kZ mnkjokn ds fofHkUu :ikarj tks izpfyr gks x, Fks ds lkFk vUrj-fØ;k
dhA la;qDr vesfjdk esa] izfrfuf/kRo dk vf/kdkj fczVsu dh rjg okLrfod ugha Fkk rFkk
;g jktuhfrd leqnk; ds fgrksa ls u tqM+dj dqy feykdj fuokZpu {ks= vkSj mlds
ernkrkvksa dh fpUrkvksa ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA blds vfrfjDr] izfrfuf/kRo i)fr ds ek/;e
ls yksxksa dh ^csgrj fdLe* dh igpku djus ij cy fn;k x;k FkkA la;qDr jkT;
vesfjdk esa] lEifÙk vkSj LFkkuh; fgrksa ij cy nsuk vis{kkÑr vf/kd et+cwr FkkA blds
vykok] 'kklu us fczVsu esa n`';eku vgLr{ksi uhfr fl)kar dh vis{kk la;qDr jkT;
vesfjdk esa mls vf/kdkf/kd izfrjks/koknh 'krks± ij xzg.k fd;k FkkA mlh le;] yksdfiz;
laizHkqrk dh /kkj.kk] ftls yksxksa us jktuhfrd leqnk; ds :i esa fujarj iz;ksx fd;k vkSj
mldk laj{k.k fd;k] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa xgjs rd cSB xbZA mnkjokn dh
laLFkkxr tfVyrk ij Hkh fofHkUu rjhdksa ls T+kksj fn;k x;kA foHksnd laizHkqrk ftlus
LFkkuh;okn dks c<+kok fn;k vkSj dsfUnzdrk ds [krjs dks de fd;k] us fczVsu dh vis{kk
la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa Lora= :i ls vf/kd tksj fn;kA ukxfjd la?kksa vkSj la;qDr
jkT; vesfjdk esa muds jktuhfrd egÙo dk egku~ ÝSap jktuhfrd nk'kZfud] ,ysfDll
,s] rkWdoh }kjk mYys[k fd;k x;kA mUgksaus bls yksdrkaf=d rkuk'kkgh ds izfr izfrHkkj
ds :i esa ns[kk] ftls mUgksaus la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa laHkkO; [krjs ds :i esa eglwl
fd;kA
^^;fn ekuoksa dks lH; cus jguk gS fd vFkok ,slk gksuk gS rks ,d-nwljs ds lkFk
tqM+us dh dyk dk mlh vuqikr esa lao)Zu vkSj lq/kkj gksuk pkfg, ftl vuqikr
esa lekurk dh 'krks± dk foLrkj gksrk gS**] ¼,-n- rkSdfo] MSeksØslh bu vesfjdk]
U;w;kdZ] jS.Me gkml] i`- 118½
vesfjdh mnkjokn us cgqyokn ds vius yk{kf.kd fopkj dks m[kkM+ QsadkA bldk rdZ
Fkk fd jkT; Hkh vusd la?kksa esa ,d la?k gS] tks ,d fo'ks"k le; ij O;fDr dks dk;Zjr 73
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ djrk gSA ogh nwljs Hkh laxBu gSa ftuds lkFk O;fDr vius fgrksa vkSj oQknkfj;ksa ds
lkis{kr% c¡/k tkrk gS rFkk izR;sd la?k vius futh pqfuank {ks= esa mRÑ"V gksrk gSA bl
izdkj] jkT; ds ikl dksbZ vf/kHkklh 'kfDr;k¡ ugha gksrh vkSj mls vU; la?kksa ds lkFk dk;Z
djuk vko';d gks tkrk gSA
10-4-5-3 egk}hih; ;wjksi esa mnkjoknh ijEijk
egk}hih; ;wjksi esa mnkjoknh ijEijk tfVy vkSj ijrnkj gSA Ýkal esa iwoZ :lh
mnkjoknh ijEijk dfri; fof'k"V izcy izHkko okyh FkhA oksYVS;j dh jpuk esa Hkk"k.k]
fo'okl] la?k vkSj izSl dh fofHkUu Lora=rkvksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ FkhA izÑfrra=okfn;ksa
us t+ksjnkjh ls ckt+kj dh Lora=rk dk rdZ fn;kA nk'kZfudksa us lHkh iq#"k vkSj efgykvksa
ds ,d ca/k ds }kjk la;qDr djus dh ;qfDr ij cy fn;kA Ýkal esa ,d 'kfDr'kkyh
ukxfjd-x.krkaf=d ijEijk Hkh Fkh] ftlus dbZ ckj mnkjoknh izfr"Bkuksa vkSj dk;Zo`Ùkksa
ls gkFk feyk;kA
:lks dh lEiw.kZ yksdra= dh ladYiuk vkSj og lEcU/k tks mUgksaus blds vkSj Lora=rk
ds chp LFkkfir fd;k] xqVksa vkSj fgrfpard xzqiksa ds xBu ds izfrdwy gks x,A xqVksa us
fgek;rh laLFkkvksa dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj os vkejk; dk okLrfod bPNk ds lkFk
lkeatL; ugha fcBk ldsA ÝSap jkT; ftls vkejk; dk /kkjd ekuk x;k Fkk] ukxfjdksa
ds lkFk lh/kk laca/k j[kus okyk ekuk x;k FkkA ukxfjdksa vkSj jkT; ds chp vU; dksbZ
fgr ugha FksA mlds izfrdwy] vesfjdh 'kSyh dk cgqyokn ,sls fgrksa ds nkos ds lkFk Qyk
Qwyk FkkA
egk}hi ds vU; fgLlksa esa mnkjokn us izcyrkiwoZd cqf)okfn;ksa dh vf/kNfo xzg.k dhA
teZuh esa ;g fLFkfr fo'ks"k :i ls FkhA bls jktra= la?kh; fo?kVu ds fo:} funsZ'k fn;k
x;k vkSj fxjtk?kj dk fo'ok'kksa vkSj uSfrd pfj= ij çHkqRoA
ijEijk vkSj jk"Vªokn ds chp laca/k mHk;Hkkoh cuk jgkA tc mnkjokn us Lo¡;eso la?kh;
fo?kVu dk funsZ'k nsrs gq,A Lo¡;eso jktra= vkSj fxjtk?kj dks lesfdr fd;k] ;g izk;%
jk"Vªokn ds lkFk x;k vkSj blus mnkjokn ds :ikarj dks lesfdr fd;k ftls mnkjoknh
dgk x;kA ijUrq] fxjtk?kj vkSj ijEijkxr fgrksa }kjk lefFkZr jk"Vªokn dk ,d :i
mHkjk ftlus Lo¡;eso mnkjoknh jk"Vªokn ds fo#) funZs'k fn;kA
10-4-5-4 Hkkjr esa mnkjoknh ijEijk
Hkkjr esa ,d mnkjoknh /kjksgj gS tks vc ls yxHkx 200 o"kZ igys ls pyh vk jgh gSA
bl ijEijk esa dqN fof'k"V pj.k gSaA blus Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; ifj;kstuk ds varjax ds :i
esa lkekftd lq/kkjksa dk vkg~oku fd;k] ftls mlh le; mnkjoknh ds :i esa Lohdkj
dj fy;k x;kA Hkkjr esa mnkjokfn;ksa dk rdZ Fkk fd ns'k esa fo|eku lkekftd laLFkk,¡
vf/kdkjksa vkSj Lora=rkvksa dh izkfIr ds fy, izsjd ugha FkhaA lkekftd lq/kkjksa dk
mn~ns'; tkfr izFkk vkSj fyax laca/kksa esa lq/kkj djuk FkkA mUgksaus Lo¡;eso izpfyr cqjkb;ksa
tSls lrhizFkk] fo/kokvksa ds iqufoZokg ij jksd vkSj fujv{kjrk ds fo#) funsZ'k fn;kaA
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl ds foijhr Hkkjrh; mnkjokn us mRlkg ls laoS/kkfud lq/kkjksa dh
ekax dhA laoS/kkfudokn Hkkjr esa mnkjoknh ifj;kstuk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ LrEHk cu
x;kA mnkjokfn;ksa us Hkkjr esa vLi`';rk ds vfLrRo ij nks"kkjksi.k fd;k vkSj mlds
rRdky mUewyu dh ek¡x dhA os ,d 'kkldh; ifjlj ds i{k esa Fks tgk¡ lÙkk fofHkUu
74 vaxksa ds chp vkcafVr vkSj fodsUnzhÑr] nksuksa gksaA /keZfujis{kokn Hkkjr esa mnkjoknh
ifj;kstuk ds fy, vaxHkwr FkkA blus ek¡x dh fd /keZ dks jkT; ds dk;ks± ds lkFk u ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
tksM+k tk,] fdlh /keZ dks nwljs /keZ ds Åij izkFkfedrk u nh tk, vkSj jkT; /kkfeZd vkS j ekDlZ o knh
ekeyksa esa rVLFk cuk jgsA rnuqlkj] lHkh /keks± ds lkFk leku O;ogkj Hkh Hkkjr esa
mnkjoknh /kjksgjksa esa tM+ tek, gq, gSaA
Hkkjr esa mnkjoknh ifj;kstuk esa ,d et+cwr jkT; vUrxzZLr Fkk] ftlus ukxfjdksa vkSj
lewgksa dks mu mn~ns';ksa vkSj ewY;ksa dk vuqlj.k djus ds ;ksX; cuk;k] ftUgsa mUgksaus
viuk futh ekuk vkSj tks mudh ifj;kstuk ds vf/kdka'k y{k.kksa ds vuq:i FksA ,slk
jkT; 'kfDr;ksa ds foHkktu vkSj forj.k rFkk muds fodsUnzhdj.k vkSj Hkkjr dh egku~
fofo/krk dks nqgjk djus ds fy, rkuk-ckuk cquus esa my> x;kA ukxfjdksa ds lkFk leku
O;ogkj dks xzqiksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds foHksnhd`r (Preferential) ekuk x;k( mu xzqiksa vkSj
leqnk;ksa ds lkFk O;ogkj ftls ,d izdkj ;k vU; izdkj ls uqdlku mBkuk iM+kA
Hkkjr esa mnkjoknh ifj;kstuk jk"Vªokn vkSj yksdra= dh ek¡xksa ds lkFk fo"ke fLFkfr esa
fo|eku gSA blus vius ukxfjdksa ls vU; lHkh dks leku lEeku nsus dh ek¡x djrs gq,
vlk/kkj.k ek¡xsa dh tks vifjgk;Z :i ls] fo'ks"kdj ;qxksa iqjkuh oa'kkuqØe laca/kksa vkSj
thou ds vuU; rjhdksa ds lanHkZ esa foHksnd lEeku dh lwpd gSaA
Hkkjr esa mnkjoknh ijEijk ds foLrkj ds mijksDr rhu ekeys vafre ugha gSaA rFkkfi] os
jax-fcjaxs Lokxr dk izn'kZu djrs gSa tks bl ijEijk dks fo'oHkj esa izkIr gqvkA
10-4-5-5 la;kstu esa mnkjoknh
izeq[k rjhdksa ftuls mnkjokn dks Lohdk;Z gksus esa lQyrk feyh gS] esa ls ,d rjhdk
;g gS fd thou ds jax-fcjaxs ifjizs{;ksa vkSj rjhdksa dks lg;ksftr dj fn;k tk,A
^mnkjoknh lkeqfgdrkokn* tSls gky gh esa gq, la;kstuksa ds lkis{kr% ^mnkjoknh
yksdra=* vkSj ^mnkjoknh jk"Vªokn* tSlh O;kid :i ls LohÑr O;oLFkkvksa ds ,sls
la;kstuksa dh ,d pfdr djus okyh la[;k gSA ,sls lHkh iz;ksxksa esa] 'kCn ^mnkjoknh* ds
leku y{; ugha gSaA vfirq] blus xgu:i ls lanHkZ;qDr vFkZ izkIr fd;k gqvk gSA
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ jkT; ds laca/k esa Dykfldh mnkjokn vkSj u, mnkjokn ds chp varj rhu okD;ksa
esa fy[ksaA
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2½ fuEufyf[kr eqn~nksa ds laca/k esa mnkjokfn;ksa ds vfHkxe ij nks okD; fy[ksa %
i) yksdfgrdkjh jkT; ii) cgqer dk 'kklu
iii) futh lEifÙk iv) ckt+kj

75
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 3½ mnkjoknh ijEijk ds fy, tkWu jkWYl ds rhu egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnkuksa ij ppkZ djsaA
i)
ii)
iii)
4½ vesfjdh mnkjokn ds rhu yk{kf.kd Lo:iksa dh igpku djsaA

i)
ii)
iii)
5½ mnkjoknh ijEijk ds pkj y{k.k fy[ksa tks Hkkjr esa izpfyr gq,A
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10
10-- 5 ekDlZoknh ijEijk ds :ikUrj
mnkjoknh ijEijk dh rjg ekDlZoknh ijEijk dh Hkh vusd fof'k"V vfHkO;fDr;k¡ gSa]
D;ksafd blus cnyrs gq, laca/kksa ds fo'kky fudk; dks izfrikfnr vkSj Li"V fd;k rFkk
;g fof'k"V vkSj vleku :i ls fodflr lektksa ij ykxw dh xbZA bl ijEijk ds
fuEufyf[kr :ikarj mYys[kuh; gSa %
10
10-- 5 - 1 ekDlZokn
ekDlZokn fopkj vkSj lekt ds ml fudk; dk gokyk nsrk gS ftlds 19oha 'krkCnh ds
f}rh; v)Z'krd ls iw¡thokn lekt ds fo#) funsZf'kr lq/kkjoknh cy lkeus vk;sA bu
lq/kkjoknh cyksa dk izeq[k et+nwj oxZ FkkA dkyZ ekDlZ ¼1818-1883½ us bl fopkj ds
dsUnzh; dks vfHkO;fDr nh rFkk mHkjrs gq, lektoknh vkUnksyu dks ewÙkZ :i fn;kA
muds nksLr vkSj lkFkh] ÝhMfjp ,aftYl ¼1820-1895½ bl iz;kl esa mlds thou Hkj
Hkkxhnkj jgsA
fopkj ds ,d izdkj ds :i es]a ekDlZokn teZu vkn'kZokn] fczVus esa ladfs Unzr vFkZO;oLFkk
vkSj dkYifud lektokn ds fofHkUu izdkjksa] lekykspuk djds izfrikfnr fd;k x;k
FkkA fd tks vyx-vyx le; ij izpfyr jgsA blus oSKkfud lektokn gksus dk nkok
fd;k vkSj rdZ fd;k fd lektoknh izFkk lEiw.kZ iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds fo#) funsZ'k nsrh
gS vkSj bldk dsoy Jethoh oxZ }kjk usr`Ro fd;k tk ldrk gSA blus fodklksa dk
fu:i.k fd;k ftuds dkj.k iw¡thoknh fof/k ls mRiknu gqvk] bldks lwpuk nsus okys
fofHkUu laca/kksa dks vyx-vyx fd;k rFkk bu laca/kksa dk dk;kdYi djus esa et+nwj oxZ
dh Hkwfedk dk lq>ko fn;kA iw¡thokn ds vleku fodkl dh fLFkfr esa] blus fofHkUu
ns'kksa esa et+nwj oxZ dh Hkwfedk dks fHkUu-fHkUu izdkj ls ns[kkA dqN ekeyksa esa] ;g
76
yksdrkaf=d Økafr ds fy, xBca/ku dk eqf[k;k gks ldrk Fkk vkSj dgha vkSj] lektoknh ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
Økafr ds xBca/ku dkA vkS j ekDlZ o knh
ekDlZ us viuh lkekftd cks/kxE;rk dks ,d fof'k"V nk'kZfud vkSj Kkuehekalh;]

vk/kkj ij vkxs c<+k;k ftls mUgksaus HkkSfrdoknh }a}okn iqdkjk vkSj ftls yksdfiz;rk ls
}a}kRed HkkSfrdokn ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mUgksaus ^Lo* (Being) vkSj lksp ds e/;
Hksn fd;k vkSj mÙkjorhZ ds eqdkcys iwoZorhZ dks izkFkfedrk nhA bl ifjizs{; dh dqN
y{k.kkRed fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj Fkha % lÙkk dk :i vUrlZEcfU/kr ijUrq fojks/kkHkklh gSA
okLrfodrk dk vUrlZEcfU/kr vkSj fojks/kkHkklh y{k.k viuh foHksnd vkSj vleku
vfHkO;fDr;ksa dks izkIr dj ysrk gS vkSj blds :ikarj dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gSA
:ikarj.k nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa % izFke ifjek.kkRed gS] ftlesa okLrfodrk dk ewy y{k.k
ifjofrZr ugha gksrk gSA nwljk lÙkk ds ewy y{k.k dks cny nsrk gS] D;ksafd lÙkk ds xBu
ds vkarfjd fojks/kkHkkl mHkj vkrs gSa vkSj bldk u, fljs ls iquxZBu gksrk gSA rFkkfi]
u;s fojks/kkHkkl ml le; Hkh gksrs gSa tc ifjek.kkRed ifjorZu gksrk gSA oLrq ds xBu
esa gksus okys fojks/kkHkklksa ds izdkj dh Hkfo";ok.kh ugha dh tk ldrh] vfirq mls tkuus
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ysfuu us ckn esa bls ^^ltho fLFkfr dk ltho fo'ys"k.k** dk
uke fn;kA
ekDlZ us ekuoh; lÙkk dks bl izfØ;k esa Lo;eso Je djrs gq,] l`tu djrs gq, vkSj
euksjatu djrs gq, ns[kkA vius Je ls] ekuo lwpukRed :i ls Lo;a dks izÑfr ds lkFk
my>krk gS vkSj nwljs ekuoksa ds lkFk laca/k cukrk gS] lkgp;Z vkSj dkeklDrA tc rd
mRiknd cy de fodflr Fks] izR;sd dks mRiknd :i ls O;Lr gksuk iM+k] rkfd viuh
thfodk esa o`f) dj ldsaA rFkkfi] mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds fodkl ls Jfed oxZ dh
mRikndrk esa o`f) gqbZ] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i rRdky vko';drkvksa ds vfrfjDr
Qkyrw mRiknu gqvkA rFkkfi] bl Qkyrw mRiknu dk ,d fuf'pr lkekftd lewg }kjk
fofu;ksx fd;k x;kA ifj.kkeLo:i] mRiknu djus okyksa vkSj Qkyrw mRiknu dk
fofu;ksx ds chp oxZ laca/k vkSj izfr}a}h oxZ cusA ekDlZ vkSj ,aftYl us dfri; vU;
fojks/kkHkklksa tSls 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld Je ds chp rFkk 'kgj vkSj xk¡o ds chp] dks
vlek/ks; :i ls mijksDr fojks/kkHkklksa ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk ik;kA lekt esa izfr}a}h oxZ
gksus ij] jkT; izfr}a}h oxZ ij fu;a=.k j[kus ds fy, mHkjdj lkeus vkrk gS vkSj mlds
}kjk lekt dk iqufuZekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA rFkkfi] bl rF; ds gksrs gq, fd lekt dk
iqufuZekZ.k dfri; vfHkekuh fj'rksa ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gS] jkT; vfHkekuh oxks± ds cjkcj
;ksX;rk okyh ,tsalh cu tkrk gSA
ekDlZ dk rdZ gS fd fofHkUu lekt ml le; mRiknu ds vusd rjhdksa ls xqtjs gSa]
tc rd iw¡thokn dk mn; ugha gqvkA mRiknu dh fLFkfr ml vFkZO;oLFkk ls fufeZr
gksrh gS tks mRiknd cyksa ds fof'k"V la;ksx vkSj mRiknksa ds chp laca/kksa vFkok mRiknu
laca/kksa ls cuh gksrh gSA jktuhfr] dkuwu] /keZ vkSj laLÑfr ds {ks= varjax :i ls
vk/kkj ls tqM+s gksrs gSa vkSj blds }kjk ewfÙkZeku gksrs gSaA og mUgsa vf/kjpuk,¡ ekurs gSaA
, daVhª O;w'ku Vw n fØfVd vkWQ ikWfyVhdy bdkWukWeh dh viuh izLrkouk es]a og dgrs gSa %
^^viuh lÙkk ds lkekftd mRiknu es]a euq"; vifjgk;Z :i ls dfri; lac/a k
tksMr+ k gS tks viuh bPNk ds fy, Lora= gksrs gS]a uker% mRiknu ds HkkSfrd cyksa ds
fodkl esa ,d nh gqbZ fLFkfr ds mi;qDr mRiknu ds lac/a kA mRiknu ds bu lac/a kksa dk
lEiw.kZ feyu lekt dh vkfFkZd lajpuk] okLrfod vk/kkj] dk xBu djrk gS ftlds
Åij ,d fof/kxr vkSj jktuhfrd vf/kjpuk mn~Hkwr gksrh gS vkSj ftlds izfr
77
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ lkekftd psruk ds fuf'pr Lo:i izfrfØ;k djrs gS*a * ¼ds- ekDlZ] , daVhª C;w'ku Vw
n fØfVd vkWQ ikWfyVhdy bdkWukWeh] ekWLdks izkxs l
sz ifCyds'ku] 1970] i`"B 20½A
ekDlZ dk rdZ gS fd mRIkknu dh fof'k"V fLFkfr esa idM+s x, lkekftd vf/kdrkZ

mRiknd cyksa ds fodkl ds fy, dk;Z djrs gSaA rFkkfi] tc ;g izpfyr mRiknu
laca/kksa ds Hkhrj djuk laHko ugha gksrk gS] ogk¡ os mRiknu laca/kksa dks cnyus ds fy,
vxzlj gksrs gSa] ftlls vo{ksid Økafrdkjh :ikarj.k gksrk gSA
ekDlZ ds fy, iw¡thokn izfr}a}h oxZ laca/kksa dh vafre eqnzk gSA mRiknu dh ;g eqnzk
mRiknu cyksa dk ml lhek rd fodkl djrh gS] ftls igys lkspk u x;k gksA ;g ,d
,slh fLFkfr Hkh gS tks lkjs fo'o dks mRiknu ds nwljh eqnzkvksa ds lHkh fo|eku ?kVdksa
dks vius fu;a=.k esa ykrs gq, lao`Ùk dj ysrh gSA mRiknu dh bl fLFkfr esa ekSfyd oxZ
fojks/kkHkkl Jfed oxZ vkSj O;kikjh oxZ ds chp gSA ,d iw¡thoknh lekt ds Hkhrj vU;
oxZ vkSj lewg gSaA os mRiknu cyksa ds fodkl ds nkSjku ekSfyd oxks± esa u, xq.k iSnk
djuk 'kq: dj nsrs gSaA ekDlZ dk rdZ Fkk fd Økafrdkjh :ikarj.k ds y{; ds fy,
Jfed oxZ vFkok fdlku oxZ esa u, xq.k vkuk vko';d gSA
ekDlZ dk rdZ Fkk fd iw¡thokn vkof/kd ladV ds fy, lans'ku'khy gS] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i mRiknd cyksa dh Hkkjh gkfu gksrh gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh eglwl fd;k fd
iw¡thokn ds fodkl ds lkFk-lkFk] et+nwj oxZ dk fodkl Hkh gksrk gS tks vkjaHk esa
mÙkjorhZ }kjk fu/kkZfjr 'krks± ij lkSnsckth djrk gSA rFkkfi] pw¡fd oxZ laca/kksa esa [kVkl
vkrh gS] et+nwj oxZ iw¡th }kjk fu;r 'krks± ls c¡/ks jgus ds fy, vkSj vf/kd rS;kj ugha
gksrkA tc mRiknd cyksa dk vkSj fodkl] vFkkZr~ jkT; dks lexz rqf"V nsus okys dk;ks±
dh fLFkfr lqfuf'pr ugha dh tk ldrh] rc jktuhfrd :i ls laxfBr oxZ fo|eku
jkT; lÙkk ij viuk vkØe.k djsxk vkSj mls Jfed oxZ dh rkuk'kkgh ls izfrLFkkfir
djsxkA bl izdkj jktuhfrd ifjorZu lektokn ds pj.k dh 'kq#vkr djsxk tks
iw¡thoknh laca/kksa dk de ewY;kadu djrs gq, lkE;okn ds fy, ekxZ iz'kLr djsxkA
ekDlZ us lkE;okn dks mRiknu ds ,d rjhds ds :i esa ns[kk tgk¡ mRiknd cy lEiw.kZ
leqnk; ls laca/k j[krs gSa vkSj mRÑ"V Lrj rd mudk fodkl gksrk gS] ftlls mlds
lHkh lnL;ksa esa izR;sd dh ek¡xsa iwjh gks ldsaA blls ekuo lÙkk ml izdkj ds dk;Z dks
djus ds fy, Lora= gksrh gS ftls djus esa mUgsa vkuUn vkrk gS vkSj mls thou dh izFke
vko';drk ds :i esa ekurs gSaA bl izdkj dk lekt] muds vuqlkj ^îzR;sd dh viuh
{kerk ds vuqlkj] izR;sd ds fy, mldh vko';drk ds vuqlkj** fl)karksa ls fu;af=r
gksrk gSA ekDlZ dks lkspuk Fkk fd tc rd et+nwj dh vko';drk jgsxh] Lora=rk ugha
vk ldrhA ek= lkE;okn ls gh euq"; lPps vFkks± esa Lora= gks ldrk gSA
lkE;okn dsoy bl izdkj ds ;qxksa iqjkus fojks/kkHkklksa dks lekIr dj izkIr fd;k tk
ldrk gS] tSls 'kgj vkSj xk¡o rFkk 'kkjhfjd vkSj vkfFkZd JeA blls Je dk foHkktu
lekIr gksxkA ekDlZ dk fopkj Fkk fd lkE;okn ls leqnk; dk fo?kVu gksus ds lkFk
lekt dk mRÑ"V fodkl gksxkA
ekDlZokn us ml le; fo|eku lektokn dh xaHkhj lekykspuk dh ek¡x dh tks muds
vuqlkj ;wjksih;u vkn'kks± ij vk/kkfjr FkkA blds fy, Økafrdkjh i`Fkk ladYi dk dk;Z
ugha gS vkSj bls ;w¡ gh] dHkh Hkh vkjaHk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA blds fy, mfpr
lkekftd gkykrksa dh ifjiDork dh vko';drk gksrh gSA rFkkfi] oxZ Lo¡;eso fdlh
lekt ds fojks/kkHkklksa dk izfrQy vkSj foLrkj nksuksa dk izfrfcEc FkkA
78
10
10-- 5 - 2 ysfuuokn ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
ekDlZoknh fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij] lkekftd ny dHkh-dHkh fo|eku nyksa ds fo#) la?k"kZ
djrs gq, vkxs vk,] ;s ny Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ds }kjk fo|eku lkekftd fj'rksa ds rhoz
:ikarj.k ds fy, dfVc) FksA la;ksxo'k] bl pj.k ij mnkjoknh yksdra= Hkh Jfedksa
ds fy, ,d cM+h la[;k esa vf/kdkjksa dks iznku dj jgs Fks vkSj fnuksafnu vUrfoZ"V
(Inclusive) gksrs tk jgs FksA ,d dk;Z ftldk uotkr lkekftd nyksa dks lkeuk djuk
Fkk] og Fkk mnkjoknh yksdra= ds lkFk vius laca/kksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk FkkA lkekftd
ny vkSj Jfed la?kksa }kjk laxfBr vUnksyu] lgdkjh ehfM;k vkSj pqukoksa ds e/;
lac/a k dh Hkh leL;k FkhA bl pj.k esa izpfyr iwt ¡ h ds Lo:i esa Hkh rhoz ifjorZu gq, FksA bu
ifjorZuksa ls ekDlZoknh fopkj fudk; fdl izdkj izHkkfor gksxa As ;g lektoknh nyksa ds le{k
,d egÙoiw.kZ eqnn~ k FkkA 19oha 'krkCnh ds var esa rFkk 20oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk es]a ge c<+rs gq,
jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa dks ns[krs gSa tks viuh jk"Vªh;rk ds fy, la?k"kZ dj jgs gSAa bu jk"Vªoknh la?k"kks±
ds lkFk lkekftd vkanksyu ds fj'rksa dk vHkh vkadyu djuk Fkk( vkSj varr% pwf¡ d lektokn
fo'oHkj esa iwt
¡ hokn ds }kjk vleku Lo:i xzg.k dj jgk Fkk] Økafr dh fLFkfr rFkk mlds fy,
mfpr j.kuhfr fopkj gsrq egÙoiw.kZ eqnn~ s FksA
bu pqukSfr;ksa ds lkeus] ge lq/kkj dh ,d izcy ygj tks lektoknh vkanksyu ds Hkhrj

fodflr gks jgh Fkh dks ikrs gSa] ftldks bl vkanksyu ds vkjaHk esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ fopkjd
vkSj teZu lektoknh ny ds usrk ,MoMZ cuZLVhu us vfHkO;fDr iznku dhA mUgksaus
ekDlZokn ds lq/kkj dh ek¡x dh D;ksafd blds vf/kdka'k fl)kar iqjkus gks x, FksA mlus
Jfedoknh vUrj-jk"Vªh;okn ij iz'ufpg~u yxk fn;k vkSj et+nwjksa dks jk"Vª jkT; ds
Hkhrj 'kkfey djus dh ek¡x dhA og vius ny ls vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro djkuk ugha pkgrs
Fks] vfirq teZu lektoknh ny us lektoknh Økafr dks mnkjoknh yksdrkaf=d Økafr dh
dk;Zlwph dh fujUrjrk vkSj mlds QSyko ds :i esa ns[kkA
ysfuu us bl fLFkfr esa gLr{ksi fd;k vkSj bu lHkh iz'uksa ds fy, ,d pkfjf=d tcko
rS;kj djus dk iz;kl fd;kA ysfuu us Jfed oxZ ds Økafrdkjh y{; ls mnkjoknh
yksdra= dks vyx fd;k rFkk rdZ fn;k fd Jfed oxZ Lo¡;eso mnkjoknh yksdra= ds
ÝseodZ dk foLrkj djds viuk m)kj ugha dj ldrhA mUgksaus mnkjoknh yksdra= ds
:i ls laca/k foPNsn dk vkg~oku fd;kA mudh lqizfl) jpuk g~okV bt Vw chMu esa]
mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd Jfed oxZ dk vkanksyu lektoknh ny ds usr`Ro ds fcuk iw¡thokn
ds pØ esa Q¡l tk,xkA vr% mUgksaus vkanksyu ls ,d Lok;Ùk ny dh ek¡x dh tks dqy
feykdj et+nwj oxZ ds vkanksyu dks Økafrdkjh usr`Ro iznku djus esa l{ke gksA ysfuu
us Lohdkj fd;k fd iw¡thokn ds Lo:i esa Hkkjh ifjorZu gq, FksA ,sls ifjorZu ekDlZ dks
ml le; myC/krk ugha Fks tc mUgksaus iw¡thokn ij fy[kkA rFkkfi] iw¡thokn ij ekDlZ
ds fopkjksa ij vgZrk izkIr djus ds LFkku ij] mUgksua s rdZ fn;k fd bu ifjorZuksa us ekDlZ
ds fo'ys"k.k dh iqf"V dhA mUgksaus iw¡thokn esa gks jgs egku~ ifjorZuksa dks lkezkT;okn dk
uke fn;k] ftlus mlesa varfuZfgr fojks/kkHkklksa ds dkj.k Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ds fy,
njokT+ks [kksy fn,A ysfuu us izihfM+r jk"Vªh;rkvksa vkSj izihM+d jk"Vªokn ds chp varj
fd;kA mudk rdZ Fkk fd izihfM+r jk"Vªh;rk,¡ izHkkoh jk"Vªokn ds fo#) la?k"kZ dj jgh
gSa vkSj ;s lkezkT;okn ,tsaV gSA vr%] mUgksaus et+nwj oxZ ds usr`Ro okys Økafrdkjh
vkanksyu vkSj izihfM+r jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds chp HkweaMyh; ,drk dk vkg~oku fd;kA
ysfuu dk rdZ Fkk fd iw¡thokn ds vleku foLrkj ls ltho fLFkfr tks ,d Økafrdkjh
vkanksyu izR;sd ns'k esa >syrk gS] ds ltho fo'ys"k.k dh vko';drk FkhA mUgksaus :l 79
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ fy, ds ,d ,slk fo'ys"k.k Hkstk vkSj :l ds fy, Økafrdkjh fu:i.k dk iqu% elkSnk
rS;kj fd;kA lkezkT;okn ds muds fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij] ysfuu us rdZ fn;k fd ;|fi
:l if'peh ;wjksi dh rjg vkS|ksfxdhÑr ugha gqvk Fkk vkSj dqy tula[;k esa et+nwjksa
dk vuqikr de Fkk] :l esa mRiknd cyksa ds vkSj vkxs fodkl dh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha
FkhA ;g lkezkT;oknh usVodZ esa vf/kdkf/kd vUrfoZ"V fd;k tk,xkA mUgksaus lkezkT;okn
dh dM+h esa :l dks lcls detksj lEcU/k ekuk D;ksafd lHkh fojks/kkHkkl ogk¡ dsfUnzr Fks
% ;gk¡ Ñ"kd Økafr ugha gqbZ Fkh( bldk cqtqZvk oxZ detksj Fkk( blds jkT; ra=
dqyhura=oknh Fks( ukxfjd Lora=rk,a de Fkh vkSj ;g jkT; fons'kh iw¡th ij cqjh rjg
fuHkZj Fkk tcfd mlh le; blus egku~ lÙkk gksus dh egÙokdka{kkvksa dk iks"k.k fd;kA
ysfuu us ns[kk fd cqtqZvk oxZ vkUnksyu ds fodkl vkSj lkezkT;okn dh ek¡xksa ds rgr
vius mnkjoknh nkoksa dks /oLr dj jgk FkkA blds dkj.k mlus fo|eku jkT; miLdjksa
dks fgalkRed :i ls m[kkM+ QSadus dh vko';drk ij cy fn;k] ftlls et+mwj oxZ
}kjk 'kfDr ds iz;ksx dk volj fey ldsA
ysfuu us mnkjoknh iz;kl ds v/khu izHkkfor jktuhfrd lÙkk ds laLFkkuhdj.k ds mik;ksa

dks udkj fn;kA mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd mlds izfrfuf/kRo ds rjhds] lÙkk dk
i`Fkdhdj.k vkSj vkof/kd pquko jktuhfrd lÙkk ls tulk/kkj.k dks vyx j[kus ds
fy, vfHkizsr FksA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd lksfo;r lkezkT;okn ds v/khu lÙkk ds vax gksus
pkfg,A lHkh 'kfDrvksa dks lksfo;r esa ladsfUnzr gksuk Fkk vkSj Økafrdkjh tu leqnk; dks
vius dk;ks± ds lapkyu esa lh/kk laca/k cukuk pkfg,A fodsUnzhÑr vFkZO;oLFkk dk leFkZu
fd;k tgka y?kq m|ksx cM+s m|ksx dk LFkku ysxkA mUgksaus rFkkfi] tc fodsUnzhdj.k vkSj
ykyQhrk'kkghdj.k us Økafrdkjh ykHkksa dks [kk ysus dh vk'kadk fn[kkbZ] ysfuu us
Jfed-Ñ"kd xBca/ku ds Lok;Ùk laxBu dk vkg~oku fd;k ftlls Økafrdkjh tokcnsgh
dh izfØ;kvksa ij dkcw ik;k tk ldsA bu vfHkxeksa esa fojks/kkHkklh mnkgj.k Fks] ftls
mHkjrs gq, :lh jkT; ds Økafrdkjh ds fo'okl ls vkxkg djkuk FkkA
10
10-- 5 - 3 ekvksokn
ekvks-ts-Mk¡x us mifuos'kksa vkSj mifuos'koknh izHkqRo ds v/;/khu yksxksa ds ifjizs{; esa
Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ij ekSfyd iz'u mBk,A vkerkSj ij mifuos'kh izHkqRo us vius leFkZu
esa lkekftd vk/kkj ds :i esa la?kokn rFkk izfrfØ;koknh cyksa ds leFkZu dks lwphc)
fd;kA mifuos'kksa esa iw¡thokn dk FkksM+k cgqr Lok;Ùk fodkl gqvk FkkA mlesa ek=
'kfDrghu cqtqZvk oxZ gh ugha Fkk] vfirq vis{kkÑr ux.; Jfed vk/kkj Hkh FkkA mu
gkykrksa esa ,d cqtqZvk oxZ dk ,d fof'k"V {ks= mHkjk ftlus Lo¡;eso lkezkT;oknh iw¡th
dk e/;LFk gksus ds ukrs ikyu-iks"k.k fd;kA ekvks us bls dkWEizsMksj cqtqZok dk uke fn;kA
blds vfrfjDr] mifuos'koknh izHkqRo ds Lo:i ds ckjs esa erHksn Fks] dqN iw.kZ:is.k
mifuos'k rFkk 'ks"k v)Z-mifuos'k FksA ekvks us mifuos'kokn ds rgr laLÑfr ds eqís ij
/;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k ftlesa iztk ds yksxksa dh Hkk"kk;h tM+sa] fo'okl vkSj vknrsa
lkezkT;oknh laLÑfr ds varxZr lhekUrhdj.k rFkk v/khurk ds v/;/khu FksA
mUgksua s rdZ fn;k fd bu lektksa esa Økafrdkjh dk;Z dk Lo:i ,d u, izdkj ds yksdra=
dks lkeus ykuk Fkk] ftls mUgksaus û, yksdra=* (New Democracy) dk uke fn;kA
ekvks ds fy,] ;g ukxfjd e/;LFkrk dk cny gqvk Lo:i FkkA mUgksaus eglwl fd;k
fd bl Økafr ls tuleqnk; dks ;qxksa iqjkus ca/kuksa ls eqDr gks tkuk pkfg,] tks vius
80
futh ca/ku eqfDr dk ekxZ vo/kkj.k djus ds fy, viuh ÅtkZ dks fueqZDr djus rFkk ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
viuh {kerkvksa dks c<+kus ds fy, v/;/khu FksA blds fy, ,d jk"Vªoknh laLÑfr cuke vkS j ekDlZ o knh
lkezkT;oknh laLÑfr dks izksUur djus ds fy, lpsr iz;kl visf{kr FkkA
,slk Økafrdkjh ifjorZu dkSu dj ldrk gS\ ekvks dk rdZ Fkk fd ukxfjd@cqtqZvk oxZ
phu esa bl Økafr dk usr`Ro ugha dj ldrs gSa vkSj iw¡thokn ds v/khu ,dek= oxZ tks
,slk dj ldrk gS] et+nwj oxZ FkkA ijUrq phu esa vkS|ksfxd et+nwj oxZ dh mifLFkfr
ds dkj.k] ;g rHkh laHko gks ldrk gS tc bls n`<+rk ds lkFk x+jhc fdlku oxZ ls tksM+
fn;k tk, vkSj Ñ"kd Økafr dk usr`Ro fd;k tk,A bl izdkj] lkE;oknh ny dk dke
Økafr ds vxz.kh ds :i esa Ñ"kd Økafr ykuk FkkA
,slh [ksfrgj Økafr 'kgjh Økafr ij /;ku dsfUnzr djds ugha ykbZ tk ldrh gS] blds
fy, xzkeh.k Økafr dh vksj tkuk iM+sxk rFkk la?k"kZjr [ksfrgj oxZ ls gkFk feykuk gksxkA
mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd phu esa fo|eku gkykrksa esa mHkjrk gqvk 'kgjhdj.k ek=
tksf[ke mBkuk FkkA
bl izdkj dh Ñ"kd Økafr dSls ykbZ tk,\ muds vuqlkj crkbZ xbZ j.kuhfr esa {ks=kssa dks
Lora= djuk vkSj Lora= {ks=ksa dh vksj c<+uk ,d nh?kZdkfyd l'kL= la?k"kZ 'kkfey FkkA
vkjafHkd pj.kksa esa mUgksaus 'k=q ij geyk djus ds fy, xqfjYyk rjdhcksa ls ;q) djuk
mi;qDr le>kA
ekvks us Ñ"kd Økafr dh j.kuhfr ij dkQh foLrkj ls ppkZ dhA blesa Lo¡;eso Hkwfeghu
vkSj x+jhc fdlkuksa dks n`<+rk ds lkFk vk/kkj cukuk] e/;e oxZ ds fdlkuksa dks 'kkfey
djuk rFkk tgk¡ rd laHko gks lds] vehj fdlkuksa dk leFkZu izkIr djuk 'kkfey FksA
mUgksaus ;g rdZ Hkh fn;k fd Økafr ds 'k=q dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, Ñ"kd :ikarj.k ds fy,
igpkus x, eqíksa esa ;s la'kks/ku dh vko';drk FkhA
vr% ,d izeq[k ifjorZu ftldh ekvks us ?kks"k.kk dh ;g Fkka Økafrdkjh n`'; dk 'kgjh
{ks=ksa ls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh vksj LFkkukarj.k( et+nwj-Ñ"kd xBca/ku dh u;h /kqjh dh LFkkiuk
pyk vkSj Ñ"kd :ikarj.k ds fy, fo'ks"k j.kuhfr dk lq>ko fn;k x;kA
ekvks dk rdZ Fkk fd u, yksdra= dh LFkkiuk ds fy, bl izdkj dh j.kuhfr izkIr djus
ds fy, dfri; pkydh; ckg~; 'krks± dh vko';drk FkhA mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd
lksfo;r la?k dk vfLrRo ,slh gh 'krZ FkhA vU;Fkk] Ñ"kd Lo:i fojks/kh cyksa }kjk nck
fn;k tkrkA ekvks ds fy,] u;k yksdra= mnkjoknh yksdra= dh rqyuk esa yksdra= dk
,d fHkUu Lo:i FkkA mnkjoknh yksdra= dk #>ku iw¡thokn dh rjQ FkkA tcfd u;s
yksdra= dk #>ku lektokn dh rjQ FkkA u;k yksdra= lkezkT;okn dh 'krks± ds
v/khu mifuos'kksa@v/kZmifuos'kksa ds fy, mfpr Lo:i Fkk vkSj ;g lektoknh iw¡thokn
ds fy, leFkZd 'krks± dk l`tu djsxkA
ekvks dk f}rh; ize[q k uohdj.k] lektoknh :ikarj.k dh cks/kxE;rk esa vUrfuZfgr gSA bl
lac/a k esa og egÙoiw.kZ :i ls :lh vkn'kZ ls vyx gks x;sA mudk rdZ Fkk fd lektokn
ds v/khu] izkFkfedrk ek= mRiknd cyksa ds fodkl dh ctk, mRiknu lac/a kksa ds :ikarj.k
esa vUrfgZr gksuh pkfg,A lektokn iw¡thokn vkSj lkE;okn ds fy, laØe.k fLFkfr gSA
bl lEiw.kZ pj.k ds nkSjku] iw¡thoknh fn'kk vkSj lkE;oknh fn'kk ds chp oxZ la?k"kZ gSA
;g la?k"kZ ek= iqjkus iwt¡ hoknh fj'rksa ds iqu#RFkku ds fy, ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vfirq]
iwt
¡ hoknh fj'rksa ds fo#)] tks vfopy :i ls lektokn dh fojks/kkHkklh fLFkfr ls mHkjrh gSA
81
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ mudk rdZ Fkk fd fo|eku ljdkj] ny vFkok lkekftd fj'rksa esa lkoZtfud dk;ks± ds
Åij vius izR;{k vkSj lkewfgd fu;a=.k dk nkok fodkl dh vis{kk] 'kfDr ds iz'u ij
gh gksuhkpkfg,A lkaLÑfrd Økafr lektokn ds fuekZ.k ds fy, lektokn dh 'krks± ds
v/khu ,d jktuhfrd Økafr ds :i esa ns[kk x;kA
ekvks us rdZ fn;k fd lektokn ds fodkl dks iw¡thokn fodkl ds izfrfcEc ds :Ik esa
ugha ns[kk tkuk pkfg, tuleqnk; ds ihNs fuf"Ø; izfØ;k dks [kksyrs gq,A ;g ,slh
izfØ;k gksuh pkfg, ftlesa tuleqnk; izR;{k :i ls Hkkxhnkj cusxk vkSj fodkl dk
jkLrk r; djsxkA tuleqnk; dh eqDr l`turk dks lekt ls [kqyh vfHkO;fDr izkIr
gksuh pkfg, vkSj mls ykyQhrk'kkgh :i ds v/;/khu ugha gksuh pkfg,A
mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd jkT; miLdj (Apparatus) vkSj fodkl dk;Zlwfp;ksa dks
lektokn ds vUrxZr izeq[k ifjorZu vkSj iqu%mnh;eku gksus pkfg,A ;g vko';d gS
fd Ñf"k vkSj m|ksx dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ijUrq mUgsa vkil esa ,d-nwljs dk
iks"k.k djus vkSj lEiwju dh vko';drk gSA vr% ;g vis{kk dh xbZ Fkh fd lektokn
ds v/khu Lo;a rq"V rFkk Lo-'kklu ds :i esa] dE;wu (Commune) dk fodkl fd;k
tkuk pkfg, rFkk rnuqlkj mls lalk/ku rFkk ekU;rk fn;s tkus pkfg,A
ekvks dk rdZ Fkk fd lektokn ds v/khu ;g vko';d gS fd 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld

Je rFkk 'kgj vkSj xk¡o ds chp vUrj [kRe fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Jfed vfHk;ku
blfy, vkjaHk fd, x, Fks ftlls iz'kklu vkSj is'kk djus okys dqN ?kaVs rd 'kkjhfjd
Je dj ldsaA
ekvks ds fy,] lkaLd`frd {ks= lektokn ds varxZr cgqr fu.kkZ;d dks pqdk Fkk] vFkkZr~
;g lkE;okn dh xfr fu/kkZfjr djrk Fkk] tksfd bl ij fuHkZj Fkk fd bls fdruk egRo
fn;k x;kA
mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd dU¶;w'kl ds e/;ekxhZ; ewY; vfrokfn;ksa dk larqyu cukus

ds fy, vfHkizsr Fks] uk fd Økafr ds et+cwr djus ds fy,A
bu fopkjksa ls phu esa foLr`r fo{kksHk gqvkA ekvks esa vfHkO;Dr Økafrdkjh tks'k MSax
ft+;kvks fiax }kjk vkjaHk fd, x, vk/kqfudhdj.k dh uhfr ls ekvks dh e`R;q ds ckn]
fu;af=r fd;k x;kA
10
10-- 5 - 4 vU; ekDlZoknh :ikUrj
ekDlZokn us dbZ vU; :ikarj fn, tks eqíksa ds lhfer vFkok vf/kd O;kid lek/kku ds
lkFk vusd ns'kksa esa fof'k"V ijaijkvksa ds :i esa vHkh rd dk;e gSaA buesa ls dqN izLrko
lS)kafrd Lrj ij gh cus jgs vkSj os dHkh Hkh izHkkoh :i ls vey esa ugha yk ldsA
10-5-4-1 ik'pkR; ekDlZ o kn
fo)kuksa us ik'pkR; ekDlZokn dh ,d fof'k"V ijaijk dh dqN igpku dh gSA rFkkfi]

;g cqf)thfo;ksa] jktuhfrd nyksa] fopkjksa ds #>ku] et+nwj oxZ Økafrdkjh igyksa vkSj
iw.kZ igyokftvksa vkSj O;f"Vxr lk{;ksa ds ,d jax-fcjaxs fudk; dh jpuk dk laxBu
gSA bldh /kjksgj xgjs rd fo[kafMr] fojks/kiw.kZ vkSj fojks/kkHkklh Hkh gSA tgk¡ blus
pqukoksa] tuleqnk; ds vkanksyuksa vkSj l'kL= fonzksgksa ds ek/;e ls lÙkk gfFk;kus dk
82 iz;kl fd;k gS] bldk izeq[k fuos'k ckSf)d vkSj ukxfjd izo`fÙk;ksa dks vkÑfr iznku
djuk rFkk iw¡thokn dh LFkk;h lekykspuk fodflr djus esa lfUufgr gSA bl ijaijk ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
ds dqN egÙoiw.kZ laoknnkrk@izoDrk gSa& jkst+k yDlecxZ vkSj dkyZ yhcus,V] tkWtZ vkS j ekDlZ o knh
yqdkDl vkSj dkyZ dkW'kZ] ,aVksfuvks xzkElh vkSj t+kSa ikWy lk=] fFkvksMkWj ,MksuksZ vkSj
gjcVZ ekdZ;w] okWYVj cSatkfeu vkSj cVksZYM czsV rFkk gky ds o"kks± esa] yqbZl ,YFkwt+Sj]
ekbdy Qwadks vkSj ;wxsZ gScjeklA blls Hkkjh la[;k esa bl fopkj ds fofHkUu fo|ky;
[kqy x, gSa tSls dk¡fly dE;wfuT+e] vkWLVªks-ekfDlZT+e] n ÝSdQVZ Ldwy vkSj LVªDpjy
ekfDlZT+eA bl ijEijk ds dqN {ks=ksa esa fy;kWu VªkWV~Ldh dk lqLi"V izHkko gSA gky ds
o"kks± esa Økafrdkjh efgykokn bl ijEijk esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ fuos'k jgk gSA bldh dqN
vofLFkfr;ksa vkSj #>kuksa esa euksfo'ys"k.k] fo'ks"k :i ls flXeaM ÝkWM ds izcy vo'ks"k ik,
tk ldrs gSaA blds dqN egÙoiw.kZ y{k.k mYys[kuh; gSa %
i) blus lkekftd vkanksyu ds le{k egÙoiw.kZ eqíksa ds :i esa lkekftd fj'rksa ds
vU;rkHkko] [kirhius (Fetishization) vkSj oLrqdj.k dh igpku dhA
ii) og iw¡th ds izHkko esa cqf)ijd dkj.k ds gkl vkSj vo#)rk dks ysdj dkQh
vk'kafdr gaSA
iii) blus opZLo] neu] fuxzgrk vkSj lhekarhdj.k ds fo#) la?k"kZ ij t+ksj fn;kA
vilajpukvksa ds lanHkZ esa vkSj fo'ks"kdj lkaLÑfrd {ks= dh vksjA blus v/khuLFk
laLÑfr;ksa rFkk jpukRed laHkkoukvksa] ftUgsa os opZLo ds fo#) vkSj iwoZ fodYiksa
ds my>ko dh izfrLi)kZ esa ikrs gSa] dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA
iv) blus lektoknh yksdra= dh izksUufr ds izfr izcy opuc)rk rFkk mnkjoknh
yksdra= ls f'k{kk izkIr djus ds fy, egku~ laosnu'khyrk dk izn'kZu fd;k gSA
blus jktuhfrd ewY;ksa tSls Lora=rk vkSj vf/kdkj ds izfr Hkkjh laosnu'khyrk
izdV dh gSA blus yksdrkaf=d ekunaMksa ds vlEeku rFkk Lora=rk vkSj vf/kdkjksa
ij yxk, x, izfrca/kksa ds fy, dqN lektoknh {ks=ksa dh xgu vkykspuk dh gSA
v) blus if'pe esa oSdfYid O;k[;k,¡ izLrqr djds Økafrdkjh lektoknh vkanksyuksa
dh foQyrk dh nqnZ'kk dk eqdkcyk djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ,aVksfu;ks xzkeLkh]
bVsfy;u ekDlZoknh] dh jpuk bl laca/k esa vxz.kh cuh gqbZ gSA os v/khuLFk dh
lgefr ls vf/kHkkoh oxks± ds opZLo ds eqís ij [kkst djrs gSaA bu oSdfYid
O;k[;kvksa us ukxfjd lekt] fopkj/kkjk vkSj yksdfiz; laLÑfr;ksa ds j.k{ks= esa
gLr{ks= dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gS] tks ekDlZokfn;ksa }kjk 'kq#vkrh :ikarjksa
esa izLrkfor fLFkfr ls i;kZIr fHkUu gSA
vi) if'peh ekDlZokn us et+nwj oxZ ds jktuhfrd izHkqRo ds iz;kstukFkZ fo'kky
vkanksyuksa vkSj yksdfiz; ykecanh ij cy fn;k gSA Økafrdkjh fgalk ij cy tks gesa
ysfuuokn vkSj ekvksokn esa feyrk gS] bl :ikarj esa vis{kkÑr de n`';eku gSA
10-5-4-2 ys f Vu ves f jdh mnkjokn
fodflr fo'o] fo'ks"kdj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds lkFk vius fj'rksa esa iznf'kZr
ijk/khurk vkSj 'kks"k.k ySfVu vesfjdh ekDlZokn esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ izdj.k jgk gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lÙkk dk LFkkuh; <k¡pk tks ijk/khurk vkSj 'kks"k.k ds izLrqrhdj.k esa
nqLlaf/k djrk gS] viuh tuJqfr esa izcyrk ls fpf=r gksrk gSA opZLo iz.kkyh ds
izLrqrhdj.k esa jkT; dh fuxzgh Hkwfedk ds gksrs gq,] ySfVu vesfjdh ekDlZokn us
jktuhfrd lÙkk ds iFk ij dCtk djus esa v/;f/kd /;ku fn;k gSA l'kL= la?k"kZ vkSj
fojks/k bl dsUnzh;rk ds vifjgk;Z ifj.kke jgs gSaA 83
jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ ySfVu vesfjdk esa dSFkksfyd fxjtk?kj ,d 'kfDr'kkyh ekStwnxh gSA ekDlZoknh laxBuksa
ds rÙoko/kku esa lq/kkjoknh vkUnksyuksa esa izk;% fxjtk?kjksa }kjk rRijrk fn[kkbZ x;h gSA
bl fn'kk esa ,d izeq[k iz;kl /keZ'kkL= ds ,d :ikarj dk fuekZ.k djuk gS] ftls
^mnkjoknh /keZ'kkL=* (Liberation Theology) dk uke fn;k x;kA
10-5-4-3 Hkkjrh; ekDlZ o kn
yEcs le; rd Hkkjrh; ekDlZokn us lksfo;r rFkk phuh ekDlZokn ls ekxZn'kZu esa
vkJ; fy;kA rFkkfi] blus fuEufyf[kr eqíksa ij viuh futh dksf'k'k djus dk iz;kl
fd;k gS %
i) blus Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds lkFk lkeatL; fcBkus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] ftlds xBu
esa blus phu dh dE;wfuLV ikVhZ ls foijhr dksbZ fo'ks"k Hkwfedk ugha fuHkkb±A
ii) tu vkUnksyu] fo'ks"kdj ftUgksaus vius mís';ksa ds vfgald izkfIr dh ?kks"k.kk dh]
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokn ds e/; esa jgs gSaA ekDlZokn bl iSekus ij eqf'dy ls gh
vkUnksyuksa esa izLrqr gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; lkE;okn bu vkUnksyuksa esa Hkyh-Hkk¡fr izLrqr
gksrs le; vkSj muesa ls dqN dks vius usr`Ro esa vxz.kh ds :i izLrqr djrs le;
i;kZIr :i ls izfrfcfEcr ugha gqvk gSA
iii) Hkkjrh; lkE;okn us lalnh; yksdra= dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj blds le{k cM+h la[;k
esa lS)kafrd eqís mBk, gSaA rFkkfi] o"kkZuqo"kZ] ;g pqukoh O;kogkfjdrkokn ds Hkhrj
iw.kZ:is.k vo'kksf"kr gksus ls Lo;a ds cpko dk iz;kl djrs le;] viuh ek¡xksa ds
izfr Lo;a dks lek;ksftr djrk jgk gSA
iv) egku~ Hkkjrh; fofo/krk] fodkl ds vleku Lrj vkSj cgqyokn Hkkjrh; lkE;okn
ds le{k mls fofHkUu fn'kkvksa esa [khapdj vkSj le;-le; ij fo?kVu iSnk djds
egku~ pqukSfr;k¡ is'k dh gSaA vc rd] bu lkekftd okLrfodrkvksa ls fuiVku ds
fy, blus FkksM+h O;kogkfjd {kerk dk izn'kZu fd;k gS] ;|fi blus bl iz;kstukFkZ
jktuhfrd xBtksM+ vFkok xBca/ku cukus ds fy, egku~ iVqrk dk ifjp; fn;k gSA
cks/k iz'u 5
1½ ekDlZ ds iw¡thokn lekt ds fo'ys"k.k ij la{ksi esa vkB okD; fy[ksA
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2½ if'peh ekDlZokn ds pkj fof'k"V y{k.k crk,¡A ik'pkR; % mnkjoknh
vkS j ekDlZ o knh
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3½ ,sls rhu eqíksa ij ppkZ djsa ftUgsa ysdj Hkkjrh; ekDlZokn us dqy feykdj viuk
futh jkLrk r; fd;k gSA
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10
10-- 6 lkjka ' k
mnkjoknh ekDlZoknh ijEijk us dqy feykdj fo'o dk tks xBu ,oa iquxZBu fd;k gS]
vHkh rd fdlh ijaijk us ugha fd;k gSA vkerkSj ij ;g fo'okl fd;k tkrk gS fd
mnkjoknh ijaijk ekDlZoknh ijaijk ds izfr 'k=qHkko j[krh gSA bl bdkbZ esa mu eq)ksa dk
fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[k fd;k x;k gS tks loZJs"B gSa vkSj mu ewy fparuksa dk ftuls ijLij
lg;ksftr ifj.kke fudyrs gSaA fQj Hkh] mnkjoknh ijaijk ekDlZoknh ijaijk ls
mYys[kuh; :i ls fHkUu gS vkSj buds izfr cM+k vU;k; gksxk] ;fn os ,d-nwljs ds lkFk
Vdjkdj lekIr gks tk,A bl bdkbZ esa bu ijaijkvksa ds chp erHksnksa ij fo'ks"k :i ls
ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
dksbZ ,d leku mnkjoknh ijaijk ugha gSA ge mnkjoknh ijaijk ds dbZ :ikarjksa ds ckjs
esa lksp ldrs gSaA bl bdkbZ esa ,d rjQ mlds dsUnzh; fl)kar esa ifjorZu ij vk/kkfjr
dqN egÙoiw.kZ :ikarj rFkk nwljh rjQ] ,d jktuhfrd leqnk; }kjk bl ijEijk ds
fofu;kstuksa dh :ijs[kk miyC/k djkbZ xbZ gSA izFker% geus Dykfldh mnkjokn ij
fopkj fd;k gSA nwljs] geus vesfjdh mnkjokn vkSj egk}hih; mnkjokn ij ppkZ dh
gSA ekDlZoknh ijaijk esa Hkh le;-le; ij izeq[k ifjorZu gq, gSaA ;g bdkbZ ml ijaijk
dh :ijs[kk ftls ekDlZ vkSj ,saftYl us vkjaHk fd;k] bl /kjksgj dks ysfuuoknh iquxZBu
vkSj bl ijaijk ds ekvksoknh :ikarj dks eqgS;k djkrh gSA bl ijaijk ds fofu;kstu ds
laca/k esa] geus bl ijaijk ds if'peh ;wjksih;u] ySfVu vesfjdh vkSj Hkkjrh; :ikarjksa
dks la{ksi esa izLrqr fd;k gSA
10
10-- 7 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
,fousjh ,l-] n lks'ky ,.M ikWfyVhdy FkkWV vkQ ds- ekDlZ] dSfEczt] lh;wih] 1968A
dkjZ bZ-,p-] n ckWY'ksfod fjokWY;w'ku] yanu] iSafXou] 1966A 85

jktuhfrd ijEijk,¡ 'k,u tsjkse] ekvks ,.M n pkbuht+ fjokWY;w'ku] vkWDlQksMZ] vks;wih] 1965A
DysafMu] ,Q-] dE;wfuLV ewoesaV % ÝkWe dkWfeuVsuZ Vw dkWfeuQkseZ] yanu] iSafXou] 1975A
?kks"k] ,l-] ekWMuZ bf.M;u ikWfyVhdy FkkWV] U;w fnYyh] ,ykbM] 1984A
gks.Mqt ,u-] ysfuu*l ikWfyVhdy FkkWV] yanu] eSdfeyu] 1977A
gkVZT+k ,y-] n ikWfyVhdy VªsMh'ku bu vesfjdk % ,u baVjfizVs'ku vkQ vesfjdu FkkWV
flal n fjokWY;w'ku] U;w ;kWdZ] gkdksZVZ] 1955A
dWjksy ds- ,l-] n lSfd.M pkbuht+ fjokWY;w'ku] yanu] tksukFku dSQs] 1975A
dSfefydk MCY;w-] fycjfyT+e] dE;wfuVh ,.M dYpj] vkWDlQksMZ] DykjsaMu] 1989A
yqflvks dksysV~Vh] ÝkWe fjokWY;w'ku Vw ysfuu] fnYyh] vks;wih] 1978A
eSdQslZu lh- ch-] n ykbQ ,.M VkbEl vkQ fycjy MseksØslh] vkWDlQksMZ] vks;wih]
1977A
lkYosMksjh ekfleks] dkyZ dkSRLdh ,.M n lks'fyLV fjoksY;w'ku] yanu] U;w ys¶V cqDl]
1979A
LVªkWl ,y-] ,.M vkbZ- xksIls] ¼laikfnEr½] fgLVªh vkWQ ikWfyVhdy fQyksLQh] f'kdkxks]
js.M esd*uWyh] 1977] ¼nwljk laLdj.k½A
fouFkzksi] ¼la-½] fycjy MseksØslh F;kSjh ,.M bV~l fØfVDl] yanu] Øwe gsYe] 1983A
10
10-- 8 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 10-2 o 10-3
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 10-2 o 10-3
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 10-2 o 10-3
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 10-2 o 10-3
cks/k iz'u 3
4½ ns[ksa mi-miHkkx 10-4-5-2
cks/k iz'u 4
3½ ns[ksa mi]-miHkkx 10-5-4-1
86
la i z H kq r k
bdkbZ 11 jkT; dk vFkZ vkSj izÑfr
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
11.0 mís ’ ;
11.1 izLrkouk
11.2 jkT; vkSj mlds mn~Hko (Derivations)
11.3 jkT; dk vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk
11-3-1 jkT; ds rÙo
11-3-2 jkT; o vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp Hksn
11-3-3 D;k ;g Hksn okLrfod gS\
11.4 jkT; dh izÑfr % fofHkUu fl)kar
11-4-1 mnkjoknh fl)kar
11-4-2 ekDlZoknh fl)kar
11-4-3 xk¡/khoknh fl)kar
11.5 lkjka’k
11.6 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
11.7 cks/k iz’uksa ds mÙkj
11.0 mís ’ ;
bl bdkbZ esa vki ik;saxs lHkh ekuo laLFkkvksa esa loksZifj] ;kuh jkT;] tks fd jktuhfr-
foKku dk eq[; lac) fo"k; gSA ^jkT;* 'kCn ds iz;ksxksa esa bruh T+;knk fofo/krk gS fd
;g Hkze iSnk djrk gSA bl izdkj] tSls jk"Vª] ns’k] lekt o ljdkj tSls jkT; ds
i;kZ;ksa dh rqyuk esa jkT; ds ewy y{k.kksa ,oa fl)karksa ij izdk’k Mkyus dk iz;kl fd;k
tkrk gSA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd %
• jkT; 'kCn ds vFkZ o mn~Hko dks le> ldsa vkSj mlds ewy y{k.k tku ldsa(
• jkT; dk mlds fofHkUu i;kZ;ksa ls Hksn dj ldsa( vkSj
• jkT; dh izÑfr ds fo"k; esa izeq[k lS)kfUrd <k¡ps dks le> ldsaA
11.1 izLrkouk
tSlk fd igys ft+Ø fd;k x;k] jktuhfr-foKku dk v/;;u djus ds rjhdksa esa ls ,d
gS jkT; dk mlds lHkh fofo/k fo’o:iksa esa v/;;u djukA ijUrq jkT; 'kCn dks vDlj
va/kk/kqa/k :i ls fdlh lkekU; izo`fÙk vFkok fdlh vkneh ds LokLF; dh] mlds ekul
dh vFkok mldh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh ^^voLFkk** tSlh fdlh tkudkjh dks O;Dr djus
ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA jktuhfr-foKku esa Hkh] bldks fofHkUu vYikUrjksa ds
lkFk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS( ljdkj] laLFkk vFkok mldh vo;o bdkb;ksa ds ,d i;kZ;
:i esaA vr%] jkT; D;k ^gS*] ;g izxfr esa lgk;rk djrk gS vFkok mls jksdrk gS] fdrus
vf/kdkj jkT; ds ikl gksus pkfg, vkSj ekuoh; dk;Zdyki ds fdu {ks=ksa esa] ;g vU;
fo|eku laLFkkvksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS vkSj jkT; dh izÑfr ds fo"k; esa lgh-lgh
O;k[;k D;k gS\
5
jkT; dks le>uk izkphu ,FksUl ds le; ls gh ;s iz’u jktuhfr nk’kZfudksa dk fnypLi fo"k; jgs gSa(
rFkkfi] jktuhfr-fl)kar ls lacaf/kr vk/kkjHkwr dkj.kksa dks [kkst fudkyus ds lpsr
iz;kl izkphu ;wukfu;ksa ds lkFk] if’peh nqfu;k esa 'kq: gq,A bl izdkj] bl vo/kkj.kk
dks bl 'kkL=-fo|k ds ,d ewy fo"k; ds :i esa le>uk ykt+eh gks tkrk gSA
11.2 jkT; vkSj mlds mn~Hko (Derivations)

tSlk fd dgk x;k gS] jktuhfr-foKku dk ,d igyw gS jkT; ds lkFk fØ;k-O;kikj] tks
fd lHkh ekuo laLFkkvksa esa loksZifj gSA ;wukfu;ksa us îkWfy* (polis) 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k
ftlds vuqlkj 'kgj-jkT; (city-state) vaxzsth 'kCn ^flfork* (civitas) ds lcls
T+;knk djhc ls esy [kkrk gS] ftldk Hkh vFkZ ^tu dY;k.k* ds |ksru ds lkFk ;gh gSA
teZuksa us ^LVsVl* (states) 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tks fd mDr 'kCn-in dk Hkkx ek=
gSA vk/kqfud 'kCn ^LVsV* (state) teZuksa }kjk iwoZ-iz;qDr ^^LVsVl** (status) ls gh
fudyk gSA jktuhfr-foKku esa ^^LVsV** ¼;Fkk jkT;½ 'kCn loZizFke fudksyks eSdkboyh
}kjk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA bl izdkj] ;g Li"V gks x;k fd jkT; 'kCn lksygoha 'krkCnh
ls igys cgqr vf/kd izpfyr ugha FkkA e/;dkyhu ;wjksi ds ,d cM+s fgLls esa jgus okys
yksx vk/kqfud jkT; dh ifjdYiuk ls vufHkK FksA vkxs pydj ;g 'kCn izfl) gks
x;k vkSj mlus izkf/kdkj laca/kh ,d i{kikr’kwU; vFkZ xzg.k dj fy;kA
11.3 jkT; dk vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk

pw¡fd jkT; jktuhfr-foKku ds v/;;u esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ la?kVd gS] ^jkT;* 'kCn dk
D;k rkRi;Z gS laca/kh ,d Li"V tkudkjh vko’;d gSA lkekftd thou ds vkjEHk ls
gh ekuo tkfr fdlh u fdlh izdkj ds izkf/kdj.k ds v/khu jgh gSA ;g izkf/kdj.k
viuh izÑfr esa cnyrk jgk gS vkSj viuk dke laxBu ds fofHkUu :iksa ds ek/;e ls
djrk jgk gSA jktuhfrd thou dh Bksl vfHkO;fDr esa bu Hksnksa ds rys iz;kstu dh
,d O;kogkfjd igpku ns[kh tk ldrh gS( vkSj vuko’;d rÙoksa ,oa mu ifjorZuksa dh
mis{kk djds tks le;] LFkku o ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh ek¡x dh otg ls gksrs gSa] ge vU;
laxBuksa ls fHkUu] jkT; dk furkUr lkj ik ldrs gSaA
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh ds fufeÙk fopkj ls] vc ge ;g iwN ldrs gSa fd jkT; gS D;k\
jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk,¡] tSlk fd teZu ys[kd 'kqYt+ us dgk] vla[; gSaA LoHkkor% ;s
ifjHkk"kk,¡ muds ys[kdksa ds erksa ls jaftr gSa vkSj ml n`f"Vdks.k ls izHkkfor gSa] ftlls
jkT; dks le>k tkrk gSA lektoknhtu bls ,d lkekftd n`";?kVuk ekurs gSa]
tcfd fof/kosÙkktu jkT; dks ,d dkuwuh laLFkk ds :i esa vknj nsrs gSa( vUrjjk"Vªh;
dkuwu fo"k;d ys[kdx.k dqN fuf’pr rÙoksa ij t+ksj nsrs gSa] ftudks jktuhfr-oSKkfud
vuns[kk djrs gSa] vkSj vUrr% nk'kZfud ys[kdx.k viuh ifjHkk"kkvksa dks nqcksZ/k 'kCnksa esa
izfrikfnr djrs gSaA rFkkfi] gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd jkT; ,d xw<+ ladYiuk Hkh
gS vkSj ,d Bksl laxBu Hkh] ;Fkk HkkSfrd rÙoksa ls igpkuk tkus okykA bl izdkj] lHkh
Hkkoksa esa] jkT; dk vFkZ fuEufyf[kr fy;k tk ldrk gS %
i) O;fDr;ksa dk ,d laxBu] ;Fkk ,d laxfBr bdkbZ ds :i esa ns[kh tkus okyh ekuo
tkfr(
ii) ,d fuf’pr {ks= ds jktuhfrd :i ls laxfBr yksx(
iii) lkoZtfud dkuwu dk ,d laxBu tks fd fdlh lewg vFkok vf/koklh-leqnk;
6 (population) ds fo#) fgalk-iz;ksx ij ,dkf/kdkj dk i{kikrh gks(
iv) ,d laxBu tks vkarfjd ekeyksa esa viuk dk;Z laLFkkvksa ds ,d ,dhÑr lewg] la i z H kq r k
ftls ljdkj dgrs gSa] ds ek/;e ls djrk gSA
11- 3- 1 jkT; ds rÙo
jkT;] tSlk fd igys dgk x;k] ,d Bksl oLrq ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj
,d xw<+ fopkj ds :i esa HkhA ,d Bksl oLrq dk eryc gS fd ;g ,d fof’k"V ekuo-
lewg vFkok laLFkk gS vkSj xw<+ vFkZ esa ns[ks tkus ij ;g ,d fof/kxr fof’k"Vrk j[kus
okyk fuxe gSA jkT;] blh dkj.k] HkkSfrd vkSj ijkHkkSfrd vFkok vk/;kfRed] nksuksa
rÙoksa ls feydj curk gSA ;s rÙo gSa %
i) ,d ekuo-lewg] ;Fkk vf/koklh-lewg ¼tula[;k½
ii) ,d {ks= tgk¡ ij os LFkk;h :i ls fuokl djrs gSa ¼jkT;{ks=½
iii) vkUrfjd izHkqlÙkk ,oa ckg~; fu;a=.k ls Lora=rk ¼lEizHkqrk½
iv) ,d jktuhfrd laxBu vFkok ,taslh ftlds ekè;e ls vf/koklh-lewg dh
lkewfgd bPNk O;Dr dh tkrh gS] ;Fkk 'kklu-iz.kkyh ¼ljdkj½
jktuhfr-foKku ds Nk=ksa dks] bl izdkj] ;g le>uk pkfg, fd bu rÙoksa esa ls fdlh
,d dk Hkh vHkko jkT; dks vÑr dj nsrk gS( lHkh dks vo’; gh ,d lkFk gksuk
pkfg,A jkT; turk ugha gksrk] u gh ns’k] u gh ljdkj] vfirq ;s lc gksrk gS vkSj
blds vfrfjDr] jkT; esa og ,drk t+:j gksuh pkfg, tks mls ,d fof’k"V ,oa
Lok/khu jktuhfrd lÙkk cukrh gSA ;s y{k.k lHkh jkT;ksa ds fy, loZekU; gSa] mudh
,sfrgkfld :i ls fof’k"V vfHkO;fDr;k¡ tks pkgs gksaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;g ckr ;wukuh
'kgj jkT;ksa] e/;dkyhu jkT;ksa] vk/kqfud jktra= ,oa jkT;ksa ds mu lHkh izdkjksa ij ykxw
gksrh gSa tks vkt fo|eku gSa& mnkjoknh yksdra=] Q+kSth rkuk’kkgh ,oa lkE;oknh
'kkluA vr% pkj rÙoksa dh ;g O;k[;k lHkh jkT;ksa ds fy, ,d tSlh gS( ;g] gkyk¡fd
jkT; ds lkekftd-jktuhfrd vFkZ ij Li"V :i ij izdk’k ugha MkyrhA
11- 3- 2 jkT; o vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp Hksn

vke vkneh jkT; vkSj vU; dbZ laLFkkvksa] tSls lekt] jk"Vª o vU;] ds chp dksbZ Hksn
ugha djrkA ijUrq] jkT; dk fof/kK n`f"Vdks.k] tks ;g dgrk gS fd jkT; ,d dkuwu-
fuekZ=h lÙkk gS] jkT; o vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp Hksn djrk gSA
jkT; vkSj lekt ds chp Hksn furkUr vko’;d gS D;ksafd lekt jkT; ls dgha vf/kd
cM+k gksrk gSA ,d lekt esa] lHkh lkekftd laLFkk,¡ o lkekftd laca/k 'kkfey gksrs gSa]
tcfd jkT; ds rgr lekt dk ek= ,d igyw vkrk gSA jktuhfrd fo"k;d vusd
vkn’kZoknh ,oa v}SrkRed (monistic) ys[kdksa us lekt o jkT; ds chp dksbZ Hksn ugha
fd;k gSA ijUrq] mnkjoknh ys[kd bl izdkj dk Hksn djrs gSa vkSj nkok djrs gSa fd
jkT; lekt dk lsod gS vkSj lekt ds gh Hkhrj gksrk gS( fd lekt jkT; ls vf/kd
iqjkuk gS vkSj jkT; dh Hkk¡fr pkj rÙo ugha j[krk( jkT; ,d mPp :i ls laxfBr
laizHkqrklEiUu laLFkk gS] tcfd lekt vlaxfBr Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj izHkqlÙkklEiUu
ugha gksrk( jkT; dksbZ tUetkr laLFkk ugha gksrk] tcfd lekt gksrk gSA cgqokfn;ksa us
jkT; o lekt ds chp Hksn dh ges’kk egÙo fn;k gS] D;ksafd os jkT; dks egt ,d
laLFkk ds :i esa gh ekurs gSa] lekt ds fof’k"V fgrksa dks lk/kus ds fy, lekt dh vU;
laLFkkvksa ds leku ghA
7
jkT; dks le>uk ljdkj jkT; ds vo;oksa esa ls ,d gksrh gS] ijUrq ;s nks 'kCn] jkT; o ljdkj] ,d-nwljs
ds fy, va/kk/kaq/k :i ls iz;ksx fd, tkrs jgs gSaA ysfdu oLrqr%] ljdkj jkT; dk ,d
,tsalh ek= gS ftlds ek/;e ls lkewfgd bPNk dks izfrikfnr fd;k tkrk gS] vfHkO;Dr
fd;k tkrk gS vkSj dk;kZfUor fd;k tkrk gSA fLFkjrk] laizHkqrk ,oa foLrh.kZrk ds fygkt
ls] jkT; ljdkj dh ctk; ;s lc phtsa j[krk gSA ;g Hkh x+kSj djuk t+:jh gS fd jkT;
dks vHkh gky gh esa fodflr gqbZ laLFkk ekuk tkrk gS] tcfd ljdkj cgqr iqjkuh gSA
;gk¡ rd fd lcls iqjkru ekuo lektksa us Hkh ljdkj dk dksbZ izkjafHkd :i fodflr
fd;k gksxk rkfd leqnk; ds vke thou ij fu;a=.k j[kk tk ldsA blh dkj.k]
ljdkj jkT; ds vfLrRo gsrq ,d vko’;d 'krZ rks gS] ijUrq ;Fks"V (sufficient) ughaA
cgqoknhtu jkT; o lekt dh vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp dksbZ Hksn ugha djrs vkSj
n`<+rkiwoZd ;g dgrs gSa fd jkT; lekt dh fdlh Hkh vU; laLFkk dh rjg gh gSA
ijUrq] vkerkSj ij] jkT; viuh laizHkqrk ds dkj.k vU; lkekftd laLFkkvksa ls fHkUu
gksrk gSA gj mnkjoknh yksdra= esa] jkT; laizHkqrk ds HkkSfrd ;a= tSls iqfyl] lsuk]
ukSdj'kkgh vkSj tsy vf/kd et+cwr gks x, gSaA vkt] ,d izHkqlÙkklEiUu jkT; ds ikl
vR;f/kd HkkSfrd lÙkk gksrh gS] rkfd fonzksgksa dks dqpyk tk lds] tks fd vU; laLFkkvksa
ds ikl ugha gksrhA
jkT; vkSj jk"Vª@ukxfjdrkvksa ds chp Hksn ,d cM+s fookn dk fo"k; jgk gS D;ksafd
vk/kqfud jkT; jk"Vª-jkT; Hkh gSaA ijUrq jktuhfr-foKku ds Nk=ksa dks jkT; vkSj jk"Vª
ds chp eq[; vUrj le>uk pkfg,] tks fd ;g gS fd jk"Vª dk vk/kkj euksoSKkfud ,oa
lkaLÑfrd ,drk gS tcfd jkT; dk vk/kkj HkkSfrd ,oa jktuhfrd ,drk gSA jk"Vª
iw¡thokn ds fodkl ds lkFk mHkjs] tcfd jkT; mlds igys ls gh fo|eku FkkA jkT;
ds vfuok;Z rÙo jk"Vª dh iwoZ-’krs± ugha gSaA
11- 3- 3 D;k ;g Hksn okLrfod gS\

jkT; dk fof/kK n`f"Vdks.k ,d fof/klaxr vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa jkT; ,oa vU; lkekftd
laLFkkvksa ds chp Hksn djrk gSA ijUrq dY;k.kdkjh jkT;ksa ds mn~xeu ds lkFk gh] jkT;
o lekt ds chp varj yqIrizk; gks x;k( jkT; o ljdkj ds chp Hksn egt ,d
rduhdh Hksn gS vkSj ljdkj] lHkh O;kogkfjd mís’;ksa ls] jkT; ds led{k gh gSA blh
izdkj] jk"Vª-jkT; ds mn; ds lkFk gh] jk"Vª o jkT; ds chp varj dksbZ T+;knk egÙoiw.kZ
ugha jgs vkSj jkT; o vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp erHksn cgqokfn;ksa }kjk /kks Mkys x,A
jkT; dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks vo’; gh lexz lekt ds lanHkZ esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A jkT;
dks ml lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd ra= ds :i esa fy;k tkuk pkfg,] tks fd tula[;k] fuf’pr
{ks=] ljdkj o laizHkqrk j[kus okyh iw.kZ LFkk;h oS/k laLFkkvksa esa dqN fuf’pr izdk;ks±]
xfrfof/k;ksa o izfØ;kvksa ds fu"iknukFkZ lekt esa izpfyr gksA dkuwu cukus dh loksZPp
lÙkk ,d jktuhfrd iz.kkyh gS tks fLFkjrk o larqyu dk;e j[kus] uhfr-fuekZ.k djus
,oa lekt esa vke dY;k.kdkjh dk;ks± dks djus laca/kh izdk;ks± dks fu"ikfnr djrh gSA
cks/k iz’u 1
uks V % i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, fjDr LFkku dk iz;ksx djsaA
1½ jkT; 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

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2½ jkT; o vU; laLFkkvksa ds chp varj crk,¡A D;k ;g Hksn okLrfod gS\
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11.4 jkT; dh izÑfr % fofHkUu fl)kar

jkT; dh vusd n`f"Vdks.kksa ls dYiuk dh xbZ gSA gj fl)kUrh jkT; dks viuh gh
'kkL=-fo|k ds 'kCnksa esa le>rk vkSj ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA gj ,d us jkT; dh mRifÙk]
izÑfr] {ks=] izdk;Z o mís’;ksa ds laca/k esa viuk gh fl)kar fn;k gSA ;s fl)kar izk;% :i
vkSj vFkZ esa ,d-nwljs ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA bl bdkbZ esa jkT; dh izÑfr ds fo"k; esa ge
fofHkUu fl)karksa ls nks-pkj gksus dk iz;kl djsaxsA
11- 4- 1 mnkjoknh fl)ka r

jkT; dh mRifÙk ,oa izÑfr laca/kh mnkjoknh fl)kar dh tk¡p-iM+rky djus ls igys]
dqN tkudkjh Lo;a mnkjokn ds gh fo"k; esa izkIr djuk Bhd jgsxkA 16oha vkSj 17oha
'krkfCn;ksa esa u, iw¡thoknh oxZ ¼e/;oxZ½ dk mn; gqvk] mnkjokn dh /kkj.kk mu
izfrfØ;kRed cyksa ds f[kykQ+ ,d izxkeh (progressive) fonzksg ds :i esa lkeus vk;h
ftudk izfrfuf/kRo lkeUrokn] ppZ vkSj jktra= djrs FksA ;g O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa o
Lora=rk ij vk/kkfjr yksxksa dh lgefr laca/kh ekU;rk gsrq ,d vkokt+ FkhA O;fDr-
laca/kh bldh vo/kkj.kk îqjksxkeh O;fDr* (posessive individual) dh vo/kkj.kk Fkh vkSj
;g yksdrkaf=d ljdkj dh LFkkiuk gsrq ,d jktuhfrd vkUnksyu FkkA
;g fl)kar euq"; dh mnkjoknh /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gS tks vius Lo;a dh Lora= bPNk
j[kus okys] bl lalkj esa ,d Lora= vfHkdÙkkZ :ih laca/k gS] og O;fDr;ksa] muds LoHkko]
xfrfof/k;ksa] #fp;ksa ,oa mís’;ksa dks vkisf{kr Hkwfedk fnyokrk gSA jkT; dks ,d
vko’;drk] ,d laLFkk & cqjh gks ;k Hkyh & ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] tks lekt esa
dkuwu o O;oLFkk] 'kkfUr o U;k; dk;e dj ldsA jkT; lexz lekt ds vke fgr dks
lk/kus ds fy, gksrk gSA bldks ekuo-dY;k.k dh ,tsalh ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gS] tksfd
O;fDr ds thou vkSj laifÙk dks lqjf{kr djsxkA bldks euq"; ds uSfrd vkSj lkekftd
fodkl esa ;ksxdkjh ekuk tkrk gSA mnkjokn jkT; vksj lekt ds chp Hksn djrk gS
vkSj dgrk gS fd jkT; lekt ds fy, gS] u fd lekt jkT; ds fy,A
9
jkT; dks le>uk jkT; ds izdk;ks± ij mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k le;-le; ij cnyrs jgs gSaA 17oha 'krkCnh
ds nkSjku] iw¡thoknh oxZ & ftlus mnkjokn dk leFkZu fd;k& dh vko';drk,a fHkUu
Fkha vkSj 18oha] 19oha o 20oha 'krkfCn;ksa ds nkSjku] bl oxZ dh vko’;drk,¡ cnyha]
ftlls lekt esa jkT; dh ,d fHkUu Hkwfedk vko’;d gks xbZA 18oha ,oa vkjfEHkd
19oha 'krkCnh dk lS)kfUrd mnkjokn] tks vYire izdk;ks± okys udkjh jkT; dk
leFkZu djrk Fkk] 19oha lnh ds mÙkjk/kZ ,oa vkjfEHkd 20oha lnh esa vk/kqfud mnkjokn
esa cny x;k ftlus dY;k.kdkjh izdk;ks± okys ldkjh (positive) jkT; dk leFkZu
fd;kA
lS)kfUrd mnkjokn dks vU; ukeksa ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ;Fkk ^yst+-Q+S* (liassez-faire)
vFkok iqfyl jkT; fl)kar] vFkok O;fDrokn fl)kar tks jkT; dks ,d vko’;d cqjkbZ
ekurk gSA vko’;d] euq"; ds LokFkZijd LoHkko ds dkj.k vkSj cqjk] D;ksafd ;g
LokFkZijd Lora=rk dk 'k=q gSA jkT; vkSj oS;fDrd Lora=rk dks ,d-nwljs ds foijhr
ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS vkSj lS)kfUrd mnkjokn O;fDr dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds {ks= dks
c<+kdj vkSj jkT; dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds {ks= dks ?kVkdj mldks vf/kd Lora=rk iznku
djrk gSA jkT; dk dk;Z gS O;fDr dks HkkSfrd lqj{kk iznku djuk rkfd og jkT;
gLr{ksi ds fcuk vius O;fDrRo dks fodflr dj ldsA laf{kIrr%] bldk vFkZ gS
vYire jkT; izdk;Z ,oa vf/kdre oS;fDrd Lora=rkA ,sMe fLeFk us ,d vkfFkZd
vk/kkj ij bldk leFkZu fd;k vkSj cSUFke us ,d uSfrd vkSj jktuSfrd vk/kkj ijA
rnksijkar mnkjokn vFkok vk/kqfud mnkjokn dks ^dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk fl)kar*
^la’kks/kuoknh (Revisionist)* vFkok ^lq/kkjoknh (Reformist) mnkjokn* Hkh dgk tkus
yxkA ;gk¡] jkT; dks egt ,d vko’;d cqjkbZ ugha le>k tkrk] cfYd ;g Hkh ekuk
tkrk gS fd jkT; lkekftd dY;k.k ds vusd dk;Z dj ldrk gS] lUrqyu yk ldrk
gS vkSj tulk/kkj.k dh lkekftd-vkfFkZd ek¡xksa dks iwjk dj ldrk gSA vusd fopkjdksa
fey] Ý+heSu] gkWCgkml] fy.Mls] dhUl] VkWuh] dksy] ckdZj] ykLdh ,oa eSdkboj us jkT;
ds ldkjh dk;ks± laca/kh fl)kar fn;kA
bl izdkj] mnkjoknh jkT; ds c<+rs yksdra=hdj.k us lHkh o;Ldksa dks erkf/kdkj

fnyokdj jkT; dks vFkZO;oLFkk esa egÙoiw.kZ gLr{ksi dh uhfr;k¡ 'kq: djus ds fy,
et+cwj dj fn;kA bldk vFkZ djk/kku ,oa jkT;h; vuqnku ds ek/;e ls lEiUurjksa ls
vYilEiUuksa dks lalk/ku gLrkarfjr djuk Hkh gSA vYire jkT; ls fHkUu] tks mnkjoknh
jkT; dk ewy Lo:i Fkk] dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ls vihy dh xbZ fd tudY;k.k dks viuk
eq[; dk;Z-O;kikj cuk;sA dY;k.kdkjh jkT; egt ,d pqukoh ncko dk tokc ugha Fkk]
cfYd vke turk ds chp mudh 'kfDr laca/kh psruk txkus gsrq izR;qÙkj Hkh Fkk] tks
et+nwj la?kksa tSlh laLFkkvksa ,oa tuer ds ek/;e ls O;Dr gqvkA ijUrq dY;k.kdkjh
jkT; dks lS)kfUrd vYire jkT; ls ,d Økafrd ifjorZu ds :i esa ugha ns[kk tkuk
pkfg,A bldh ctk;] gesa bldks turk dks vf/kdre fj;k;r tkus ds ,d iz;kl ds
:i esa ns[kuk pkfg, tks fd ,d mnkjoknh] iw¡thoknh ckt+kj vFkZO;oLFkk dh vko’;drkvksa
ds vuq:i gksA
mnkjokn] 20oha lnh ds vafre o"kks± esa] uo-mnkjokn ds ,d u, :i esa cny pqdk gSA
bldks lS)kfUrd jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk ds fopkjksa dh vksj ykSVus ds :i esa fy;k tk
ldrk gSA uo-mnkjoknh y{; gS ^jkT; dh lhekvksa dh vksj okilh*] la{ksi esa fd
vfu;fer i.; (market) iw¡thokn ls n{krk] o`f) vkSj O;kid lEiUUrk vk;sxhA jkT;
dk uo-mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k Ý+sfMªd g;sd ,oa feYVu Ý+hMeSu tSls vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa rFkk
10 jkWcVZ uksft+d tSls nk’kZfudksa ds ys[kksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
cks/k iz’u 2 la i z H kq r k
1½ jkT; ds mnkjoknh fl)kar laca/kh fof’k"V y{k.k D;k gS-\
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2½ lS)kfUrd mnkjoknh fl)kar D;k gS\

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11- 4- 2 ekDlZ o knh fl)ka r

jkT; dk ekDlZoknh fl)kar jkT; ds mnkjoknh fl)kar dh ,d leh{kk] vkSj mlds ,d
fodYi ds :i esa mHkjkA ;fn mnkjokn dkexkj oxZ dk ,d lkekftd-vkfFkZd ,oa
jktuSfrd fl)kar Fkk] rks ekDlZokn Lo;a iw¡thokn vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dk ifj.kke FkkA
mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls] jkT; lkekftd vuqca/k] LohÑfr ,oa loZlEefr dk ifj.kke gS]
vkSj dkuwu O;oLFkk dk;e djds ,oa U;k; o dY;k.kdkjh lsok,¡ eqgS;k djds lexz
leqnk; dk vke fgr lk/kus ds fy, gSA tcfd ekDlZoknh fl)kar ds vuqlkj] jkT;
oxZ-foHkktu ,oa oxZ-la?k"kZ dk ifj.kke gS vkSj ,d oxZ-fo’ks"k dk gh fgr lk/krk gS]
D;ksafd lHkh oxks± dk dksbZ ,d gh fgr@loZekU; fgr ugha gks ldrkA ;g jkT; dks
vLohdkj djrk gS] viuh vYiko’;drk oxks± dh fo|ekurk ls tksM+rk gS] vkSj lq>ko
nsrk gS fd ,d Økafr vkSj ,d oxZjfgr lekt dh LFkkiuk }kjk jkT; dh laLFkk dks
u"Vdj fn;k tk,A vkidks irk gksuk pkfg, fd lkekftd foKkuksa esa] ^êrSD; ekWMy**
vkSj ^^fookn ekWMy** ls lacaf/kr cgl ,d yEcs le; rd xeZ jghA erSD; ekWMy ftl
ij mnkjokn vk/kkfjr gS] n`<+rkiwoZd dgrk gS fd lekt o lkekftd laLFkkvksa] jkT;
lesr] dk vk/kkj lg;ksxh (shared) vkLFkk,¡] fgr] vkn’kZ ,oa laLFkk,¡ gSaA fookn fl)kar
fookn o la?k"kZ dks egÙo nsrk gS vkSj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrk gS fd jkT; o vU; dbZ
laLFkk,¡ fookn dk gh ifj.kke gSaA
pfy,] jkT; dh izÑfr] izdk;Z ,oa fof/klaxr ds fo"k; esa ekDlZoknh ekU;rkvksa dk
/;kuiwoZd fo’ys"k.k djrs gSa] ftudks dkyZ ekDlZ us ^nkl-dSfiVy* o ^n fØfVd vkWQ 11
jkT; dks le>uk n xksFkk izksxzke* lesr viuh vusd Ñfr;ksa ds ek/;e ls rS;kj fd;kA ;|fi ekDlZ us
Lo;a jkT; dk vyx ls dksbZ fl)kar izfrikfnr ugha fd;k] jkT;-laca/kh fopkj-foe’kZ
ekDlZ ds yxHkx lHkh ys[kksa esa fc[kjk iM+k gSA ekDlZ mRiknu ds iw¡thoknh <ax
laca/kh ,sfrgkfld fo’ys"k.k esa O;Dr Fks] vr% og jkT; ljh[ks fof’k"V fo"k;ksa ij /;ku
dsfUnzr ugha dj ldsA ijUrq ,UtsYl o vU; ekDlZoknh fo}kuksa o Økafrdkfj;ksa us bl
igyw ij fy[kk gSA
jkT;-laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar dh eq[; ckrksa ij jktuhfr-foKku ds Nk=ksa dk /;ku
vko’;d gSA ekDlZ us vius vkjfEHkd ys[kksa esa ;g Li"V fd;k fd ,d oxZ dh laxfBr
'kfDr gS tks cgqla[;d dkexkj oxZ ij izcy jktuhfrd izHkqRo-LFkkiu fu;eksa ds
ek/;e ls nwljs dks] ;Fkk vkfFkZd :i ls izcy vYila[;d oxZ dks nckrh gSA ekDlZ us
jkT; dks ,d laØfer vkSj ijkJ;h lkekftd cy ekuk vkSj î`Foh ij bZ’oj dk
iz;k.k* (March) ds :i esa jkT; laca/kh gsxsy dh /kkj.kk dks vLohdkj fd;kA mUgksaus
jkT; dks dHkh Hkh lekt esa fookn lekIr djus okys vkSj ,drk o lkeUtL; ykus okys
fdlh Å¡ph uSfrdrk ds :i esa ugha fy;kA jkT; muds vuqlkj] dHkh u rks lekt ds
cjkcj Fkk u gh mlls Åij] oju~ ,sfrgkfld fodkl dh fdlh fuf’pr voLFkk esa
egt mldk ifj.kke FkkA bl izdkj] ekDlZ ,d vke lS)kfUrd <k¡ps esa vkSj
bfrgkl dh HkkSfrdoknh O;k[;k esa fo’okl djrs gSa ftls ^}U}kRed HkkSfrdokn*
(Dialectical Materialism) dgrs gSAa }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn ,d vf/kd lkekU; lS)kfUrd
ra= g]S ftlls ,sfrgkfld fodkl laca/kh vf/kd Li"V fl)kar tUek gS] ftldks
^,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn* (Historical Materialism) vFkok bfrgkl dh HkkSfrdoknh
O;k[;k dgrs gSaA
ekDlZoknh dgrs gSa fd lHkh n`’;?kVuk,¡] ftudk ge vius efLr"d ,oa psruk ls ckgj
vuqHko djrs gSa] HkkSfrd] lkdkj vkSj ;FkkFkZ gksrh gSaA lkFk gh] lHkh n`’; ?kVuk,¡ fooknksa
dh vksj ys tkrs vkSj fQj] vUrr% fodkl ds ,d Å¡ps Lrj dh vksj mBrs vkUrfjd
izfroknksa ls vfHkyf{kr gksrs gSaA bl lEiw.kZ izfØ;k dks ekDlZ }kjk ^}U}kRed HkkSfrdokn*
uke fn;k x;k gSA blh dkj.k] fdlh Hkh n`’; ?kVuk dks le>us ds fy, gesa ml rjhds
dks vo’; le>uk pkfg, ftlesa og cnyrh gSA
bl izdkj] jkT;-laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar jkT; dks efgekfUor ugha djrk( ;g ,d
oxZ-jfgr lekt esa] mlds iru] mlds frjLdkj dk fl)kar gSA bl fl)kar ds
vuqlkj] uhfr;k¡ vkSj jkT; ml vf/kjpuk (super structure) dk fgLlk gSa tks ,d iznÙk
lekt dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk vFkok mRiknu jhfr ij vk/kkfjr gSA jkT; dh mRifÙk
laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar Hkh jkT; o uhfr;ksa ds bl vke n`f"Vdks.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA
jkT; oxks± esa foHkkftr lekt vkSj muds chp la?k"kkZjaHk ds lkFk tUekA jkT; dh
mRifÙk laca/kh ,sfrgkfld fo’ys"k.k ;g gS fd jkT; fdlh Hkh lwjr esa lekt ij Fkksaih
xbZ dksbZ lÙkk ugha gS( cfYd] ;g fodkl dh ,d fuf’pr voLFkk esa lekt dh ,d
jpuk gS tks mlds lkFk fooknksa esa Q¡lk gksrk gSA jkT;] bl izdkj] lekt esa oxks± ds
tUe vkSj oxZ-la?k"kZ ds lkFk tUek vkSj ,d izHkkoh oxZ ds gkFkksa esa ,d 'kks"k.k-lk/ku
ek= gSA jkT; dh enn ls] 'kkld oxZ vkfFkZd :i ls det+ksj oxks± ij viuh lÙkk
dk;e j[krs gSaA
cks/k iz’u 3
12
1½ jkT;-laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar dks vius 'kCnksa esa Li"V djsaA la i z H kq r k
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11- 4- 3 xk¡ / khoknh fl)ka r

pfy,] vc ;g ns[kus dk iz;kl djrs gSa xk¡/khth us jkT; dh izÑfr dks fdl izdkj
ifjdfYir fd;kA bldh lw{e :i ls tk¡p djus ls igys] gesa bl ckr ij /;ku nsuk
pkfg, fd xk¡/khoknh ifjdYiuk mnkjoknh o ekDlZoknh igyqvksa esa ik;h tkus okyh
jkT;-laca/kh vo/kkj.kk ds lkFk lekurk,¡ o fHkUurk,¡ n’kkZrh gSA ge ;g Hkh x+kSj dj
ldrs gSa fd ;|fi ;g jkT; fo"k;d Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk ls tUeh gS] ;g bl fo"k; ij
dqN ik’pkR; fopkjksa dk Hkh izHkko n’kkZrh gSA
lcls igys] xk¡/khth jkT; dh vko’;drk dks Lohdkj djrs gSa( ;|fi vfgalk ds ,d
leFkZd ds :i esa og ;g t+:j ns[krs gSa fd jkT; dk fufgrkFkZ gS fgalk-iz;ksx vFkok
voihM+uA ,slk blfy, gS fd xk¡/khth bl fopkj dks ekurs gSa fd euq"; LoHkkor%
vfgalkRed gS vkSj fd ;g vkn’kZ vFkZ esa euq"; ij ykxw gksrk gSA ,d ;FkkFkZoknh
n`f"Vdks.k ls] og bl ckr ls lger gSa fd jkT; dh dqN vko’;drk,a gksrh gSa D;ksafd
O;ogkjr%] euq"; esa vfgalk vkSj lkekftdrk laca/kh vkn’kZ xq.k ugha Hkh gks ldrsA ijUrq
;g ckr dgdj] xk¡/khth ;g Hkh ckr j[krs gSa fd fgalk dh ,d laLFkk ds :i esa jkT;
lhfer vo’; gksuk pkfg,A vU; 'kCnksa esa] xk¡/kh th vYire jkT; dks ekurs gSaA
nwljs] xk¡/khth dk lq>ko gS fd jkT; dqN dlkSfV;ksa ds vk/kkj ij lhfer gksuk pkfg,A
,d vksj] jkT; dk izkf/kdkj lÙkk ds fodsUnzhdj.k ij vk/kkfjr fdlh O;oLFkk }kjk
?kVk fn;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlesa jkT; ls uhps Lrj ds leqnk;ksa ds ikl T+;knk Lok;Ùkrk
vkSj dsUnzh; jkT; ls Lora=rk gksuh pkfg,A bl izdkj dh Lok;Ùkrk laca/kh ,d bdkbZ
xzke leqnk; gksuh pkfg,A ml leqnk; dks Lo;a ,d loZlEefr dh izfØ;k }kjk xzkeh.k
leqnk; dks izHkkfor djus okys lHkh fu.kZ;ksa dks r; djuk pkfg,A xk¡/khoknh n`f"Vdks.k
;g gS fd tgk¡ rd fd egRoiw.kZ LFkkuh; leqnk; laca/kh fu.kZ; ml Lrj ij fy,
tkrs gSa] dsUnzh; jkT; vYire gksxk] tks lexz vius {ks=kf/kdkj ds vUrxZr lEiw.kZ {ks=
dh j{kk] fons’k-laca/k ,oa lexz jkT;{ks= dks izHkkfor djus okyh dksbZ Hkh vU; leL;k,¡
ls vuqekur% lEc) jgsxkA jhfr-fjoktksa o ijEijkvksa ds ek/;e ls lexz lekt esa
fufgr uSfrd ekun.Mksa }kjk xk¡/khoknh fopkj esa jkT; dh 'kfDr Hkh vYiÑr gksrh gSA
rhljs] vkSj dsoy vfgalkRed :i ls] jkT; oS;fDrd ^^lf}osd** (Conscience) vFkok
^^vUrvkZRek dh vkokt+** ls mBrh uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa }kjk Hkh ifjlhfer gSA viuh egku~
Js.; Ñfr] fgUn Lojkt] esa mUgksaus dgk fd bl rjg dh jkt O;oLFkk ftlesa
jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa dks ,d cM+h la[;k esa Lo-’kklu xzke leqnk;ksa esa foHkkftr dj
fn;k tkrk gS] Lojkt 'kklu iz.kkyh gSA xk¡/khth dk nkok Fkk fd ;g Hkkjr esa lfn;ksa
13
jkT; dks le>uk esa pydj fodflr gqbZ ,d bZekunkjh ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk gSA rFkkfi]
xk¡/khoknh jkT; dks mldh vkfFkZd o lkekftd O;oLFkkvksa ls foyx ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA blh dkj.k] Lojkt vFkok Lo-’kklu laca/kh ladYiuk vkfFkZd o lkekftd
O;oLFkkvksa dks Nwrh gSA Lo;a xzkeh.k leqnk; ds Hkhrj] xk¡/khth O;fDr;ksa ls Åij lewgksa
ds egÙo ij t+ksj nsrs gSaA
bl izdkj] xk¡/khth dks ,d vjktdrkoknh dguk x+yr gksxk] ;fn mlls rkRi;Z ,d
,sls fopkjd ls gS tksfd jkT; dh vko’;drk ls badkj djrk gksA fuf’prr%] og jkT;
dks ifjlhfer djrs gSa] ijUrq bldk eryc ;g ugha fd og blls NwV nsrs gSaA vYire
jkT; dk ekeyk ;g gS fd blesa vYire fgalk 'kkfey gS] vkSj bldk vFkZ Lojkt-
laca/kh xk¡/khoknh jktuhfrd fl)kar dh LohÑfr Hkh gSA tcfd oS;fDrd lf}osd ij
xk¡/khoknh jktuhfrd fl)kar dh LohÑfr Hkh gSA tcfd oS;fDrd lf}osd ij xk¡/khth
dk t+ksj oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa ij mnkjoknh egÙo fn, tkus tSlk gh gS] bldks oS;fDrd
vf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk ls vyx le>k tkuk pkfg,A xk¡/khoknh vf/kdkj O;fDr dks
O;fDrokn ds mnkjoknh vk/kkj ij ugha] cfYd uSfrd vk/kkj ij fn, tkrs gSa( ;Fkk ;g
nkok fd uSfrd :i ls dk;Z djuk gekjk dÙkZO; gSA lR;kxzg-laca/kh xk¡/khoknh /kkj.kk
vFkok fojks/k-izn’kZu laca/kh jktuhfrd dk;Zokgh vFkok vlR; dk fojks/k ,d uSfrd
vf/kdkj ,d dÙkZO; gS] vkSj xk¡/khoknh jkT; Hkh bl izdkj dh dk;Zokgh dk mís’; gSA
xk¡/khth dh jkT;-laca/kh vo/kkj.kk ekDlZoknh jkT; ls bl lanHkZ esa feyrh-tqyrh gS fd

nksuksa gh jkT; dks ,d fgalk-ra= ds :i esa ysrs gSaA vius uSfrd igyw ds eísut+j]
xk¡/kh Hkh dÙkZO;ksa ij t+ksj nsrs gSa] u fd vf/kdkjksa ijA blds vykok xk¡/khoknh jkT;
oS;fDrd bPNkvksa dh lkewfgdrk laca/kh fdlh /kkj.kk dh ctk; ,d uSfrd] lkE;oknh
erSD; ij T+;knk vk/kkfjr gSA vusd rjhdksa ls] xk¡/khokn jkT; jkT; dk ,d fof’k"V
:i ls Hkkjrh; :i gSA vkt] xk¡/khoknh rÙo iapk;rhjkt vFkok yksdrkaf=d
fodsUnzhdj.k laca/kh vkn’kks± dh /kkj.kk esa izfrfcfEcr gksrs gSaA oLrqr% Hkkjrh; jktuhfr
esa egÙoiw.kZ eqíksa esa ls ,d ;g jgk gS fd jkT; dk xka/khoknh Lo:i Hkkjr esa izLrkfor
fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ;fn gk¡] rks fdl gn rd\
jkT;-laca/kh bu rhu igyqvksa dk la{ksi.k djrs gq,] ge dg ldrs gSa fd mnkjoknh

jkT; oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS( fd ekDlZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj] jkT; oxZ-
izHkqRo o oxZ-’kks"k.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS( vkSj xk¡/khoknh jkT; ,d uSfrd o lkE;oknh
loZlEefr ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
cks/k iz’u 4
1½ jkT; ds xk¡/khoknh fl)kar laca/kh fof’k"V y{k.kksa dks foLrkj ls crk,¡A
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14
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2½ jkT; ds xk¡/khoknh fl)kar ds lkFk mnkjoknh vFkok ekDlZoknh fl)kar dh rqyuk la i z H kq r k
djsa vkSj mlds ckn Hksn n’kkZ;saA
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11.5 lkjka ’ k
vc rd] Åij jkT;-laca/kh fofHkUu /kkj.kkvksa dk fo’ys"k.k fd;k x;k] tks ;g fuf’pr
djrh gSa fd jkT; ,d ,sfrgkfld lÙkk gSA bldk vFkZ] izÑfr] izdk;Z o dk;Z{ks= le;
o ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu ds lkFk cnys gSaA rFkkfi] ,d fLFkfr r; gS fd pw¡fd lekt
fofo/k lewgksa] fgrksa o fooknksa dk lewg gS] jkT; lexz lekt ds vke fgrksa ds mUu;u
(promotion) vkSj vfHkO;fDr gsrq ,d eap cuk gqvk gSA
jktuhfr dks lkekftd izfØ;kvksa ds ,d vk;ke ds :i esa le>k tkuk pkfg,] u fd

egt jkT; vkSj ljdkj laca/kh v/;;u ds :i esaA mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls] jkT; egt
izHkqRo lEiUu dkuwu-fuekZ=h 'kfDr;k¡A dkuwuksa dks ykxw djus gsrq voihM+d 'kfDr j[kus
okyh dksbZ dkuwuh laLFkk ugha gS] cfYd bldk lcls egÙoiw.kZ igyw gS lekt dh lsok
djuk vkSj lekt esa vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dh vf/kd ls vf/kd ek¡xksa dks iwjk djukA
tcfd ekDlZokn us jkT; dh oxZ izo`fÙk ij t+ksj fn;k] mlus ;g n`<+rkiwoZd dgk fd
lekt dk vk/kkj uhao dk <k¡pk gksrk gS & ;Fkk] mRiknu jhfr lekt esa oxZ fu/kkZfjr
djrh gS & vkSj blh ij vk/kkfjr gS lekt dh lkaLÑfrd] uSfrd o jktuhfrd
vf/kjpukA ;g] muds vuqlkj] ,d voihM+d lk/ku gS tks lekt ds ,d fof’k"V
izHkko’kkyh vkfFkZd oxZ ls rkYyqd jgrk gSA nwljh vksj] xk¡/khoknh jkT; yksdrkaf=d
fodsUnzhdj.k ds vkn’kks± ds lkFk] ,d uSfrd o lkE;oknh loZlEefr ij vk/kkfjr gSA
bu lHkh fofHkUu igyqvksa esa] jkT; dh vko’;drk csgn eglwl dh tkrh gSA jkT; dks
pkgs ,d oxZ-laxBu ds :i esa ns[kk tk, vFkok ,d lÙkk-ra= ds :i esa] ;k fQj ,d
vko’;d ;k vuko’;d cqjkbZ ds :i esa] vFkok dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds :i esa] vFkok
thou ds furkar vk/kkj ds :i esa] og viuh ,sfrgkfld fodkl ds fofHkUu pj.kksa ds
nkSjku viuk mís’; iwjk djrk gSA

vfljoFk~e] ,M~Mh] ikWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] nh vij bf.M;k ifCyf’kax gkml izk- fyfeVsM]
y[kuÅ] 1984
tSu] ,e-ih-] ikWfyfVdWy fFkvjh % fycjy ,.M ekfDlZ;u] vkWFkjt+ fxYM ifCyds’kUt+]
ubZ fnYyh] 1979
15
jkT; dks le>uk eSdkboj] vkj-,e-] n ekMuZ LVsV] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izSl] yanu] 1976
js] vey ,oa eksfgr HkV~Vkpk;Z] ikWfyfVdWy fFkvjh % vkbfM;kt+ ,.M bfULVV~;w’kUt+]
oYMZ izSl] dksydkrk] 1985 ¼u;k laLdj.k ns[kk tk ldrk gS½

cks/k iz’u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 11-2] 11-3 vkSj miHkkx 11-3-1
2½ ns[ksa miHkkx 11-3-2 vkSj 11-3-3
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ ns[ksa miHkkx 11-4-1
cks/k iz’u 3
cks/k iz’u 4
16
la i z H kq r k
bdkbZ 12 laizHkqrk
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
12.0 mís ’ ;
12.1 izLrkouk
12.2 laizHkqrk dh izÑfr
12.3 laizHkqrk D;k gS\
12.4 laizHkqrk ds y{k.k
12.5 laizHkqrk laca/kh /kkj.kk dk fodkl
12.6 fof/klaxr ,oa jktuhfrd laizHkqrk
12.7 laizHkqrk dk LFkku fu/kkZj.k
12-7-1 jktra= dh laizHkqrk
12-7-2 iztk dh laizHkqrk
12-7-3 laizHkqrk % lafo/kku-fuekZ.k 'kfDr ds :i esa
12-7-4 dkuwu-fuekZ.k 'kfDr laca/kh laizHkqrk
12.8 Mh t+kWj vkSj Mh QSDVks laizHkqrk
12.9 laizHkqrk fo"k;d lhek,¡
12-9-1 uSfrd lhek,¡
12-9-2 laoS/kkfud lhek,¡
12-9-3 vUrjjk"Vªh; lhek,¡
12-10 laizHkqrk-fl)kar fo"k;d vkykspuk,¡
12.11 lkjka’k
12.0 mís ’ ;
bl bdkbZ esa vki i<+saxs jktuhfr-foKku esa iz;qDr lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk ds
fo"k; esa] ;Fkk laizHkqrk ;kuh laizHkqrk ds fo"k; esaA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl
;ksX; gksaxs fd %
• laizHkqrk dh vo/kkj.kk dks le> ldsa vkSj mldh izÑfr o y{k.kksa dks tku ldsa(
• bl fl)kar dh mRifÙk dks ryk’k dj ldsa vkSj bldk LFkkiu o fofo/krkvksa dks
Li"V dj ldsa(
• laizHkqrk dh vo/kkj.kk ds fo#) vfHkyf{kr rh[kh vkykspukvksa dk foospukRed :i
esa ewY;kadu dj ldsa( rFkk
• vkt ds fo’o esa bl vo/kkj.kk dk vkSfpR; tku ldsaA
12.1 izLrkouk
blls igys fd ge laizHkqrk dh ladYiuk dk fo’ys"k.k djsa] gesa jktuhfr ds vFkZ]
jktuhfr ds lkFk vU; lkekftd foKkuksa ds laca/k ,oa jkT; ds vFkZ ds ckjs esa iwjh le>
17
jkT; dks le>uk gksuh pkfg,A mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k jktuhfr dks fookn fuiVkus] ,drk dk;e djus gsrq
,d lkekftd izfØ;k ekurk gS % lekt dh vke HkykbZ ds fy, vkSj 'kkfUriwoZA
ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k jktuhfr dks lekt esa oxZ-lEca/kksa ,oa oxZ-la?k"kks± dk ,d v/;;u
ekurk gSA blh izdkj] jkT; dks ,d laLFkk ds :i esa fy;k gS] tks fd lekt esa ;s lHkh
dk;Z fu"ikfnr djrk gSA ,d cqfu;knh iz’u ;gk¡ ;g mBrk gS & jkT; ;s lHkh dk;Z
fdl izdkj djrk gS\ bl iz’u ds mÙkj esa] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd og ;s lHkh dk;Z
fdlh izkf/kdkj vFkok voihM+d 'kfDr dh enn ls djrk gS] ftls laizHkqrk dgk tkrk
gSA ;fn lekt esa fookn gSa vkSj bu fooknksa dks lqy>kus ds fy, ,d voihMd 'kfDr
gS] rks vusd iz'u mBrs gSa& ;g fdlh voihM+d 'kfDr D;k gS\ bldk LoHkko D;k gS\
blds vk/kkj D;k gSa\ ,d ladVxzLr] oxZ-foHkkftr lekt esa ;g ,drk dSls dk;e
dj ldrh gS\ jkT; dks ;g lEiw.kZ 'kfDr j[kuh pkfg, vFkok bldks lekt dh vU;
laLFkkvksa ds lkFk ck¡V ysuk pkfg,\ ;s lHkh iz’u fdlh u fdlh rjhds ls laizHkqrk ds
eqís ls tqM+s gSa] ftudks ge bl bdkbZ esa ns[ksaxsA
12.2 laizHkqrk dh izÑfr

jkT; dk jkT; ls] fdlh jkT; dk mlds ukxfjdksa ls] vkSj ,d ukxfjd dk nwljs
ukxfjd ls laca/k dsoy ml y{k.k dh ,d vfrfjDr ppkZ ds ckn gh le>k tk ldrk
gS] tks jkT; dks vU; lHkh laxBuksa ls vyx djrk gS] mldh laizHkqrkA ,d vU; dlkSVh
gS dkuwu dh izÑfr] pw¡fd ml :i esa gh jkT; dh laizHkqrk Lo;a dks vfHkO;Dr djrh
gSA
laizHkqrk dh vo/kkj.kk gh vk/kqfud jktuhfrd-foKku dk vk/kkj gSA ;g lHkh dkuwuksa

dh oS/krk esa fufgr gksrh gS vkSj lHkh vUrjjk"Vªh; laca/kksa dks r; djrh gSA bldh
laf{kIr :ijs[kk bl izdkj gks ldrh gS % tc yksxksa dk ,d Lora= lewg ,d ,slh
ljdkj ds ek/;e ls laxfBr fd;k tkrk gS tks dkuwu cukrh o ykxw djrh gS] rks jkT;
vfLrRo esa vkrk gSA bl lewg ds Hkhrj bPNk vkSj 'kfDr dh loksZPprk vko’;d gSA
bldks vius esa vo’; gh ,d ,sls O;fDr vFkok O;fDr;ksa dk fudk; 'kkfey djuk
pkfg, ftuds vkns’kksa dk ikyu gksrk gks vkSj tks] vko’;drk iM+us ij] cy-iz;ksx ds
ek/;e ls mu vkns’kksa dks fu"ikfnr djk ldsaA ,slsk O;fDr vFkok O;fDr;ksa dk fudk;
laizHkqrk dk iz;ksx djrk gS] vkSj ,sls vkns’kksa dks dkuwu dgk tkrk gSA Li"V :i ls]
laizHkqrk ds fy, dksbZ Hkh dkuwuh lhek ugha gks ldrh] D;ksafd mldk eryc gksxk ,d
mPprj dkuwu-fuekZr` fudk;] vkSj iyVdj ogh laizHkq gksxkA jkT;] blh dkj.k]
dkuwuh :i ls laizHkq gksrk gSA
vlhfer dkuwuh 'kfDr j[krs gq,] jkT; O;fDr;ksa dks dqN fuf’pr vf/kdkj o
fo’ks"kkf/kdkj iznku djrk gS vkSj viuh Lo;a dh xfrfof/k;ksa gsrq lhek,¡ fu/kkZfjr djrk
gSA ,d jkT; vius izns’kksa dks ,d cM+s iSekus ij Lok;Ùkrk ns ldrk gS vFkok vius
LFkkuh; iz[k.Mksa dks O;kid 'kfDr;k¡ ns ldrk gS] vkSj ;fn og fdlh Hkh le; bu
izfrfuf/k 'kfDr;ksa dks dkuwuu okil ys ldrk gks rks Hkh laizHkqrk vius ikl j[k
ldrk gSA
vkUrfjd o ckg~; laiHz kqrk ds chp izk;% Hksn fd;k tkrk gSA ys[kd] [kkldj vUrjjk"Vªh;
dkuwu ij fy[kus okys] dHkh-dHkh vkarfjd laizHkqrk ds laca/k esa dgrs gSa fd ;g ,d
jkT; ds {ks=Qy dh tula[;k ds lanHkZ esa dkuwu cukus vkSj ykxw djus dk fdlh
vf/kdkj gS] vkSj ckg~; laizHkqrk vU; jkT;ksa ds lkFk laca/k LFkkfir djus o dk;e j[kus
18
dk vf/kdkj] ftlesa ;q)-?kks"k.kk o 'kkfUr-iz;kl 'kkfey gSaA ckg~; laizHkqrk laca/kh la i z H kq r k
vo/kkj.kk vkifÙktud gS] D;ksafd bldk fufgrkFkZ gS fd ,d jkT; vU; jkT;ksa ds
lkeus laizHkq vf/kdkj j[krk gS] tks fd lR; ugha gSA vU; ys[kd ckg~; laizHkqrk dks
fdlh vU; jkT; dkjZokbZ laca/kh viuh iw.kZ Lora=rk ij dqN izfrca/k yxkus ij jkt+h
gksrs gSa] mudh laizHkqrk dks lekIr ugha djrs] D;ksafd mudks ykxw djus gsrq dksbZ Hkh
izdkj dkuwuh ck/;dkjh izkf/kdj.k ugha gksrkA ;fn dksbZ jkT; vkUrfjd :i ls laizHkq
gS] rks mls ckg~; :i ls dkuwuu vko’;d gksuk vfuok;Z gSA laizHkqrk esa] lVhd :i
ls dgs tkus ij] ,d jkT; ds mlds vf/kokfl;ksa ds lkFk vkUrfjd laca/k gksrs gSa( ;g
,d laoS/kkfud dkuwu dk 'kCn gS] u fd vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu dkA ;g ,d dkuwuh
vo/kkj.kk gS vkSj blesa flQ+Z ldkjh dkuwu gksrs gSaA
vfUre fo’ys"k.k esa] laizHkqrk ;k rks cy-iz;ksx vFkok loZlEefr ij vFkok bu nksuksa
ds feJ.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA yksx vkKkikyu djrs gSa D;ksa fd os ekurs gSa fd ,slk
djuk okfUNr gSA fujadq’k jkT;ksa esa] yksx Hk;o’k vkKkikyu djrs gSa] tcfd
yksdrkaf=d jkT;ksa esa cgqla[; yksx loZlEefr ls vkKkikyu djrs gSaA cy-iz;ksx
flQ+Z dqNsd yksxksa ds fy, pkfg, gksrk gS tks vkKkikyu ls badkj djrs gSaA viuh
vkKkvksa ds leFkZu ,oa vkKkikyu dh gsrq cy j[kuk gh jkT; dks vU; lHkh
laLFkkvksa ls vyx djrk gS vkSj mls laizHkq cukrk gSA
12.3 laizHkqrk D;k gS\

jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dh Hkk¡fr gh] laizHkqrk Hkh ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZuksa ls
xqt+jh gSA 18oha o 19oha 'krkfCn;ksa ds nkSjku] laizHkqrk dkuwuh vo/kkj.kk eryc iwjk
djrh gksxh] ijUrq gekjs le; esa ugha djrhA jkT; vdsys dkuwu vFkok vkKk ds
vk/kkj ij viuk dke ugha pyk ldrkA vkt iqjkus tekus ds 'kkld dh furkar
lÙkk ds LFkku ij laizHkqrk ykxw djus gsrq tuer ij dkcw djus dh 'kfDr vk xbZ
gSA bldh oS/krk lkekftd fookn fuiVkus] O;oLFkk ykxw djus vkSj leqnk; ds vke
fgr lk/kus gsrq mldh {kerk ij vf/kd fuHkZj gSA ;g ckr jkT; ds izkf/kdkj
laca/kh ,d mfpr le> iznku djrh gSA bldk izkf/kdkj mldh voihM+d 'kfDr dh
ctk; vkKkikyu djus gsrq tulk/kkj.k dh bPNk ij vf/kd fuHkZj gksrk gSA ;gh gS
laizHkqrk dk mnkjoknh vFkZA rFkkfi] mnkjoknh tu jkT; dh voihM+d 'kfDr dks
iwjh rjg ugha Bqdjkrs] vkSj ;g er j[krs gSa fd lkekftd-vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk dks cpkus ds fy,] vkko’;d gksus ij] bldk iz;ksx fof/klaxr gks ldrk gSA
cgjgky] laizHkqrk dk ,d vkSj n`f"Vdks.k Hkh gS] tks laizHkq dks lekt ds ,d oxZ-
fo’ks"k dk nwljs ij vf/kdkj ekurk gSA ;g fopkj lekt ds ,d oSKkfud fo’ys"k.k
ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj] jkT; vkSj
laizHkqrk ,d vkfFkZd :i ls ml izcy oxZ dh lÙkk gS] tks mls vius fgr o`f) ds
fy, iz;ksx djrk gSA ekDlZokn dk lq>ko gS fd ,d iw¡thoknh jkT; esa laizHkqrk dks
,d lektoknh Økafr }kjk u"V dj fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj blds LFkku ij dkexkj
oxZ dh laizHkqrk ykuh pkfg, & ;Fkk] loZgkjk dh rkuk’kkghA ,d oxZjfgr lekt
esa jkT; lekIr gks tk,xkA ,d oxZ-jfgr lekt esa] laizHkqrk] tks fd ,d oxZ lÙkk
gS] dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksxkA
orZeku 'krkCnh esa] dqN cgqokfn;ksa o vkpj.k’kkfL=;ksa (Behaviouralists) us laizHkqrk

dh ,d ubZ O;k[;k nh gSA cgqoknh vo/kkj.kk ds vuqlkj] fdlh lekt esa lÙkk jkT;
19
jkT; dks le>uk esa dsUnzhÑr ugha gksrh] cfYd fofHkUu laLFkkvksa o lewgksa esa c¡Vh jgrh gSA vkpj.k’kkfL=;ksa
dk dguk gS fd ,d yksdrkaf=d lekt esa] lÙkk ,d izfrLi/kkZjr vusd la[;d
vfHktkr oxZ }kjk ck¡V yh tkrh gSA bl izdkj] ,d yksdrkaf=d lÙkk dks fodh.kZ ekuk
tkrk gS] u fd dsUnzhÑrA
cks/k iz’u 1
1½ laizHkqrk D;k gS\
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2½ laizHkqrk dh izÑfr laca/kh O;k[;k vius 'kCnksa esa dhft,A

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12.4 laizHkqrk ds y{k.k

bdkbZ ds bl Hkkx esa] ge laizHkqrk-laca/kh vusd eq[; y{k.kksa ij ppkZ djsaxs] tks jkT;
ds vkKkikyu gsrq ukxfjdksa ds fy, mls vfuok;Z cukrs gSaA laizHkqrk ds y{k.k la{ksi esa
fuEu izdkj dgs tk ldrs gSa%
1) pjerk % bldk vFkZ gS fd jkT; esa blls c<+dj dksbZ Hkh oS/k lÙkk ugha gks
ldrh] vkSj jkT; dh loksZPp dkuwu-fuekZ=h lÙkk ds fy, dksbZ dkuwuh lhek ugha
gks ldrhA ;g bl vFkZ esa pje gS fd ;g fdlh vojks/k] dkuwuh vFkok
dksbZ vU;] ds v/khu ugha gSA ,d lH; lekt esa] ;|fi laizHkq }kjk ikfjr dkuwu
lHkh laLFkkvksa o ukxfjdksa ij ck/;dkjh gksrs gSa] fQj Hkh bldk eryc ;g ugha
fd jkT; dh laizHkqrk ij dksbZ O;kogkfjd izfrca/k ugha gSA dqN fuf’pr
Lo;a-LFkkfir lhekvksa] vkUrfjd vFkok ckg~;] dks dkuwuu izfrca/kksa ds :i esa
bLrseky ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;s lhek,¡ jkT; dh ^^pje** izÑfr }kjk dkcw esa
20 j[kh tkrh gSaA
2) loZO;kidrk% jkT; dh laizHkqrk jkT; esa gj O;fDr vkSj O;fDr;ksa dh gj laLFkk la i z H kq r k
rd foLr`r gksrh gSA jktu;h izfrfuf/k;ksa ds mnkgj.k esa izrhreku viokn
(exceptional) gS ,d vUrjjk"Vªh; f’k"Vkpkj] ftls jkT; fdlh Hkh le; gVk
ldrk gSA
3) LFkkf;Ro% jkT; dh laizHkqrk rc rd dk;e jgrh gS tc rd fd jkT; Lo;a

vfLrRo esa jgrk gSA os tks bldk iz;ksx djrs gSa cny ldrs gSa] vkSj lEiw.kZ jkT;
iqul±xfBr gks ldrk gS( ijUrq laizHkqrk] dgha Hkh jgs] MVh jgrh gSA flQ+Z jkT; ds
fo/oal }kjk gh laizHkqrk dks u"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4) vHkkT;rk% bldk fufgrkFkZ gS fd fdlh jkT; esa flQZ ,d gh laizHkqrk gks ldrh
gSA laizHkqrk dks foHkkftr djuk mls u"V djuk gSA mldh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx
fofHkUu ljdkjh vaxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq laizHkqrk ,d bdkbZ
gS] Bhd oSls tsls jkT; ,d bdkbZ gSA la[;k esa mrus esa gh jkT; gks ldrs gSa
ftrus fd laizHkqrk,¡A fdlh foHkkftr laizHkqrk dk vFkZ gS] ,d 'kkfCnd fojks/kA
laizHkqrk-laca/kh vHkkT;rk fl)kar dh fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls rh[kh vkykspuk gqbZ gSA

vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ij fy[kus okys laizHkq jkT;ksa dk i{k ysrs gSa] tSls fd lajf{kr jkT;A
foHkkftr laizHkqrk laca/kh fl)kar vf/kdrj vesfjdh fopkjdksa }kjk j[kk x;k] tks la;qDr
jkT; vesfjdk dks jk"Vªh; ljdkj dks iznÙk vf/kdkjksa ds fygkt ls laizHkq ds :i esa] vkSj
jkT;ksa dks muds fy, vkjf{kr mu vf/kdkjksa ds fygkt ls laizHkq ekurs FksA teZu ys[kdksa
us teZu lkezkT; ds cuus ds le; bl fl)kar dks iqu#Tthfor fd;k] ijUrq vc bldks
NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA fdlh la?kh; O;oLFkk esa foHkkftr jkT; esa fo|eku laizHkqrk laizHkqrk
ugha gS] cfYd fofHkUu ljdkjh vaxksa ds chp ,d laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj forfjr
viuh fofHkUu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx laizHkqrk gSA vHkh gky esa] foHkkftr laizHkqrk fl)kar mu
cgqokfn;ksa }kjk iqu#Tthfor fd;k x;k gS tks bl ckr ls badkj djrs gSa fd jkT;
vdsys gh laizHkq gS vkSj ftudk dguk gS fd jkT; esa vU; laLFkk,¡] tSls fd ppZ vFkok
vkfFkZd lewg] vius fof’k"V fgrksa ds fo"k; ij laizHkq gSaA
12.5 laizHkqrk laca/kh /kkj.kk dk fodkl

laizHkqrk dh /kkj.kk dk laca/k vjLrw ls tksM+k tk ldrk gS] ftlus jkT; dh ^loksZPp
'kfDr* ds fo"k; esa fy[kkA jkse ds odhyksa o e/;dkyhu ys[kd] gkyk¡fd] laizHkqrk dh
izÑfr laca/kh ,d dqN-dqN vLi"V vksj vLrO;Lr /kkj.kk j[krs FksA e/; ;qx esa]
vk/kqfud vFkZ esa jkT; dk vfLrRo ugha FkkA lkeUrokn ,d ljdkjh O;oLFkk Fkh tks
O;fDrxr xBca/ku ij vk/kkfjr FkhA rFkkfi] lkeUrh vfHktkR; /keZ;q)ksa o vius futh
>xM+ksa ds dkj.k det+ksj gks x, FksA mudh det+ksjh dk ykHk mBkdj] jkT; viuh
'kfDr o egÙo dks c<+krk jgrk Fkk tc rd fd og jkT; esa loksZPp u cu tk,A
rnksijkar] tSls gh yksxksa us ;g vuqHko djuk 'kq: dj fn;k fd ljdkj ,d Lokeh dh
ctk; ,d ,tsaV gS] laizHkqrk jkT; dh ctk; Lo;a jkT; esa ykxw dj nh xbZA
mn;heku jk"Vªh; jkT; o mlds fofHkUu vkarfjd o ckg~; izfr}fU};ksa&lkeUrh 'kkldksa]

iksi leqnk; o ifo= jkseu lkezkT; & ds chp la?k"kZ us gh laizHkqrk laca/kh vk/kqfud
fl)kar dks tUe fn;kA 16oha lnh esa t+ka cksank izFke ys[kd Fks ftUgksaus laizHkqrk dh
izÑfr o y{k.kksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dhA jkT; dks mlds lHkh ukxfjdksa ij loksZPp vkSj
fdlh Hkh izdkj ds ckg~; nckoksa ls ;qDr ekuk x;kA bl /kkj.kk dks vkxs gkWCl }kjk
fodflr fd;k x;k ftUgksaus bldh fujadq’k 'kfDr;ksa dks lgh Bgjk;kA :lks Hkh lger 21
jkT; dks le>uk Fks fd laizHkqrk pje vkSj vlhfer gksrh gS] ;|fi mUgsaus bls yksxksa dh vke bPNk esa
ryk’k fd;kA vUrr%] tkWu vkWfLVu ds ys[kksa esa] laizHkqrk laca/kh dkuwuh fl)kar dk
lokZf/kd foLrkjiwoZd izfrikfnr fo’ys"k.k feykA mUgksaus n`<+rkiwoZd dgk fd gjsd
jkT; esa] ,d fu.kZu;dkjh fudk; vo’; gksrk gS tksfd dkuwuu vlhfer gksrk gS vkSj
mldh vkKk,¡ vdsys gh dkuwu cukrh gSA ;g fl)kar vk/kqfud T;wfjlizqMSal gsrq
vk/kkj iznku djrk gS] gkyk¡fd bldh vusd ys[kdksa us vkykspuk dh gSA
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ laizHkqrk ds fof’k"V y{k.kksa dks bafxr dhft,A
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2½ laizHkqrk laca/kh vo/kkj.kk ds fodkl dk lw=c) o.kZu djsaA

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12.6 fof/klaxr ,oa jktuhfrd laizHkqrk

jktuhfr-foKku ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, fof/klaxr ,oa jktuhfrd laizHkqrk ds chp varj
le>uk vko’;d gSA
fof/klaxr ;kuh dkuwuh laizHkqrk laizHkqrk dks loksZPp dkuwu-fuekZ=h 'kfDr ds :i esa
lkeus j[krh gS( ;Fkk] mPpre vkns’k tkjh djukA og u rks uSfrd dkuwuksa }kjk
ck/; gS vkSj uk gh izkÑr dkuwuksa }kjkA laizHkq }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu lHkh }kjk vfuok;Z
:i ls ikyu fd, tkus gksrs gSaA ijUrq rc iz’u ;g mBrk gS fd vk/kqfud jkT; esa ;g
dkuwuh laizHkqrk dgk¡ gksrh gS\ ,d la?kh; jkT; esa] fo/kkf;dk jkT;ksa dks lkSais x, fo"k;ksa
ij dkuwu ugha cuk ldrh gS] D;ksafd lafo/kku ds vuqlkj 'kfDr;ka dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds
chp fodsafnzr gksrh gSaA bl izdkj dkuwuh laizHkqrk fo/kkf;dk esa fLFkr ugha gksrh gSA ;gk¡
rd fd fczfV'k laln Hkh tgk¡ fd jkT;@jkuh U;k;ky;ksa }kjk vfu;af=r dkuwu cuk
22
ldrs gSa] Hkh tuer ,oa uSfrd o vU; dkuwuksa }kjk ck/; gSA vf/kd foLr`r :i ls] la i z H kq r k
uSiksfy;u] fgVyj o eqlksfyuh tSls rkuk’kkgksa ds ikl Hkh vlhfer dkuwu-fuekZ.k
'kfDr;k¡ ugha FkhaA bl izdkj] okLrfod jktuhfrd thou esa] dkuwuh laizHkqrk] fdlh Hkh
dkuwu dks cukus ds vfookfnr loksZPp 'kfDr ds :i esa] vkerkSj ij ns[kus esa ugha vkrhA
bl izdkj] fQj ls rQlhyokj dgus ij] dkuwuh laizHkqrk fu.kkZ;d ,oa fuf’pr gksrh gS]
dkuwu cukus dh loksZPp o vlhfer 'kfDr;k¡ j[krh gS] mlds dkuwuksa dk lHkh }kjk
ikyu fd;k tkrk gS o mlesa n.M vFkok voKk 'kkfey gksrh gS] vkSj vUrr% pw¡fd ;g
lkFkh dkuwuh vf/kdkjksa dk ewy lzksr gksrh gS] vdsys blh ds ikl dkuwu-fuekZ.k 'kfDr
gksrh gSA dkuwuh laizHkqrk dk lcls Li"V c;ku vkWfLVu ds laizHkqrk-laca/kh fl)kar esa
ik;k tkrk gSA
vc] ge ns[k pqds gSa fd fof/klaxr laizHkqrk loZlÙkk dk egt ,d dkuwuh n`f"Vdks.k
izLrqr djrh gSA izR;sd lekt esa] dkuwuh laizHkqrk ds ihNs ,d vn`’; 'kfDr gksrh gSA
bl vn`’; 'kfDr dks jktuhfrd laizHkqrk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] tks fd tu lHkkvksa]
tqywlksa o izn’kZuksa tSls vusd :iksa esa vfHkO;Dr gksrh gSA ;fn fof/klaxr laizHkqrk
ds dkuwu vuSfrd gksa rks jktuhfrd laizHkqrk dh ;g vlaxfBr 'kfDr fof/klaxr
laizHkqrk dks >qdus ij etcwj dj ldrh gSA bl izdkj] jktuhfrd laizHkqrk vuns[kh
vkSj vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ vkKk gksrh gSA ;gh lrdZ o lpsr yksxksa dh Økafrdkjh 'kfDr
gksrh gSA
bfrgkl us dkuwuh laizHkqrk dks lekIr dj nsuh okyh bl Økafrdkjh jktuhfrd laizHkqrk
ds vusd mnkgj.k is’k fd, gSa( ;Fkk 1917 esa :l ds t+kj fudksyk dks ysfuu dh
jktuhfrd laizHkqrk }kjk vinLFk dj fn;k x;k] phu ds fp;kax dkb-’ksd dks ekvks-
ft+nksax ds usr`Ro }kjk cjckn dj fn;k x;k] vkSj blh izdkj dh ?kVuk,¡ bZjku] nf{k.k
vÝhdk o jksMsf’k;k esa fujadq’k 'kkluksa ds fo#) gqb±A bl laizHkqrk dk Hk; gh dkuwuh
laizHkqrk dks n`<+ vkSj lrdZ j[krk gSA ;fn dkuwuh laizHkqrk dks dk;e jguk gS] rks mldks
jktuhfrd laizHkqrk ds varjax lg;ksx ls gh dke djuk gksxkA
,d izfrfuf/k yksdra= esa] dkuwuh o jktuhfrd laizHkqrk ds chp varj Li"V ns[kk tk
ldrk gS] D;ksafd turk ds izfrfuf/k ¼ljdkj½ gh dkuwuh laizHkq gksrs gSa vkSj fuokZpd
jktuhfrd laizHkqA ijUrq ,d izR;{k yksdra= esa] ;g vUrj ugha fn[kkbZ iM+rk] dkj.k
;g gS fd iztktu ¼jktuhfrd laizHkq½ dkuwuh laizHkq Hkh gksrs gSa] D;ksafd os Lo;a dkuwu
cukrs gSaA phu o :l tSls lektoknh ns’kksa esa] laxfBr tu-laxBuksa ds ek/;e ls
Hkkxhnkjh dkuwuh o jktuhfrd laizHkqrk ds chp varj lekIr djus ds fy, i;kZIr gksrh
gSA rFkkfi] fujadq’k jkT;ksa esa] ;g varj cgqr Li"V gks tkrk gS & iqfyl] lsuk]
dkjkxkj] ykBh] xksyh vkfn dkuwuh laizHkqrk n’kkZrs gSa( vkSj turk] muds laxBu] tu-
vkUnksyu o la?k"kZ] gM+rkysa] izn’kZu vkfnA jktuhfrd laizHkqrk izcy gksrh gSA ijUrq ,d
oxZ-foHkkftr lekt esa ;g furkar vlaHko gS] D;ksafd nksuksa oxks± & lEifÙk /kkjdksa o
lEifÙk jfgr & ds oxZ-fgr iwjh rjg ls foijhr gksrs gSaA
cks/k iz’u 3
1½ fof/klaxr ,oa jktuhfrd laizHkqrk ds chp varj crk,¡A
23
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12.7 laizHkqrk dk LFkku fu/kkZj.k

jktuhfr-fl)kar esa lcls tfVy iz’uksa esa ,d] jkT; esa laizHkqrk dh LFkkiuk laca/kh gSA
vc] tc ge ;g tkurs gSa fd laizHkqrk jkT; dk lkjrÙo gS] og vU; jkT;ksa ls vkarfjd
o ckg~; Lora=rk n’kkZrh gS vkSj blesa O;fDr;ksa ij dkuwuh loksZPprk 'kkfey gS] blds
LFkku-fu/kkZj.k dk iz’u vc Hkh vuqÙkfjr gSA blds fy, vusd mÙkj izLrkfor gSa] ftu
ij vc ge ut+j MkysaxsA
12- 7- 1 jktra= dh laizHkqrk

jkT; dh laizHkqrk lksygoha lnh esa lezkV~ dh 'kfDr ls igpkuh xbZA ,slk blfy, gqvk
D;ksafd O;fDrxr Lora=rk vkSj loksZPprk LFkkfir djus ds fy,] jktktu la?k"kZ NsM+rs
Fks] ftlls laizHkqrk dh vo/kkj.kk us tUe fy;kA tc izfr}fU};ksa ij lQyrk fey tkrh
Fkh] rks laizHkqrk jktkvksa dks iznku dj nh tkrh FkhA jktk laizHkq gksrk Fkk vkSj ;g Hkh
dgrk Fkk] ^êSa gh jkT; gw¡**A bl fl)kar us jktk dks lEiw.kZ dkuwu o izkf/kdkj dk lzksr
cuk fn;k] og dksbZ x+yrh ugha dj ldrk Fkk( v/khuLFkksa dks ldkjh vkKkikyu n’kkZuk
gksrk FkkA rFkkfi] vk/kqfud yksdra= Økafr;ksa ds jkLrs lkeus vk;k o bl izdkj] bl
fl)kar dks lekIr dj fn;k vkSj jktkx.k ljdkj ds vegÙoiw.kZ Hkkx cu x,A
12- 7- 2 iztk dh laizHkqrk

bl fl)kar dks tu-laizHkqrk fl)kar ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk Fkk] ftldk vFkZ Fkk fd
iztk gh loksZPp lÙkk j[krh gS vkSj iztktu gh lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dk lzksr gSaA bldk
eryc gS fd jkT;ksa dh laizHkqrk u rks bZ’oj ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj u gh vkjf{kr lÙkk
ij] izR;qr iztk dh bPNk ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA tu-laizHkqrk gsrq ek¡x 15oha lnh esa
ifj"knh vkUnksyu (Conciliar Movement) ds leFkZdksa }kjk ppZ ds izkf/kdkj laca/kh
fojks/k Lo:i mBk;h xbZA ijUrq vk/kqfud ;qx esa] ;g :lks ds uke ls tqM+h gS] ftlus
18oha 'krh esa bldk leFkZu vke-bPNk laca/kh vius fl)kar esa fd;kA tu-laizHkqrk ds
fl)kar us Ýkalhlh lezkV~ dks vinLFk dj fn;k] og vesfjdh Økafr dk dkj.k cuh vkSj
fujadq’krk ds fo#) lHkh Økafr;ksa ds ihNs Toyar /kkj.kk jgh gSA ;g fl)kar ;wjksi dks
jktra=ksa dk dfczLrku cukus ds fy, Hkh ftEesnkj gSA bl izdkj] tu-laizHkqrk ;wjksi esa
,d l’kDr Økafrdkjh fopkj ds :i esa mHkjh gSA ;g fl)kar gh izLrqr% lHkh vk/kqfud
yksdra=ksa dk vk/kkj gSA
ysfdu tu-laizHkqrk fl)kar ds lkFk [kkl fnDd+r ¼ekU;rk½ gS bldk ;g ekuuk fd

leLr turk ,d gh bPNk j[krh gSA ;g fl)kar ;g ugha ekurk fd lekt oxZ-
foHkkftr gS vkSj fd fofHkUu oxks± ds fgr ,d-nwljs ds foijhr gSaA ,d oxZ-foHkkftr
24
lekt esa nks bPNk,¡ gksrh gSa & ,d 'kks"k.kdkjh /kuh oxZ dh vkSj nwljh 'kksf"kr x+jhc la i z H kq r k
oxZ dhA ;s bPNk,¡ dHkh Hkh ugha fey ldrha vkSj tSls fd] lexz tulk/kkj.k ,d gh
bPNk ugha j[k ldrk gSA bl ckr ds eísut+j] tu-laizHkqrk fl)kar vLi"V vkSj
vfu.kZ;dkjh gks tkrk gSA dkuwuh n`f"Vdks.k ls] tu-laiHz kqrk fl)kar egt ,d dfYirdFkk
gS] D;ksafd og vkt ds jktuhfrd thou dh okLrfodrkvksa esa fQV ugha cSBrkA yksdra=
ds vfHktkR; fl)kar us fl) fd;k gS fd tu-laizHkqrk vk/kqfud yksdra=ksa esa Hkh ,d
udyh fl)kar gSA dqN ys[kdksa ds vuqlkj] tu-laizHkqrk dks fuokZpdx.k vFkok
fuokZpdx.k dh cgqla[;k esa [kkstk tk ldrk gS vkSj nwljksa ds vuqlkj] bldks
vlaxfBr tulk/kkj.k esa [kkstk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq ;g n`f"Vdks.k oLrqr% lR; ugha gSA
turk dh laizHkqrk pqukoksa esa O;Dr ugha gksrh] cfYd ;g yksxksa ds Økafrdkjh la?k"kks± ,oa
tu-vkUnksyuksa esa O;Dr gksrh gSA ,d oxZ-foHkkftr lekt esa] tu-laizHkqrk 'kkld oxZ
}kjk ifjpkfyr dh tkrh gS vFkok og mls dqpyus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tu-laizHkqrk yksd-lÙkk dks jkT;h; laizHkqrk dk

vk/kkj ekurh gSA bl fl)kar us tura=ksa dks fgykdj j[k fn;k] ijUrq ;wjksih; yksdra=ksa
,oa oxZ-foHkkftr lektksa esa ;g fl)kar T+;knk rdZ-laxr ugha gSA ;wjksih; lalkj esa
tu-laizHkqrk laca/kh 18oha lnh ds fl)kar us Lo;a dks orZeku 'krh esa e/;oxZ ds laizHkqrk
fl)kar esa cny fy;k gSA
12- 7- 3 laizHkqrk % lafo/kku-fuekZ.k 'kfDr ds :i esa

tu-laizHkqrk fl)kar us tc jktlh laizHkqrk dks m[kkM+ Qsadus o yksdrkaf=d ljdkjsa
LFkkfir djus laca/kh vFkok dke iwjk dj fy;k] rks laizHkq lÙkk laca/k fQj ls ij[kk x;kA
mUuhloha 'krh esa ;g dke vusd dkuwuKksa dk Fkk] tks bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps fd laizHkqrk
ml O;fDr@O;fDr;ksa ds fudk; esa ik;h tkrh gS tks jkT; dk lafo/kku jprs gSa vFkok
tks ,d ckj lafo/kku cu tkus ds ckn] mlesa la’kks/ku laca/kh dkuwuh vf/kdkj j[krs gSaA
bl fl)kar us] tks fd vfuok;Z :i ls LoHkkor% fof/kosÙkkoknh gS] fuEu ifj.kke fn, %
fdlh jkT; esa loksZPp dkuwu mldk lafo/kku gksrk gSA fl)karksa dk ;g fudk; ljdkj
dk <k¡pk rS;kj djrk gS] mlds vf/kdkjksa dh :ijs[kk cukrk gS] vkSj jkT; ds mlds
ukxfjdksa ds lkFk laca/k leaftr djrk gSA bl izdkj] ljdkj lafo/kku }kjk viuh
'kfDr esa e;kZfnr jgrh gS] vkSj ml fudk; dh rqyuk esa fuEu fLFkfr ij jgrh gS tks
bl cqfu;knh dkuwu dks cuk ;k cny ldrk gSA tks dksbZ Hkh lafo/kku jprk gS jkT;
dk loksZPp dkuwu cukrk gS vkSj viuh Li"V bPNk O;Dr djrk gS( blh dkj.k og laizHkq
gks ldrk@ldrh gSA dqN jkT;ksa esa] jk"Vªh; fo/kkf;dk bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrh gS(
vU; esa] lafo/kku-fuekZ.k gsrq ,d fo’ks"k lk/ku vFkok ,d fo’ks"k izfØ;k-Øe dh
vko’;drk gksrh gSA
exj bl fl)kar dh izrh;eku oS/krk ds ewy ij ,d vf/kd xaHkhj vkifÙk dh tkrh gSA
lafo/kku-la’kks/kudkjh vax ds ikl dkuwuu vlhfer 'kfDr ugha gksrh tks fd laizHkqrk
dk lkjrÙo gSA ;g dkuwuh :i ls dsoy ,d dke dj ldrk gS vkSj og gS lafo/kku
dk la’kks/kuA bl vf/kdkj ds ijs tkus dk vFkok dksbZ vU; dkuwu cukus dk dksbZ Hkh
iz;kl lÙkk dk ,d x+Sj-dkuwuh vuf/kdkj xzg.k gksxkA ge] bl izdkj] ,d Lora= vkSj
fof’k"V dk;Z-lapkyu gsrq dkuwuu ifjlhfer jgrs gq, laizHkq fudk; laca/kh rqyukRed
fHkUurk j[krs gSaA lafo/kku-fuekZ= fudk;] blhfy,] laizHkqrk ugha gksrkA ;g egt
ljdkj dk ,d Hkkx gksrk gS] ftlds ikl ljdkj ds fofHkUu vU; vaxksa ds chp laizHkqrk
'kfDr ds leLr iz;ksx dks iqufoZrfjr djus laca/kh lhfer] ij egÙoiw.kZ] izdk;Z dks
djus dk dkuwuh vf/kdkj gksrk gSA 25
jkT; dks le>uk 12- 7- 4 dkuwu -fuekZ.k 'kfDr laca/kh laizHkqrk
;g fl)kar laizHkqrk dks dkuwu ds vuqlkj ljdkj esa lHkh dkuwu-fuekZr& fudk;ksa ds
dqy;ksx esa <w¡<rk gSA jkT; esa lHkh fudk;] jkT;sPNk dh vfHkO;fDr esa Lo;a dks dkuwuh
:i ls ck¡Vrs gq, laizHkq Hkh gksrs FksA buesa 'kkfey Fks % U;k;ky; ¼D;ksafd os dkuwu jprs
Fks½] iz’kklfud inkf/kdkjhx.k ¼pw¡fd muds ikl foosdkf/kdkj Fks½] fuokZpd ¼D;ksafd os
ekeys pqukoksa o tuer-laxzg ds ek/;e ls fucVkrs Fks½ vksj ,sls gh vU; fo’ks"k fudk;A
;g fl)kar jkT; o ljdkj izR;sd dks ,d bdkbZ le>rk gS vkSj laizHkqrk nksuksa esa
fufgr gksrh gS] ijUrq iz;ksx ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj] lexzrk esa] jkT; ,d
bdkbZ gS ijUrq bldk vf/kdkj iz;ksx ljdkj ds vusd vaxksa ds chp ck¡Vk tkuk gksrk
gSA bl izdkj] ;g fl)kar tu-laizHkqrk laca/kh fl)kar dh vLi"Vrk vkSj HkzekRed lksp
ls cprk gSA laizHkqrk vUrrksxRok jkT; esa gh jgrh gS] ijUrq mldh ljdkj }kjk fufeZr
vkSj iznÙk dkuwuksa ds ek/;e ls gh laizHkqrk vfHkO;Dr dh tk ldrh gSA
12.8 Mh t+kWj vkSj Mh QSDVks laizHkqrk

laizHkqrk dk ;g igyw vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu }kjk ykxw fd;k x;k gSA tc dHkh Hkh fdlh
ns’k esa jktuhfrd mFky-iqFky gksrh gS vFkok dksbZ x`g-;q) gksrk gS vFkok dksbZ bl
izdkj dh fLFkfr gks tkrh gS rks gekjs ikl nks izdkj dh ljdkj gksrh gSa & oS/k ljdkj]
tks fuewZy dj nh xbZ gks vkSj u;h ljdkj] tks ;|fi oS/k ugha gS ij okLrfod lÙkk
j[krh gSA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr esa] ¼dkSu-lh½ lÙkk dks ekU;rk okyh ekuk tk;s dk iz’u
mBrk gSA oS/k laizHkqrk ,slh loZlÙkk gS tks jkT; dks mPpre vkns’k tkjh djus gsrq
dkuwuu l{ke gSA bldks laizHkq-’kfDr iz;ksx dk dkuwuh vf/kdkj gksrk gS vkSj tu-
lk/kkj.k dk Lohdk;ZA ,d okLrfod ¼Mh Q+SDVks½ laizHkqrk ,slh loZlÙkk gS ftlds ikl
okLrfod 'kfDr gksrh gS vkSj tks mlls lger gksus ds fy, okLrfod vkns’k j[krh gSA
mldk izkf/kdkj 'kkjhfjd cy vkSj fu;a=.k esa fufgr gksrk gSA og ,d jkT;kigj.k
djus okyk jktk] ,d rkuk’kkg] ,d iknjh] ,d iSxEcj] viuk ,d dfj’ekbZ usrk gks
ldrk gSA bu fdlh Hkh mnkgj.kksa esa] mldh 'kfDr dkuwu esa ugha oju~ 'kkjhfjd cy
o okLrfod fu;a=.k esa fufgr gksrh gSA
laizHkqrk ds okLrfod iz;ksx laca/kh mnkgj.kksa ls bfrgkl Hkjk iM+k gSA lu~ 1649 esa]
baXyS.M esa ØkSEoSy yEcs le; ls LFkk;h laln dks Hkax djds okLrfod laizHkq cu x;kA
uSiksfy;u Mk;jSDVWfj dks lekIr dj Ýkal dk okLrfod laizHkq cukA lu~ 1917 esa] t+kj
fudksyk dks :lh turk }kjk vinLFk dj fn;k x;k vkSj okLrfod laizHkqrk ySfuu ds
usr`Ro esa cksY’kfod ikVhZ ds gkFkksa esa vk xbZA blh izdkj] 1949 esa ekvks-ts+nkSax ds usr`Ro
esa] oS/k laizHkq fp;kax dkb-’ksd dks phu dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ }kjk gVk fn;k x;k] vkSj
ogk¡ mlds usr`Ro esa lektoknh jkT; okLrfod cu x;kA lu~ 1975 esa ckaXykns’k]
1976 esa vtsUZ Vhuk o yscuku] 1977 esa o fQj 2001 esa ikfdLrku] 1978 esa vQ+xkfuLrku]
1979 esa bZjku ,oa 1980 esa ;qxkaMk esa Q+kSth r[+rk-iyV ds dkj.k blh izdkj dh
fLFkfr;k¡ iSnk gqb±A fdlh ns’k esa tc dksbZ x`g-;q) gksrk gS rks blh rjg dh fLFkfr;k¡
mRiUu gks ldrh gSaA
,d okLrfod laizHkq vkxs pydj ,d oS/k laizHkq Hkh cu ldrk gS] D;ksafd mlds ikl
okLrfod lÙkk gksrh gSA okLrfod laizHkq dk ges’kk ;g iz;kl gksrk gS fd Lo;a dks ,d
oS/k laizHkq esa rCnhy dj ysA pw¡fd okLrfod lÙkk okLrfod laizHkqrk esa gh fufgr gksrh
gS] og viuk nkok trykus vkSj vkxs pydj ,d dkuwuh laizHkqrk ds :i esa ekU; gksus
26
ds fy, ,d csgrj fLFkfr esa gksrk gSA
rFkkfi] dqN U;k;’kkL=h ;g dgrs gSa fd laizHkq egt ,d dkuwuh vo/kkj.kk gS vkSj la i z H kq r k
okLrfod ,oa oS/k laizHkq ds chp Hksn ,d jktuhfrd xYi dFkk (Fiction) gS] D;ksafd ,d
okLrfod laizHkqrk dk izkf/kdkj voS/k gksrk gSA ijUrq ;g ,d ckr vo’; le> ysuh
pkfg,] ;Fkk okLrfod ,oa oS/k ds chp Hksn vf/kdkj iz;ksx ds laca/k esa gh gksrk gSA ;g
ckr eq[;r% vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ,oa yksdra= ds n`f"Vdks.k ls egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g iz’u ,d
jkT; esa dsoy fdlh Økafr] jkT;-foIyo] x`g-;q)] vkfn ds mnkgj.k esa gh egÙoiw.kZ
gksrk gS D;ksafd ,sls ekeyksa esa laizHkqrk gsrq cgqr vf/kd la[;k esa jktuhfrd nkos mHkjdj
vkrs gSaA
cks/k iz’u 4
1½ laizHkqrk laca/kh fofHkUu lzksrksa dks lwphc) djsaA
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2½ laizHkqrk laca/kh fdUgha nks lzksrksa dk o.kZu djsaA

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12.9 laizHkqrk fo"k;d lhek,¡

ge igys gh dkQh foLrkj esa ;g ppkZ dj pqds gSa fd laizHkq gh fcuk fdlh dkuwu
izfrcU/k ds jkT; dh loksZPp lÙkk gksrh gSA ijUrq ;FkkFkZ O;ogkj esa] dqN lhek,¡ gSa] tks
mldh 'kfDr;ksa ds iz;ksx dks lhfer dj ldrh gSa vFkok mUgsa ,slk djuk pkfg,A
12- 9- 1 uSfrd lhek,¡

vusd iwoZdkyhu ys[kdksa dk nkok Fkk fd laizHkq nSoh dkuwu }kjk] izkÑr-dkuwu }kjk
vFkok uSfrd dkuwu }kjk e;kZfnr gSA os vkerkSj ij /keZ] uSfrdrk ,oa U;k; ds fl)karksa
dks Lohdkj djrs Fks] tks fd fuLlansg laizHkq ds iz;ksx dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA ijUrq
bZ’ojh; ,oa izkÑr dkuwuksa dh ekuo vfHkdÙkkZvksa }kjk O;k[;k dh tkuh vko’;d gksrh 27
jkT; dks le>uk gS( os vius vki fdlh laizHkqrk dk iz;ksx ugha djrsA os dkuwuh e;kZnk,¡ ugha cfYd ml
ckSf)d okrkoj.k dk ,d Hkkx ek= gSa] ftlesa dkuwu cuk, tkrs gSaA os laizHkq ij flQ+Z
bl vFkZ esa izfrca/k yxkrs gSa fd ,d vuqHko-lEiUu jkT; ,sls dkuwu ykxw ugha djsxk
tks vkerkSj ij LohÑr uSfrdrk o U;k; laca/kh fopkjksa ds fo#) gksa] fojks/k ds dkj.k
,sls dkuwu iSnk gksaxs tks mUgsa ykxw djus esa ijs’kkfu;k¡] ;gk¡ rd fd Økafr] dh vksj
izo`Ùk dj ldrs gSaA dsoy ,sls gh dkuwuksa dks ,d vke jk;’kqekjh }kjk leFkZu fn;k
tkrk gS ftudks lQyrkiwoZd ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA vk/kqfud jkT;ksa esa] thou ds
vusd igyqvksa dks ljdkjh gLr{ksi ls NwV izkIr gS] vkSj dksbZ Hkh jkT; tks ekuo thou
ds dqN fuf’pr laca/kksa esa gLr{ksi gsrq viuh dkuwuh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djus dk iz;kl
djsxk] mls Hkkjh fojks/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxk vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd ,d Økafr ds ek/;e
ls mls m[kkM+ Qsadk Hkh tk ldrk gSA
12- 9- 2 la o S / kkfud lhek,¡

dqN ys[kdksa us nkok fd;k gS fd laizHkqrk jkT; ds lafo/kku }kjk ifjlhfer gksrh gSA os
cqfu;knh vFkok laoS/kkfud dkuwu vkSj ljdkj }kjk cuk, x, vke dkuwuksa ds chp Hksn
djrs gSa & iwoZorhZ dks mPprj dkuwu ekurs gSa] vkSj ijorhZ dks rHkh oS/k ekurs gSa tc
og iwoorhZ ds vuqlkj gksaA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls] nks vkifÙk;k¡ mBk;h tk ldrh gSaA jkT;
dh laizHkqrk lafo/kku }kjk ifjlhfer ugha gS] D;ksafd jkT; tc Hkh pkgs vius lafo/kku
esa dkuwuu la’kks/ku dj ldrk gSA vius vki Fkksaih xbZ vkSj et+hZ ls gjk nsus ;ksX;
lhek dksbZ okLrfod vFkok dkuwuh lhek ugha gksrhA lafo/kku }kjk tks ifjfer gS og
jkT; vFkok mldh laizHkqrk ugha gS] cfYd jkT; dh ljdkj gSA ijUrq viuh laizHkq
'kfDr;ksa ds ,d oS/k O;ogkj-forj.k gsrq ;g izko/kku Lo;a laizHkqrk ij dksbZ lhek-
fu/kkZj.k ugha djrkA
nwljh vksj] ,d mPprj dkuwu vkSj ,d fuEurj dkuwu tSlh dksbZ pht+ ugha gksrhA
dkuwu ml O;oLFkk ml leL;k ds egÙo esa fHkUu gks ldrs gSa ftuls mudk laca/k gksA
nksuksa gh jkT; dh laizHkq 'kfDr dk ogh fgLlk iz;ksx djrs gSa tks fd bldh laxBu-
laca/kh dkuwuh O;oLFkk mUgsa lkSairh gSA lafo/kku LoHkko o mís’; esa vU; dkuwuksa ls fHkUu
gksrk gS] ijUrq dkuwuh oS/krk esa ugha gksrkA vU; dkuwuksa ds rjg gh] ;g jkT; dh laizHkq
bPNk dh ,d vfHkO;fDr gksrk gS] u fd ml ij yxk;k x;k dksbZ izfrcU/kA
12- 9- 3 vUrjjk"Vª h ; lhek,¡

vkt vusd ys[kd ;g nkok djrs gSa fd fdlh jkT; dh laizHkqrk vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds
fu;eksa }kjk vkSj mu laf/k;ksa o le>kSrksa }kjk ifjlhfer gksrh gS] tks os vU; jkT;ksa ds
lkFk djrs gSaA laizHkqrk ds ;FkkFkZ] U;k;’kkL=h; fl)kar ds vuqlkj] ;s lhek,¡ dkuwuu
ck/;dkjh ugha gSaA ;s LoSfPNd] Lo;a ykxw dh xbZ lhek,¡ gSa] tks fd ,d jkT; dkuwuu
vLohdkj dj ldrk gS] vkSj dksbZ Hkh dkuwuh izkf/kdj.k ,slk ugha gksrk tks mUgsa
cyiwoZd ykxw djsA jkT;ksa dks vo’; gh] vfUre fo’ys"k.k esa] vius vf/kdkjksa ,oa nwljksa
jkT;ksa ds izfr nkf;Roksa dk fu.kkZ;d gksuk pkfg,A os viuh laf/k;ksa dks vLohdkj dj
ldrs gSa] vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu ds fu;eksa dks Lohdkj djus esa ck/;rk ls badkj dj ldrs
gSa] vkSj vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwuksa laca/kh viuh O;k[;k dh j{kkFkZ ;q) dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrs
gSaA vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu bl vFkZ esa dkuwu ugha gS fd v/khuLFkksa ij Fkksaih tk ldus okyh
;g ,d fu/kkZfjr laizHkq dh bPNk gSA
28
;fn] dqN ys[kd ekurs gSa] ;g orZeku izo`fÙk ,dhÑr fu;a=.k okys ,d vUrjjk"Vªh; la i z H kq r k
laizHkq laxBu ds fodkl dh vksj gks] rks ifj.kke ,d fo’o laizHkq jkT; gksxk] ftlds
ikl dkuwu cukus o ykxw djus dk vf/kdkj gksxkA ml fLFkfr esa] ftls vc ge
vUrjjk"Vªh; dkuwu dgrs gSa dkuwu gksxk] ijUrq rc ;g vUrjjk"Vªh; ugha jgsxk] D;ksafd
;g ,d fo’o-jkT; dh ,dhÑr bPNk gksxhA ftldks vHkh ckg~; laizHkqrk dgrs gSa] dk
vfLrRo lekIr gks tk,xk] D;ksafd mldks fo’o O;oLFkk dh vkUrfjd laizHkqrk }kjk
gM+i fy;k tk,xkA vf/kdka’k ys[kd] gkyk¡fd] ;g ekurs gSa fd laizHkq jk"Vªh; jkT;ksa ds
vk/kkj ij vUrjjk"Vªh;okn fodflr djus ds fy,] orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] ;g vf/kd
O;ogk;Z gksxkA ;fn ;g fd;k tkuk gS] rks ckg~;-laizHkqrk laca/kh ikjEifjd fl)kar ,oa
jkT;ksa dh lekurk dks vo’; gh vk/kqfudhÑr fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd vUrjjk"Vªh;
fu;a=.k dh ,d fuf’pr ek=k dks gh vuqefr feysA
12- 10 la i z H kq r k -fl)ka r fo"k;d vkyks p uk,¡

jkT; ds lkjrÙo ds :i esa laizHkqrk laca/kh ladYiuk dh csgn rh[kh vkykspuk dh xbZ
gSA ys[kdksa dk ,d oxZ ;g rdZ nsrk gS fd jkT; ds vfLrRo ds fy, laizHkqrk vko’;d
ugha gS] ys[kdksa dk ,d vU; oxZ bl ckr ls badkj djrk gS fd laizHkqrk gh dkuwu dk
lzksr gS] frl ij Hkh ,d vU; oxZ bl rF; dks Bqdjkrk gS fd laizHkqrk gh jkT; dk
vuU; LoRo gS vkSj ;g rdZ nsrk gS fd laizHkqrkvksa ds ckgqY; ls gh fofHkUu laLFkk,¡
lEiUu gksrh gSaA
ys[kd tks ;g dgrs gSa fd laizHkqrk vko’;d ugha gS] rdZ nsrs gSa fd jkT; va’kr% laizHkq
gks ldrs gSa vkSj jkT;-in dh dlkSVh gh 'kklukf/kdkj gSA ;s csgn teZuh] fLoV~tjyS.M
vkSj vesfjdk ds Fks vkSj os jkT;-in ds nkos ij rks lger gq,] ij iw.kZ laizHkqrk ij
ughaA ;gk¡ rd fd vkt ds jktuhfrd fudk;] ftuds ikl viuk lafo/kku vkSj ljdkj
gS] iw.kZr% laizHkq ugha gSA dqN ys[kd bl fl)kar dks O;FkZ vkSj [krjukd ekurs gSa D;ksafd
;g vlhfer vf/kdkjksa dh vksj izo`Ùk djrk gS( tcfd vU; ys[kd jkT;h; laizHkqrk
laca/kh /kkj.kk dh rh[kh vkykspuk djrs gSa] D;ksafd mudh bPNk jkT; ds flok vU;
laLFkkvksa dks iw.kZ Lok;Ùkrk nsus dh gS( vU; blfy, fd mudh oS;fDrd Lora=rk esa
#fp gSA jkT;h; laizHkqrk dh rh[kh vkykspuk vk/kqfud jkT; ds ljdkjh laxBu esa dqN
nks"kksa dks bafxr djus esa egÙoiw.kZ gS] tks laizHkqrk vf/kdkj-iz;ksx esa vM+pu Mkyrs gSaA
gky gh ds chrs o"kks± esa] U;k;’kkfL=;ksa }kjk vkykspuk dh rqyuk jkT; laizHkqrk ls dh xbZ
gS tks fd dkuwu dh loksZPp vkSj ,dek= lzksr gksrh gSA bl vo/kkj.kk dks fd jkT; dh
laizHkqrk izkÑr dkuwuksa }kjk oS/k :i ls ifjlhfer gksrh gS] Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk]
D;ksafd jkT; mu fl)karksa dks ij[krk vkSj vuqHko djrk gSA ,slh lhek,¡ dkuwuh :i ls
ck/;dkjh ugha gksrha] cfYd flQ+Z Lo;a lhekdkjh gksrh gSaA bldk vFkZ dksbZ laizHkqrk ij
izfrca/k ugha gSA
bl vo/kkj.kk dh ,d vkSj rh[kh vkykspuk ds vuqlkj] loksZPp izkf/kdkj gsrq jkT; dk

nkok vkt ds tfVy lalkj esa okLrfod rF;ksa ds vuqlkj ugha gSA mUgksaus jkT; ij
lansg fd;k] ,d Lora= ,oa ,dhÑr laizHkqrk ds fl)kar dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj vU;
vfHkdj.kksa ds fy, lkekftd fu;a=.k ds ,d vf/kd cM+s fgLls dh ek¡x dhA bl izdkj
dh vkykspuk dk mís’; izkf/kdkj ds fodsUnzhdj.k vkSj vf/kd oS;fDrd Lora=rk ij
/;ku nsuk FkkA
29
jkT; dks le>uk vkt] vkfFkZd fgrksa dh o`f)] vkSj vkfFkZd la?kksa dh 'kfDr us muds vkSj ljdkj ds
fo|eku vaxksa ds chp izkf/kdkj laca/kh fookn iSnk dj fn, gSaA jkT; vius laxBu o
dkuwu dks ubZ ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj ,dne vuqdwfyr ugha dj ysrkA ,sls oDr esa]
jkT; dk fujadq’k vkSj vlhfer izkf/kdkj laca/kh fl)kar [k+rjukd vkSj vokafNr yxrk
gSA bl dkj.k ls] cgqokn gh LokHkkfod n`f"Vdks.k gSA cgqoknh yksx ,d rst+h ls cnyrh
lkekftd O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd thou ds okLrfod rF;ksa ds v/;;u dh vko’;drk
ij t+ksj nsrs gSaA bl laca/k esa jkT; }kjk vfr-gLr{ksi dk [k+rjk vkSj jktuhfrd ra=
esa vf/kd oS/k ekU;rk fn, tkus dh okUNuh;rk dh vksj b’kkjk djrs gSaA
rFkkfi] ;g leL;k jkT; ds mfpr vkUrfjd laxBu ,oa mldh dk;Zokfg;ksa ds mfpr
dk;Z{ks= laca/kh gS] vkSj bldk vFkZ jkT;-laizHkqrk laca/kh fl)kar dk ifjR;kx ugha gSA
dgha rks loksZPp dkuwuh fu;a=.k laca/kh dksbZ laxBu gksuk pkfg, vkSj oSls dkQ+h dqN
jkT; gh viuh dk;Zokfg;ksa dh lhfer dj ldrk gS vFkok vius vkarfjd izk/kkj dks
iqul±xfBr dj ldrk gS] ,d laizHkq jkT; fQj Hkh dk;e gSA ;gk¡ rd fd Hkwe.Myhdj.k
ds bl orZeku ;qx esa dh] tc jkT; laizHkqrk dks izrh;ekur% fofHkUu vf/k-jk"Vªh;
vfHkdÙkkZvksa ls [k+rjk gSA
cks/k iz’u 5
1½ laizHkqrk uSfrdrk }kjk fdl izdkj ifjlhfer gS\
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2½ laizHkqrk fo"k;d laoS/kkfud vFkok varjjk"Vªh; izfrca/kksa ij fopkj-foe’kZ djsaA

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30
3½ mu vk/kkjksa ij lw{e n`f"V Mkysa ftu ij laizHkqrk dh rh[kh vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA la i z H kq r k
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12.11 lkjka ’ k
bl bdkbZ esa] geus laizHkqrk dh vo/kkj.kk ij ,d fl)kar n`f"V Mkyh] ftldk
vfuok;Zr% vFkZ gS fd jkT; fdlh izkf/kdkj izHkko dh enn ls vius lHkh dk;ks± dks
fu"ikfnr djrk gSA blds y{k.kksa esa vkrs gSa & pjerk] ftldk vFkZ gS dksbZ vkarfjd
vFkok ckg~; lhek,¡ ugha( loZO;kidrk] ftldk vFkZ gS jkT; esa gj O;fDr ij mldk
vf/kdkj( LFkk;hRo] ftldk vFkZ gS jkT; ds cus jgus rd mldh fujUrjrk( vkSj
vHkkT;rk] ftldk vFkZ gS flQ+Z ,d gh izHkqlÙkk gksrh gSA
laizHkqrk vkerkSj ij mn;heku jk"Vªh; jkT;ksa ds chp fookn ds dkj.k tUehA tc jkT;
dks mlds lHkh ukxfjdksa ij loksZPp ds :i esa eku fy;k x;k] laizHkqrk dh vo/kkj.kk
pje vkSj vlhfer ds :i esa fl) gks x;hA rFkkfi] laizHkqrk ds fopkj dh ,d fHkUu
<k¡ps esa O;k[;k dh xbZA dkuwuh laizHkqrk dks ,d loksZPp dkuwu-fu;kZr& 'kfDr ds :i
esa le>k x;k] tks fd fdlh dkuwu ls ugha c¡/kh FkhA blds dkuwu lHkh }kjk ikyu fd,
tkus Fks vkSj blesa n.M vkSj voKk 'kkfey FksA vkWfLVu bl /kkj.kk ds eq[; O;k[;krk
FksA nwljh vksj] jktuhfrd laizHkqrk tulk/kkj.k dh Økafrdkjh 'kfDr Fkh tks fdlh Hkh
oS/k laizHkq dks u"V dj ldrh FkhA vr%] ,d izfrfuf/k yksdra= esa] oS/k laizHkqrk dks
jktuhfrd laizHkqrk ds lkFk vUrjax lkfu/; esa dke djuk iM+rk FkkA vU;Fkk]
Økafrdkjh jktuhfrd laizHkqrk }kjk oS/k laizHkqrk ds lekIr gksus dk [k+rjk gksrk FkkA
laizHkqrk dk vFkZ ;g Hkh yxk;k tkrk gS fd iztktu ds ikl loksZPp lÙkk gS vkSj fd
os gh lHkh 'kfDr;ksa ds lzksr gSaA :lks us vBkjgoha 'krh ds nkSjku vke bPNk laca/kh
viuh fl)kar-O;k[;k esa bldk leFkZu fd;k FkkA ;g fl)kar gh vk/kqfud yksdra=ksa dk
bfrgkl gSA yksdfiz; laizHkqrk fl)kar bl ckr dh ekU;rk nsrk gS fd vk/kqfud
yksdrkaf=d jkT;ksa esa laizHkq 'kfDr;k¡ O;kid :i ls forfjr gSa vkSj ,d cM+h la[;k esa
ukxfjdksa }kjk iz;ksx dh tkrh gSaA
gj jkT; laizHkq 'kfDr dk iz;ksx dqN fuf’pr HkkSfrd ,oa oSpkfjd ra=ksa dh lgk;rk ls
djrk gSA HkkSfrd ra= os gSa tks jkT; dh laizHkqrk dks ,d HkkSfrd :i esa vFkok ,d
okLrfod n`’; :i esa izHkkoh cukrs gSaA oSpkfjd ra= os gSa tks vke turk esa vkKkikyu
dh vknr Mkyrs vFkok mudks vH;Lr cukrs gSa vkSj ,d ,slk ekgkSy iSnk djrs gSa]
ftlesa laizHkqrk dh fn’kk esa yksxksa dh lgefr izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA jkT; dk HkkSfrd
ra= vkKkikyu gsrq 'kkjhfjd cy iz;ksx djrk gS vkSj] bl izdkj laizHkq vkns’k dks izHkkoh
cuk nsrk gSA oSpkfjd ra= laizHkq dks vke turk esa vkKkikyu dk ekul cukdj vkSj
orZeku lkekftd-vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks oS/krk iznku dj izHkkoh cukrk gSA
31
jkT; dks le>uk orZeku 'krh lHkh lÙkkoknh fopkjksa ds fo#) ,d izfrfØ;k okyh 'krkCnh gSA laizHkqrk
dk cgqoknh n`f"Vdks.k laizHkqrk ds dkuwuh] ikjEifjd] ,dlÙkkoknh] fujadq’k] vkWfLVuoknh
fl)kar ds fo#) vkSj ml QkflLV] vlhfer] lEiw.kZ jkT; ds fl)kar ds fo#) ,d
izfrfØ;k Fkh ftldk leFkZu gsxsy tSls vkn’kZoknh nk’kZfudksa ,oa uhRT+ls] =hRlds o
cuZgkMhZ tSls jkT; o jktuhfr laca/kh lÙkk-fopkj ds leFkZdksa }kjk fd;k x;kA bldks
jkT; dh furkUr dsUnzhÑr laizHkqrk ds fo#) izkf/kdkj ds fodsUnzhÑr gsrq ,d l’kDr
vkokt+ dgk x;kA ;g 19oha lnh ds vfUre n’kdksa ,oa 20oha lnh ds vkjEHk esa mPpre
vkSj loksZPp lÙkk ds :i esa ysrs FksA bl izdkj] cgqokn vlhfer jkT; o laizHkqrk ds
fo#) ,d izfrfØ;k Fkk( ;g jkT; dh fujadq’krk ,oa mldh fujadq’k laizHkqrk ij ,d
izgkj Fkk( ;g jkT; dh laizHkqrk dks dkcw djus] lhfer djus o foHkkftr djus gsrq ,d
vkokt+ Fkk( ;g jkT; ds fo#) vf/kdkjksa o lÙkk dh ek¡xksa dks iwjk djus gsrq Jfed]
vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd ,oa O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa oa la?kksa dk ,d vkUnksyu FkkA

js] vey ,oa eksfgr HkV~Vkpk;Z] iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh % vkbfM;kt+ ,.M baLVhV~;w’kUt+] n
oYMZ izSl] 1985 ¼u;k laLdj.k ns[ksa½
jkQSy] Mh-Mh-] izkWCyEl vkWQ iWfyfVdWy fQ+ykslWQh] eSdfeyu] yUnu] 1985
vIikvksnzs] ,-] n lCLVWUl vkWQ iWfyfVDl] vks-;w-ih-] fnYyh] 1985
vkfljoFke~] ,M~Mh] iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] fn vij bf.M;k ifCyf’kax gkml] 1984
12.13 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

cks/k iz’u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 12-1 ls 12-3
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 12-1 ls 12-3
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 12-4
cks/k iz’u 3
cks/k iz’u 4
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 12-7 vkSj miHkkx 12-7-1 ls 12-7.4
2½ ns[ksa miHkkx 12-7-1 ls 12-7-3
cks/k iz’u 5
2½ ns[ksa miHkkx 12-9.1 vkSj 12.9.3
32
la i z H kq r k
bdkbZ 13 jkT;] ukxfjd lekt vkSj leqnk;
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
13-0 mís ’ ;
13-1 izLrkouk
13-2 vFkZ vkSj laca/k
13-2-1 jkT; vkSj ukxfjd lekt
13-2-2 yksdra= vkSj ukxfjd lekt
13-3-3 leqnk; vkSj ukxfjd lekt
13-3 ukxfjd lekt ds pkfjf=d y{k.k
13-4 lkjka’k
13-6 cks/k iz’uksa ds mÙkj
13- 0 mís ’ ;
bl bdkbZ esa vki ik;saxs fd ukxfjd lekt ds fl)kar vkSj jkT; o leqnk; ds lkFk
mldk laca/kA bl bdkbZ dks i<+ ysus ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd %
• ukxfjd lekt ds vFkks± vkSj fl)karksa dks tku ldsa(
• mldh mRifÙk ds dkj.k le> ldsa(
• ukxfjd lekt vkSj leqnk; ds chp laca/k iwjh rjg le> ldsa( rFkk
• yksdra= ds fy, ukxfjd lekt ds egÙo dk ewY;kadu dj ldsA
13- 1 izLrkouk
jkT;] ukxfjd lekt vkSj leqnk; laca/kh vo/kkj.kk,¡ lkekftd foKkuksa esa cgqr
egÙoiw.kZ gS]a [kkldj jktuhfr-foKku lac/a kh dh izÑfr esAa yksdra=] vf/kdkj] ukxfjdrk]
lkekftd iw¡th vkfn fo"k;d dksbZ Hkh cgl bu rF; ?kVukvkas ls gh tqM+h gksrh gSA
fof’k"V vkSj lkoZf=d vf/kdkjksa ds chp D;k laca/k gS\ ukxfjd tu vius vf/kdkjksa dk
miHkksx djus esa] cqfu;knh rjDdh ykus esa fdl izdkj l{ke gSa] ml Hkwfedk ij fuHkZj
djrk gS tks fd jkT;] ukxfjd lekt vkSj leqnk; vnk djrs gSaA yksdra= o fodkl
ds izfr muds vkSfpR; fo"k;d fojks/khHkklh er gSaA bl bdkbZ esa vki bu vo/kkj.kkvksa
o muds chp laca/kksa dks le>saxsA
13- 2 vFkZ vkSj laca/k

13- 2- 1 jkT; vkSj ukxfjd lekt
jkT; ds vFkZ vkSj izÑfr ds fo"k; esa vki bdkbZ 11 esas igys gh i<+ pqds gSaA ge mldh
iqujko`fÙk ugha djsaxsA bl Hkkx esa ge lh/ks ukxfjd lekt vkSj jkT; ds chp laca/kksa dh
izÑfr ij ppkZ djsaxsA jkT; jktuhfr-fl)kar esa mfYyf[kr lcls egÙoiw.kZ
vo/kkj.kkvksa esa ls ,d gSA tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa] jkT; lekt dh vU; laLFkkvksa ls
fHkUu gksrk gS] ;Fkk ljdkj] ukxfjd lekt] leqnk; jk"Vª vkfn lsA mnkjoknh ijEijk
33
jkT; dks le>uk ds vuqlkj] jkT; ls vis{kk gksrh gS fd og lekt ds fodkl esa vkus okyh ck/kk,¡ nwj
djs] lkFk gh lekt-dY;k.k gsrq mik; Hkh eqgS;k djk;sA nwljh vksj] ekDlZoknh ijEijk
jkT; dks /kuh oxksaZ ds vU/kHkDr ds :i esa ns[krh gSA ukxfjd lekt dh vo/kkj.kk dks
yksdfiz;rk feyus ds lkFk gh ukxfjd lekt ls jkT; ds laca/k us fQj ls jktuhfr-
fl)kar laca/kh ckrphr esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku cuk fy;k gSA
vHkh gky esa] [kkldj 1980 ds n’kdksijkar] ukxfjd lekt dh vo/kkj.kk us jktuhfr-
fl)kar fo"k;d layki esa ,d fo’ks"k LFkku cuk;k gSA fodkl lkekftd cnyko ij
vfHkyf{kr vius laxBuksa] izk/kkj o fopkj/kkjk dks ysdj u, lkekftd vkUnksyuks ds
mn; rFkk iwohZ ;wjksi vkSj iwoZ-lksfo;r la?k esa fodkl us ukxfjd lekt esa #fp txk;h
gSA ;s nksuksa ?kVukØe jkT; dh fo’oluh;rk vkSj lekarj lÙkk-dsUnzksa ds mn~xeu esa
ºokl (erosion) dks n’kkZrs gSaA ukxfjd lekt dh mRifÙk Øe-fodkl dkQh dqN
mlds jkT; ds lkFk laca/k dh otg ls gqvk gSA tSlk fd vki Åij i<+ pqds gSa]
ukxfjd lekt vkSj jkT; ds chp laca/k dh izÑfr jktuhfr-fl)kar esa ,d egRoiw.kZ
LFkku j[krh gSA
ukxfjd lekt dh vksj gky gh esa x;k /;ku lkekftd vkUnksyu mn~Hksnu (eruption)
vFkok jkT; ds tu-vlarks'k esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ukxfjd lekt og LFkku gS]
tks leqnk; vkSj jkT; ds chp gksrk gSA bldk izfrfuf/kRo mu laLFkkvksa] xSj-ljdkjh
laxBuksa ds yksxksa] ik"kZn fo}kuksa] cqf)thfo;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS tks lekt esa yksdra=
dh LFkkiuk gsrq iz;kl djrs jgrs gSaA pw¡fd ukxfjd lekt laLFkk,¡ jkT; vkSj leqnk;
ds chp fLFkr gksrh gSa vkSj jkT; dk fojks/k djrh gSa] mUgsa vkerkSj ij ,slh laLFkk,¡ dgk
tkrk gS tks jkT; ls nwj gksrh gSaA ukxfjd lekt dks laiwjd ds lkFk-lkFk dHkh-dHkh
jkT; laLFkkvksa ds fy, ,d vuqdYi ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA lH; lekt ds fuekZ.k
dk vk/kkj /keZfujis{k gksrk gSA tkfr vkSj ukrsnkjh vuqca/k] /keZ vFkok tutkrh; la?kVu
vkfn ukxfjd-lekt fuekZ.k ds vk/kkj ugha gksrsA uhjk pa/kksd ds vuqlkj] ewy laca/kksa ij
vk/kkfjr ;s laxBu oLrqr% ^ûkxfjd lekt fojks/kh** vkUnksyu gksrs gaSaA
blls igys fd ge vkxs c<+s] ;g xkSj djuk t:jh gS fd vBkjgoha 'krkCnh rd iqjkuh
;wjksih; ijEijk esa] jkT; vkSj ukxfjd-lekt 'kCn ,d nwljs ds LFkku ij iz;ksx fd,
tkrs FksA Mksfeuhd dksyk us ukxfjd lekt dh vo/kkj.kk dk bfrgkl [kkstk vkSj ik;k
fd ;g 16oha o 17oha 'krkfCn;ksa esa vfr/kekZU/krk ds f[kykQ ,d vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa
bLrseky dh tkrh jghA ml t+ekus esa] jkT; gh Fkk tks ,d vf/kdkjksa dh laLFkk ds :i
esa ppZ dk fojks/k djrk FkkA bldk eryc fd jkT; ,d ukxfjd lekt ds :i esa
dk;Z djrk Fkk vFkok muds chp dksbZ Hksn ugha FkkA ukxfjd lekt jkT; dk gh ,d
igyw FkkA ¼tks fd ppZ ds f[kykQ Fkk½A ;g oLrqr% vkus okys le; esa gh gqvk fd
budks nks fHkUu lÙkkvksa ds :i es tkuk tkus yxkA
;g rF; fd D;k dksbZ ukxfjd lekt gksrk gS vFkok ugha] ml laca/k dh izÑfr ij
fuHkZj djrk gS tks og jkT; ds lkFk j[krk gSA blls jktuhfr-fl)kar esa vusd iz’u
mBsA jkT; ukxfjd lekt ls dfu"B gS vFkok ofj"B\ D;k buesa ls ,d nwljs ds cxSj
jg ldrk gS\ os ,d nwljs ds fgrksa ds izfr fo}s'kh gksrs gSa vFkok leFkZd\ ukxfjd
lekt ds eqdkcys jkT; fdlds fgr dk dke djrk gS\ ewy :i ls pkj igyw gSa] tks
jktuhfr-fl)kar esa bu iz’uksa ls okLrk j[krs gSa & rksdsfo;u] ykWfd;u] gsxsfy;u vkSj
ekDlZoknhA rkWdfo viuh iqLrd & MseksØslh bu vesfjdk & esa vesfjdk esa yksdra= dh
fo|ekurk vkSj Ýkal esa mlds vHkko ds fy, dkj.kksa dk v/;;u izLrqr djrs gaSaA og
34
ikrs gSa fd nksuksa ns’kksa esa ;g jkT; dk LoHkko gh gS ftl ij yksdra= dh fo|ekurk la i z H kq r k
vFkok mldk vHkko fuHkZj djrk gSA
;g vesfjdk esa fo|eku Fkk] D;ksafd ogk¡ ,d mnkjoknh yksdrkaf=d jkT; us yksxksa dh
laLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k dks vuqefr nh Fkh] ftlus muds chp ijLij fo’okl dh fo|ekurk
dks bafxr fd;kA tSlk fd vki vxys Hkkx esa i<+saxs] laLFkk laca/kksa dk cuuk ,d ukxfjd
lekt dk ladsr gSA ukxfjd lekt cnys esa yksdra= dks izfrfcfEcr djrk gSA Ýkal
es]a rkWdfo dgrs gS]a fd vesfjdk ls fHkUu] jkT; dh LosPNkpkjh 'kklu vFkok vyksdrkaf=d
izo`fÙk ds dkj.k ogk¡ ukxfjd laLFkk vFkok lekt dk vHkko FkkA
baXySaM ds 17oha lnh ds fopkjd tkWu ykWd ds mnkgj.k esa] jkT; o ukxfjd lekt ds
chp laca/k dks bu nks lÙkkvksa ds chp laca/kksa ds fygkt ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS &
izkÑr voLFkk esa vkSj izkÑr-voLFkk mijkarA ,d lkekftd lafonkoknh fopkjd ds
:i esa] ykWd dk fo’okl Fkk fd jkT; ,d vuqca/k dk ifj.kke gS] tks mu O;fDr;ksa ds
chp fd;k x;k Fkk] tks izkÑr voLFkk esa jg jgs FksA os dqN fuf’pr vf/kdkjksa dk
mi;ksx djrs Fks] tks muds fy, izÑfr }kjk vko’;d cuk, x, FksA ijarq ,slk dksbZ izkf/
kdj.k ugha gksrk Fkk tks O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk dj lds] mUgsa lqj{kk iznku dj
lds vFkok muds dk;Z-O;kikjksa dks fu;fer dj ldsA bl izdkj dk izkf/kdj.k jkT; gh
gks ldrk Fkk] tks ml lkekftd vuqca/k ls tUek Fkk tks yksxksa us ,d nwljs ls fd;k
FkkA bl vuqca/k ds ek/;e ls] izkÑr voLFkk okyk jktuhfrd lekt ,d ukxfjd
lekt esa cny x;k FkkA ykWd] njvly] ukxfjd vkSj jktuhfrd dks vny-cny dj
iz;ksx djrs gSaA ykWd ds ukxfjd vkSj jktuhfrd lekt ds chp Hksn djuk dfBu gSA
ge flQZ bruk gh dg ldrs gSa fd ykWd ds vuqlkj ukxfjd lekt mu vf/kdkjksa dks
lqfuf’pr djus ds fy, gh cuk;k x;k Fkk] tks izkÑr voLFkk esa igys gh izkI; FksA tSlk
fd uhjk pU/kksd dgrh gSa] ykWd dk ^^jktuhfrd lekt** izkÑr ds eqdkcys ,d
^ûkxfjd voLFkk** FkkA ukxfjd vFkok jktuhfrd lekt mu vf/kdkjksa dh j{kkFkZ
cuk;k x;k Fkk] tks yksxksa us izkÑr voLFkk ls mÙkjkf/kdkj esa izkIr fd, FksA ¼ns[ksa xqjizhr
egktu bldh O;k[;k fdl izdkj djrh gSa½A
teZu n’kZfud gsxsy us lcls T+;knk Øec) :i ls ukxfjd lekt vkSj jkT; ds chp
laca/k dk v/;;u fd;k gSA viuh iqLrd ^fQykSlWfQ+ vkWQ jkbV~l* esa gsxsy ukxfjd
lekt dks uSfrd thou ds voljksa esa ls ,d ekurs gSa] vU; nks gSa ifjokj vkSj jkT;A
ukxfjd lekt dks ifjokj vkSj jkT; nksuksa ls fHkUu ekuk tkrk gSA ifjokj esa] gsxsy dk
nkok gS] fof’k"V fgr ,d uSlfxZd ,oa vfparu’khy ,drk esa vuqHkokrhr gksrs gSa vkSj
lnL;ksa ds chp dk;Z-lEiknu] izse vkSj xaHkhj fnypLih] }kjk fuf’pr gksrk gS( tcfd
jkT; esa] O;kidrk dks laLFkkxr fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd uSfrd thou dk loksZPp :i
ûSfrd fopkj dh okLrfodrk* gh gSA ukxfjd lekt] rqyukRed :i ls] fof’k"Vrk dk]
viuh futh vko’;drk iwfrZ dh fpark esa Mwcs Lo;a iz;kljr O;fDr dk] {ks=kf/kdkj gSA
bl voLFkk esa] ifjokj dk yksdkpkj] ;Fkk uSlfxZd izse vkSj ijfgrijrk] vusdhÑr gks
tkrk gS( ijUrq leku :i ls] ;gha O;kidrk dk fl)kar] ftldks fd jkT; ewrZ :i nsus
vkrk gS] ,d Hkzw.kh; :i esa ik;k tkrk gSA
ifjokj dh vafpru’khy psruk ls pSrU; uSfrd thou ds chp ,d egÙoiw.kZ pj.k ds

:i esa ukxfjd lekt ,slk LFky cu tkrk gS] tgk¡ bl gsxsfy;u nk’kZfud fpark dh
fof’k"Vrk }kjk O;kidrk e/;LFk gks& dk vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
35
jkT; dks le>uk ekDlZoknh ijEijk esa ukxfjd lekt /kuh oxksaZ] iw¡thoknh oxZ ds fgrksa dk izfrfuf/kRo
djrk gSA rFkkfi] ukxfjd lekt ds fygkt ls ekDlZoknh ijEijk esa nks n`f"Vdks.k gSaA
,d gS] ikjEifjd n`f"Vdks.k (Classical Approach)A ;g ekDlZ ls lacaf/kr gS] ftUgksaus
ukxfjd-lekt fo"k;d gsxsfy;u igyw dks mÙkjkf/kdkj :i esa izkIr fd;k] ijUrq
mUgksaus Lo;a O;oLFkk ij ifjiz’u djus gsrq fo’ys"k.k dks vkxs c<+k;kA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj]
;g ek= i`"BHkwfe ugha gS] tgk¡ ,d O;fDr dk fufgr LokFkZ nwljs O;fDr ds fufgr LokFkZ
dks iwjk djrk gS( ;g ,slk LFkku gS tgk¡ vuko’;d Je dk fofu;kstu gksrk gSA
,sfrgkfld pj.k ls vkxs t:j c<+uk pkfg,A ijUrq ekDlZ] gsxsy ls fHkUu] bl laHkkouk
ls badkj djrs Fks fd dksbZ orZeku laLFkk ;g dke dj ldrh gSA ukxfjd lekt dks
Lo;a esa ls ;g u;k vfHkdj.k [kkstuk pkfg,] rkfd og vgadkj o LokFkZ] 'kks"k.k ,oa
ekuork ls vkxs c<+ ldsA vkSj bl {ks= dh izÑfr ds eísut+j bl ifjorZu dks
Økafrdkjh gksuk iM+rk gSA dsoy rHkh O;fDr dks lekt vkSj jkT; ls tksM+k tk ldrk
gSA Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ukxfjd lekt dks fouhr cukus dk laxBudkjh fl)kar cu
tkrk gSA
ekDlZoknh vkn’kZ esa nwljs LFkku ij gS xzkfEl;u ijEijkA xzkElh] gkyk¡fd vFkZO;oLFkk
lesr] futh vFkok xSj-jkT;h; {ks= dk lanHkZ ysus ds fy, ûkxfjd lekt* dk iz;ksx
djrs gSa] ukxfjd-lekt laca/kh mudk fp=.k ekDlZ ds o.kZu ls cgqr fHkUu gSA xzkElh
dk eq[; izLrko ;g gS fd jkT; dks ukxfjd lekt ds cks/k ds fcuk ugha le>k tk
ldrk gSA xzkElh ds vuqlkj] ukxfjd lekt egt dksbZ oS;fDrd vko’;drkvkas dk
{ks= ugha gS oju~ laxBuksa dk {ks= gS] vkSj ;qfDr;qDr vkRe-fu;eu o Lora=rk dh
laHkkouk j[krk gSA xzkElh blds tfVy laxBu ij t+ksj nsrs gSa] D;ksafd ^thoksa dh
lef"V* dks vkerkSj ij ^futh* dgk tkrk gS tgk¡ vkf/kiR; vkSj ^LoSfPNd lgefr*
lqO;ofLFkr :i esa gksrs gSaA tcfd ekDlZ jkT; vkSj ukxfjd lekt ds chp vyxko
ij t+ksj nsrs gSa] xzkElh ;g rdZ nsrs gq, nksuksa ds chp varlZEcU/k ij t+ksj nsrs gSa fd gk¡
jkT; 'kCn ds lk/kkj.k] ladh.kZ iz;ksx dk vfHkizk; ljdkj ls gks ldrk gS] ladqfpr :i
ls ljdkj ds :i esa le>s tkus okys jkT; dks voihM+d jkT;-ra= }kjk vfHkiq"V izcy
oxZ ds vkf/kiR; }kjk laj{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA xzkElh ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd
lekt og LFkku gS] tgk¡ jkT; dk voihM+d ra= dkjkxkjksa] U;k;-iz.kkyh] l’kL=
lsukvksa o iqfyl eas ladsfUnzr jgrk gSA ukxfjd lekt og ^LFkku* gS tgk¡ jkT;
"kS{kf.kd] lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd i)fr;ksa o vU; la[;kvksa ds ek/;e ls lÙkk ds vn`’;]
vewrZ o tfVy :iksa dks izofyr djus ds fy, dke djrk gSA oLrqr% jkT; dh voKk
djus dks xzkElh }kjk ukxfjd lekt ds vkRe-fu;ked lgtxq.kksa ds lEiw.kZ fodkl
laca/kh 'kCnksa esa iquiZfjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
bldk lcls igys tku ykWd ds ys[kksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k FkkA tSlk fd igys ftØ
fd;k x;k] mUgksaus crk;k fd ;g ukxfjd lekt izkÑr voLFkk ds ,d ukxfjd lekt
esa ifjofrZr gks tkus ds QyLo:i mHkjkA mUgksaus ukxfjd lekt dks izkÑr voLFkk vkSj
jktuhfrd lekt ls vyx ekukA ;g ukxfjd lekt vuqca/k ds ifj.kkeLo:i mHkjs
yksd izkf/kdj.k }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa ds ekQZr jktuhfrd lekt esa cny tkrk gSA
ukxfjd lekt ,d ¼jktuhfrd½ lekt gS] tgk¡ O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks izkFkfedrk
feyrh gSA ukxfjd lekt bl vFkZ esa vU; laLFkkvksa ls fHkUu gksrk gS fd iwoZorhZ ls
fHkUu] ;g O;SfDrd vf/kdkjksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA bldk LFkku jkT; ls ckgj ugha
gS] cfYd ;g ¼ukxfjd lekt½ jkT; dh fo|ekurk ls gh mHkjk gSA bldk eryc fd
os yksx tks izkÑr voLFkk esa jg jgs Fks] thou-Lora=rk o LokfeRo ds uSlfxZd vf/kdkjksa
36 dk miHkksx dj jgs Fks] ,d vke tu-izkf/kdj.k ds rgr ,d lkekftd vuqca/k esa
'kkfey gq,] tks fd ,d ,sls U;k;ksfpr lekt dh LFkkiuk ds fy, ,d nwljs ds lkFk la i z H kq r k
gqvk Fkk] ftlesa gj O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk dh tk ldrh FkhA bl yksdizkf/kdj.k
dks turk vFkok ukxfjd lekt fo"k;d dkuwu cukus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA ;g
ukxfjd-lekt izkÑr voLFkk ls fHkUu Fkk] tgk¡ yksx leku uSlfxZd vf/kdkjkas dk
miHkksx djrs Fks ijUrq mUgsa nksf'k;ksa dks nf.Mr djus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha FkkA
lkekftd vuqca/k rS;kj fd, tkus ls igys lekt ,d vukxfjd lekt ds :i esa
fo|eku FkkA bl izdkj] ukxfjd lekt esa izR;sd O;fDr ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk dh
tkrh gSA
mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa tc gsxsy us ukxfjd lekt ds fopkj dk foLrkj fd;k] ykWd ds
fopkj dks yxHkx nks lfn;k¡ chr pqdh FkhaA ijUrq bu nks fopkjdksa }kjk vfHkdfYir
vo/kkj.kkvksa ds chp Hksn FksA ykWfd;u O;oLFkk esa [kkl egÙo] O;fDr;kas ds fof’k"Vrkoknh
vFkok vkReijd vf/kdkjksa dks fn;k x;k gSA og fof’k"Vrkoknh vFkok O;fDrfu"B
vf/kdkjksa ,oa lkoZHkkSe vf/kdkjksa ds chp laca/kksa ds fo"k; esa dqN Hkh ugha dgrsA tSlk
fd igys ftØ fd;k x;k] gsxsy nwljh vksj ;g ekurs gSa fd dksbZ ukxfjd lekt dsoy
rHkh viuk vfLrRo cuk, j[k ldrk gS] tc lekt esa uSfrd O;oLFkk gksA uSfrd
O;oLFkk dk] muds vuqlkj] vFkZ gS O;fDrijd vkSj lkoZf=d dkuwuksa ds lkeUtL; esa
vfLrRoA O;fDrijd dkuwu leqnk;ksa esa tUe ysrs gSa] vkSj ml leqnk; dh fof’k"Vrk
ls rkYyqd* j[krs gaSa] ;Fkk mldh ijEijkvksa] jhfr fjokt] leqnk; esa izR;sd lnL; dk
LFkku] cM+ksa ls mlds laca/kksa] iqjksfgrksa] efgykvksa dh fLFkfr] vkfn lsA ;s fof’k"Vrkoknh
gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj] lkoZf=d dkuwu jkT; ds mu dkuwuksa ls laca/k j[krs gSa] tks ml
jkT; ds fyf[kr vFkok vfyf[kr lafo/kku esa izfr"Bkfir gksrs gSaA ;s dkuwu O;fDr;ksa ds
vf/kdkj laca/kh lkoZHkkSe fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa] ;Fkk lekurk] Lora=rk] LokfeRo
,oa ca/kqRoA ;fn lkoZf=d vkSj O;fDrijd vf/kdkj ,d lkFk vfLrRo esa gksrs gSa] dksbZ
Hkh muds chp O;kIr Hksnksa ds ckoT+kwn nwljs dks vLohdkj ugha djrk gSA oLrqr% rHkh
lekt esa ,d uSfrd O;oLFkk dk;e gksrh gSA bldk] gsxsy dh utj esa] vFkZ gS fd lg-
vfLrRo dh ,slh O;oLFkk esa ukxfjd lekt dk;e jgrk gSA
ukxfjd lekt dh vo/kkj.kk dks chloha lnh esa fQj ls yksdfiz;rk fey x;hA 1980
ds n’kd esa iwoZ-lksfo;r la?k vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi ds fo?kVu us bl vo/kkj.kk esa #fp fQj
ls txkbZA jkT; dh foQyrk ds dkj.k mlesa fo’okl [kksus ls ukxfjd lekt esa #fp
fQj ls txhA jkT; dh /kkj.kk VwVus yxh] T;knk lVhd :i ls] chloha lnh ds
mÙkjk/kZ esa bldks jkT; ds ,d fodYi ds :i esa ns[kk tkus yxkA
lkFk gh] pw¡fd ekDlZoknhtu ukxfjd lekt dks vU/kHkDr vkSj vleku ,oa foHksndkjh
oxZ-laca/kkas dks c<+kus essa ;ksxdkjh ekurs gSa] xSj-ekDlZoknh tu ukxfjd lekt dks jkT;
dh foQyrk gsrq ,d jkeck.k ekurs gSaA ukxfjd-lekt laca/kh xSj-ekDlZoknh vkn’kZ]
tks bls jkT; ds ,d fodYi ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] yksdra= ds lgdkjh izfr:i ls
laca/k j[krs gSaA
cks/k iz’u 1
1½ ukxfjd lekt ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ jkT; ds lkFk blds laca/k ij lw{e n`f"V
MkysaA
37
jkT; dks le>uk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2½ ukxfjd lekt laca/kh vo/kkj.kk dk Øe-fodkl izLrqr djsaA

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13- 2- 2 yksdra= vkSj ukxfjd lekt

yksdra= vkSj ukxfjd lekt ,d nwljs ls vfo;ksT; (inseparably) :i ls tqM+s gSaA
,d LoLFk mnkjoknh yksdra= dks thoV vkSj ÅtkZ ls Hkjiwj ukxfjd lekt ds lg;ksx
dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA tSlk fd iwoZ Hkkxksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k] yksdra=-ukxfjd
lekt vUrl±ca/k fo"k;-fo’ks"k dk vk/kkj rkWdfo ds vesfjdh jktuhfr fo"k;d mRÑ"V
ys[kksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA
gky ds o"kksaZ esa vusd fo}ku gq, gSa] ftUgksaus bl yksdra=-ukxfjd lekt laca/k dks
yksdra= ds fofHkUu izfr:iksa esa fodflr fd;k gSA bl izdkj ,d izfr:i gS] ^yksdra=
dk laLFkkxr izfr:i* tSlk fd lquhy f[kyukuh] ikWy VªLV ,oa csatkfeu ckcZj }kjk
fodflr fd;k x;kA muds vuqlkj] lÙkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k gh ukxfjd lekt ds
fuekZ.k dk vk/kkj gSA lÙkk dh fodsUnzhÑr bdkb;k¡ U;kl] laLFkk o yksdra= dh vksj
vfHkur gksrh gSaA ijUrq y?kqrj leqnk;ksa ds fuekZ.k dk vk/kkj loZ/keZ leHkkoh lekurk
gS] u fd vkjksI; (ascriptive)A bl ifjizs{; ds leFkZd jkT; ds dsUnzhÑr izkf/kdkj ds
vkykspd gSa] ftldks fd os cgqr vf/kd izHkko’kkyh ekurs gSaA os viuh mEehnsa leqnk;ksa
vFkok if’peh yksdra=ksa esa fodsUnzhdj.k ls tksM+rs gSaA ukxfjd lekt dk ifjizs{; ml
lkfgR; ls tqM+k gS] tks lektoknh lektksa ds iru ds pyrs] [kkldj iwohZ ;wjksi esa]
mn~xfer gqvkA ;gk¡] ukxfjd lekt loZlÙkkRed jkT; ds eqdkcys mHkjdj vk;kA
O;fDrtuksa ds vf/kdkj] ftudk loZlÙkkRed jkT;-O;oLFkk ds nkSjku vfrØe.k fd;k
x;k Fkk] ukxfjd lekt esa lqj{kk iznku fd, tk,¡xs] ,slk lkspk x;kA
ukxfjd lekt dh fo|ekurk fdlh lekt esa yksdra= ds foLrkj {ks= dks Hkh bafxr
djrh gS( ;Fkk vkSipkfjd yksdra= tSls pquko] cgqnyh; iz.kkyh vFkok ,d yksdrkaf=d
lafo/kkuA blh ds lkFk] ;gk¡ bldk vFkZ yksdrkaf=d izfrekuksa o ewY;ksa dh fo|ekurk
Hkh gksrk gS] tSls ,d nwljs dh laLÑfr o n`f"Vdks.kksa dh lfg".kqrk ds lkFk erHksnksa dk
38
lgvfLrRoA xSyuj ds vuqlkj] yksdra= dh lkaLFkkfud /kkj.kk ukxfjd lekt dh la i z H kq r k
lkaLFkkfud /kkj.kk ds eqdkcys de cks/kxE; gSA ukxfjd lekt fookn vkSj cgl dk
,d v[kkM+k gSA uhjk pU/kksd dgrh gSa] fd ukxfjd lekt ,d ,slk LFky gS] tgk¡
O;fDrtu ,d nwljs ds lg;ksx ls vius izfreku r; djrs gSaA ;g muds thou esa
clrk gS] tks vius ij jkT; Fkksis tkus ij vkifÙk djrs gSaA os jkT; ls vius lokyksa
dks tokc ek¡xrs gSaA ukxfjd lekt dk gj lewg viuh fufnZ"Vrk] ;Fkk laLÑfrd dks
dk;e j[kus dk gdnkj gksrk gSA tks Lora=rk o lekurk ds fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrh
gSA euksjatu eksgUrh ds vuqlkj] ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa dks ^îzk.kh lekt** dgk tk
ldrk gS] D;ksafd ;s laLFkk,¡ jkT; ij lansg djrh gSa vkSj ,d lerkoknh vkSj
yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk cukus ds fy, dBksj iz;kl djrh gSaA
uo-rkWdfo;u yksxksa dh ,d u;h ih<+h] ftuesa lcls izfl) gSa jkWcVZ iqV~ue] us 1990
ds n’kd ls yksdra= dh vk/kkjf’kyk ds :i esa ukxfjd lekt dh vo/kkj.kk dks
iqu#Tthfor fd;kA iqVue us ^lkekftd iw¡th* (social capital) uked ,d vo/kkj.kk
dks yksdfiz; cuk;k] ftldk vFkZ gS ^^lkekftd laxBuksa ds vfHky{k.k] ;Fkk vkLFkk]
izfreku vkSj usVodZ**A yksdra= o lkekftd iw¡th ds chp laca/k mÙkj o nf{k.k bVyh
Hkj esa LFkkuh; ljdkjksa ds fofHkUu dk;Zfu"iknu laca/kh iqV~ue ds izfl) v/;;uksa esa ls
,d ls fudyk gSA budh iqLrd dk nkok gS fd mÙkj bVyh us vkerkSj ij nf{k.k bVyh
dh vis{kk csgrj laLFkkxr dk;Zfu"iknu dks izksRlkgu fn;k] D;ksafd ;gk¡ ifjfLFkfr;k¡
,sfrgkfld :i ls mu ukxfjd ekeyksa esa vf/kd tu-Hkkxhnkjksa ls tqM+h gSa] tks lekt
esa csgrj vUroSZ;fDrd ,oa lkaLFkkfud fo’okl dh miyC/krk ls Lo;a mRiUu gqb±A
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ yksdra= dk la?kh; Lo:i D;k gS\
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2½ ukxfjd lekt fo"k;d jkWcVZ iqV~ue ds fopkjksa ij ppkZ djsaA

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39
jkT; dks le>uk 13- 2- 3 leqnk; vkSj ukxfjd lekt
leqnk; vkfndkyhu rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr laca/kksa ls tqM+s yksxksa dk ,d lewg gS] ;Fkk]
/keZ] ukrs] ikfjokfjd ca/ku] tkfr] vkfn ls tqM+s yksxksa dk lewgA ;s O;fDr;ksa ds fy,
fu;e r; djrs gSa] tks leqnk; dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA O;fDr;ksa o ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkjksa
ds ckjs esa leqnk; ds fu;eksa dh izÑfr jktra= o lekt dh izÑfr dks n’kkZrh gSA
leqnk; ds fu;e ,dfu"Boknh gksrs gSa] tcfd jkT; ds fu;e loZeqfDroknh gksrs gSaA
fu;eksa dh nks Ükà[kykvksa ds chp ;fn dksbZ fookn gksrk gS] rks jkT;-O;oLFkk dh
yksdrkaf=d bekjr <g tkrh gSA ijUrq ;fn nwljh vksj] ,d lekt esa O;fDr;ksa ds vf/
kdkj jkT; ds vf/kdkjksa ds vuq:i gksrs gSa] jkt-O;oLFkk yksdrkaf=d xq.k-nks'kksa dk
izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA leqnk; jkT; vkSj ukxfjd lekt ds chp fLFkr gksrk gSA lekt
ds Hkhrj O;fDr;ksa & efgykvksa] vykHkkafor lewgksa] vYila[;dksa vkfn & ds yksdrkaf=d
vf/kdkjksa dh fLFkfr jkT;] ukxfjd lekt vkSj leqnk; laca/kh rhuksa gh laLFkkvksa dh
izÑfr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
leqnk; vkSj ukxfjd lekt ds chp Hksn fo"k;d lekt’kkL=h; cgl QMhZuSaM Vksuhl
dh iqLrd esa vius fo’kq)re] lqM+kSyre vkSj tfVyre :i esa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA Vksuhl
us budks ^;FkkFkZ vFkok lgt thou* rFkk ^dkYifud vFkok ;kaf=d izk/kkj* & tesU’kkQ
(Gemeinschaft) rFkk tlSy’kkQ (Gesellschaft) dgkA Vksuh ds 'kCnksa esa] tesU’kkQ
iqjkuk gksrk gS( tlSy’kkQ u;k gksrk gSA xzkeh.k thou esa yksxksa ds chp leqnk; T+;knk
l’kDr vkSj T+;knk thoUr gksrk gS( ;gh ,d lkFk jgus dk fVdkÅ vkSj [kjk <ax gSA
tesU’kkQ ds eqdkcys] tlSy’kkQ ¼lekt½ vLFkk;h vkSj lrgh gksrk gSA rnuqlkj]
tesU’kkQ ¼leqnk;½ dks ,d thfor izk.kh ds :i esa le>k tkuk pkfg,] tlSy’kkQ dks
,d ;kaf=d lewg vkSj ,d iqjkru dyk ;k f’kYi jpuk ds :i esaA
,d ys[k ^bu lpZ vkWQ flfoy lkslkbfV* esa lqnhIrks dfojkt nks }Snk’;ksa (dichotomis)
ds chp ,d laca/k crkrs gSa & ,d vksj jkT; vkSj ukxfjd lekt ds chp vkSj nwljh
vksj ukxfjd lekt vkSj leqnk; ds chpA r`rh;- fo’o jktuhfr laca/kh vusd izdkj
ds fo’ys"k.kksa esa bu nks vyx-vyx rdksZa ds chp egÙoiw.kZ laca/k gSaA ;g nkok fd;k
x;k gS fd ,d vk/kqfud laoS/kkfud jkT; ds Bhd lapkyu ds fy, ,d fof’k"Vrk
vko’;d gksrh gS] u flQZ lekt esa jkT; o vU; laxBuksa ds chp] cfYd tlSy’kkQ
tSls fl)karksa }kjk fu;af=r fd, tkus okys xSj-jkT;h; laxBu esa HkhA
13- 3 ukxfjd lekt ds pkfjf=d y{k.k

ukxfjd lekt ds brus fofo/k fo’ys"k.k gSa fd ;g 'kCn Hkzked yxus yxrk gSA vr%
ukxfjd lekt ds y{k.kksa ij ,d vfHkn`f"V fo"k; dks iwjh rjg le>us esa enn dj
ldrh gSA Mk;e.M ds vuqlkj] ukxfjd lekt ds y{k.k bl izdkj C;kSjsokj izLrqr
fd, tk ldrs gSa %
izFke] ukxfjd lekt gh laxfBr lkekftd thou dk dk;Z{ks= gS] tks fd lkoZtfud
LoSfPNd] Lo;a-mRiUu] de-ls-de va’kr% Lo;a-leFkZd] jkT; ls Lora= vkSj ,d
dkuwuh O;oLFkk vFkok lk>k fu;eksa dh Ükà[kyk }kjk ck/; gksrk gSA ;g vkerkSj ij
^^lekt** ls bl ckr esa fHkUu gksrk gS fd blesa ,d lkoZtfud {ks= esa lkewfgd :i
ls dke djus okys ukxfjd 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
40
nwljs] ukxfjd lekt futh mís’;ksa dh ctk; lkoZtfud mís’;ksa ls laca/k j[krk gSA ;g la i z H kq r k
futh {ks= vkSj jkT; ds chp [kM+h ,d e/;orhZ n`’;-?kVuk gSA bl izdkj] ;g ladqfpr
lekt dks cfg"Ñr djrk gS % oS;fDrd ,oa ikfjokfjd thou rFkk vUreqZ[kh lkewfgd
dk;Z( vkSj ;g vkfFkZd lekt dks cfg"Ñr djrk gS % oS;fDrd O;kikj-leok;ksa ds
ykHkktZu djrs m|eA
rhljs] ukxfjd lekt fdlh u fdlh rjg jkT; ls laca/k j[krk gS] ijUrq jkT; dk
fu;a=.k vius gkFk esa ysus dk iz;kl ugha djrk( og ^îwjh dh iwjh jkt-O;oLFkk ij
'kklu** djus dk iz;kl ugha djrkA
pkSFks] ukxfjd lekt ds nk;js esa cgqokn vkSj oSfo/; Hkh vkrk gSA blesa vkfFkZd]
lkaLÑfrd] lwpukRed o 'kS{kf.kd fgr lewg] fodklkRed] fo"k;ksUeq[kh ,oa ukxj lewgksa
lfgr] vkSikfjd o vukSipkfjd laxBuksa dk ,d foLr`r {ks= vkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr]
ukxfjd lekt esa oks Hkh vkrk gS] ftls FkWkel esRt+j ^ôSpkfjd i.;{ks=** (ideolgical
marketplace) dgrs gSa] ;Fkk lwpuk o fopkjksa dk izokg] ftlesa oks 'kkfey gSa tks jkT;
dk ewY;kadu vkSj vkykspuk djrs gSaA
ik¡pos] pkSFks ls ;g ckr lkeus vkrh gS fd ukxfjd lekt fdlh O;fDr vFkok leqnk;
dh lEiw.kZ fgr-Ükà[kyk dk izfrfuf/kRo djus dk iz;kl ugha djrkA bldh ctk; fHkUu-
fHkUu lewg fHkUu-fHkUu fgr-igyqvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa vFkok mudks vius nk;js
esa ykrs gSaA
NBs] ukxfjd lekt dks ukxfjd leqnk; dh vf/kd Li"V :i ls yksdra= dks c<+kok
nsrh n`’;-?kVuk ls vyx le>k tkuk pkfg,A Mk;e.M dk rdZ gS fd ukxfjd leqnk;
ukxfjd lekt ds eqdkcys ,d vf/kd foLr`r vkSj vf/kd ladh.kZ ladYiuk nksuksa gS%
vf/kd foLr`r bl fygkt ls fd blesa laLFkkvksa ds lHkh izdkj ¼ladqfpr lesr½ vkrs gSa(
vf/kd ladh.kZ bl fygkt ls fd blesa flQZ nkf;Roksa ds bnZ-fxnZ lery :i ls lajfpr
laLFkk,¡ gh gksrh gSa tks fd dekscs’k vU;ksU;] lgdkjh] lfEer vkSj fo’okliw.kZ gksrh gSaA
cks/k iz’u 3
1½ ukxfjd lekt vkSj leqnk; ds chp varj fo"k;d QMhZuSaM Vksuhl ds D;k
fopkj gSa\
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41
jkT; dks le>uk 2½ ukxfjd lekt ds ewy y{k.kksa dk C;kSjsokj fooj.k nsa vkSj o.kZu djsaA
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13- 4 lkjka ’ k
ukxfjd lekt] ftldk ewy gkyk¡fd ykWfd;u ijEijk esa gS] us chloha lnh esa tkdj
yksdfiz;rk gkfly dh] tks fd iwoZ-;wjksih; lektoknh 'kklu dh lekfIr ds vkyksd
esa gqvkA
ykWd ls ijs] iwoZorhZ fopkjd ftUgksaus ukxfjd-lekt laca/kh /kkj.kk ds fodkl esa
;ksxnku fn;k] os Fks & rkWdfo] gsxsy vkSj ekDlZA ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks vkSj
vf/kd foLrkj nsrs gq, gsxsy us bldks ,d fHkUu ifjizs{; esa Li"V fd;kA
ukxfjd lekt dks ,sls dqN y{k.kksa ds C;kSjsokj fooj.k ds 'kCnksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk
ldrk gS tks fd vki bl bdkbZ esa i<+ pqds gSaA
,d vksj ukxfjd lekt ds chp laca/kksa vkSj nwljh vksj jkT;] yksdra= vkSsj leqnk; dh
Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
13- 5 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

pa/kksd] ,u-] LVsV ,aM flfoy lkslkf;Vh] ubZ fnYyh % lst] 1995
dksgsu] ts- vkSj vjSVks] ,- flfoy lkslkf;Vh ,aM ikWfyfVdy F;ksjh] dSfEczt % dSfEczt
;wfuoflZVh izSl] 1992
gsal] tSQ-] MSeksØSlh ,aM flfoy lkslkf;Vh bu n FkMZ oYMZ] ØSfEczt % ikWfylh izsl]
1997
13- 6 cks/k iz’uksa ds mÙkj

cks/k iz’u 1
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 13-2
2) ns[ksa Hkkx 13-2
cks/k iz’u 2
1) ns[ksa miHkkx 13-2-2
cks/k iz’u 3
2) ns[ksa Hkkx 13-3
42
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
bdkbZ 14 lÙkk vkSj izkf/kdkj Øka f r
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
14-0 mís';
14-1 izLrkouk
14-2 lÙkk % ladYiuk dk vFkZ
14-2-1 lÙkk o vU; ln`'; izlaxksa ds chp Hksn
14-2-2 lÙkk ds fufgr vFkZ
14-3 lÙkk fl)kar
14-3-1 mnkjoknh yksdrkaf=d fl)kar
14-3-3 lÙkk ij ekbdy Qwdks ds fopkj
14-4 izkf/kdkj D;k gS\
14-5 izkf/kdkj dk oxhZdj.k
14-6 lÙkk o izkf/kdkj laca/kh /kkj.kkvksa ds chp Hksn
14-6-1 izkf/kdkj ds fufgr vFkZ
14-7 lkjka'k
14-8 'kCnkoyh
14-0 mís ' ;

bl bdkbZ esa vki ik;saxs ekSfyd vuqla/kku dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ {ks=% ;Fkk lÙkk vkSj
izkf/kdkjA ;gh gS jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk dk dsUnzh; fo"k;A bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn
vki bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd %
• lÙkk dh vo/kkj.kk dks fofHkUu 'kk[kk-foU;klksa esa le> ldsa
• lÙkk o lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa ds chp Hksn dj ldsa
• izkf/kdkj dh ladYiuk dks Li"V dj ldsa vkSj mlds izdkj igpku ldsa
• lÙkk o izkf/kdkj ds lkis{k vFkZ dks le> ldsaA
1 4 - 1 iz L rkouk
gky gh esa] jktuhfr-fl)kar ds {ks= esa lÙkk dh /kkj.kk dk cM+k egÙo gks x;k gSA ,slk
blfy;s gS] D;ksafd jktuhfr dk vFkZ ^jkT; vkSj ljdkj laca/kh v/;;u* ls cny dj
^lÙkk dk v/;;u* gks x;k gSA lÙkk gh fons'k-uhfr dk eq[; y{; gksrk gSA
vUrjjk"Vªh; laca/kksa esa] lÙkk gh vius egÙoiw.kZ fgr dks c<+kok nsus ds mís'; ls vU;
jkT;ksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor vFkok fu;af=r djus gsrq fdlh jkT; dh {kerk gSA lÙkk
{kerk esa vuqefr o ncko ds iz;ksx esa dkS'ky o rduhdksa ds lkFk-lkFk vU; jkT;ksa ij
vkf/kiR; tekus gsrq eukus] /kedkus vFkok dksbZ dk;Z t+cjnLrh djokus dh {kerk Hkh
'kkfey gSA csfYt;e vkSj fLoV~t+jyS.M laHkor% leku :i ls lqesfyr (matched) gSa]
5
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj ijUrq csfYt;e vkSj vesfjdk ds chp csesy Li"V gSA dqN jkT;ksa dk Lo:i ^lEiUuksa*
oS / krk okyk gS vkSj nwljksa dk ^foiUuksa* okykA iwoZorhZ Hkyh izdkj lÙkk-xq.k lEiUu gSa] tcfd
ijorhZ ^^lEiUuksa** ds fo#) viuh fLFkfr csgrj cukus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA ;g ifjfLFkfr
lÙkk dks la?k"kZ djus laca/kh mldk vfuok;Z xq.k iznku djrh gSA
ge lc tkurs gSa fd ,d O;kid vFkZ esa lÙkk D;k gSA ;w¡ rks ge bls vius thou esa
gj txg ikrs gSa] fQj Hkh bldks ifjHkkf"kr djuk eqf'dy gSA lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd
fl)kar nsrs le;] cjgky] ge lÙkk o izkf/kdkj dh ladYiukvksa dks vf/kd lVhd vkSj
Li"V cukus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA bu vk/kkjHkwr ladYiukvksa o ifjHkk"kkvksa dks ysdj gh
ge rnksijkar jk"Vªh; ,oa varjjk"Vªh; jktuhfr ds {ks= esa vU; tfVy ladYiukvksa dks
le> ldrs gSaA
1 4 - 2 lÙkk % ladYiuk dk vFkZ

lÙkk dks thou ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij ns[kk tkrk gS - ljdkjh iz'kklu] ukSdj'kkgh] pquko]
ifjokj o lekt dh lajpukvksa esaA Ldwy esa x+yrh djus okys fdlh Nk= dks ,d v/
;kid }kjk Mk¡Vs tkus] ,d 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; }kjk vius iM+kslh vFkok fdlh vkradoknh
laxBu }kjk fdlh fBdkus ij ce cjlk;s tkus ds f[kykQ+ ;q) fd;s tkus ds mnkgj.kksa
esa lÙkk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA vr% ;g ns[kuk cgqr t+:jh gks tkrk gS fd bu mnkgj.kksa
esa lVhd :i ls D;k loZekU; gS vkSj os fdl izdkj bl ladYiuk dks lgh Bgjkrs gSaA
jktuhfr-fl)kar esa lÙkk gh dsUnzh; fo"k; gS] pkgs og ml dkuwu esa fyiVh gks tks
;ksX;rk iznku djrk gS vFkok ml izkf/kdkj esa tks LosPNkiwoZd mldh vkKkikyu djrk
gS vkSj mls dk;e j[krk gSA lÙkk 'kfDr gS] tks dkuwu ds uke ij jkT; }kjk iz;ksx
dh tkrh gSA lÙkk jktuhfr-fl)kar ds izfr dsfUnzd gS] D;ksafd og jkT; ds fo"k; esa
xaHkhj gksrh gS] tks fd 'kfDr gSA ;g ,d ,slh fopkj/kkjk gS] tks ;FkkFkZokfn;ksa ls lEc)
gSA nwljh vksj] os fof/kosÙkkx.k tks jkT; dks ,d U;kf;d laLFkk ekurs gSa] nkok djrs
gSa fd jkT; ls tqM+s vfuok;Z vkSj mÙke cy dh /kkj.kk ;kn`fPNd (arbitrary) ugha gS(
oju~ ;g ;ksX;rkizkIr cy gS( vkSj vklku 'kCnksa esa] ;g ^dkuwu ds uke ij* iz;ksx fd;k
tkus okyk cy gSA dkj.k ;g gS fd jkT; fuf'pr izfØ;kvksa o fofnr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj
iz;qDr lÙkk dh /kkj.kk ls fudV ls tqM+k gSA bl izdkj] lÙkk dkuwu dh Hkk"kk esa O;Dr
cy gS( ;g ,d fu;fer vkSj ,d:i jhfr esa ;ksX;rkiznÙk vkSj O;Dr cy gSA
lÙkk dh ladYiuk dks vkSj vf/kd iq"V djus ds fy, dkuwuKksa us jkT; dh ladYiuk
dks mls dqN vfuok;Z lgtxq.kksa ds lkFk igpku dj ifj"Ñr fd;k gSA vc blds
vuqlkj] jkT; ,d jktuhfrd lekt gS vkSj fdlh iznÙk jktuhfrd lekt esa] ,d
loksZPp lÙkk gksrh gS [lwek iksVSLVk (Summa Potestas)] tSlk fd jkseu dkuwuK flljks
bls iqdkjrs gSa] ftlls ;g dkuwu mn~Hkwr gksrk gSA ;g loksZPp lÙkk] ftldh O;k[;k
tkWu vkWfLVu ^lEizHkqrk* ds :i esa djrs gSa] jkT; dks vU; laLFkkvksa ls fHkUu djrh gSA
lEizHkqrk dh ladYiuk dk fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd fu.kkZ;d izkf/kdkj lÙkk gh gSA eq[; ckr
;g gS fd jkT; ds Hkhrj ,d laizHkq lÙkk gksrh gS tks] pkgs iztk ds ikl gks ;k fQj jktk
ds ikl] dkuwu dk lzksr gksrh gSA ;g dkuwu }kjk 'krZcUn lÙkk gksrh gS] pkgs muds
n`f"Vdks.k ls ftuds Åij ;g iz;ksx dh tkrh gS vFkok lÙkk ds okLrfod /kkjd ds
n`f"Vdks.k lsA
6
,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ ckr ftldks ;gk¡ Li"V fd;s tkus dh t+:jr gS] ;g gS fd laizHkq jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
lÙkk cyiwoZd 'kklu dks ,d dkuwuor~ 'kklu esa cny nsrh gSA bl izdkj gkWCl jkT; Øka f r
dks dksbZ cyiz;ksx dh n`';?kVuk ugha ekurs gSa( oju~ ,d lÙkk dh n`';?kVuk ekurs gSa]
ftldh laizHkqrk gh loksZPp vkSj lcls egÙoiw.kZ vfHkO;fDr gSA ^vlH;koLFkk* ls ^lH;
lekt* dh vksj voLFkkUrj xeu gh ml cyiwoZd 'kklu ls voLFkkUrj xeu gS] tgk¡
dkuwu laca/kh dksbZ lqj{kk ugha gksrh] tgk¡ ekuoh; laca/k lqjf{kr gksrs gSaA lkFk gh] Bhd
ftl izdkj jkT; fo'kq) cyiz;ksx ugha gS] vr,o gkWCl ds vuqlkj laizHkqrk euekuh
bPNk ugha gSA laizHkq izfrfuf/k dks yksxksa dh lqj{kk eqg¸;k djkus dk nkf;Ro lkSaik tkrk
gSA bl dkj.k ls og ml ;FkkFkZ dkj.k dh vogsyuk ugha dj ldrh gS] ftlds fy;s
mls laizHkqrk lkSaih xbZ gSA bl izdkj] izkf/kdj.k] u fd vknru vkKkikyu] gh gS tks
laizHkq cukrk gS] tks cyiz;ksx dks lÙkk esa cny nsrk gSA
nks lfn;ksa ckn] ,ySDt+SaMj gSfeYVu us iwNk] ^lÙkk D;k gS] cl dqN djus dh ;ksX;rk
vFkok ekufld 'kfDr\* chloha lnh-e/; esa] gSjWYM ySloSy vkSj vczkge dIyku us lÙkk
dk vFkZ bl izdkj yxk;k & ^ÑR;--- vU; dk;ks± dks izHkkfor vFkok fu/kkZfjr djrs*A
mlds dqN gh le; i'pkr~] jkWcVZ Mky us lÙkk dks bl :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k & fdlh
nwljs ls dqN djokus dh ,d drkZ dh ;ksX;rk rkfd ijorhZ ^vU;Fkk u djs*A mlh
le;] gkyk¡fd] gUuk vjsUn~r us nkok fd;k fd lÙkk fuLlax vfHkdÙkkZvksa vFkok dÙkkZvksa
dh t+k;nkn ugha] cfYd ,d lkFk feydj dke djus okys lewgksa vFkok lef"V;ksa dh gSA
tgk¡ rd fd nwljs ys[kdksa ds n`f"Vdks.kksa dk laca/k gS] ;g fuf'pr :i ls bl ladYiuk

dk vFkZ vusd igyqvksa esa le>us esa enn djrh gSA ÝsfMªd ds vuqlkj] lÙkk ^,d fo'ks"k
izdkj dk ekuoh; laca/k gS*] tcfd VkWuh ds fy,] ^;g ,d O;fDr vFkok lewg dh {kerk
gS] ftlls og viuh et+hZ ds eqrkfcd nwljksa ds O;ogkj dks la;r djrk gS*A tcfd
lkE;oknh usrk ekvks ft+Mksax lÙkk ds ckjs esa lksprs Fks fd ^^cUnwd dh uyh ls fudyrh
gS**] xk¡/kh th] 'kkfUr ds vxznwr] bls izse vkSj lR; dh 'kfDr ds :i esa ysrs FksA lÙkk
;kuh 'kfDr dks fofHkUu vk/kkjksa ij fofHkUu ckrksa dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] ge vkfFkZd 'kfDr] lSU; lÙkk] fnekxh rkdr] jktuhfrd@dk;Zdkjh lÙkk vkSj
lkekftd 'kfDr@lkeF;Z dh ckr djrs gSaA bu lc 'kfDr-Hksnksa esa iz/kku fo"k; dk vFkZ
gS] ^;ksX;rk* vFkok ^{kerk*A cgjgky] ge ,d loZekU; O;kid ifj.kke fudkyrs gSa fd]
lÙkk mu cká izHkkoksa o nckoksa dk dqy ;ksx gS tks fdlh O;fDr vFkok O;fDr-lewg dks
,d visf{kr fn'kk esa pyk ldrh gSA
1 4 - 2 - 1 lÙkk o vU; ln`'; izlaxksa ds chp Hksn

lÙkk dk lVhd lEi`DrkFkZ ml oDr eqf'dy gks tkrk gS] tc ;g 'kCn vusd lac)
fo"k;ksa ds lkFk vUrfoZfues; (inter-changeable) gks tkrk gS] ;Fkk fu;a=.k] izHkko]
izkf/kdkj] cyiz;ksx] izHkqRo] neu bR;kfnA bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fd ;g
jktuhfr-foKku ds Nk=ksa ds fy, Hkze iSnk dj ldrh gS] lÙkk o lac) fo"k;ksa ds chp
Hksn ds eq[; fcanqvksa ij izdk'k Mkyuk vko';d gSA
tSls fd igys ppkZ dh xbZ] lÙkk gh thrus dh {kerk gS] vFkok O;fDr dh nwljksa ij
fu;a=.k djus dh ;ksX;rkA ,slk djus esa lÙkk /kks[kk] nk¡oisp] pkyckt+h tSls rÙoksa ij
vk/kkfjr gks ldrh gS] vFkok dkuwuh ,oa laoS/kkfud izfØ;kvksa ls Hkh O;qRiUu dh tk
ldrh gSA varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr dqN ugha] dsoy ,d lÙkk-la?k"kZ laca/kh vfHkO;fDr gSA
7
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj cyiz;ksx] nwljh vksj] lÙkk ls fHkUu gksrk gSA lÙkk dh Øwjre vfHkO;fDr ;gh gSA
oS / krk 'kkjhfjd cyiz;ksx esa 'kkfey rduhdsa gSa - fuxzg (restraint)] neu] /kedh] Mk¡V-MiV]
Hk;nksgu (blackmail)] vkradokn vkSj lSU; izHkqRoA vr% lÙkk dks vO;Dr cyiz;ksx dgk
tkrk gS] tcfd cyiz;ksx vfHkO;Dr lÙkk gSA
;fn cyiz;ksx ,d fljs ij [kM+k gS rks] izHkko nwljs fljs ijA ;g lÙkk ds mnkÙkhdj.k
(sublimation) dks n'kkZrk gSA ;g lkekftd izfr"Bk] ckSf)d o vkfRed xkSjo] mPp
uSfrdrk] bR;kfn ds dkj.k gks ldrk gSA vr%] tcfd izHkko fo'oklksRiknd gksrk gS]
lÙkk neudkjh gksrh gSA
vc izkf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk ij vkrs gSa] tks dkuwuh o ijaijkxr izfrca/kksa ds ek/;e ls lÙkk
ds uhfr-laxrhdj.k ,oa oS/khdj.k dks bafxr djrk gSA ;g vfuok;Z :i ls laLFkkxr
fof/klaxzg gS] ftlds Hkhrj ,d ek/;e :i esa lÙkk-iz;ksx dks vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj fof/k-lEer cuk;k tkrk gSA izkf/kdkj dh ladYiuk lac/a kh ,d foLr`r fo'ys"k.k bl
bdkbZ esa rnksijkar fd;k tk;sxkA
varr%] lÙkk ls lac) ,d fo"k; ds :i esa fu;a=.k dh ckr Hkh viuk fHkUu y{k.k j[krh
gS] tks lÙkk ls fHkUu gSA fu;a=.k ,d fHkUu izÑfr dk gks ldrk gS - tSls fo/kk;h]
dk;Zdkjh] U;kf;d] foÙkh; bR;kfnA fu;a=.k ds eqdkcys lÙkk vf/kd izp.M gksrh gSA
bl izdkj] ge ns[krs gSa fd ^lÙkk* 'kCn ds vFkZ esa bl fHkUurk ds dkj.k gh bldk
O;kid v/;;u vko';d gks tkrk gSA
1 4 - 2 - 2 lÙkk ds fufgr vFkZ

vc rd tks ppkZ dh xbZ mlds vuqlkj] lÙkk dh ladYiuk fo"k;d dqN fufgrkFkZ ,d=
fd, tk ldrs gSa %
• lÙkk dks egt+ ,d jktuhfrd vFkok vkfFkZd <k¡ps esa ugha lhekc) fd;k tk
ldrk( ;g ,d O;kid :i esa lkekftd n`';?kVuk gSA
• izHkko] fu;a=.k] izkf/kdkj] izfr"Bk] vf/kdkj bR;kfn tSlh vU; ladYiukvksa ls lÙkk
dh fHkUurk gesa lÙkk-laca/kh ladYiuk dks vf/kd lVhd :i ls vkSj ckjhdh ls
le>us esa l{ke cukrh gS] tks jktuhfr-'kkL= ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gks
tkrk gSA
• lÙkk vO;Dr cy gS] cy lqO;Dr lÙkk gS] vkSj izf/kdkj laLFkkfir lÙkk gSA
• lÙkk fofHkUu voljksa ij fofHkUu :i esa fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] pkgs oks ,d vkSipkfjd
laxBu ds :i esa gks] ;k fQj ,d vukSipkfjd laxBu esa vFkok ,d
laxfBr@vlaxfBr lekt esaA
• lÙkk la[;kvksa ¼fo'ks"kr% cgqer½] lkekftd laxBu ,oa lzksrksa ds lfEeyu esa clrh
gSA ;gh gS lÙkk dk lzksrA
1 4 - 3 lÙkk fl)kar
;g dguk fd jkT; ,d laizHkqlÙkk gS] ;g dguk gS fd blds fu;eksa] fofu;eksa ,oa
dkuwuksa ds ikl ,d vafre izkf/kdkj gSA fdlh Hkh vf/kd fu.kkZ;d fu;e-lewg ds fy,
muds fo#) dksbZ vihy ugha gksrhA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jkT; ds Hkhrj vU; laLFkkvksa }kjk
8
cuk, x, fu;e jkT; ds 'kklu izkf/kdkj ds v/khu gksrs gSaA laizHkqrk dk ;g lÙkk- jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
fl)kar yksdra= esa fo'okl j[kus okys jktuhfr-fl)kafr;ksa }kjk ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd Øka f r
jktuhfr ds fdlh Hkh vkSfpR; dks ftlds fy, gesa jktuhfrd laizHkqrk laca/kh ladYiuk
dh vko';drk gksrh gS] dkuwuh izf/kdkj dh ctk; lÙkk ds 'kCnksa esa ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k
tk ldrk gSA dkuwuh laiHz kqrk jkT; dks ,d vfUre dkuwuh izkf/kdkj ekurh gSA
uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls] ge ;g dgrs gSa fd jkT; ds dkuwuksa ds ikl vfUre izf/kdkj ugha
gksrk] ;fn O;fDr dk foosd ;g dgrk gS fd mls dksbZ dkuwu fo'ks"k ugha ekuuk pkfg,]
rc ,d uSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls] og vkKkikyu dk gdnkj gS( dkj.k ;g gS fd vf/kdrj
uhfrxr ekeyksa esa vfUre izkf/kdkj vUr%dj.k gh gksrk gS] tc og ,d mPprj dkuwu]
izÑfr ds dkuwu] gsrq vihy djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc ;wukuh rkuk'kkg Øs;u us
,.Vhxksu dks vius e`r HkkbZ dks nQ+ukus ls jksdk] rks mlus bl vk/kkj ij bl vkns'k
dh vogsyuk dh fd mPprj dkuwu] izÑfr dk dkuwu] dgrk gS fd e`r dk lEeku fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A foosdiw.kZ vkifÙk ij ppkZ ;g n'kkZrh gS fd ^lÙkk dk vFkZ flQZ O;fDr
dh bPNk iwjh fd, tkus dh ;ksX;rk gh ugha] cfYd cyiz;ksx dh /kedh nsdj ,slk fd,
tkus dh ;ksX;rk Hkh gS*A
fu"d"kZ esa] ge dg ldrs gSa fd jkT; dh laizHkqrk] jktuhfr ds iz;kstu ls] voihM+d
dh lÙkk dh loksZPprk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dh tkuh pkfg,] u fd dkuwuh izf/kdkj ds
:i esaA D;ksafd] tks laizHkq gS] ogh vius nkos dks izekf.kr dj ldrk gS] vkSj jkT;
fuf'pr :i ls ,slk djrk gS D;ksafd og l'kL= cy dh lÙkk j[krk gSA
lÙkk-fl)kar dks tSlk fd igys dgk x;k gS] gkWCl ds ^fyokbvWFkWu* esa igyh ckj
'kkunkj vfHkO;fDr feyhA gkWCl dk dguk gS fd vkneh lÙkk vkSj vf/kd ls vf/kd
lÙkk dh bPNk j[krk gS] tks O;fDr;ksa ds chp izfrLi/kkZ dk ewy dkj.k cu tkrk gSA
ijUrq lkFk gh] euq"; 'kkfUriwoZd jguk pkgrk gS] rkfd ml lÙkk dk miHkksx dj lds
tks mlds ikl gSA vr% og ,d loZekU; lÙkk ds v/khu jgus dh vknr Mky ysrk gSA
gkWCl ds ckn gsxSy us varjjk"Vªh; uSfrdrk laca/kh lHkh uhfr'kkL=ksa dks ,d rjQ fd,
tkus dh gn rd jkT; dh laizHkq lÙkk dh fueqZfDr dhA orZeku lnh esa bl fl)kar ds
vxz.kh i{k/kjksa esa izksQs+lj ,p-ts- ekWxsZUFkm dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftudk dguk
gS fd jktuhfr vkSj dqN ugha cl lÙkk gsrq la?k"kZ gSA lÙkk-fl)kar us viuh Bksl
vfHkO;fDr ikbZ tc bVyh ds rkuk'kkg csfurks eqlksfyuh us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd û dqN
jkT; ds fo#)] u dqN mlls Åij* ftlus Qklhokn dh fopkj/kkjk dks tUe fn;kA
lÙkk-fl)kar laca/kh Åij fn, x, iwjs fo'ys"k.k esa] lÙkk dsoy ,d jktuhfrd vFkZ esa
gh cksy dj O;Dr dh tkrh gSA rFkkfi lÙkk esa Lo;a mlds Hkhrj dkQh dqN vkSj Hkh
'kkfey gS] tSls vkRek] eu] vkSj fdlh ds fopkjksa dh 'kfDrA lanHkZ bl izlax esa egkRek
cq) ls xk¡/khth rd dgha ls Hkh fy, tk ldrs gSa] ftUgksaus fo'o esa viuh fopkj'kfDr
vkSj fopkj/kkjk ls voxr djk;kA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
ii½ vius mÙkj dks bdkbZ ds var esa fn;s x;s mÙkjksa ls feyk;saA
1½ jktuhfr-fl)kar esa lÙkk dh ladYiuk fdl izdkj dh xbZ gS\ Li"V djsaA
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lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
oS / krk
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2½ D;k lÙkk esa cyiz;ksx ges'kk 'kkfey gksrk gS\

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1 4 - 3 - 1 mnkjoknh yksdrkaf=d fl)kar

mnkjoknh yksdrkaf=d fl)kar esa lÙkk dks fodklkRed vkSj fu"d"kkZRed {kerkvksa ds
lkFk igpkuk x;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lÙkk dk vFkZ gS ekuoh; {kerkvksa ds iz;ksx vkSj
fodkl laca/kh ;ksX;rkA blds nks igyw gSa] fu"d"kkZRed vkSj fodklkRed] ftudks Øe'k%
uSfrd vkSj vkuqHkkfod vk;ke dgk tk ldrk gSA pawfd fdlh O;fDr }kjk viuh
{kerkvksa dk iz;ksx o fodkl fd, tkus dh ;ksX;rk ^^lÙkk** cu tkrh gS] bldks euq";
dh fodklkRed 'kfDr dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g ,d xq.kkRed y{k.k fy, gksrh gSA
blds vykok] vkneh dks viuh {kerkvksa dk iz;ksx bl izdkj djuk pkfg,] rkfd og
nwljksa ls ykHk izkIr dj ldsA ;g ckr fu"d"kkZRed 'kfDr dh /kkj.kk dh vksj vfHkeq[k
djrh gSA ;gk¡ ge ns[krs gSa fd lÙkk dk mnkjoknh fl)kar jktuhfrd lÙkk laca/kh
/kkj.kk dks eqnzk-'kfDr ls tksM+rk gSA pquko] izpkj] vuqu;] fu;a=.k vkfn lHkh eqnzk-
'kfDr dh Hkwfedk ls gh fu;af=r gksrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd yk[kksa yksxksa dh fu;fr
vDlj jk"Vª dh eqnzk ij ,dN= vf/kdkj j[kus okys nt+Zu Hkj ifjokjksa }kjk gh fu;af=r
dh tkrh gSA rFkkfi] ;g fl)kar yksdra= ds vkf/kD;hdj.k ij Hkh t+ksj nsrk gS] rkfd
ekuofgr-ijk;.krk ewY;ksa dks uqdlku u igq¡psA
1 4 - 3 - 2 ekDlZoknh fl)kar
ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k jktuhfr vkSj vFkZ'kkL= dks lÙkk-lk/ku ds ek/;e ls tksM+rk gSA
ekDlZ us jktuhfr-lÙkk dks mu yksxksa ds ikl gksus ds :i esa ns[kh] tks mRiknu-
lk/kuksa ij fu;a=.k j[krs gSa] u fd Je cy ds ikl ftldk ,sls mRiknu-lk/kuksa ij
fu;a=.k FkksM+k-lk vFkok fcYdqy ugha gSA ;g ^^mRiknu laca/k**] blhfy, jktuhfrd
lÙkk forj.k dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA dE;qfuLV ?kks"k.kki= esa] ekDlZ vkSj ,aftYl dgrs
gSa fd rFkkdfFkr jktuhfrd lÙkk egt+ ,d oxZ }kjk nwljs nwljs dks nck;s tkus dk
laxfBr :i gS vkSj nwljs] jktuhfrd lÙkk gh O;kid vkSj izHkkoh 'kfDr gS] tks ,d izcy
oxZ ,d lH; lekt esa vius izk/kkU; dks dk;e vkSj cpk dj j[kus esa iz;ksx djrk gSA
10
blds vfrfjDr] oxZ-lÙkk ^^Lo;a jkT; }kjk dCtk fd, tkus dh vksj izo`r jgrh gS] vkSj jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
mldks [kq'kh-[kq'kh lefiZr Hkh dj nsrh gS( mUur iw¡thokn okyh lkekU; ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh] Øka f r
jkT; ml izcy oxZ }kjk fd, tkus okys vf/kd ls vf/kd izdk;ks± dks vius
v/khu dj ysrk gS] ftldk bu izdk;ks± ds fu"iknu esa ,d cM+k ;ksxnku gksrk gS**A
bl izdkj] ekDlZ jktuhfrd lÙkk vkSj fo|eku lkekftd-vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ds chp ,d

?kfu"V ,dhdj.k ikrs gSa vkSj ;g vLFkk;h gS - jkT;ghu vkSj oxZghu lekt ds mn;
ds lkFk gh ;g xk;c gks tk;sxkA
14-3-3 lÙkk ij ekbdy Qwdks ds fopkj

,d mins'k vkSj O;ogkj ds :i esa ^lÙkk* ds fo"k; esa x+yrQgfe;k¡ vkSj Hkzkafr;k¡ QSyh
gSaA bl laca/k esa ekbdy Qwdks ds yhd ls gVdj lÙkk-laca/kh fo'ys"k.k dk okLrk fn,
tkus dh vko';drk gS] rkfd vusd LFkkuksa ij laca/kksa esa O;Dr] ,d izokg ds :i esa lÙkk
ds xgu fufgrkFkks± dks izLrqr fd;k tk ldsA
^^lÙkk** dh lkekftd n`';?kVuk gsrq Qwdks dk igq¡p ekxZ fuEufyf[kr m)j.k esa Li"V
fn[kkbZ nsrk gS %
^^gesa ;g ugha iwNuk pkfg, fd D;ksa dqN Ykksx gkoh gksuk pkgrs gSa] os fdldh fQjkd
esa jgrs gSa] mudh leLr j.kuhfr D;k gS\ gesa bldh ctk; ;g iwNuk pkfg, fd
orZeku v/khuhdj.k ds Lrj ij mu fujarj vkSj fuckZ/k (uninterrupted) izfØ;kvksa ds
Lrj ij ?kVukØe dSls pyrk gS] tks gekjh nsgksa dks v/khu cukrh gSa] gekjs gko-Hkko dks
lapkfyr djrh gS] gekjs O;ogkj vkfn dks izsfjr djrh gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] Lo;a ls ;g
iwNus ds ctk; fd vius mnkÙk ikFkZD; (lobtyisolation) esa laizHkq gesa dSlk izrhr gksrk
gS] gesa ;g [kkstus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg, fd ,slk dSls gqvk fd turk izkf.k;ksa] cyksa]
ÅtkZvksa] oLrqvksa] bPNkvksa] fopkjksa vkfn dh cgqyrk ds ek/;e ls Øe'k%] mÙkjksÙkj]
oLrqr% vkSj HkkSfrd n`f"V ls xfBr gqbZA**
Qwdks] bl izdkj] lÙkk dh laizHkqrk-dsfUnzd ¼gkWfCl;u½ /kkj.kk ls mldh vksj pyrs gSa]
ftls og ^^vuq'kklukRed 'kfDr** vFkok lÙkk dh lw{e fØ;kfof/k;ksa ds uke ls iqdkjrs
gSa - izHkqRo dh rduhdsa ,oa pkysa - tks] vuq'kklukRed tqYeksa dh ,d ?kfuBrk ls tqM+h
>¡>jh ds :i esa] lkekftd fudk; dks ,d fLFkj voLFkk ¼,d izlkekU;hdj.k okyk
lekt – a society of normalization½ iznku djrh gSAa
jkT; bl fLFkfr esa ,d vykSfdd ijk-'kfDr cu tkrk gS] tks vusd o vfuf'pr lÙkk-
laca/kksa dh ,d iwjh Ükà[kyk esa tM+ ls tek gksrk gS] vkSj tSlk fd Qwdks nkok djrs gSa]
^^jkT; mu lÙkk-laca/kksa dh ,d iw.kZ la[;k ds lafgrkdj.k esa jgrk gS] tks mlds
dk;ZO;kikj dks laHko cukrs gSa**A
Qwdks ds fo'ys"k.k us lekt esa lÙkk ij ut+j j[kus ds u, rjhds lq>k, gSa] mrus ugha
ftrus fd izHkqRo vkSj v/khuhdj.k ds lkekftd :i ls foU;Lr laca/kksa ds :i esa ,d
U;k;fo/kku-laca/kh ladYiuk lq>krh gSA
Qwdks ds vuqlkj] vke cksypky esa] lÙkk dks gzkloknh (reductionist) n`f"V ls ns[kk x;k
gSA ;gh gS] lj ls ik¡o rd voyksdu ftlesa lÙkk dks ges'kk ,d izHkko'kkyh cy vkSj
,d n`';eku o okLrfod ijk-'kfDr ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA os yksx tks 'kh"kZ ij
11
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj lÙkk/kkjd gSa] i{kikrh :i ls vusd jktuhfrd ra=ksa o ;qfDr;ksa - fo'ks"k rduhdksa] Kku]
oS / krk jktuhfrd lÙkk ds fofgr fØ;kdykiksa - dk ykHk mBkus esa yxs jgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa
esa] muds ikl lÙkk ds lk/ku gksrs gSa ftu rd mudh igq¡p mudh lkefjd fLFkfr ds
dkj.k gksrh gSA ,d ofj"B n¶+rj'kkg] vius vksgns dh otg ls fdlh ;kstuk dks
vklkuh ls eatwj djk ldrk gS] vFkok ;fn fdlh ckr ls og larq"V u gks rks mls #dok
ldrk gSA
Qwdks ds fo'ys"k.k esa] lÙkk-laca/kh lHkh n`'; ?kVukvksa dk Js; fo|eku lÙkk-ra=ksa dks
nsuk ,d izdkj dk v;FkkFkZoknh gzklokn gSA lÙkk] mudh n`f"V esa] og vkSj ogk¡ ugha
gS] tSlk fd yksx lksprs gSaA okLro esa] ;g fofHkUu lzksrksa dh ,d HkhM+ ls vkrs fofHkUu
izokgksa dh O;oLFkk djrh lSdM+ksa lw{e izfØ;kvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gSA gzkloknh n`f"Vdks.k
bl ckr dks ugha ekurk fd ^^jkT; vius ra=ksa dh laiw.kZ loZ'kfDr'kkfyrk ds okLrs]
okLrfod lÙkk-laca/kksa ds iwjs {ks= dks ?ksj ikus esa l{ke gksus ls nwj gS] vkSj blds
vfrfjDr--- jkT; vU;] igys ls gh fo|eku] lÙkk-laca/kksa ds vk/kkj ij ugha py ldrk
gS**A
lÙkk dh okLrfod izÑfr dks le>us ds fy, gesa laizHkqrk dh U;k;fo/kku laca/kh-bekjr]
jkT; ra=ksa o lkFk py jgh fopkj/kkjkvksa ds ijs tkuk iM+rk gSA bldh ctk; /;ku
izHkqRo LFkkiu ,oa lÙkk ds HkkSfrd lapkydksa ij fn;k tkuk pkfg,A gesa v/khuhdj.k ds
izdkj ,oa LFkkuhÑr O;oLFkkvksa ds lq>ko o mi;ksxksa ij vkSj jktuhfrd ra=ksa ij /;ku
dsfUnzr djuk pkfg,A
Qwdks bl lÙkk dks ,slh ^x+Sj-laizHkq lÙkk* dgrs gSa] tks laizHkqrk ds fo/kku ls ckgj jgrh
gSA ;g vuq'kklukRed lÙkk gksrh gS] tks lkekftd fudk; dh lEc)rk dks lqfuf'pr
djus ds vk'k; ls vuq'kklukRed cyiz;ksxksa dh ,d djhc ls tqM+h >¡>jh dk vkdkj
ys ysrh gSA tSlk fd Qwdks us mins'k fn;k % ^^gesa lÙkk ds v/;;u esa fyokbvWFku ekWMy
ls nwj jguk pkfg,A gesa dkuwuh laizHkqrk vkSj jkT; laLFkkvksa ds lhfer {ks= ls fudyuk
pkfg, vkSj bldh ctk; lÙkk-laca/kh vius fo'ys"k.k dks izHkqRo LFkkiuk dh rduhdksa o
nk¡o-isapksa ds v/;;u ij vk/kkfjr djuk pkfg,---A**
14-4 izkf/kdkj D;k gS\

jktuhfrd okLrfodrkvksa dks le>us ds fy, gesa jkT; ds rhu igyqvksa dk Kku gksuk
pkfg, - cy] lÙkk] vkSj izkf/kdkjA jkT; dh /kkj.kk gesa lÙkk dk Lej.k djkrh gS] tks
fuf'pr izfØ;kvksa o Kkr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA jkT; dkuwu ds uke
ij iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk cy gh rks gSA cy ml le; lÙkk cu tkrk gS] tc jkT;
ds dkuwuksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ fuf'pr izfØ;kvksa }kjk mlds O;ogkj ls ;kn`fPNdrk
ds rÙo dks gVk fn;k tkrk gSA fuf'pr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj iz;qDr bl lÙkk dh ekU;rk
bu fu;eksa ds v/khurk-Lohdj.k gsrq ck/;rk dh ekU;rk dks bafxr djrh gSA bl vFkZ
esa ^jkT;* 'kCn bu ck/;rkvksa gsrq ,d lanHkZ 'kCn iznku djrk gSA ;g egt ,d ,sls
cy dks bafxr ugha djrk] tks okLrfod :i ls vfLrRo esa gS] vFkok ;g lÙkk tks dqN
fuf'pr fu;eksa ds vuqlkj Lo;a dk vuqHko djkrh gS] cfYd ,d izkf/kdj.k dks bafxr
djrk gS tks izkf/kdkj-izkIr ,oa O;ogkj esa U;k;ksfpr ekuk tkrk gSA
1 4 - 5 izkf/kdkj dk oxhZdj.k
teZu lektoknh eSDl oScj us ,d vk/kqfud jkT; esa izkf/kdkj ds lzksrksa dk ,d
12 f=vk;keh oxhZdj.k izLrqr fd;kA ;s gS%a ;qfDrlaxr-fof/klaxr] ijEijkxr vkSj peRdkfjd
izkf/kdkjA
;qfDrlaxr -fof/klaxr izkf/kdkj Li"V gS vkSj vkns'k nsus o mUgsa euokus dk jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
vf/kdkj j[krk gSA ,slk og lksp-le>dj cuk, x, mu fu;eksa dh O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj Øka f r
j[ks x, dk;Z ds vk/kkj ij djrk gS] tks gekjs vf/kdkjksa o dÙkZO;ksa dks r; djrs gSaA
n¶+rj'kkgh ;qfDrlaxr-fof/klaxr izkf/kdkj dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k gSA tc dksbZ
ukxfjd ,d n¶+rj'kkg ds izkf/kdj.k dks Lohdkj djrk gS] og ,slk vkSj fdlh dkj.k
ls ugha cfYd mu 'kfDr;ksa ds dkj.k djrk gS tks ,d dkuwuh O;oLFkk ds }kjk ml
vf/kdkjh dks iznku dh xbZ gSaA in tks fd O;fDr /kkj.k djrk gS] egÙoiw.kZ gS] u fd
O;fDr-fo'ks"k Lo;aA
ijEijkxr izkf/kdkj ogk¡ gksrk gS tgk¡ ,d O;fDr] tSls fd jktk vFkok dchys dk
ljnkj] fpjdkfyd ijaijk ds vuqlkj 'kklu ds ,d mPp in ij vklhu gS vkSj mldk
vkKkikyu fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksfa d gj O;fDr ijEijk dh vya/;rk (sanctity) dks Lohdkj
djrk gSA /kkfeZd izkf/kdkj blh izdkj dk gksrk gSA
dfj'ekbZ vFkok peRdkfjd izkf/kdkj mu vlk/kkj.k O;fDrxr xq.kksa ds LoRo ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] tks fdlh O;fDr dks ,d usrk Lohdkj fd, tkus dh otg gksrs gSaA
buesa lar-lqyHk lk/kqrk okys xq.k gks ldrs gS]a tks vius Lokeh dks /kkfeZd izkf/kdkj iznku
djrs gSa vFkok vlk/kkj.k ohjrk] fopkj-'kfDr] Hkk"k.k-dyk laca/kh Js"B xq.k gksrs gSa tks
jktuhfr esa] ;q)ksa esa o vU; izdkj ds m|eksa esa fu"Bkiw.kZ leiZ.k okyk ,d vuq;k;h ny
cuk nsrs gSaA dfj'ekbZ usrk ds ikl bZ'ojh; dkfUr ,oa vlk/kkj.k xq.kksa dk ojnku gksrk
gSA ySfuu vFkok egkRek xk¡/kh us viuh fLFkfr vius peRdkj vkSj xq.kksa ds dkj.k gh
cukbZA rhu lzksrksa esa ls igys nks ,d gh lewg esa vkrs gSa - tgk¡ vfHkdÙkkZ izkf/kdkj-lzksr
fHkUu gSAa ;gk¡ lzksr dh lekykspuk fcuk vfHkdÙkkZ dh vkykspuk fd, fcuk dh tk ldrh
gS vkSj vfHkdÙkkZ] blh dkj.k] ,d lkis{k :i ls fLFkj voLFkk dk vkuUn mBkrk gSA
ijUrq dfj'ekbZ izkf/kdkj ds ekeys esa] lzksr vkSj izkf/kdkj vfHkdÙkkZ ,d gh gksrs gSaA bl
dkj.k ls] lzksr ds f[kykQ+ dksbZ Hkh vkykspuk lkFk gh vfHkdÙkkZ ds f[kykQ+ Hkh tk
ldrh gSA vr,o] ;gk¡ vfHkdÙkkZ fdlh fLFkj voLFkk dk vkuUn ugha mBkrkA ,d
dfj'ekbZ izkf/kdkj laLFkkuhdj.k fd, tkus dh izo`fÙk j[krk gSA blh dks oScj ^peRdkj
dk fuR;Øec)hdj.k* (routinization of charisma) dgrs gSAa
oScj] rFkkfi] ;g ekurs Fks fd bu Jsf.k;ksa esa dksbZ Hkh 'kq) :i esa ugha gSA fczfV'k i)fr
izkf/kdkj ds ijEijkxr ,oa ;qfDrlaxr-fof/klaxr lzksrksa dk ,d feJ.k gSA Hkkjr esa oScj
us ;qfDrlaxr-fof/klaxr izkf/kdkj dks dfj'ekbZ izkf/kdkj ls tksM+kA
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ izkf/kdkj ds fofHkUu izdkj dkSu-dkSu ls gSa\
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lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj 2½ lÙkk fl)kar ds mnkjoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k fdl izdkj fHkUu gSa\
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1 4 - 6 lÙkk o izkf/kdkj laca/kh /kkj.kkvksa ds chp Hksn

^^lÙkk** vkSj ^îzkf/kdkj** dh ladYiuk,¡ ijLij lacaf/kr gSaA ijUrq blesa ,d Hksn fd;k
tkuk vko';d gSA nksuksa 'kCn fHkUu xq.k /keks± dks n'kkZrs gSaA ijUrq mudh rkfdZd
O;kdj.k xyr le>s tkus ds dkj.k eqf'dy iSnk gqbZ gSA rFkfi] ;g fHkUu ugha] cfYd
mu lEc) gfLr;ksa ds uke gSa] ftuesa ls ,d u ,d ij ge fdlh u fdlh izdkj fuHkZj
jgrs gSaA
tc ge fdlh ea=h dks ;s ;k oks djus dk vf/kdkj fn, tkus dh ckr djrs gSa] gekjk
vk'k; mls izkf/kdkj fn, tkus ls gksrk gSA tk¡ cksnka viuh iqLrd n flDl cqDl
vkWQ fjifCyd esa dgrs gSa] ^^laizHkqrk jkT; dh fujadq'k vkSj 'kk'or lÙkk gksrh gS] ;Fkk]
'kklu dh loksZPp lÙkkA** mudk foospu ;g Nki NksM+rk gS fd laizHkqrk dk vFkZ 'kCn
ds lgt Hkko esa lÙkk gh gSA ;fn fujadq'k lÙkk ls cksnka dk vfHkizk; izHkkoh vkns'k tkjh
djus dh ;ksX;rk ls gS] lVhd :i ls bls lÙkk dgk tk;sxkA ;fn mudk vfHkizk;
gd+nkjh vFkok vkns'k tkjh djus vkSj mudk ikyu djk, tkus ds vf/kdkj ls gh gS]
rks mls izkf/kdkj dgk tk;sxkA laizHkqrk dh mudh ;g O;k[;k Li"V djrh gS fd
mudk vfHkizk; izkf/kdkj ls gS] tcfd ^^fujadq'k lÙkk** laca/kh mudh vfHkO;fDr dk
iz;ksx iwoorhZ dk ladsr nsrh gSA
izksQ+slj jkQS+y viuh iqLrd izkCye vkWQ n iWfyfVdWy fQ+ykslWfQ+ esa ^^lÙkk** 'kCn
ds rhu fHkUu vFkZ yxkrs gSaA izFke] lÙkk vFkok 'kfDr dk lcls O;kid vFkZ lgt :i
ls ;ksX;rk gh gSA ge Mk;uWeks dh 'kfDr] jktuhfrd 'kfDr vFkok bPNk 'kfDr ds fy,
,d gh 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA nwljs] ge lÙkk dh ckr ,d lkekftd lanHkZ esa djrs
gSa] tc ge lÙkk dks ;ksX;rk ds ,d fof'k"V izdkj ds :i esa ysrs gSa] ;Fkk nwljs yksxksa
ls og dke djkus dh ;ksX;rk tks ge muls djokuk pkgrs gSaA dksbZ O;fDr
nwljksa ls og dke djkus ds ;ksX; gks ldrk gS tks og djuk pkgrk gS] D;ksafd og ,d
fo'ks"k in ij vklhu gS] vFkok D;ksafd og] muds badkj djus ij muds fy, eqf'dy
iSnk djus dh 'kfDr j[krk gSA ;s nks mnkgj.k jktuhfrd lÙkk O;ogkj dks n'kkZrs gSa
vkSj fookn dh fLFkfr;ksa ls nwljk izfl) gSA rhljs] neudkjh lÙkk gksrh gS] tks ge
nwljksa dh vfuPNk gksus ij muls og dke djokus ds fy, mPp cy iz;ksx djus dh
/kedh dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] tks ge djokuk pkgrs gSaA pw¡dh neudkjh lÙkk jktuhfrd
la?k"kZ esa bruh fo[;kr gS fd ^^lÙkk** 'kCn] ftldk vFkZ igys fdlh Hkh izFke dh
;ksX;rk Fkk] ck/;dj.k ls tqM+ x;k gSA
14
bl izdkj] ^^lÙkk** 'kCn ds rhu vFkZ gksrs gSa tks Åij mfYyf[kr gSa] vkSj bldks jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
l'kDrhdj.k ds lkFk vFkok mlds cx+Sj iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc ge fdlh dks Øka f r
dkuwuh 'kfDr;k¡ nsus dh ckr djrs gSa] rks vDlj ^lÙkk* dk vFkZ îzkf/kdkj* ysrs gSaA ,d
lÙkk/kkjd O;fDr ds ikl ,d in-fo'ks"k gksrk gS ¼;Fkk] ,d ea=h vFkok ,d jk"Vªifr½(
bldk eryc gS fd mlds ikl izkf/kdkj gS vkSj bl fLFkfr dh cnkSyr og nwljksa ls
ml dke dks djkus es leFkZ gS] tks og mUgsa djus dks dgrk gS( mldh lÙkk iz;ksx dk
izf/kdkj gh gSA ;gh dj.k gS fd ^lÙkk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx îzkf/kdkj* dk vFkZ crkus ds fy,
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1 4 - 6 - 1 izkf/kdkj ds fufgr vFkZ

izkf/kdkj fdlh dke dks djus dk vf/kdkj gSA vf/kdkj ds nks vFkZ gSa % 1½ ;gk¡] dk;Zokgh
dk vf/kdkj vkSj 2½ izki.k (recipience) dk vf/kdkjA dk;Zokgh dk vf/kdkj dqN djus
dk gd gS( mnkgj.k ds fy,] gM+rky djus dk deZpkjh dk gd+ vkSj rkykcanh djus
dk fu;ksDrk dk gd+A bl vFkZ esa] vf/kdkj ,d vktk+nh gSA izki.k dk vf/kdkj dqN
djus dk ,d nkok gS( mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn ^,* dks ipkl #i;s dk gd gS] tks ^ch*
dks mls pqdkus gSa] ;g ^,* dk vf/kdkj gS fd ^ch* ls ipkl #i;s izkIr djsA ;g ^,*
dk vf/kdkj ^ch* ds fo#) gS vkSj ;g dtZ pqdkus dh ^ch* dh ck/;rkvksa ls rkYyqd
j[krk gSA
vc] vkns'k nsus dk izkf/kdkj gh izki.k dk vf/kdkj gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc ,d ea=h
fo/kku }kjk fofu;eu djus gsrq izkf/kÑr ¼vFkok l'kDrhÑr½ gS] ;g u flQZ mls dqN
djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS ¼;Fkk] og dk;Zokgh dk vf/kdkj j[krk gS½ oju~ ukxfjdksa ij
,d nkf;Ro Hkh Mkyrk gS fd os mlds }kjk fd, x, fofu;eu dks lqfuf'pr djsaA bl
izdkj] mldk izkf/kdkj mls mudks tkjh djus dk vf/kdkj iznku djrk gSA
nksuksa vFkks± esa - dqN djus dk vf/kdkj vkSj vkKkikyu djkus dk vf/kdkj - izkf/kÑr
gksus dk vf/kdkj ,d lqfo/kk gS vkSj blh izdkj lÙkk HkhA vU; yksxksa ls og djkus dk
vf/kdkj tks dksbZ O;fDr pkgrk gS] bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gks ldrk gS fd og fo'ks"k
in /kkj.k djrk gSA ml in dks j[kus ds vk/kkj ij gh og O;fDr vU; yksxksa dh dqN
vko';drk,¡ iwNus dk vf/kdkj j[krk gS] vkSj os ml dke dks djrs gSa] tks og pkgrk
gS] D;ksafd os mlds izkf/kdkj dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA viuk izkf/kdkj vkSj nwljksa }kjk
bldh LohÑfr gh og pkgrk gSA ge blhfy, izkf/kdkj dks eku ldrs gSa fd og nwljs
yksxksa ls og dke djokus dh ,d fof'k"V izdkj dh ;ksX;rk ;k 'kfDr gS] tks dksbZ O;fDr
muls djokuk pkgrk gSA ;g fof'k"V ;ksX;rk ;k 'kfDr neudkjh lÙkk ds led{k gSA
neudkjh cy yksxksa ls og dke djus dk ,d rjhdk gS] tks dksbZ O;fDr pkgrk gS( ;g
lÙkk dk ,d fof'k"V :i gSA izkf/kdkj j[kuk] c'krsZ og LohÑfrizkIr gks] mldk nwljk
:i gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ jktuhfr esa izkf/kdkj dk fufgrkFkZ D;k gS\
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lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
oS / krk
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2½ D;k lÙkk vkSj izf/kdkj ijLij lEc) gSa\ mudk laca/k Li"V djsa vkSj nksuksa ds chp
Hksn ij izdk'k MkysaA
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14-7 lkjka'k
lÙkk] bl izdkj] jktuhfrd-fl)kar esa eq[; ladYiukvksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g nwljksa ij
fu;a=.k djus dh ;ksX;rk gS vkSj muls og djokrh gS tks dksbZ O;fDr pkgrk gSA ;g
fu;ked o vkuqHkfod] nksuksa gksrh gS( ;Fkk] ;g ,d rF; Hkh gS vkSj lkFk gh ,d ewY;
Hkh] tks ikyuh; gSA ;g cgqr O;kid 'kCn gS tks lac) fo"k;ksa] tSls izkf/kdkj] izHkko]
fu;a=.k bR;kfn] ds lkFk igpkuk tkrk gSA ;g jktuhfrd oS/krk ds ekeys esa vfHkUu
:i ls tqM+k gSA fof/klaxr lÙkk izkf/kdkj gSA nwljh vksj] izHkko ,d vf/kd O;kid 'kCn
gS] ftlesa n.MkRed dne ugha mBk;s tk ldrsA lÙkk ifj.kker% izHkko dk ,d fo'ks"k
mnkgj.k gSA
1 4 - 8 'kCnkoyh
vkuq H kfod % jkst+ejkZ dh ft+Unxh ds rF;ksa o xfrfof/k;ksa ij vk/kkfjrA
mnkÙkhdj.k % ln~xq.kksa dks /kkj.k dj cnyko ykukA
;kn` f PNd % nwljksa dh jk; ij /;ku fn, cxS+j mu ij lÙkk iz;ksxA
neudkjh % ck/;dkjh] voihM+dA

ÝSfMªd] dkyZ ts-% 1 958] vkWFkkWfjfV ¼dSfEczt] eSlk';wlSV~l%gkoZMZ ;wfuoflZVh
izSl½
cky] ,-vkj-% 1978] ekWMuZ ikWfyfVDl ,.M xouZeS.V ¼y.nu % eSdfeyu½
16
Mky] jkWcVZ ,-% 1976] ekWMuZ ikWfyfVdWy ,suSfyfll ¼,atsyoqM fDy¶+l] ubZ tlhZ % iszfa Vl jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
gky½ Øka f r
js ,oa HkV~Vkpk;Z % 1968] iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh % vkbfM;kt+ ,.M bULVhV~;w'kUl ¼dydÙkk%

oYMZ izSl½
oekZ] ,l-ih-% 1975] ekWMuZ iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh ¼fnYyh % fodkl½
1 4 - 1 0 Ckks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

Ckks/k iz'u 1
1) jktuhfrd-fl)kar esa lÙkk ,d O;kid vFkZ gSA lÙkk HkkSfrd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd]
vk/;kfRed] uSfrd vFkok ckSf)d gks ldrh gSA eksVs rkSj ij dgs tkus ij] ;g
O;fDr dh nwljksa ij fu;a=.k djus dh ;ksX;rk gSA
2) lÙkk dks vO;Dr cy dgk tk ldrk gS] tcfd cy ,d lqO;Dr 'kfDr gksrk gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1) ijEijkxr] ;qfDrlaxr-fof/klaxr] vkSj dfj'ekbZA
2) mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k jkT; dks igys ls gh ,d ,slh laLFkk ekudj pyrk gS] tks
turk ds lHkh oxks± dh lsok djrh gSA ;g lHkh ukxfjdksa dks lekurk dh Hkh
xkj.Vh nsrk gS( dkuwu esa] oksV nsus ds vf/kdkjksa esaA ;g jkT; dks ,d len'khZ
laLFkk ekurk gSA jkT; dk ekDlZoknh fl)kar jkT; ds ,sfrgkfld Øefodkl esa
fo'okl j[krk gS] tks fd blh lekt dh mit gksrk gS ftlesa og vfLrRo j[krk
gSA ;g 'kkldksa ds oxZ y{k.kksa dks n'kkZrk gSA ;g lekt ds oxZ-foHkktu esa Hkh
fo'okl j[krk gSA muds vuqlkj jkT; fooknksa dk dksbZ fu"i{k fookpd ¼iap½ ugha
gS] D;ksafd og 'kkld oxZ dk i{k/kj gksrk gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1) izkf/kdkj fdlh dke dks djus dk vf/kdkj gSA vf/kdkj ds nks vFkZ gSa %
i½ dk;Zokgh dk vf/kdkj] vkSj
ii½ izki.k dk vf/kdkjA
2) lÙkk vkSj izkf/kdkj nks fHkUu] ijUrq lEc) vfLrRoksa ds uke gSa ftuesa ls ,d u ,d
ij fdlh u fdlh rjg ls O;fDr fuHkZj djrk gSA tc fdlh dks dkuwuh lÙkk
lkSaius dh ckr djrs gSa] rks ^^lÙkk** dks vDlj ^îzkf/kdkj** dk vFkZ yxkus ds fy,
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
17
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj
oS / krk bdkbZ 15 oS/krk
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
15-0 mís';
15-1 izLrkouk
15-1-1 lkoZtfud ,oa jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh izÑfr dk lanHkZ
15-1-2 izkf/kdkj oS/k lÙkk gS
15-1-3 izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk] nksuksa O;k[;kRed ,oa fu;ked
15-1-4 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh leL;k
15-2 ,d ,sfrgkfld le> dh vksj
15-2-1 jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh nSoh vo/kkj.kk
15-2-2 17oha lnh % nSoh vo/kkj.kk dks pqukSfr;k¡
15-2-3 lkekftd lafonk fl)kar
15-2-4 ekSarfLD;q ds oS/krk fo"k;d oSdfYid n`f"Vdks.k
15-2-5 :lks % ekSarfLD;q ls vkxs iz;kl
15-2-6 dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkj
15-3 eSDl oScj vkSj izkf/kdkj-O;oLFkk laca/kh mudh izrhdkRed O;k[;k
15-3-1 oScj vkSj mudk oS/krk esa fo'okl
15-3-2 oScj ds vkn'kZ fun'kZ (Types)
15-3-3 MSfoM chFke }kjk eSDl oScj dh vkykspuk
15-4 gScjekl vkSj oS/khdj.k ladV
15-4-1 ladV izo`fÙk;k¡
15-4-2 ladV ds nkSjku jkT;h; dkjZokbZ
15-5 lkjka'k
15-6 'kCnkoyh
15-0 mís ' ;

izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk laca/kh /kkj.kk,¡ jkT;] jktuhfr vkSj lH; lekt ds Kku ls vfHkUu
gSaA gesa euLFk dj ysuk pkfg, fd izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk ml jhfr dks n'kkZrs gSa] ftlesa
jktuhfrd leqnk; laxfBr gSA lHkh ekuo laxBu ,d fu;e-Ükà[kyk ij vk/kkfjr gS]
izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk ;g bafxr djrs gSa fd leqnk; ds lnL;ksa }kjk ;s fu;e dSls vkSj
D;ksa Lohdkj fd, tkrs gSa - D;k os vkKkikyu ;ksX; gSa vkSj ,d ck/;dkjh y{k.k j[krs
gSa\ vkxs ds Hkkxksa esa ge ml jhfr dk irk yxk,¡xs] ftlesa ;s vo/kkj.kk,¡ jktuhfrd
lksp ds fofHkUu lw=ksa esa le>h tkrh gSa vkSj fdl izdkj ;s vk/kqfud jkT; vkSj lekt
dks le>us gsrq lk/ku ds :i esa dke vkrh gSaA Hkkxksa ds ckn iz'u fn, x, gSa] tks vkidks
viuh izxfr tk¡pus esa enn djsaxsA vfrfjDr ikB~;-lkexzh dh ,d lwph ikBkar esa nh
18 xbZ gSA
15-1 iz L rkouk Øka f r
izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k esa lokZf/kd ekSfyd vkSj LFkk;h eqíksa esa ls ,d
jgs gSaA jktuhfr-nk'kZfudksa] jktuhfr-oSKkfudksa o lekt'kkfL=;ksa us ,d yEcs le; ls
Lo;a dks tu-izkf/kdkj vkSj ljdkj dks le>us gsrq mi;ksxh lk/ku Lo:i bu
vo/kkj.kkvksa dh Nku-chu esa yxk j[ks gSaA bu vo/kkj.kkvksa dks] rFkkfi] bl :i esa ns[kk
tkuk pkfg, fd os xr dqN 'krkfCn;ksa esa gh fodflr gqbZ gSa] fof'k"V ,sfrgkfld
vVdyckft;ksa ds chp xfBr vkSj iquxZfBr gqbZ gSaA ;s] bl izdkj] mu fofHkUu lw=ksa dks
izdV djus ds :i esa Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gSa] ftUgksaus vius Øe-fodkl esa ,sfrgkfld
:i ls ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
15-1-1 lkoZtfud ,oa jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh izÑfr dk lanHkZ
blls igys fd ge bu fofHkUu lw=ksa dh tk¡p djsa] gesa eu esa cSBk ysuk pkfg, fd izkf/
kdkj vkSj oS/krk nksuksa gh lkoZtfud vkSj jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh izÑfr dks bafxr djrs
gSaA lHkh ekuo lekt] tSlk fd Åij mYys[k fd;k x;k] fu;eksa ij pyrs gSa] tks mUgsa
lEc)rk (cohesion) vkSj ,d fof'k"V igpku iznku djrs gSaA bu fu;eksa dks izkekf.kd
vkSj fof/klaxr ekuk tkrk gS] ;fn os yksxksa }kjk LosPNkiwoZd ck/;dkjh eku fy, tkrs
gSaA tcfd fu;eksa dk ikyu ljdkjksa }kjk Hk; vkSj voihM+u ds ek/;e ls djok;k tk
ldrk gS] vuqikyu dk cykr~ fu"d"kZ.k oS/k ugha ekuk tk ldrk gS ¼ns[ksa ^b.VªksMD'ku*]
ySftfVeslh@ySftfVekbV] la- ,sFksuSflvks ewykdh] i`- 4½A
15-1-2 izkf/kdkj oS/k lÙkk gS
pfy,] lcls igys ljy 'kCnksa esa ;g le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSa fd bu vo/kkj.kkvksa
dk eryc D;k gSA lk/kkj.kr;k izkf/kdkj dks lÙkk dk ,d :i le>k tkrk gSA tcfd
lÙkk O;fDr ds okrkoj.k dks izHkkfor vkSj ifjofrZr djus dh {kerk vFkok ;ksX;rk dks
bafxr djrh gS] izkf/kdkj ifjorZu ykus dh {kerk ds lkFk-lkFk ifjorZu djus ds
vf/kdkj dk Hkh ladsr djrk gSA izkf/kdkj dks] blh dkj.k] lÙkk ds ,d la'kksf/kr :i
esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ lÙkk dks U;k;lEer ekuk tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd
izkf/kdkj fdlh Hkh izdkj ds neu vFkok Ny-diV ij fuHkZj ugha djrk] tcfd bldh
ctk;] vkKkikyu vkSj vuqikyu ds dÙkZO; dk vkg~oku djrk gSA LoSfPNd vFkok lg"kZ
vkKkikyu] tks ifjorZu ykus ds fy, vfuok;Z gS] djokus ds fy,] izkf/kdkj dks lgh gksus
ds nkos izLrqr djus iM+rs gSaA oS/krk izkf/kdkj dks lR;rk vkSj vkSfpR; ds xq.k iznku
djrh gS] ftlds }kjk vkKkikyu vkSj vuqikyu dk dÙkZO; ds :i esa] u neu vkSj cy-
iz;ksx ds ifj.kkeLo:i] vkg~oku fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj] izkf/kdkj tc oS/krk ls tqM+k
gks rks mls ^ôS/k lÙkk** ds :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA
15-1-3 izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk% nksuksa O;k[;kRed ,oa fu;ked

izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk ds vFkks± dh bl O;kid O;k[;k ls gesa ;g Li"V gks tkuk pkfg,
fd ;s vo/kkj.kk,¡ O;k[;kRed vkSj fu;ked nksuksa gh Jsf.k;ksa ds :i esa iz;ksx dh tk
ldrh gSaA O;k[;kRed Jsf.k;ksa ds :i esa] os jktuhfrd laxBu o 'kklu ds LoHkko dk
fp=.k vFkok o.kZu djrh gSaA fu;ked Jsf.k;ksa ds :i esa] os ,d ^'kklukf/kdkj* gsrq nkoksa
dk ewY;kadu djus ds fy, uSfrd ekud iznku djrh gSaA blh ds lkFk gh] gesa ;kn
j[kuk pkfg, fd bu nks /kkj.kkvksa dk dksbZ fu;r vFkZ ugha gSA bfro`ÙkkRed :i ls
muds vFkZ cnyrs vkSj foLr`r gksrs jgs gSaA fdlh Hkh iznÙk ,sfrgkfld volj ij] blds 19
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj vfrfjDr] ;s vo/kkj.kk,¡ izfrLi/kkZRed rjhdksa ls O;k[;kf;r vkSj ifjHkkf"kr gksrh jgh
oS / krk gSaA bl izdkj] tcfd mnkjoknh tu oS/krk dks ,d ldkjkRed ladsrkFkZ j[kus okys ds
:i esa ns[krs gSa] ekDlZoknh tu oS/krk dks fdlh Hkh oS/k uSfrd nkos vFkok ^'kklukf/kdkj*
iznku djus ds :i esa ns[kus dh vksj izo`Ùk jgrs gSaA mnkjoknh o lektoknh tu
izkf/kdkj dks ;qfDrlaxr] lksís'; o e;kZfnr ds :i esa ns[krs gSa( ,d ,slk n`f"Vdks.k tks
fof/klaxr-;qfDrlaxr izkf/kdkj ,oa lkoZtfud mÙkjiznrk gsrq izkFkfedrk esa izdV gqvkA
:f<+oknh tu] rqyukRed :i ls] izkf/kdkj dks uSlfxZd vko';drk ls mitk ekurs gSa]
tks vuqHkoksa] lkekftd fLFkfr ,oa ckSf)d {kerk ds vleku forj.k ds vk/kkj ij ^Åij
ls* iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA izkf/kdkj gsrq vkSfpR; izfriknu bl nkos ds bnZ-fxnZ dsfUnzr
gS fd O;oLFkk dk;e j[kus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS] vkSj îzkÑr voLFkk*] ,d
jktuhfrd 'kklu-jfgr lekt] dh Øwjrk o vU;k; ls cpus dk ;gh ,dek= rjhdk
gS ¼ns[ksa ,UMª;w gsoqM] ikWfyfVDl] i`"B 193½A
15-1-4 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh leL;k

oS/krk] vFkkZr~ fdlh 'kklu-i)fr vFkok 'kklu-O;oLFkk dk vkSfpR;] dk iz'u vUrrksxRok
jktuhfrd cglksa dh ,d lcls cqfu;knh] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh leL;k ls tqM+k gSA
;g ckr fuEufyf[kr iz'u mBkrh gS % ukxfjd x.k ljdkj ds izkf/kdkj dks Lohdkj
djus gsrq Lo;a dks D;ksa ck/; eglwl djrs gSa] vkSj D;k jkT; dk vknj djuk vkSj
mlds dkuwuksa dks ekuuk mudk dÙkZO; gS\ vk/kqfud jktuhfrd cgl esa] rFkkfi] oS/krk
dks Hkh jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa ,oa fo'oklksa dh ut+j ls ns[kk tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;g
dsoy ,d xw<+ vFkZ esa yksxksa dks jkT; dk vkKkikyu D;ksa djuk pkfg, laca/kh iz'u dh
gh O;k[;k ugha djrh] oju~ bl iz'u dk Hkh mÙkj nsrh gS fd mUgsa ,d jkT;-fo'ks"k
vFkok 'kklu-O;oLFkk dk gh vkKkikyu D;ksa djuk pkfg,] nwljs dk D;ksa ughaA nwljs
'kCnksa esa] ;g mu n'kkvksa vFkok izfØ;kvksa laca/kh leL;k dh Nku-chu djrk gS] tks
yksxksa dks vkKkikyu gsrq] vFkok] nwljs 'kCnksa esa] izkf/kdkj dks U;k;laxr ekuus gsrq izsfjr
djrh gSaA ;s ekeys gekjk /;ku vo/kkj.kk ds vkuqHkfod vFkok O;kogkfjd igyqvksa dh
vksj vkÑ"V djrs gSa] ;Fkk] ,sls oS/k ,oa laoS/kkfud izlax ftuesa lÙkk dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS ¼ns[ksa ,FksuSflvks ewykdh] ySftfVesfl@ySftfVekbV] 1986] i`- 60 esa ik'kkyh
fd=ksfeYns] ^bUykbVueUV ,.M ySftfVesfl*½A
vkxkeh Hkkxksa esa ge ml rjhds ij ut+j Mkysaxs] ftlls izkf/kdkj ,oa oS/krk fofHkUu
nk'kZfud ijEijkvksa esa fxus tkrs gSa] vkSj mu fofHkUu vFkks± ij Hkh tks mUgsa muds
,sfrgkfld Øe-fodkl dh izfØ;k esa iznku fd, x, gSaA ge vkxs lekt'kkL=h eSDl
oScj vkSj jktuhfrd-nk'kZfud tqts± gScjekl }kjk fd, x, nks izeq[k vkSj ijLij-
fojks/kh izfriknuksa dk Hkh v/;;u djsaxsA bu nksuksa ds chp vUrj dks le>us ds fy, gesa
oS/krk vkSj izkf/kdkj ds chp laca/k dks ;kn djuk iM+sxk( ;Fkk oS/krk 'kfDr dks izkf/kdkj
esa cny nsrh gSA jktuhfr-nk'kZfud oS/krk dks ,d ;qfDrlaxr fl)kar ds :i esa ysrs gSa]
mu vk/kkjksa ds |ksrd ds :i esa ftu ij ljdkjsa ukxfjdksa ls vkKkikyu dh vis{kk
j[krh gSaA oS/krk gsrq bu nkoksa dk vUos"k.k okLrfod rF; vFkok vkKkikyu dh vis{kk
vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gSA lekt'kkL=h] gkyk¡fd] oS/krk dks ml rjhds ij /;ku vkÑ"V djrs
gq, lekt'kkL=h; :i esa ns[krs gSa] ftlesa fu;eksa dk vuqikyu izdV gksrk gSA pfy,]
ns[krs gSa fd ;s fopkj fdl izdkj bfrgkl esa fodflr gq, vkSj os y{k.k Hkh tks mUgksaus
fof'k"V ,sfrgkfld vVdyckft+;ksa esa /kkj.k fd,A
20
Ckks/k iz'u 1 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
Øka f r
1½ izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk ds chp lEcU/k Li"V djsaA
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2½ jktuhfrd nkf;Ro D;k gS\

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15-2 ,d ,sfrgkfld le> dh vksj

15-2-1 jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh nSoh vo/kkj.kk
oS/krk dk fopkj vk/kqfud ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gksus rd jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj ds cks/k esa
gkf'k, ij gh jgkA l=goha 'krkCnh ls iwoZ] O;kid :i ls ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd
jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj nSoh :i ls fofgr vkSj izÑfr-iznÙk gS] vkSj blh dkj.k] rdZlaxr
gSA os yksx tks ;g n`f"Vdks.k j[krs Fks] yksxksa ds ,d lewg dk nwljs ij vfook| izHkqRo
ekurs FksA ;g izHkqRo bl fo'okl ls dk;e jgrk Fkk fd ;s fu;e bZ'ojsPNk vkSj
izkf/kdkj dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa] vkSj flQ+Z ogh tkurs gSa fd yksxksa ds fy, D;k vPNk
gS] vkSj bl vPNkbZ ds vuqlj.k gsrq mfpr rjhds D;k gSaA l=goha 'krkCnh ls] rFkkfi]
oS/krk tks vc rd bZ'ojh; vf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk esa gh Mwch gqbZ Fkh] us vkdkj ysuk vkSj
mu xq.kksa dks fodflr djuk 'kq: dj fn;k ftudks vkt ge blls tksM+rs gSaA
15-2-2 17 oha lnh % nSoh vo/kkj.kk dks pqukSfr;k¡
17oha
l=goha 'krh ds fopkjdksa] tSls fd FkkWel gkWCl ¼1588-1679½ us bl n`f"Vdks.k dk i{k
ysrs gq, 'kklu gsrq jktkvksa ds bZ'ojh; vf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk dks pqukSrh nh fd lHkh euq";]
LoHkkor% vkSj bZ'oj ds le{k] Lora= ,oa leku gSaA pw¡fd lHkh euq"; Lora= Fks] dksbZ Hkh
O;fDr] uSlfxZd :i ls vFkok bZ'ojh; :i ls fofgr] lHkh euq";ksa ij 'kklu djus dk
21
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj izkf/kdkj ugha j[k ldrk FkkA lHkh euq";ksa dh izkÑfrd Lora=rk vFkok lekurk dh
oS / krk /kkj.kk dk iz;ksx baXyS.M vkSj Ýkal esa fujadq'k jktra=ksa }kjk 'kklu djus ds nkoksa dh
lR;rk ij lansg izdV djus vkSj mudks m[kkM+ Qsadus ds fy, fd;k x;kA
15-2-3 lkekftd lafonk fl)kar

l=goha vkSj vBkjgoha 'krkfCn;ksa esa fodflr gq, lafonk fl)karksa esa uSlfxZd lekurk
laca/kh vo/kkj.kk,¡ bl izdkj lfEefyr dh xb± fd os fof/klaxr 'kklu dks ,d lS)kafrd
vkSj rkfdZd vk/kkj iznku djsaA gkWCl vkSj tkWu ykWd tSls lafonk fl)kafr;ksa us bl
vk/kkj-okD; ls 'kq#vkr dh fd lHkh euq"; leku gSa] vius vki ij vf/kdkj j[krs gSa]
vkSj blh dkj.k] Lo;a dks izHkkfor djus okys fu.kZ;ksa dks ysus dh {kerk ds lkFk-lkFk
mldk vf/kdkj Hkh j[krs gSaA ;s Lora= o leku euq"; ,slh mi;qDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks
tUe nsus ds fy,] ftuesa os vkfFkZd Lora=rk dk ykHk mBk ldsa] viuh vksj ls Lo;a ij
'kklu djus ds fy, izkf/kÑr djrs gq, mUgsa dqN Lo-fu/kkZj.k vf/kdkjksa dks gLrkarfjr
djus laca/kh fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA tc ;g gLrkarj.k cM+s Lrj ij gksrk gS] ;Fkk] ,d cM+h
la[;k esa yksx viuk uSlfxZd vf/kdkj Lo-'kklu dks lkSai nsrs gSa] rks jktuhfrd
izkf/kdkj tUe ysrk gSA ;g jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj vFkok 'kklu] tks dqN vf/kdkjksa o
Lora=rkvksa ds ifjR;kx ds ifj.kkeLo:i lkeus vkrk gS] oS/krk/kkjd dgk tkrk gSA
'kklu djus gsrq ljdkj dh oS/k 'kfDr 'kkflrksa dh lEefr }kjk iznf'kZr gksrh gS] tks
le;-le; ij O;Dr vkSj uohÑr dh tkrh jgrh gSA
ge bl izdkj ns[k ldrs gSa fd l=goha 'krkCnh ls oS/krk-laca/kh /kkj.kk fo|eku fujadq'k
'kklu-ra=ksa ds izkf/kdkj dh vkykspuk vFkok mldks pqukSrh ds :i esa mnkjoknh o
x.krkaf=d ijEijkvksa esa fodflr gqbZA vaxzst+h ¼1688½ vkSj Ýkalhlh ¼1789½ nksuksa gh
Økafr;ksa esa oS/krk ds fo"k; dks oLrqr% bl :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ;g ml ljdkj
ds Lo:i ls lacaf/kr mu iz'uksa ds fy, cqfu;knh gS] ftudk rdZlaxr vkSj U;k;laxr
:i ls ikyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkjokn esa izkf/kdkj dh oS/krk dks ,d O;fDroknh
lkekftd lafonk vkSj 'kkflrksa dh lEefr ij izklafxd cuk;k x;kA
15-2-4 ekSarfLD;q ds oS/krk fo"k;d oSdfYid n`f"Vdks.k

lafonkokfn;ksa }kjk lefFkZr oS/krk-laca/kh O;fDroknh <k¡ps dks Bqdjkrs gq,] ekSarfLD;q
¼1689-1775½ us viuh iqLrd n fLizV vkWQ+ n ykWt+ ¼1748½ esa oS/krk ds oSdfYid :iksa
dks izfrlarqfyr (counterpoise) fd;kA bl oSdfYid :i dk vfHkizk; izkf/kdkj iz;ksx
dks lkekftd ifjizs{; esa j[kdj O;fDroknh Lora=sPNk ds euekusiu dks de djuk FkkA
ekSarfLD;q us vius <k¡psa esa lekt-lq/kkj] lafo/kkuokn vkSj ewy ukxfjd Lora=rkvksa dh
j{kk laca/kh rÙoksa dks 'kkfey dj jkT; gsrq ,d lkekftd :i ls nkf;Roiw.kZ Hkwfedk
j[khA bu lcdks oS/k izkf/kdkj esa ;ksxnku djus vFkok mlds lkjrÙo cuus ds :i esa
ns[kk x;kA
15-2-5 :lks % ekSarfLD;q ls vkxs iz;kl
t+kSa - t+kd :lks ¼1712-1778½ us mnkjoknh-O;fDroknh <k¡ps esa ifjdfYir oS/krk dks
x.kra=h; pqukSrh dk fp=.k fd;kA lSd.M fMLdkslZ esa feF;k lafonk laca/kh vius
fl)kar esa :lks us ogha ls dke 'kq: fd;k tgk¡ ekSarfLD;q us NksM+k FkkA lekt vkSj
jktuhfr ds ,d mnkjoknh-O;fDroknh fl)kar dh lhekvksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gq,]
:lks us ekSarfLD;q dh gh Hkk¡fr vius fu:i.k esa lkekftd fo"k;ksa ds vf/kd O;kid {ks=
22
dks lesVus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj bl izdkj mls 'kkfey fd;kA ekSarfLD;q ds fu:i.k ls jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
vkxs fudyrs gq, gkyk¡fd :lks us bl lkekftd nk;js esa lekt ds mu oxks± dh Øka f r
vk'kkvksa dks 'kkfey djus dk iz;kl fd;k Fkk ftudks mnkjoknh <k¡ps esa dksbZ vfHkO;fDr
ugha feyh FkhA :lks us eglwl fd;k fd lkekftd lafonk ,d /kks[kk gS] ftlds
ek/;e ls /kuh yksx x+jhcksa dks viuh v/khurk Lohdkj djus ds fy, et+cwj djrs gSaA
blhfy,] :lks ds vuqlkj] oS/krk flQ+Z jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj ds yksdra=hdj.k ls izkIr
ugha dh tk ldrhA yksdra=hdj.k yksxksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh] vkSj mudh lkekftd
o jktuhfrd vko';drkvksa dh igpku ds ek/;e ls fd;k tkuk FkkA :lks dh ;kstuk
esa ljdkj dh oS/krk vkSj lÙkk-iz;ksx ukxfjdksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ij fVds FksA
oS/krk gsrq bl oSdfYid fopkj dk egÙo lacaf/kr O;fDr] lkoZtfud mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj
lkewfgd y{;ksa esa fufgr gS] tks lHkh ,d x.kra=kRed jkT; dh mÙkjthfork gsrq
vko';drk ds :i esa ns[ks x, ¼ik'kkyh fd=ksfeYns] 1986] i`- 62-64½A
15-2-6 dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkj

dkyZ ekDlZ ¼1818-1883½] rFkkfi] lfØ; Hkkxhnkjhiw.kZ ukxfjdrk vkSj jktuhfrd
izkf/kdkj ds chp laca/k ds fo"k; esa :lks ds vk'kkokn ls lger ugha gSaA muds ds
vuqlkj] vk/kqfud jkT; e/;oxZ ds fgrksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk Fkk vkSj blhfy,] turk
dh vke bPNk dk izfrfuf/k ugha FkkA turk T+;knk ls T+;knk ukxfjdksa ds :i esa Lo;a
dh flQ+Z ^dYiuk* gh dj ldrh Fkh] D;ksafd ^jktuhfr* esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh ,d oxZ-
foHksfnr lekt esa mudh v/khuLFk fLFkfr ij fuHkZj Fkh vkSj mlh ls ckf/kr Hkh FkhA ekDlZ
us eglwl fd;k fd vke bPNk ds <k¡ps esa O;fDr okLrfod eqíksa ls ?kcjk;k gqvk Fkk] ;Fkk
lekt dh cqjkb;k¡ vkSj iw¡thokn ds vlerkoknh izk/kkj] ftUgksaus mUgsa tUe fn;k FkkA
bl izdkj] ,d iw¡thokn jkT; dHkh Hkh fof/klaxr vkSj ^yksdsPNk LFky* ugha cu ldk(
D;ksafd og tUetkr 'kks"kd gksrk FkkA ekDlZ dh :ijs[kk esa] blhfy,] ,d iw¡thoknh
lekt esa jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh oS/krk ,d feFkd FkhA ;g vo/kkj.kk] tSlk fd geus
ns[kk] bl vk/kkj-okD; ij fVdh Fkh fd iw¡thoknh jkT; tUetkr 'kks"k.kdkjh Fks vkSj
blhfy, vke bPNk dks dHkh O;Dr ugha dj ldrs FksA oS/krk ekDlZ ds fy, ;gk¡ rd
vizklafxd Fkh fd og ,d ,slh Hkkoh ekuoh; n'kk dh izR;k'kk djrs Fks] ftlesa yksx
Lo;a viuh fu;fr ij dkcw dj ldsa vkSj Lo;a dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ^?kcM+kgVksa* ij
fuHkZj u gksa] ¼ns[ksa fofy;e dkWukWyh] ySftfVeslh ,.M n LVsV] i`- 7-8½A
ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] bl izdkj mDr jí fo"k; oS/krk ugha FkkA mUgksaus ,d vkfFkZd O;oLFkk
ds :i esa iw¡thoknh lektksa ij /;ku vkÑ"V fd;k] tks mRiknu-lk/kuksa ds Lokfe;ksa ,oa
osruHkksxh dkexkj oxZ ds chp fojks/kkHkklh vkfFkZd fgrksa ij vk/kkfjr FkkA ekDlZoknh
fo'ys"k.k esa] leL;k mu n'kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus laca/kh Fkh ftuesa jgdj dkexkj oxZ
iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dks cny Mkyus ds fy, Lo;a dks ,d lkewfgd cy esa xfBr djsA
eSDl oScj ¼1864-1920½ ds fu:i.k dks ,d izfrlan'kZ ifjizs{; (counter-perspective)
ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vafre Nksj ls 'kq: djus ij] oScj us Lo;a dks izkf/kdkj
dh izÑfr vkSj vkKkikyu lqfuf'pr djus laca/kh leL;kvksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls tksM+kA
iw¡thoknh jkT; ds vuqlkj] izkf/kdkj vkSj vkKkikyu lqfuf'pr djus ds lk/kuksa ls ;g
laca/k gh gS tks vk/kqfud fo'o esa izkf/kdkj O;oLFkkvksa ij oScj ds lS)kafrd fu:i.k esa
izdV gksrk gS ¼ns[ksa tsEl iS=k] Dykl ikWfyfVDl] LVsV ikWoj ,.M ySftfVeslh]
i`- 1955½A
23
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj Ckks/k iz'u 1
oS / krk
1½ fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksao'k oS/krk dh ladYiuk jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dks le>us gsrq
egÙoiw.kZ gks xbZ\
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2½ ekSarfLD;q vkSj :lks us oS/krk dh mnkjoknh-O;fDroknh O;k[;k dks FkksM+k cny

fn;kA dSls\
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3½ oS/krk fo"k;d mnkjoknh-O;fDroknh fopkj ekDlZoknh fopkj ls fdl izdkj fHkUu

gS\
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24
15-3 eSDl oScj vkSj izkf/kdkj -O;oLFkk laca/kh mudh Øka f r
izrhdkRed O;k[;k
izkf/kdkj vkSj oS/krk laca/kh gekjh ppkZ esa vc rd vo/kkj.kkvksa ds ,sfrgkfld Øe-
fodkl dks le>us ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k x;kA geus [kklrkSj ij bu fo"k;ksa ij xgjh
#fp n'kkZ;h - izkf/kdkj dk vUos"k.k] os vk/kkj ftu ij oS/krk dk nkok fd;k tkrk gS]
vkSj bl izdkj ds LohÑfr ds eqdkcys ijhf{kr nkos dh izklafxdrk( buds vykok] gkWCl]
ekSarfLD;q] :lks vkSj ekDlZ tSls jktuhfr-nk'kZfudA eSDl oScj tSls lekt'kkfL=;ksa us]
gkyk¡fd Lo;a dks lÙkk ds fy, fd, x, nkoksa ls ugha tksM+kA mUgksaus Lo;a dks bu
O;kogkfjd iz'uksa ls tksM+k - og rjhdk ftlesa oS/krk izdV gksrh gks] lÙkk ds inksa ij
vklhu gksus ds fy, mldh izHkko'khyrk] os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ftuesa oS/krk dk vuqHko vFkok
dVko fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj mlds vlQy jgus ij D;k gksrk gSA ,d jktuhfr-
lekt'kkL= laca/kh fo"k; ds :i esa oS/krk] bl izdkj] dbZ ekeyksa dks ns[krh gS] tSls -
os lkekftd vfHkdj.k dkSu ls gSa ftuds ek/;e ls oS/krk izHkkoh cu tkrh gS\ ;Fkk] ,d
jktuhfrd izkf/kdj.k dh oS/krk yksx dSls Lohdkj djrs gSa\ bl LohÑfr dks os dSls
O;Dr djrs gSa] vkSj os ekè;e vFkok lalk/ku ftuds ekQ+Zr jktuhfrd 'kklu-iz.kkfy;k¡
oS/krk tqVkrh gSa ¼MSfoM chFke] CySdoSy dWEiSfuvu Vq iWfyfVdWy lksf'kvksyWft] i`- 107-
108 esa îWfyfVdWy ySftfVeslh*½A
15-3-1 oScj vkSj mudk oS/krk esa fo'okl

oS/krklaca/kh oScj dk v/;;u jktuhfrd 'kklu dh tfVyrkvksa dks le>us ds fy,
mi;ksxh le>k tkrk gSA oScj us oS/krk dks lÙkk-laca/kksa ds ,d ;kstukc) v/;;u gsrq
cqfu;knh ekukA oScj us dgk] ^jhfr-fjokt+] O;fDrxr ykHk] HkkbZpkjs ds fo'kq) izHkkoksRiknd
vFkok vHkh"V iz;kstu*] mlds dk;e jgus ds fy, i;kZIr vk/kkj ugha gSA izHkqRo LFkkiu
dh fdlh iznÙk O;oLFkk dks dk;e j[kus ds fy, vkerkSj ij ,d vkSj rÙo gksrk gS] ;Fkk
ôS/krk esa fo'okl*A nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tgk¡ izkf/kdkj dh oS/krk dks ,d vke ekU;rk feyh
gksrh gS] mlds vkns'k ekuuk ck/;rk gksrh gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] voihM+u dk dksbZ O;kid
iz;ksx ugha gksxk] vFkok mPNsnu vFkok voKk dk dksbZ fujUrj Hk; ugha gksxk [eSDl
oScj] bdkWUeh ,oa lkslkbfV] 1978 ¼1922½] i`- 213]A izHkqRo LFkkiu laca/kh O;oLFkkvksa ds
oScj ds v/;;u us mUgsa bl fu"d"kZ dh vksj izo`Ùk fd;k fd oS/krk laca/kh vusd /kkj.kk,¡
vFkok fl)kar gSaA vHkh"V oS/krk ds fof'k"V izdkj vFkok fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr] bl
fu"df"kZr vkKkikyu esa erHksn Fks ftudh xkj.Vh nsus ds fy, ,d izdkj dk iz'kklfud
ra= fodflr gqvk] vkSj ,d izdkj dk izkf/kdkj Hkh] ftlus bldk iz;ksx fd;kA
15-3-2 oScj ds vkn'kZ fun'kZ (Types)

oScj us izR;sd }kjk vHkh"V oS/krk gsrq nkoksa ds izdkj ij vk/kkfjr] izHkqRo-LFkkiu ds
fofHkUu uewuksa vFkok Ô;oLFkkvksa* dh igpku dh ¼ns[ksa MSfoM chFke] iWfyfVdWy
ySftfVeslh] i`- 109½A rnuqlkj] oScj us rhu ^vkn'kZ uewuksa* vFkok ^ladYiukRed
ekWMyksa* dk fuekZ.k fd;k] ftuls mls mEehn Fkh fd jktuhfrd 'kklu dh mPp :i ls
tfVy izÑfr dks vFkZ iznku djus esa enn djsaxs] ;Fkk ijEijkxr izkf/kdkj] dfj'ekbZ]
vkSj fof/klaxr-;qfDrlaxr izkf/kdkj dks vFkZ iznku djus esaA bu ekWMyksa esa ls izR;sd
jktuhfrd oS/krk ds ,d fof'k"V lzksr dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk Fkk vkSj buls lEcfU/kr ,sls
fofHkUu dkj.kksa dk Hkh] tSls - yksx ,d 'kklu-i)fr fo'ks"k dk vuqikyu D;ksa djrs Fks\
25
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj izFke ekWMy] ;Fkk ijEijkxr izkf/kdkj] esa yEcs le; ls pys vk jgs jhfr-fjokt+ vkSj
oS / krk ijEijk,¡ jktuhfrd oS/krk ds lzksr gksrs FksA bl oS/krk dh ifo=rk bl rF; ls O;qRiUu
Fkh fd izkf/kdkj dh ;s i)fr;k¡ igys dh ihf<+;ksa }kjk LohÑr vkSj vkKkikfyr jgh FkhaA
izkf/kdkj-laca/kh ijEijkxr i)fr;ksa ds mnkgj.k gSa - fir`lÙkk ¼ifjokj ij firk dk
'kklu½ vFkok o`)-iq#"k 'kklu ¼^cM+ksa* dk 'kklu½A ijEijkxr izkf/kdkj dh ,slh
O;oLFkkvksa dks mu lektksa esa vkt Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS] tgk¡ lÙkk vkSj fo'ks"kkf/kdkj
dh iSr`d vkSj oa'kxr i)fr;k¡ vfLrRo esa gSa( ;Fkk lkmnh vjc] eksjDdks vkSj dqoSr esa]
vkSj mlds laoS/kkfud :iksa esa] tSls fd baXyS.M] uhnjyS.M~l vkSj Lisu esaA
nwljk :i] ;Fkk] dfj'ekbZ izkf/kdkj us oS/krk fdlh O;fDr-fo'ks"k ds peRdkfjd vFkok
vkd"kZd O;fDrRo ls O;qRiUu dhA bl vkd"kZ.k dk vk/kkj O;fDr-fo'ks"k dh tkfr] oxZ
vFkok vU; vkjksI; xq.kksa esa fufgr ugha FkkA ;g vuU; :i ls ml O;fDr ds futh
vkd"kZ.k ij fuHkZj gksrk Fkk] tks yksxksa dks vkKkikyu gsrq yqHkkrs gq,] mls ,d usrk@us=h
ds :i esa Lohdkj dj nsrk gSA dfj'ekbZ izkf/kdkj ds mnkgj.k gSa & eqlksfyuh] fgVyj]
vkSj uSiksfy;u] ftudk usr`Ro vkSj izfl)h] tkWu ,Q- dSusMh tSls vU; izfl) usrkvksa
ls fHkUu] muds jktuhfrd in ls O;qRiUu izkf/kdkj ij de] vkSj muds O;fDrxr
vkd"kZ.k ij vf/kd vk/kkfjr FksA
oScj dh rhljs izdkj dh oS/krk] fof/klaxr-;qfDrlaxr] izkf/kdkj dks ;FkkFkZ vkSj fof/kor~
ifjHkkf"kr fu;e-lewg ls tksM+rh gSA izkf/kdkj dk fof/klaxr-;qfDrlaxr :i] oScj ds
vuqlkj] vf/kdka'k vk/kqfud jkT;ksa esa ik, tkus okys izkf/kdkj dk gh izrhd :i gSA bl
izdkj dh izkf/kdkj O;oLFkkvksa esa] dfj'ekbZ vkSj ikjEifjd :iksa ls fHkUu] jktuhfrd
lÙkk vkSipkfjd] fof/klEer] laoS/kkfud fu;eksa ls O;qRiUu gksrh gS] mlh ij fuHkZj djrh
gS] vkSj ifjlhfer gksrh gSA ;s fu;e gh gSa tks lÙkk inklhu dh izÑfr vkSj dk;Z{ks=
dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa ¼,.Mª;w gsoqM] ikWfyfVDl] i`- 195½A
15-3-3 MSfoM chFke }kjk eSDl oScj dh vkykspuk

vk/kqfud ;qx esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa ,oa 'kklu-i)fr;ksa dh oS/krk dks le>us esa izkf/
kdkj i)fr;ksa laca/kh oScj ds oxhZdj.k dks ,d egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ekuk tkrk gS]
[kkldj ml rjhds ls ftlesa izkf/kdkj ds vk/kqfud :i ijEijkxr :iksa ls fHkUu gSaA
MSfoM chFke tSls jktuhfr-oSKkfud] gkyk¡fd crkrs gSa fd oScj dh rhuksa rdZlaxr fl)
gksrh /kkj.kk,¡] tcfd os gesa ;g le>us esa enn djrh gSa fd izkf/kdkj dh iwokZ/kqfud
ds eqdkcys vk/kqfud i)fr;ksa ds ckjs esa D;k [k+kl gS] mu fofHkUu 'kklu-i)fr;ksa ds
pfj=-fp=.k gsrq vi;kZIr gSa tks chloha 'krh ds nkSjku vfLrRo esa Fkha ¼ns[ksa MSfoM chFke]
iWfyfVdWy ySftfVeslh] i`- 110½A
oScj] tks 'kklu-i)fr;ksa dks rhu izrhdkRed O;k[;kvksa esa ij[krs vkSj j[krs gSa] vFkok
fodYir%] 'kklu-i)fr;ksa dks nks uewuksa ds feJ.k ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] ls fHkUu chFke
vkKkikyu dh izfØ;kvksa ,oa vk/kkjksa dh le> gsrq ,d foLr`r izk/kkj dks T;knk ilan
djrs gSaA muds izk/kkj esa jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dks le>us ds fy, rhu Lrj vFkok ekud
fn, x, gSaA chFke dgrs gSa] jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj bl lhek rd oS/k gSa fd % (1) ;g
LFkkfir fu;eksa ds vuqlkj vHkh"V vkSj O;oâr gksrk gS ¼oS/krk½( (2) ;s fu;e lkekftd
:i ls LohÑr /kkj.kkvksa ds vuqlkj nks fo"k;ksa esa lgh Bgjk, tkrs gSa - (i) izkf/kdkj dk
oS/k lzksr] vkSj (ii) ljdkj ds mfpr lk/ku o ekud( vkSj (3) izkf/kdkj dh fLFkfr Li"V
lgefr vFkok leqfpr v/khuLFkksa dh vfHkiqf"V }kjk] vkSj nwljs fof/klaxr
26 izkf/kdkjksa ls ekU;rk }kjk lefFkZr gksrh gS ¼oS/khdj.k½A
;s rhu Lrj oSdfYid :i vFkok ekWMy ugha gSa] ijUrq rhuksa feydj izkf/kdkj ds jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
vkKkikyu vFkok lg;ksx gsrq yksxksa dks uSfrd vk/kkj iznku djrs gSaA bl izdkj ds Øka f r
izk/kkj] chFke dks yxrk gS] bu dkj.kksa dk Hkh Kku djkrs gSa fd lÙkk esa oS/krk dk vHkko
D;ksa gks ldrk gSA ;fn dgha fu;eksa dk mYya?ku gksrk gks] rks ^voS/krk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx
gksrk gS( ;fn fu;e lkekftd fo'oklksa }kjk nks"kiwoZd lefFkZr gSa] vFkok xgjs fookfnr
gSa rks ge dgrs gSa fd ;gk¡ ôS/krk vHkko* gS vkSj ;fn lgefr vFkok ekU;rk dks
lkoZtfud :i ls okil ys fy;k tkrk gS vFkok LFkfxr dj fn;k tkrk gS] ge
ôS/krk-R;kx* dh ckr djrs gSaA
chFke dks yxrk gS fd bl izdkj dk izk/kkj oScj ds fo'ys"k.k dh ,d vkSj vi;kZIrrk

dks iwjk djrk gSA ;g gesa yksx fojks/k D;ksa djrs gSa ;g le>us esa] vFkok mu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks le>us esa enn djrk gS ftuesa tu fojks/k vkSj minzo }kjk jktuhfrd
izkf/kdkj dks pqukSfr;ksa ds ek/;e ls jktuhfrd ifjorZu gksrk gSA oS/krk dks ,d ôS/krk
esa fo'okl* ls vf/kd dqN ugha le>uk] tSlk fd oScj us fd;k] dsoy lÙkklhu
O;fDr;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls oS/krk fu/kkZj.k ij /;ku vkÑ"V djrk gSA chFke dk izk/kkj]
nwljh vksj] mu izfØ;kvksa dks mtkxj djrk gS ftuds ek/;e ls 'kkflr oxZ ekU;rk
vkSj vkKkikyu iznku djrk vFkok nsus ls badkj djrk gSA
;g ckr vk/kqfud jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa oS/krk izfØ;kvksa dks le>us esa ,d vkSj
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku djrk gS( ;g tqts± gScjekl laca/kh gS tks fd ge vxys ikBka'k esa
i<+saxsA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ eSDl oScj izkf/kdkj i)fr;ksa dks fdl izdkj le>rs gSa\ oScj ds fu:i.k esa MSfoM
chFke D;k vFkZ ifjorZu djrs gSa\
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15-4 gScjekl vkSj oS/khdj.k ladV

tqts± gScjekl us oS/krk ds oScsfj;u vfHkxe gsrq ,d fodYi dk foLr`r v/;;u fd;k
gSA ;g dke djus ds fy,] gkyk¡fd] gScjekl us ,slk dksbZ :f<+oknh ekDlZoknh fopkj
ugha viuk;k tks oS/krk dks ,d e/;oxhZ feFkd ls vf/kd dqN ugha le>rk gks] ,d ,slh
ckr tks mu vlekurk vkSj 'kks"k.k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ugha gks ldrh tks vk/kqfud
27
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj iw¡thoknh lektksa esa fo|eku FksA gScjekl us ekuk fd vk/kqfud iw¡thoknh lekt vFkok
oS / krk mnkjoknh yksdra=ksa ds ikl tulk/kkj.k dh lgefr vkSj leFkZu izkIr djus dh ,d
O;oLFkk vo'; gksrh gSA mUgksaus] blhfy,] u flQ+Z vlekurkvksa ij /;ku vkÑ"V fd;k]
tks iw¡thoknh lektksa esa fo|eku Fkha] oju~ ml iz'kklu-ra= ij Hkh /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k
ftlds ek/;e ls oS/krk dks dk;e j[kk tkrk Fkk] ;Fkk yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh] nyh;
iz.kkyh] lkekftd o dY;k.kdkjh lq/kkj] vkfnA lkFk gh] cgjgky] gScjekl us oS/krk
dh mu eqf'dyksa dks Hkh crk;k] tks ,d ,slh jktuhfrd izfØ;k esa fuf'pr :i ls lkeus
vk,¡xh ftlus vleku oxZ lÙkk dks tUe fn;k vkSj dk;e j[kkA
15-4-1 ladV izo`fÙk;k¡

viuh iqLrd ySftfVes'ku Økbfll ¼1973½ esa] gScjekl us iw¡thoknh lektksa esa ^ladV
izo`fÙk;ksa* ds :i esa bu eqf'dyksa dh igpku dh gSA ;s ladV izo`fÙk;k¡ iw¡thoknh lap;u
laca/kh rdZ vkSj yksdrkaf=d jktuhfr }kjk de fd, x, vke ncko ds chp ,d
cqfu;knh fookn ds ifj.kkeLo:i mHkjhaA
ykHk vuq/kkou (pursuit of profit) vkSj oxZ vlekurkvksa dks tUe nsus ij vk/kkfjr
iw¡thoknh lektksa dks 'kklu gsrq ,d vke nkos dk okLrk nsdj jktuhfrd fLFkjrk cuk,
j[kuh iM+rh gSA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk esa] oS/krk mu yksdrkaf=d izfØ;kvksa }kjk
lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gS tks lekt-dY;k.k izko/kkuksa] c<+h tu lgHkkfxrk vkSj lkekftd
lekurk gsrq vfrfjDr ek¡xksa dh vksj izo`Ùk djrh gSaA ;g cnys esa jkT; ij ncko Mkyrh
gSa] rkfd og vius lkekftd nkf;Ro foLr`r dj lds] vkSj dY;k.kdkjh ¼vykHkdkjh½
mik;ksa ij [kpZ c<+k;s tkus ij ncko Mkyrs gq,] vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy,
jkT;-gLr{ksi dh ek¡x Hkh djrh gSA ;s ncko djk/kku ,oa lkoZtfud O;; esa o`f) vkSj
ykHk Lrjksa ij yxke yxkdj vkSj m|e dks fu#Rlkfgr djds iw¡thoknh lap;u dks
jksdus dh vksj izo`Ùk djrs gSaA vke nckoksa dks jksdus vFkok vkfFkZd iru dk tksf[ke
ysus ij ck/;] ,sls lekt oS/krk dks dk;e j[kuk mÙkjksÙkj dfBu vkSj izk;% vlaHko
ikrs gSaA
bl izdkj] ,d iw¡thoknh lekt fujUrj ladV-izo`fÙk;ksa ds paxqy esa jgrk gS] tks ml
oS/krk ds ek/;e ls Lo;a dks dk;e j[kus dh mldh ;ksX;rk dks ij[krh gSa] tks og
fofHkUu yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls izdk'k esa yk ldrh gSA ,sls oS/khdj.k mik;ksa
esa fuos'k djrs le; iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dks ;g ns[kus ds fy, ,d fujarj foifÙkladsr
ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gS fd ;s izfØ;k,¡ ml lhek rd yfEcr u gksa fd os ml iw¡thoknh
O;oLFkk ds O;k[;kRed fl)karksa dh /kfTt;k¡ gh mM+k nsa] tks ,d ykHk-fu"d"kZ.k vFkok
iw¡th-lap;u ls tqM+h oxZ 'kks"k.kdkjh O;oLFkk gSA
gScjekl ds vuqlkj] iw¡thoknh yksdra= lkekftd lekurk o dY;k.kdkjh vf/kdkjksa gsrq

vke ek¡xksa vkSj futh ykHk ij vk/kkfjr ,d ckt+kj vFkZO;oLFkk dh vis{kkvksa] nksuksa dks
LFkk;h :i ls larq"V ugha dj ldrkA bl izdkj ds ^ladVksa* ds fufgrkFkZ esa lekt vkSj
iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds fu;ked izk/kkjksa ds ,dhdj.k vFkok lEc)rk esa vO;oLFkk
'kkfey gSA
15-4-2 ladV ds nkSjku jkT;h; dkjZokbZ

ladVksa ds bl izdkj ifjn`';ksa esa] vk/kqfud jkT;] gScjekl ds vuqlkj] fo|eku izk/kkjksa
28 dks fof/kÑr ,oa fLFkjhÑr djus ds fy, ^ra= ifjpkyu* vkSj lS)kfUrd mik;ksa dk ,d
lkFk lgkjk ysrk gSA blesa vkfFkZd ¼osru Jfed ,oa iw¡th laca/kksa½ rFkk jktuhfrd {ks=ksa jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
¼'kklh laLFkkvksa½ dh ^foeqfDr* vFkok fo;kstu 'kkfey gksrk gSA jktuhfrd {ks= Øka f r
ifj.kker% de lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ vkSj T+;knk voS;fDrd] deZpkjh-ra=hÑr] vkSj fu;eksa ls
nwj gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk dks] rFkkfi] mu vf/kdkjksa] U;k; ,oa ukxfjdrk
laca/kh ^loZeqfDroknh* laykiksa dks fof/kÑr djds lS)kafrd :i ls ,d lkFk j[kk tkrk
gS tks bu fu;eksa dks 'kklukFkZ uSfrd vf/kdkj nsrs gSaA
Ckks/k iz'u 4
1½ t+ts± gScjekl mnkjoknh-iw¡thoknh lektksa esa lektksa esa oS/krk-ladV dks fdl
izdkj le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSa\
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15-5 lkjka'k
izkf/kdkj bl ckr esa lÙkk ds ,d vFkZ-lhfer :i dh vksj b'kkjk djrk gS fd ;g u
flQ+Z ifjorZu {kerk dh ,d vfHkO;fDr Hkj gS] cfYd ifjorZu gsrq vf/kdkj Hkh gSA og
rÙo tks izkf/kdkj dks ;g fof'k"V y{k.k iznku djrk gS] oS/krk dgykrk gSA ;g oS/krk
gh gS tks izkf/kdkj ds izfr vkKkikyu dks izlUurkiwoZd iznÙk vkSj ca/kudkjh cukrh gSA
vk/kqfudrk ds vkxeu rd oS/krk-jfgr izkf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh
le> ds izfr mikafrd gh jghA Kkuksn; ds fopkj }kjk mRiUu vk/kqfudrk vkSj ckSf)d
mÙkstuk ds lkFk gh] bl /kkj.kk ij fd izkf/kdkj bZ'ojh; :i ls fofgr fo"k;oLrq gS]
lansg fd;k tkus yxkA
l=goha 'krkCnh esa] FkkWel gkWCl tSls nk'kZfudksa us 'kklu djus ds nkos ds :i esa bZ'ojh;
vf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk dks pqukSrh nhA mlus bl n`f"Vdks.k dks n`<+rkiwoZd j[kk fd lHkh
euq"; Lora= o leku gSa vkSj Lo;a-fu/kkZj.k ds fygkt ls 'kfDr o {kerkizkIr gSaA gkWCl
vkSj ykWDl }kjk fodflr lkekftd lafonk dh /kkj.kk us ;g ladsr fd;k fd oS/k
izkf/kdkj varrksxRok O;fDr;ksa }kjk ,d LoSfPNd ifjR;kx ij fuHkZj gS] tks vius vkiksa
ij 'kklu djus ds vf/kdkj laca/kh gS] rkfd ge ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cuk ldsa tks vf/kd
O;kid vkfFkZd Lora=rkvksa gsrq lgk;d gksaA
ekSra fLD;q tSls nk'kZfudksa us lafonkokfn;ksa }kjk izfrikfnr oS/krk dh mnkjoknh-O;fDroknh

/kkj.kk dks mYVk c;ku fd;k] ;Fkk lekt-lq/kkj ,oa lafo/kkuokn ds rÙoksa dks 'kkfey
dj ,d lkekftd lanHkZ esa izkf/kdkj ds fof/kdj.k dks LFkkfir fd;kA :lks us oS/k
izkf/kdkj dh O;fDroknh /kkj.kk ij ,d x.kra=h; izgkj dks n'kkZrs gq,] lq>k;k fd 29
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj lkekftd lafonk oLrqr% ,d feF;k vuqca/k gS vkSj jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk gsrq ,d Hkzked
oS / krk mnkjoknh gy crykrh gSA mUgksaus lfØ; ukxfjdrk cks/k vkSj tu-Hkkxhnkjh ds ek/;e
ls lkewfgd y{;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u ij vk/kkfjr jkT;-O;oLFkk ds yksdra=hdj.k dh
odkyr dhA
dkyZ ekDlZ] gkyk¡fd] jktuhfrd oS/krk ds iz'u gsrq bl izdkj ds fdlh gy ds izfr
lansgdkjh FksA muds vuqlkj oS/krk dh /kkj.kk esa Lo;a gh ,d e/;oxhZ feFkd 'kkfey
Fkk] tks ,d 'kks"k.k vkSj izHkqRo LFkkiu ds fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr iw¡thoknh lekt esa fu"ik|
ugha FkkA eSDl oScj] ,d lekt'kkL=h] us izkf/kdkj vkSj iw¡thoknh lektksa esa vkKkikyu
lqfuf'pr djus laca/kh leL;kvksa ij n`f"Vikr fd;kA ,sls vk/kkj vkSj lkekftd
vfHkdj.kksa dh [kkst djrs gq, ftUgksaus oS/krk dks vius vki izHkkoh cuk fn;k] oScj us
fof/kdj.k dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks le>us ds fy, izkf/kdkj iz.kkfy;ksa dk ,d rhu-lrgh
mnkgj.khdj.k izLrqr fd;kA
t+qts± gScjekl us vk/kqfud lekt ds oxZ-'kks"k.kdkjh vk/kkj ij t+ksj nsrs gq, crk;k fd
mnkjoknh yksdra=ksa esa yksdrkaf=d dk;Ziz.kkfy;ksa ds ek/;e ls turk dk leFkZu gkfly
djus ds lk/ku miyC/k gSaA ;s] rFkkfi] fof/kdj.k ij y{; djrs le;] lkekftd {ks=ksa
esa c<+s jkT; gLr{ksi gsrq vke nckoksa dks Hkh HkM+dkrs gSaA yksdra=hdj.k gsrq nckoksa
¼fof/kdj.k½ vkSj iw¡thoknh lap;u ds chp fooknkLin [khaprku fof/kdj.k ladV }kjk
fuLrkfjr mnkjoknh ¼iw¡thoknh½ yksdra=ksa dks tUe nsrh gSA mnkjoknh yksdra= îfjpkyu
mik;ksa* dh 'kj.k ysdj bu ladV-izo`fÙk;ksa ls cpus dk iz;kl djrs gSa] ;Fkk vFkZO;oLFkk
ls jktuhfrd {ks= dks vyx djuk] jktuhfrd {ks= dks de lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ vkSj vf/kd
fuoS;Z fDrd vkSj ukSdj'kkg cukuk] vkSj vf/kdkjks]a ukxfjdrk o U;k; lac/a kh ^loZefq Droknh*
laykiksa ds ek/;e ls O;oLFkk dks oSpkfjd :i ls fuckZ/k j[kukA
15-6 'kCnkoyh
x.kra = h; % x.kra= 'kCn fdlh jktra= dk vHkko crykrk gS vkSj ,d
fof'k"V :i ls lkoZtfud v[kkM+s vkSj tu-iz'kklu dk Hkh
ladsr djrk gSA jktuhfr-fl)kar dh ,d fopkj/kkjk ds
:i esa] ;g dqN lkaLFkkfud izk/kkjksa vkSj uSfrd fl)karksa dh
odkyr djrk gS] ftlesa tu-lgHkkfxrk] ukxj xq.k] tu-
mRlkg] vknj o ns'kHkfDr 'kkfey gSaA
fu;ked % bu vo/kkj.kkvksa dks vDlj ewY;ksa ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
;s mu uSfrd fl)karksa vFkok vkn'kks± dks vkSj ladsr djrs
gSa] tks gksus pkfg,] dÙkZO; :i ls ck/; gksus pkfg,] vFkok
vo';dkjh :i ls djok;s tkus pkfg,A
fuja d q ' kokn % fujadq'kokn] vFkkZr~ rkuk'kkgh 17oha vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh ds
;wjksi esa ,d izcy jktuhfrd :i FkkA ;g bl nkos ls
tqM+k Fkk fd laizHkqrk] vukifÙk;ksX; vkSj vfoHkkT; oS/k
izkf/kdkj dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gqbZ] loZ-iz/kku 'kkld esa
fufgr gksrh FkhA vkt vke bLrseky esa ge fdlh ljdkj
dks fujadq'k bl vFkZ esa iqdkjrs gSa fd mlds ikl csjksd
lÙkk gSA
30
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro % nkf;Ro vFkkZr~ ck/;hdj.k ,d jhfr-fo'ks"k ls dk;Z djus jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
gsrq ,d vis{kk vFkok dÙkZO; gSA jktuhfrd nkf;Ro jkT; Øka f r
ds izkf/kdkj dks Lohdkj djus vkSj mlds dkuwuksa dk ikyu
djus gsrq ukxfjd dk dÙkZO; gSA
O;k[;kRed % ;s vo/kkj.kk,¡ mu rF;ksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gSa] ftudks
,d ;FkkFkZ vfLrRo /kkjd ekuk tkrk gS vkSj muds n`“Vkarksa
(illustrations) ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS tks fo|eku gS] vFkok
tks oLrqr% vfLrRo j[krk gSA
lkekftd la f onk % gkWCl] ykWd vkSj :lks tSls nk'kZfud] tks lkekftd lafonk
dh /kkj.kk ls tqM+s Fks] lafonk vFkkZr~ vuqca/k dks O;fDrtuksa
ds chp ,d LoSfPNd le>kSrs ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] ftlds
ifj.kkeLo:i ,d laxfBr lekt vFkok jktuhfrd
izkf/kdkj dk tUe gksrk gSA lkekftd lafonk dksbZ ,sfrgkfld
rF; ugha gSaA ;g lkekftd o jktuhfrd laxBuksa ds
v/;;u ds fy, ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed ;qfDr gSA

chFke] MSfoM] iWfyfVdWy ySftfVeslh] dsV uS'k ,oa ,sysu LdkWV ¼la-½ Ñr n CySdoSy
dEiSfuvu Vq iWfyfVdy lksf'kvksyWth esa] CySdoSy] 2001A
_______ ] n ySftfVes'ku vkWQ ikWoj] eSdfeyu] csflaxLVksd] 1991A
dkWukWyh] ySftfVeslh ,.M n LVsV] csfly CySdoSy] vkWDlQkMZ] 1984A

gsoqM] ,UMª w] ikWfyfVDl] eSdfeyu] yanu] 1997A
iS=k] tsEl] ^Dykl iWfyfVDl] LVsV ikoj ,.M ySftfVelh*] bdkWfUed ,.M iWfyfVdWy
ohdyh] 26 vxLr] 1989] i‘- 1955-58A
iwykdh] ,FksuSfl;ks] ySftfVeslh@ySftfVekbV] okYrj n xzqbvj] cfyZu] 1986A
15-8 Ckks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

Ckks/k iz'u 1
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 15-1
2) ns[ksa miHkkx 15-1.4
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 15-2
2) ns[ksa miHkkx 15-2-4 vkSj 15-2-5
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 15-3
Ckks/k iz'u 4
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 15-4
31
oS / krk bdkbZ 16 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkSj Økafr
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
16-0 mís';
16-1 izLrkouk
16-2 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkSj Økafr% bu laijw d (Complementary) 'kCnksa dh vUrlZEc)rk
16-3 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro laca/kh vo/kkj.kk dh mRifÙk vkSj izÑfr
16-4 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds y{k.k
16-4-1 jktdh; ekeyksa dk izca/ku
16-4-2 jktuhfrd oS/krk
16-4-3 izkf/kdkj dk izfrjks/k
16-5 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds fofHkUu fl)kar
16-5-1 nSoh fl)kar% vkLFkk esa vuqeksnu
16-5-2 lgefr@lafonk fl)kar% yksdPs Nk (Will of the People) esa vuqeksnu
16-5-3 funsZ'kkRed fl)kar% LFkkfir ifjikfV;ksa o ijEijkvksa ds lEeku
esa vuqeksnu
16-5-4 vkn'kZoknh fl)kar% euq"; dh ;qfDr;qDrrk (Rationality) esa vuqeksnu
16-5-5 ekDlZoknh fl)kar% jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk lkekftd nkf;Ro esa
vUR; (eventual) :ikUrj.k
16-6 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk jktuhfrd ewY;kadu
16-7 Økafr % izÑfr vkSj fufgrkFkZ
16-8 Økafr ds y{k.k
16-8-1 ,d izfØ;k dk izkjEHk
16-8-2 ,d ifjorZu dk |ksru
16-8-3 ,d layf;r (Coherent) dk;ZØe dk vFkZ izdVu
16-8-4 jktuhfrd usr`Ro dh dfYir e;kZnk
16-9 Økafr % ,d ?kVukek= vFkok ,d ?kVukØe
16-10 Økafr ds fofHkUu fl)kar
16-10-1 mnkjoknh fl)kar
16-10-3 uo-mnkjoknh fl)kar
16-10-4 vkn'kZoknh mnkjoknh fl)kar
16-11 uohu lkekftd foKku lkfgR; esa Økafr dk fl)karhdj.k
16-11-1 rqyukRed n`f"Vdks.k
16-11-2 euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k
16-11-3 lekt'kkL=h; n`f"Vdks.k
16-11-4 jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k
16-11-5 nk'kZfud n`f"Vdks.k
16-12 Økafr dk ewY;kadu
16-13 lkjka'k
32
16-14 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
Øka f r
16-0 mís ' ;

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd %
• jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ,oa Økafr dh vo/kkj.kk rFkk muds chp vUrlZEc)rk dks Li"V
dj ldsa(
• jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ,oa Økafr dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V djus gsrq fodflr fofHkUu
fl)karksa dks crk ldsa( rFkk
• jkT; izkf/kdkj ds fygkt ls jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkSj Økafr ds ykHkksa o lhekvksa ij
lw{e n`f"V Mky ldsaA
16-1 iz L rkouk
,d jktuhfr-oSKkfud dk fpUruh; fo"k; izkf/kdkj ds v/;;u ek= rd gh lhfer ugha
gksrk] cfYd mu yksxksa }kjk lÙkk ds Lohdk;Z gksus dh leL;k ls Hkh lac) gksrk gS] ftu
ij og iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh vo/kkj.kk laca/kh v/;;u] lEc)
'kCnksa - jktuhfrd oS/krk vkSj Økafr - ds vUos"k.k dh vksj vko';d :i ls izo`Ùk djrk
gSA ;|fi jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh vo/kkj.kk esa jktuhfr-n'kZu dh [kkl dlkSVh fufgr
gS] bldks fof/klaxfr vkSj izHkkfork dh /kkj.kkvksa ds lkFk tksM+dj ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku
fn;k tkrk gSA blds ckn ge Økafr dh /kkj.kk laca/kh v/;;u dh vksj pyrs gSaA bl
bdkbZ esa ge ,d fof/klaxr jktuhfrd O;oLFkk vkSj ,d izcq) ukxfjdrk ds chp
laca/k ij lw{e n`f"V Mkyus dk fopkj djrs gSa] tks jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkSj Økafr dh
vo/kkj.kkvksa dks Li"V djsxkA
16-2 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkSj Økafr % bu laiwjd

(Complementary) 'kCnksa dh vUrlZEc)rk
yksx jkT; dk izkf/kdj.k ds :i esa vkKkikyu D;ksa djrs gSa\ fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mudks
viuh voKk ntZ djkuh pkfg,\ bu lokyksa dk tokc vusd fopkjdksa }kjk fHkUu-fHkUu
rjhdksa ls fn;k x;k gS vkSj mUgksaus bldk gy vFkZfØ;kokfn;ksa (Pragmatists) dh
lqLi"V vfHkiqf"V gsrq euq"; ds LokHkkfod :i ls vPNs LoHkko esa [kkstk gSA izkf/kdkj vkSj
nkf;Ro ds chp laca/k vi`FkD; (inseparable) gS] D;ksafd izkf/kdkj ds vfuok;Z y{k.kksa esa
,d vkKkikyu djokus dk vf/kdkj Hkh gSA ge ns[ksaxs fd jkT; ds izfrjks/k gsrq Hkh D;k
dksbZ vf/kdkj vFkok dÙkZO; gSA
;g ,d lqLFkkfir rF; gS fd yksx dsoy ,d fof/klaxr izkf/kdkj dk gh vkKkikyu

djrs gSa( vU;Fkk os mls m[kkM+ Qsad ldrs gSaA bl izdkj lkeus vkrk gS Økafr dk iz'u]
tks 1699 esa gqbZ baXyS.M dh xkSjoiw.kZ Økafr dh Hkk¡fr ,d 'kkafriw.kZ ?kVuk Hkh gks ldrk
gS vkSj 1789 dh Ýkalhlh Økafr dh Hkk¡fr ,d fgald izn'kZu HkhA Økafr dh /kkj.kk
laca/kh v/;;u] bl izdkj] lelkef;d jktuhfr-fl)kar ds {ks= esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;
cu x;k gSA ,slk blfy, gS] D;ksafd jktuhfr dk o.kZu ,d lÙkk gsrq la?k"kZ ds v/;;u
ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] pkgs og 'kkafriw.kZ gks vFkok fgald lk/kuksa ls] tgk¡ jktuhfrd
nkf;Ro vkSj Økafr egÙoiw.kZ 'kk[kk foLrkj j[krs gSaA 33
oS / krk 16-3 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro -laca/kh vo/kkj.kk dh mRifÙk vkSj
iz Ñ fr
^nkf;Ro* 'kCn vaxzst+h ds vkWfCyxs'ku (obligation) 'kCn dk vuqokn gS tks ySfVu 'kCn
^vkWfCyxsV* ls fudyk gS] ftldk fufgrkFkZ gS - ,slh ckr tks yksxksa dks og dke djus
ds fy, ck/; djrh gS tks mUgsa vkns'k :i esa fn;k tkrk gSA blds fofHkUu ladsrkFkZ gSaA
uhfr'kkL= ds {ks= esa] ;g O;fDr dks mlds dÙkZO; crkrk gS] tks og vius ckSf)d Kku
ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa Lohdkj djrk gSA U;k;'kkL= ds {ks= esa] yksxksa dk thou dkuwu }kjk
fu;fer gksrk gSA vkSj jktuhfr dh nqfu;k esa] O;fDr fdlh izkf/kdkj ds v/khu jgus o
mldk vkns'k ikyu djus dks ck/; gSA ;g vke le>nkjh dh lwfDr ij vk/kkfjr gksrk
gSA fu"d"kZ ;g fudyrk gS fd jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk ekeyk izkf/kdkj dh izÑfr ls
lacaf/kr ekeyksa ij fuHkZj gksrk gS] tks vius igyw esa vkerkSj ij vf/kdkjksa] dkuwuksa] o
jktuhfrd laxBu dh iwjh nqfu;k leks;s j[krk gSA
16-4 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds y{k.k

jktuhfrd nkf;Ro] bl izdkj] ,d Ýse gS ftlds ek/;e ls yksx ^îzkf/kÑr O;fDr**
laca/kh Hkwfedkvksa ds vkns'kksa dks ekurs gSaA ;s gSa %
• jktdh; ekeyksa dk izca/ku
• jktuhfrd oS/krk
• izkf/kdkj dk izfrjks/k
bu y{k.kksa dk v/;;u gesa jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dks vkSj Li"V :i ls le>us esa enn
djsxkA
16
16-- 4 - 1 jktdh; ekeyksa dk izca/ku
fdlh Hkh ljdkj dks pykus dh dyk dksbZ vklku ugha gSA ;g ,d nq"dj ,oa O;kid
dk;Z gS vkSj fdlh Hkh x+yr vFkok =qfViw.kZ uhfr-fu/kkZj.k ds xaHkhj ifj.kke Hkqxrus iM+
ldrs gSaA blds foijhr turk ds fy, ljdkj }kjk fy;k x;k ,d ldkjkRed vkSj
lgh dne fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl gsrq vPNs ifj.kke yk;sxkA bl izdkj] ;g gj
vUrfoZosd'khy O;fDr dk dÙkZO; gS fd jktdh; ekeyksa] ljdkjh uhfr;ksa o jktuhfrd
leL;kvksa ds izca/ku esa xgjh #fp ysA ;g vU;ksU;fØ;k tu-dY;k.k ds fy, gksxhA
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro] bl izdkj] bZekunkjh] lR;fu"Bk o tuLQwfrZ dk vkg~oku djrk gS]
ljdkj dh vksj ls Hkh vkSj turk dh vksj ls HkhA
16
16-- 4 - 2 jktuhfrd oS/krk
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh vo/kkj.kk laca/kh v/;;u vko';d :i ls jktuhfrd oS/krk vkSj
izHkkfork ls lac) fo"k; ds vUos"k.k dh vksj izo`Ùk djrk gSA fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=d
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh fLFkjrk u flQ+Z vkfFkZd fodkl ij fuHkZj djrh gS] cfYd mldh
oS/krk ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSA oS/krk esa ,d fo'okl dks iSnk djus vkSj dk;e j[kus dh
{kerk 'kkfey gksrh gS] oks ;g fd fo|eku jktuhfrd laLFkk,¡ vFkok laxBu lekt ds
fy, lokZf/kd mfpr gSa] vkSj bldks yksdsPNk ij fuHkZj dgk tkrk gSA izHkkfork] nwljh
vksj] bl ckr ls tk¡ph tkrh gS fd dksbZ O;oLFkk ljdkj ds cqfu;knh dkeksa dks fdruh
34 vPNh rjg ls djrh gS] ;g tulk/kkj.k dh izfrfØ;k ls ekik tkrk gSA
16
16-- 4 - 3 izkf/kdkj dk izfrjks/k jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
Øka f r
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh /kkj.kk u flQ+Z yksxksa dks izkf/kdkj dk vkKkikyu crkrh gS] oju~
izkf/kdkj iz;ksx ds rjhds ds ckjs esa muls fNnzkUos"k.k (crtical) dh Hkh vis{kk djrh gSA
iztk dks vius 'kkldksa dh dk;Zokgh dks ckjhdh ls tk¡puk pkfg, vkSj viuh Lora=rkvksa
ij geys dk fojks/k djuk pkfg,A bl izdkj] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh /kkj.kk esa izkf/kdkj
ds izfrjks/k dh /kkj.kk Hkh 'kkfey gSA ijUrq oLrqr%] jkT; ds f[kykQ+ fojks/k-izn'kZu
'kfrZ;k lekt-dY;k.k ds fdlh dFku ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg,] tks tulk/kkj.k ds
fy, Li"V gks vkSj voKk ds ifj.kke jkT;-O;oLFkk iwjh rjg Hkax gks tkus dks izo`Ùk u
djsaA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
1½ jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA blds fof'k"V y{k.k D;k gSa\
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16-5 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds fofHkUu fl)kar

jktuhfrd nkf;Ro fo"k;d vusd fl)kar izfrikfnr fd, x, gSaA ;s fl)kar jktuhfrd
nkf;Ro laca/kh vo/kkj.kk ds ihNs gq, vuqeksnuksa dh Js.kh dks Li"V djrs gSaA
16
16-- 5 - 1 nSoh fl)kar % vkLFkk esa vuqeksnu
;g fl)kar lcls iqjkus fl)karksa esa ls ,d gS] tks jkT; ds iz'kkld ds izfr vkKkikyu
ds dkj.k dks Li"V djrk gSA bldk fufgrkFkZ Fkk fd 'kkld us viuk izkf/kdkj bZ'oj
ls lh/ks izkIr fd;k gSA vr%] iztk dks ,d nq"V 'kkld ds f[kykQ Hkh fonzksg djus dk
vf/kdkj ugha gSa] rnuqlkj] yksx jktk ds izkf/kdkj dk vkKkikyu djus dks /kkfeZd
fu"ks/kkKk }kjk ck/; gSaA ^jktkvksa ds bZ'ojh; vf/kdkj* laca/kh ;g /kkj.kk iwjs e/;dky
esa O;kIr jghA cgjgky] vk/kqfud dky esa u, Kku ds vkxeu ds lkFk gh blus viuk
egÙo [kks fn;kA
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds nSoh fl)kar dh vkykspuk
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro laca/kh nSoh fl)kar dks xzksfV;l] gkWCl] ykWd tSls izfrf"Br fopkjdksa
dh vksj ls vR;ar dVq vkykspuk >syuh iM+h] ftUgksaus mlds ijkHkkSfrdh; (meta
physical) vk/kkjokD;ksa dks fujLr dj fn;k vkSj jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk lzksr yksxksa dh
lgefr esa ryk'kkA tc /keZfujis{kokn c<+us ds dkj.k ppZ vyx gks x,] ykSfdd 35
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj 'kfDr;k¡ vykSfdd 'kfDr;ksa dh rqyuk esa loksZifj gks xb±A gkyk¡fd] yksdra= ds fodkl
oS / krk us bl fl)kar dh fu;fr r; dj nhA ;gk¡ rd fd nkf;Ro ds vU; ijkHkkSfrdh;
vk/kkj] tSls Q+kflT+e ;k lkE;okn] tks fdlh usrk] oxZ vFkok ikVhZ ds ,sfrgkfld nkSR;
(mission) dk;Z ij vk/kkfjr Fks] Hkh foKku ls dksbZ leFkZu u ik ldsA os mlh izdkj dh
/kkfeZd O;oLFkk okys Fks] tSls fd nSoh vf/kdkj fl)karA bl izdkj] nSoh fl)kar us
vk/kqfud dky esa viuk iwjk vkd"kZ.k [kks fn;kA
16-5-2 lgefr@lafonk fl)kar % yksdsPNk (Will of the People) esa

vuq e ks n u
;|fi nkf;Ro ds vk/kkj :i esa lafonk vFkok lgefr dh /kkj.kk dkQ+h iqjkuh gS vkSj
izkphu fgUnw fopkj/kkjk esa Hkh ikbZ tkrh gS] ;g eq[;r% 16oha o 17oha 'krh ds ;wjksi esa
gqvk fd jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dks Li"V djus ds fy, vuqca/k ds Ñf=e fl)kar fodflr
fd, x,A bl fl)kar dh lqLi"V vfHkO;fDr FkkWel gkWCl vkSj tkWu ykWd ds ys[kksa esa
ik;h tkrh gSA mudk er gS fd tks euq"; izkÑr voLFkk esa jgrs Fks ,d vuqca/k esa vk
x,] ftlls jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj vfLrRo esa vk;k] tks iqu% turk dh lgefr ij
vk/kkfjr FkkA lkekftd vuqca/k dh /kkj.kk us] gkyk¡fd :lks ds ikl igq¡pdj ,d mPp
:i ls nk'kZfud :i ys fy;k] ftUgksaus ^^tujWy foy** esa jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds rF;
dks j[kkA bldk eryc Fkk fd euq"; ,d lH; lekt esa izos'k djus ds ckn egt
viuh Hkw[k ds vkosx dk nkl ugha jgk] cfYd og vke HkykbZ ¼;Fkk] yksd dY;k.k½ ds
dkuwu dk ikyu djus dks ck/; gks x;kA
bl izdkj] lkekftd lafonk fl)kar bl /kkj.kk dks lgh Bgjkrk gS fd 'kkld

izkf/kdj.k dks] ;fn mls fof/klaxr cuuk gS] vUrrksxRok ljdkj dh lgefr ij gh fVdk
gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ljdkj vuqca/k dh 'krks± dk mYya?ku djrh gS] rks yksxksa dks fojks/k
djus dk vf/kdkj gSA bl fl)kar dk fufgrkFkZ turk ds vf/kdkjksa o Lora=rkvksa dh
j{kk djus vkSj 'kkldksa ds euekusiu dks jksdus dh fn'kk esa jgk gSA
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds lgefr fl)kar laca/kh vkykspuk
;|fi l=goha vkSj vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa lafonk fl)kar ds [kqy [ksyus ds fnu Fks vkSj
vc Hkh ,d yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dk uSfrd vk/kkj rS;kj djus ds fygkt ls mldk
viuk gh egÙo gS] ;g dqN det+ksfj;ksa ls xzLr gSA ;g fl)kar jkT; dks ,d Ñf=e
laxBu cuk nsrk gSA lkFk gh] lgefr dk rÙo tSlk fd ,d izkDdkYifud (hypothetical)
izkÑr voLFkk esa fd, x, fdlh vuqca/k esa izfr"Bkfir Fkk] ;g dYiuk ek= ls vf/kd
dqN ugha Fkk tks fd fo|eku ih<+h nj fcYdqy Hkh ck/;dkjh ugha FkkA bl izdkj] yksx
bl nyhy ij ,d fonzksg-izn'kZu dh gn rd tk ldrs gSa fd os viuh LohÑfr dks
okil ys ldrs gSa] ;fn ljdkj us ,slk dksbZ dke fd;k gks tks ^^yksdsPNk** dk mYya?ku
djrk gksA ifj.kke ;g gqvk gS fd jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk fl)kar ,d fonzksg ds fl)kar
esa cny x;k gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds nSoh fl)kar dh D;k lhek,¡ gSa\
36
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Øka f r
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2½ lkekftd lafonk fl)kar dk eq[; y{k.k D;k gS\

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16
16-- 5 - 3 funsZ'kkRed fl)kar % LFkkfir ifjikfV;ksa o ijEijkvksa
ds lEeku esa vuqeksnu
bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj vkSj mldk lEeku ^^fjokt+h vf/kdkjksa** ds
fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gSA izkf/kdkj fof/klaxr gksrk gS] ;fn og yEcs le; ls pys vk jgs
fjokt+ vFkok ijEijk }kjk vuqeksfnr gSA yksx vius 'kkldksa dk vkKkikyu djrs gSa
D;ksafd vkKkikyu-laca/kh okLrfodrk ,d lqLFkkfir ifjikVh dk :i ys pqdh gSA
ijEijkoknh tu jkT; dks o"kks± esa tkdj rS;kj gq, ,d mRÑ"V izk/kkj ds :i esa ns[krs
gSa] tks ,d fooknkLin fgr-larqyu dks n'kkZrk gSA jkT; tSlh laLFkk,¡ Øfed :i ls
fodflr gksrh gSa vkSj /khjs-/khjs ifjorZu ds izfr vuqdwfyr gks tkrh gS( bl izdkj] ;g
dÙkZO; curk gS fd dsoy Øfed 'kkfUriw.kZ ifjorZu gsrq dke djrs le; jkT; izkf/kdkj
dks Lohdkj fd;k tk, vkSj mldk vkKkikyu fd;k tk,A jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj laca/
kh bl :f<+oknh fl)kar dh gSxsy vius ys[kksa esa vfHkiq"Vh djrs gSa] tks ;g ekurs gSa fd
uSfrdrk dh /kkj.kk,¡ jkT; ds jhfr-fjokt+ksa ,oa laLFkkvksa esa fodflr gksrh gSaA vkSj] pw¡fd
bl izfØ;k esa vfUre pj.k orZeku LFkkfir O;oLFkk gh gS] bls gekjk vkKkikyu izkIr
djus dk vf/kdkj gSA blds vfrfjDr] pw¡fd jkT; gh ,d yEcs le; esa fodflr vkSj
izFkkxr uSfrdrk gS] ;g gj O;fDr dk Q+t+Z curk gS fd og ml dke dks djs ftldh
jkT; mlls vis{kk djrk gSA
cd :f<+okn ds lcls izfl) izoDrkvksa esa ,d gSa] ftudk er gS fd euq"; ds fy, jhfr-
fjokt+ksa o ijEijkvksa dk iwjh rjg fujknj djuk cqf)ekuh ugha gSA jktuhfrd nkf;Ro
dh okLrfodrk ijEijk dks vVy lEeku fn, tkus esa fufgr gS] tks fd ,d ijeikou
dk;Z gSA bl izdkj] mUgksaus vesfjdh mifuos'kdksa ds fonzksg dk leFkZu fd;k] tks vaxzst+ksa
ds ikjEifjd vf/kdkjksa ds i{k esa Fkk] ijUrq Ýkalhlh Økafr dk fojks/k fd;k D;ksafd og
^^jk"Vªh; ijEijkvksa ls i`FkDr** O;fDr ds nqcksZ/k vf/kdkjksa }kjk izsfjr FkhA
37
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj izksQ+slj ,e- vksD'kkSV nkf;Ro-laca/kh ijEijkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds ,d ledkyhu leFkZd
oS / krk gSaA muds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd dk;Zokfg;k¡ dHkh Hkh ijEijkxr ds flok vkSj dqN ugha
gks ldrha D;ksafd jktuhfrd fopkj jktuhfr xfrfof/k ls igys vk gh ugha ldrkA
jktuhfr ,d dkS'ky gS] tks vH;kl ls lh[kk tkrk gS u fd lS)kafrd lw=ksa vFkok
i)fr;ksa ds ek/;e lsA bl izdkj] ge tc dHkh Hkh nwljs yksxksa dh jktuhfr dks iwjh
rjg ls le>us dk iz;kl djrs gSa] rks og ges'kk gekjs vius rkusckus ds Hkhrj gh
gksrk gSA
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro la c a / kh funs Z ' kkRed fl)ka r dh vkyks p uk
vU; ifjdYiukvksa dh rjg funsZ'kkRed fl)kar dh Hkh viuh det+ksfj;k¡ gSaA jktuhfrd
nkf;Ro dk lzksr flQ+Z lqLFkkfir izFkkvksa dks vknj nsus esa gh ugha] cfYd] mUgsa lekIr
djus esa Hkh fufgr gSA yksx cnyko pkgrs gSa vkSj tc dHkh mudh vk'kk,¡ dqafBr gksrh
gSa rks os Økafr dk ekxZ viuk ysrs gSAa vksD'kkSV dh bl vk/kkj ij fo'ks"k :i ls vkykspuk
gqbZ gS fd og Økafr dks Hkh vrhr ls tqM+k ,d vuqHko ekurs gSa vkSj mlds }kjk] mls
,d fo'kq) :f<+oknh fo"k; cuk nsrs gSaA bldk eryc ;g gS fd bl fl)kar ds
vk[;krk vÝhdh ns'kksa ds uhxzks yksxksa dks Hkh ;g lykg nsaxs fd os iztkrh; HksnHkko
dkuwuksa dks ^fof/klaxr* ds :i esa Lohdkj dj ysa D;ksafd os ^jkT; dh lqLFkkfir
ijEijkvksa* ij vk/kkfjr gSaA cgjgky] ;g ckr lPpkbZ ls nwj gSA oLrqr% yksx flQ+Z
viuh ijEijk,¡ ogha rd fuHkkrs gSa] tgk¡ rd fd mudh mi;ksfxrk gksrh gS vkSj tc
mudh mi;ksfxrk ugha jgrh rks os mUgsa lekIr dj nsrs gSaA
16
16-- 5 - 4 vkn'kZoknh fl)kar % euq"; dh ;qfDr;qDrrk (Rationality)
esa vuqeksnu
vkn'kZoknh tu jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk lzksr euq"; dh vUrtkZr ckSf)drk esa [kkstrs gSaA
euq"; dks ,d ^jktuhfrd vkSj cqf)lEiUu tho* ekuk tkrk gS vkSj jkT; dks ,d lexz
lekt ds rn~:i ^vkRe-lUrq"Vdkjh leqnk;*] tSls fd O;fDr vkSj lekt ds chp dksbZ
oSijhR; gh u gksA ifj.kkeLo:i] dksbZ O;fDr ek= jkT; ds vkns'k dks ekudj Hkh lekt
esa ;FkklaHko Js"B fodkl dk iz;kl dj ldrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk lzksr jkT; ds vkKkikyu esa fufgr gSA IySVks vkSj
vjLrw nksuksa dk nkok gS fd blesa lekfo"V jkT; vkSj O;fDrtu ^,d tSfod lef"V dk
fuekZ.k djrs gSa*A bl izdkj dh LohdkjksfDr gSxsy dh vksj ls lcls vPNh vfHkO;fDr
ikrh gS] tks O;fDr dh Lora=rk dks jkT; ds lEiw.kZ vkKkikyu ls vfHkUu le>rs gSaA
xzhu Hkh dgrs gSa fd jktuhfrd nkf;Ro laca/kh fopkj uSfrd nkf;Ro ds fo"k; ls tqM+k
gSA mudk lq>ko gS fd dsoy mUgha dk;ks± dks nkf;Ro cuk;k tkuk pkfg, tks fd ,d
uSfrd lk/; ds lsokFkZ fd, tkrs gSaA
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds vkn'kZoknh fl)kar laca/kh vkykspuk
vkn'kZoknh fl)karksa dh bl vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dh xbZ gS fd os cgqr xw<+ gSaA og
lkekU; ckrksa dks ,d vfr nk'kZfud vFkok ijkHkkSfrdh; :i esa j[krk gS tks ,d vkSlr
tkudkjh j[kus okys O;fDr dh le> ls ckgj gksrk gSA lkFk gh] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh
/kkj.kk u flQ+Z jkT; ds izfr O;fDr ds vkKkikyu ls lacaf/kr gS] oju~ jktuhfrd
izkf/kdkj ds nq"iz;ksx dk fojks/k djus laca/kh vf/kdkj ls Hkh vfHkUu :i ls tqM+h gSA
vkn'kZoknh tu ugha pkgrs fd jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds muds fl)kar esa fojks/k djus ds
38
vf/kdkj dks 'kkfey fd;k tk,A ;fn xzhu vkSj ckslkad us dqN viokn fLFkfr;ksa esa jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
vf/kdkj dks ekU;rk Hkh nh gS] rks mudk izfriknu vLi"V o vfuf'pr gS vkSj vaxzst+h Øka f r
mnkjokn ds cks> ls ihNk NqM+kus esa foQy jgk gSA =hR'kds rks ;gk¡ rd dgrs gSa fd
>qdks vkSj jkT; dh iwtk djksA bl izdkj] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh /kkj.kk
izkf/kdkj laca/kh vU/kHkfDr ds O;kns'k (injunction) esa cny tkrh gSA
16
16-- 5 - 5 ekDlZoknh fl)kar % jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk lkekftd nkf;Ro
esa vUR; (eventual) :ikUrj.k
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk ekDlZoknh fl)kar bl fo"k; ij vU; fl)karksa ls ewyr% fHkUu
gSA ;g Økafr-iwoZ pj.k esa jktuhfrd nkf;Roghurk ds izdj.k dks] Økafrdkjh pj.k esa
lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dks vkSj Økafr-i'pkr~ pj.k esa lkekftd nkf;Ro esa mlds
laHkkfor dk;karj.k dks vuqefr nsrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk ekeyk
izkf/kdkj ds y{k.k ds lkFk vfHkUu :i ls tqM+k gSA ekDlZoknh jktuhfr-fl)kar esa] jkT;
dk o.kZu iw¡thoknh lekt esa ,d ^cqtqZvk laLFkk* ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ
gS fd ,d lQy Økafr ds ckn] dkexkj oxZ lÙkk ds lk/ku vius gkFkksa esa j[krk gS]
rkfd lektoknh O;oLFkk dks bl rjg ls lesfdr dj lds fd lektokn ds vafre
pj.k esa mlds ^gzkl* dh rS;kjh gksA ekDlZokn ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds
vUrxZr vkrs gSa & iw¡thokn ds ;qx esa ûx.; jkT;* ds ekeys] ^loZgkjk oxZ dh
rkuk'kkgh* ds dky esa û, jkT;*] vkSj êq[; jkT;* tc ôxZjfgr* lekt lkekftd
vfLrRo ds ^jkT;ghu* izfr:i esa viuh ijkdk"Bk ikrk gSA
jktuhfr vkSj mlds lkFk jktuhfrd nkf;Ro-laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar dk vkjEHk-fcUnq

gS & ^lexz lekt ds U;klh] lk/ku] vFkok vfHkdÙkkZ ds :i esa jkT; ds bl n`f"Vdks.k
dk mlds }kjk lqLi"V vLohdj.k*A jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk ekeyk rc mBrk gS tc
Økafr ds ckn û;k jkT;* vfLrRo esa vkrk gSA bl fl)kar esa x+kSjryc ckr ;g gS fd
iw¡thoknh lekt esa tks oftZr gksrk gS] og lektoknh O;oLFkk esa fofgr gksrk gSA u flQ+Z
;gh] cqfu;knh Qsj-cny Hkh gksrs gSa tks jkT; ds fdlh Hkh fojks/k dks iwjh rjg fuf"k)
djrs gSaA ekDlZokfn;ksa dk dke gS jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh /kkj.kk dks LFkk;h Økafr ds
vkns'kksa ds cfuLir de egÙo nsukA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro-laca/kh /kkj.kk dk
vfLrRo lektokn ds vafre pj.k ¼lkE;okn dgk tkus okyk½ esa jkT; ds det+ksj iM+us
ds lkFk gh lekIr gks tkrk gS vkSj vafre :i ls lkekftd nkf;Ro ds O;kns'k esa cny
tkrk gSA bl izdkj] lekt Lora= vkSj leku mRikndksa ds lkgp;ks± ls feydj curk
gS] tks ,d loZekU; vkSj ;qfDr;qDr ;kstuk ij tkudkjhiwoZd vey djrk gSA
jktuhfrd nkf;Ro laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar dh vkykspuk
ekDlZoknh fl)kar dk vkykspukRed v/;;u ;g n'kkZrk gS fd og jktuhfrd nkf;Ro

dh leL;k dk ftl izdkj foospu djrk gS] og okLrfod ifjizs{; ls dkQ+h nwj gSA
iw¡thoknh pj.k esa ftldh t+ksjnkj odkyr dh tkrh gS] ogh lkekftd fodkl ds
vkxkeh pj.k esa n`<+rk ls Bqdjk fn;k tkrk gSA mu yksxksa dks] tks ê/;oxhZ; lekt*
dh voKk gsrq izsfjr fd, tkrs gSa] bl ubZ lkekftd O;oLFkk ds mn~?kkVu i'pkr~ jkT;
dk drbZ vkKkikyu u djus dk vkns'k fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj] ekDlZ ij ek=
lehphurk (expediency) ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd nkf;Ro laca/kh fl)kar dks tUe nsus
dk vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj og ml Lora= O;fDr dh mis{kk djrs gSa] ftlds flQ+Z
vuqHko dks gh jkT; ds dkuwuksa dk mlds }kjk vkKkikyu fd, tkus dks r; fd, tkus
39
esa LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj Ckks/k iz'u 1
oS / krk
1½ jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk vkn'kZoknh fl)kar D;k gS\
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2½ jktuhfrd nkf;Ro-laca/kh ekDlZoknh fl)kar dh D;k lhek,¡ gSa\

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16-6 jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dk ewY;kadu

,d lgh vFkZ esa] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro-laca/kh /kkj.kk dksbZ jktuhfrd ugha cfYd ,d
uSfrd fo"k; gSA rFkkfi] uSfrdrk dk ekin.M le;-le; ij] LFkku-LFkku ij vkSj
tu-tu ds fy, fHkUu-fHkUu gksrk gSA jktuhfrd nkf;Ro ds vk;ke Hkh cnyrs gSa vkSj
blh izdkj] tu-fojks/k ds O;kns'k Hkh fHkUu-fHkUu gksrs gSaA jkT; U;k; ifj.kkeksa dk ,d
vko';d lk/ku gS vkSj ;fn og ;g dke ,d O;kid loZlEefr ds vk/kkj ij djrk
gS] rks ,d izdkj dh lafonkRed le> iSnk gksrh gS fd tks dqN jkT; U;k; o dY;k.k
dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, djrk gS] ge mlds cnys esa mldk vkKkikyu djus dk
opu nsaA
16-7 Økafr % izÑfr vkSj fufgrkFkZ

Økafr-laca/kh fopkj esa u flQ+Z jktuhfrd] cfYd ekuo thou ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd o
lkaLÑfrd vk;ke Hkh vkrs gSaA bl 'kCn dh ,d lVhd ifjHkk"kk esa ifjorZu ds fufgrkFkZ
fo"k;d fofHkUu 'kk[kk foLrkj gSa] og pkgs 'kkafriw.kZ gks vFkok fgald] lexz gksa vFkok
vkaf'kd] NksVk gks ;k cM+kA jktuhfr-fl)kar esa] lac) laLFkkvksa ,oa izk/kkjksa esa ifjorZu
ds lkFk-lkFk ljdkj esa Qsjcny dk ,d fof'k"V ladsrkFkZ dk Hkh LFkku gksrk gSA vius
ewy vFkZ es]a ^blesa-LFkkfir jktuhfrd vkSj iwoZ-O;oLFkk vkSj mlls cqfu;knh :i ls fHkUu
40 ,d ubZ O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dks pqukSrh 'kkfey gksrh gSA*
bl vfHkiqf"V ds lkFk fd tgk¡ fonzksg o Økafr nksuksa orZeku O;oLFkk esa ,d vkdfLed] jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
>Vds ls vkSj egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZu dk ladsr nsrs gSa] vkSj iwoZorhZ ijorhZ dh Hkk¡fr ^xgu Øka f r
ifjorZu* dh /kkj.kk dks lekfo"V ugha djrk] nksuksa ds chp Hksn dh ,d lhekjs[kk [khaph
tk ldrh gSA ,d vkdfLed] cM+k vkSj xgu ifjorZu ykus esa iz;qDr lk/ku fo'kq)
laoS/kkfud vFkok vfgalkRed ls ysdj iwjh rjg fgalkRed vkSj mxzoknh rd gks ldrs
gSaA tc dksbZ Økafr fdlh Økafr ds ifj.kkeksa dks fcxkM+ nsus ds fy, gksrh gS rks ^îzfr-
Økafr** dh vo/kkj.kk tUe ysrh gS( mnkgj.k ds fy,] phuh lkE;oknh ikVhZ us 1927 esa
,d Økafr dh vkSj fp;kax ds-'ksd ds v/khu ^jk"Vªokfn;ksa* }kjk mlds neu dks ,d îzfr
Økafr* dk uke fn;k x;kA bl izdkj] ,d Økafr fuf'pr :i ls v/khurk ds izk/kkj dks
cny Mkyus ij vfHkyf{kr gksrh gSA
16.8 Økafr ds y{k.k

;g lR; gS fd fo'o ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa vusd Økafr;k¡ gqbZ gSa] fQj Hkh Økafr dk dksbZ
mís'; vkSj vke izfreku LFkkfir djuk vFkok lHkh dkyksa esa iz;ksT; dksbZ mi;qDr
ifjHkk"kk djuk vlaHko gSA vr,o gesa viuk /;ku Økafr ds fufgrkFkZ vkSj lkekU;
y{k.kksa ij yxkuk pkfg,] rkfd bl vo/kkj.kk-fo'ks"k dh ,d csgrj le> j[k ldsaA ;s
gSa %
• ,d izfØ;k dk vkjEHk
• ,d ifjorZu dk ladsr
• ,d lqlaxr ;kstuk dh lwpuk
• jktuhfrd usr`Ro dk dfYir egÙoA
16
16-- 8 - 1 ,d izfØ;k dk izkjEHk
Økafr ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS ftlesa fdlh jkT; }kjk viukbZ xbZ jktuhfrd fn'kk dh ;k
rks lEiw.kZ turk vFkok mlds fdlh ,d [kkl fgLls dh ut+j esa mÙkjksÙkj vfo'okluh;rk
iSnk gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj dh izfØ;k fdlh Økafrdkjh ?kVuk vFkok vU; xfrfof/k;ksa
esa ijkdk"Bk ij igq¡p ldrh gS] ;Fkk HkM+kl fudkyuk] gks-gYyk djuk] v'kkfUr QSykuk
vFkok vf/kd 'kfDr'kkyh lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx dj ljdkj cny MkyukA
16
16-- 8 - 2 ,d ifjorZu dk |ksru
tc izfØ;k 'kq: gks tkrh gS] Økafr l'kL= cyksa ds iz;ksx vFkok mlds iz;ksx dh fo'okl
djus ;ksX; /kedh }kjk ,d Li"V :i ls lhekafdr le;-fcanq ij LFkkfir O;oLFkk]
vFkok ljdkj ds ifjorZu dk ladsr djrh gSA blds vykok] ;g ifjorZu vkdfLed]
u fd Øfed gksuk pkfg,A ;gk¡] egt izkf/kdkj dk ifjR;kx gh dkQ+h ugha gSA orZeku
izkf/kdj.k ôS/krk* jfgr gks tkus ds dkj.k mldh txg ,d u;k izkf/kdj.k vkuk pkfg,
tks ^bZekunkj* gksA tSls fd ;g izkf/kdj.k vO;oLFkk] fonzksg vFkok jktnzksg tSlh fdlh
xfrfof/k ls fHkUu gksA
16
16-- 8 - 3 ,d layf;r (Coherent) dk;ZØe dk vFkZ izdVu
Økafr fdlh jkT; ds jktuhfrd ;k lkekftd vFkok nksuksa funsZ'kksa esa ,d U;wukf/kd
laxr ifjorZu ;kstuk dk Hkh ladsr djrh gS] tks fd fdlh Økafrdkjh ?kVuk i'pkr~
41
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj lÙkk ifjorZu gks tkus ds ckn jktuhfrd usr`Ro }kjk izo`Ùk dh tkrh gSA Økafr ds fdlh
oS / krk Hkh izdkj esa - pkgs oks mnkjoknh gks] lkE;oknh gks] Økafrdkjhizk; gks] lhfer ;k vlhfer
gks] okLrfod ;k mi-Økafr gks] udkjkRed vFkok ldkjkRed igyqvksa ds lkFk - lHkh
dk;Zokgh o dk;ZØe dh ,d ?kuh fof/k-lafgrk dk ikyu djrs gSa] rkfd ;FkklaHko
vf/kd-ls-vf/kd okafNr ifj.kke ik ldsaA
16
16-- 8 - 4 jktuhfrd usr`Ro dh dfYir e;kZnk
Økafr fdlh Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ls tUes jktuhfrd usr`Ro dks ,d dfYir egÙo iznku
fd, tkus dh vksj Hkh b'kkjk djrh gS] ;Fkk jkT; dh tk;t+ ljdkj ds :i esa
vYikof/k egÙoA mnkgj.k ds fy,] 1922 esa bVyh esa Qklhokn vkSj 1933 esa teZuh
esa ukt+hokn ds mn~?kkVu dk Økafr;ksa ds :i esa Lokxr fd;k x;k] gkyk¡fd mUgksaus
mnkjoknh yksdra= dh fu;fr r; dj nhA bu ns'kksa ds bu jk"Vª-uk;dksa dh ^nsonwrksa*
ds :i esa iwtk dh xbZ vkSj yksxksa us ,d LosPNkpkjh 'kklu-O;oLFkk ds LFkku ij
laoS/kkfud ljdkj ykus ds fy, mRlkg fn[kk, cx+Sj rkuk'kkgh dk fodYi pqukA
16-9 Økafr % ,d ?kVukek= vFkok ,d ?kVukØe

Økafr egt LFkkfir O;oLFkk dks m[kkM+ Qsadus ls gh rkYyqd ugha j[krhA ;g leku
:i ls ,d ubZ O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk ls Hkh laca/k j[krh gSA bl izdkj] ;g egt ,d
?kVuk ugha] cfYd ?kVukvksa dk ,d flyflyk gSA ;g orZeku O;oLFkk dks pqukSrh fn,
tkus ls vkjaHk gksrh gS vkSj ,d ubZ O;oLFkk ykxw gksus rd pyrh jgrh gSA bu nksuksa
ckrksa ds chp tks gksrk gS mlesa Økafr dh voLFkk,¡ tUe ysrh gSaA ;s fofHkUu pj.k vFkok
?kVukØe uhps C;kSjsokj mfYyf[kr gSa %
• dksbZ Økafr rc 'kq: gksrh gS tc yksxksa dh vk'kk,¡ cgqr Å¡ph gksa vkSj cM+s usrkx.k
dqN T+;knk gh iw.kZrkoknh 'kCnkMEcj esa Mwcs gksaA ifj.kke îqjkus* ds LFkku ij û;k*
gksrk gSA
• nwljh voLFkk rc 'kq: gksrh gS tc lÙkk gfFk;k yh tkrh gS vkSj Økafrdkjh usrkvksa
ds lkeus 'kklu-laca/kh okLrfodrk,¡ vkrh gSaA ;gk¡ er-oSfo/; ns[kk tkrk gS] tks
ujeiafFk;ksa o mxziafFk;ksa dk Jsf.k-fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA rFkkfi] thr mu mxz
mUewyuokfn;ksa dh gh gksrh gS tks lÙkk vius gkFkksa esa dsfUnzr j[krs gSaA
• gj dher ij Økafrdkjh fopkjksa o y{;ksa dks pfjrkFkZ djus ds nqLlkglh iz;kl

fd, tkrs gSaA blls ,d ,slh izfrfØ;k dk [k+rjk mRiUu gksrk gS] tks ,d LokLF;-
ykHk vof/k dks vko';d cuk nsrh gSA
• blds ckn ,d eanh dh voLFkk vkrh gSA ukjkft+;ksa vkSj bLrhQ+ksa dk nkSj pyrk
gS tks fdlh rkuk'kkg dks mB [kM+k gksus ds fy, cgqr Qyn vk/kkj cukrk gSA
• vfUre voLFkk oks gS ftlesa Økafrdkjh izrhd /khjs-/khjs viuh idM+ [kks nsrs gSa vkSj
rkuk'kkgh ,d fuoZL= lÙkk ut+j vkrh gSA rc] tks m[kkM+ Qsadk x;k Fkk vkSj tks
yk;k x;k Fkk ds chp iqu% esy-feyki ds lkFk iquLFkkZiuk dh fn'kk esa ,d izo`fÙk
tUe ysrh gSA
42
Øka f r
1½ Økafr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;g fonzksg ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\
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2½ Økafr ds eq[; y{k.k fxuk,¡ vkSj mudk o.kZu djsaA

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16-10 Økafr ds fofHkUu fl)kar

Økafr ds vFkZ] izÑfr o dkj.kksa dks mtkxj djus ds fy, fofHkUu fl)kar lkeus vk, gSaA
ge ,sls gh pkj fl)karksa ij lw{e n`f"V Mkysaxs tks Økafr dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V djus
dk iz;kl djrs gSaA
16
16-- 10
10-- 1 mnkjoknh fl)kar
Økafr dk mnkjoknh fl)kar ifjorZu izfØ;k esa ;FkkiwoZ fLFkfr cuk, j[kus ij t+ksj nsrk
gSA dguk pkfg, fd ifjorZu cks/k lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd thou dh orZeku
voLFkk dks lqjf{kr j[krs gq, vkdfLed fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dk fopkj IySVks o
vjLrw ds jktuhfr-n'kZu esa Hkyh-Hkk¡fr izdV gksrk gSA Økafr ls IySVks dk vfHkizk; Fkk
,d vkn'kZ jkT; dh LFkkiukA vjLrw ds fy, Økafr dk fufgrkFkZ Fkk] fdlh nwljs }kjk
ljdkj dk :i-ifjorZu vFkok 'kkldksa ds izdkj esa cnyko] tks ,d Økafr ds cjkcj gksA
,d vk'kadk Hkko ls Økafr rd igq¡pus dh izo`fÙk vkSj bl izdkj] fo|eku O;oLFkk ds

lkFk lkeatL; esa ifjorZu ds fopkj dks tUe nsus dk iz;kl pyrk jgkA blds
vfrfjDr] tkWu feYVu us Økafr ds ekeys dks Lora=rk dk;e j[kus ls tksM+k vkSj ,slh
fLFkfr esa ,d ubZ ljdkj pquus rd dh ckr dgh] ;fn orZeku 'kkldx.k yksxksa dks
mudh Lora=rk ls oafpr djrs gksaA rFkkfi] Økafr ds vFkZ vkSj izÑfr laca/kh mnkjoknh
43
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj O;k[;k tkWu ykWd ds ikl vkdj ,d egÙoiw.kZ eksM+ ysrh gSA okLrfodrk ;g dk;e
oS / krk jgrh gS fd fdlh Hkh laHkkfor lhek rd ;FkkiwoZ fLFkfr laca/kh =k.k ds lkFk lkeatL;
esa ifjorZu djus dk ewyfl)kar iwjh rjg vR;Dr (undiscorded) jgrk gSA bl izdkj]
1688 dh bafXy'k Økafr vkSj 1789 dh Ýkalhlh Økafr ij ifjorZu-fojks/kh gksus dk vkjksi
yxk;k tkrk gSA
mnkjoknh fl)ka r dh vkyks p uk
bl fl)kar dh bl vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dh xbZ gS fd fopkjdksa us ,d Økafr-dk;Z ds

:i esa vrhr dh vksj ykSVus dks lgh Bgjkus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA ifj.kker%] Økafr ds
mnkjoknh fl)kar ij izfrfØ;kRed] ifjorZu-fojks/kh vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd izfr-Økafrdkjh
gksus dk nks"k yxk;k x;k gSA ;gk¡] Økafrdkfj;ksa us Lo;a dks êuq"; ds vf/kdkjksa* ds
uk;dksa ds :i esa ?kksf"kr fd;kA ijUrq ,sls fdUgha Hkh ekun.Mksa dk fo'ys"k.k ftuds }kjk
mUgksaus vius fl)karksa dks izHkkoh cuk;k] Li"V :i ls ;g n'kkZrk gS fd êuq"; ds
vf/kdkjksa* ls oLrqr% mudk rkRi;Z dqN yksxksa ds ,d lhfer oxZ ds vf/kdkjksa ls Fkk
ftuds ikl lekt esa mRiknu lk/ku FksA bl izdkj] mnkjoknh ijEijk ,d ckSf)d
Økafr Fkh tks fd eq[;r% vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa lEifÙk-/kkjdksa ds fgr esa pyk;h xbZ FkhA
16
16-- 10
10-- 2 ekDlZoknh fl)kar
ekDlZoknh fl)kar us ewy :i esa ^LFkk;h Økafr* dh /kkj.kk ij t+ksj fn;kA ekDlZokfn;ksa
dk er Fkk fd dksbZ lkekftd Økafr rc gksrh gS tc fo|eku mRiknu-laca/k mRiknu-
cyksa ds Hkkoh fodkl esa ,d ck/kk ds :i esa dke djrs gSaA bl izdkj] ekDlZ ds vuqlkj]
vkt rd gqbZ vk/kqfud ;qx dh izeq[k jktuhfrd Økafr;ksa dh O;k[;k ,sls nh?kkZof/k
lkekftd o vkfFkZd fodklksa ds ifj.kkeksa ds :i esa dh tkuh pkfg,] ftlesa vkfFkZd
'kks"k.k ds u, :i lkeus vk;saA muds vuqlkj] ^dksbZ jktuhfrd Økafr ml fLFkfr esa ,d
lkekftd Økafr gksrh gS tc mlesa lkekftd oxks± dk la?k"kZ 'kkfey gksA*
bl izdkj] ekDlZ ê/;oxhZ; Økafr* dks ekU;rk nsrs gSa ftlds }kjk ^lkeUrh jkT; dks
ml e/;oxZ }kjk m[kkM+ Qsadk tkrk gS tks mlh ds vUnj iuik gksrk gS] vkSj e/;oxhZ;
'kklu ds lk/ku ds :i esa ,d u, jkT; dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA* mudks mEehn Fkh
fd ,d yksdrkaf=d :i ls mUur ns'k ¼tSls baXyS.M] gkWyS.M] Ýkal vkSj vesfjdk½ esa
lektoknh Økafr êr-isVh ;q)* ds ek/;e ls gks ldrh gSA dqy feykdj] cgjgky]
ekDlZoknh fl)kar dk ot+u fgalkRed rjhds iz;ksx djus ij gh gSA flQ+Z ;gh ugha] og
bl lEHkkouk ij Hkh fopkj djrk gS fd /kkj.kk,¡] vkLFkk,¡] nks"kflf);k¡] jhfr-fjokt+ vkSj
yksdthou ds rkSj-rjhds cnyrs gSa rkfd mudk lektoknh O;oLFkk ds ekun.Mksa ds
lkFk rkyesy fcBk;k tk ldsA bl izdkj] ^lkaLÑfrd Økafr* 'kq: dh tkrh gS rkfd
yksxksa dk cykr~ er ifjorZu fd;k tk ldsA
Økafr dh izfØ;k ;gk¡ Hkh ugha FkerhA ;g ,d LFkk;h dkjksckj gS] tks ^jkT;ghu lekt*
ds vfUre pj.k dh vksj vkg~oku djrk gSA bldk fufgrkFkZ ^Økafr fu;kZr* Hkh gS]
ftldk eryc gS vUrjjk"Vªh; lektoknA dE;qfuLV ?kks"k.kki= izcks/ku ds bu 'kCnksa ds
lkFk [kRe gksrk gS % ^lHkh ns'kksa ds et+nwj ,d gksaA rqEgkjs ikl [kksus ds fy, csfM+;ksa ds
flok dqN Hkh ugha gSA rqEgkjs ikl thrus ds fy, lalkj gSA*
44
ekDlZ o knh fl)ka r dh vkyks p uk jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
Øka f r
bl fl)kar ds f[kykQ+ vfHkyf{kr ,d izeq[k vkykspuk ;g gS fd ;g ^lektoknh
Økafr* gks tkus ds ckn #d tkrk gSA Økafr dk ewy :i ls vFkZ gksrk gS csgrjh ds fy,
cnykoA ijUrq ,d lektoknh jkT; esa ;g ,d otZuk gSA izfri{k dk neu fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj yksxksa ij ncko tkrk gS fd os vius vkidks cnysa] tks fd t+:jh ugha fd
csgrjh gsrq cnyko ds cjkcj gh gksA bl izdkj] ekDlZ dk n`f"Vdks.k ifjlhfer dgk tk
ldrk gSA
bl fl)kar esa ,d vkSj det+ksjh ;g gS fd Økafrdkjh jktuhfrd dk;Zokgh vkSj ekDlZ

ds lkekftd-vkfFkZd fodkl laca/kh vke fl)kar ds chp lgh laca/k vk'kktud :i ls
vfuf'pr vFkkZRed gSA ;g oxZ-la?k"kZ ds foo/kZu (elaboration) ij [kM+k gksrk gSA ;g
fl)kar leL;kewyd gS D;ksafd fopkjdksa ds chp ge fookn ikrs gSaA tgk¡ =ksRldh us
^Økafr fu;kZr* dh bPNk dh] LVkfyu us ,d ns'k êsa lektokn* dk ukjk fn;kA Øq'kpso
us iw¡thoknh jkT; ds lkFk 'kkafriw.kZ lgvfLrRo ds fl)kar dh jV yxkbZA
16
16-- 10
10-- 3 uo-mnkjoknh fl)kar
uo-mnkjoknh fopkjdksa ds vuqlkj Økafr dk vFkZ ,d fHkUu ladsr nsrk gS vkSj blhfy,]
blds dkj.k vdsys vFkZ'kkL= ds {ks= esa ugha <w¡<s tk ldrsA bl lanHkZ esa vusd
n`f"Vdks.k mHkjs gSa] lHkh ;gh rF; lkeus j[krs gSa fd Økafr;k¡ ekuo lekt-fo"k;d
fgald minzo gSa] tks ,d 'kkld xqV dks ,sls nwljs xqV }kjk gVk;s tkus dk dkj.k curs
gSa] tks ,d vf/kd O;kid tuleFkZuk/kkj j[krk gSA ,sfrgkfld rF; n'kkZrs gSa fd ^ôxZ-
psruk** tSlk dqN Hkh u j[kus okys yksx viuh fu;fr dks cnyus ds fy, fonzksg gsrq
mB [kM+s gksrs gSAa bl izdkj] dksbZ Økafr ,d vpkud izknqHkkZo (outbreak) dh ctk; ,d
xgjs tM+ idM+h vkSj /khjs-/khjs fodflr gksrh jktuhfrd o lkekftd dq-jpukvksa dk
ifj.kke fn[kkbZ iM+x s hA rFkkfi] vfUre pj.k es]a os vkdfLed vkSj fgald gks tkrh gSAa
Økafr ds dkj.k ij euksfoKku ds vk/kkj:i n`f"Vdks.k ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA MsfoM lh-
okRt+Z us yksxksa dh mnklhurk dks ,d dkjd ds :i esa Li"V fd;k] ftls ^'k=qdj.k*
(alienation) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij] mUgksaus ,d ^lR;kHkklh fl)kar*
(plausible theory) rS;kj fd;k] ftlesa 'kq: esa }S/ko`fÙk (ambialence) gksrh gS tks ^fookn*
dh vksj pyrh gS] rnksijkar ^foosdiw.kZ laxfr* ij igq¡prh gS vkSj vUrr% ^lkeUtL;*
ijA jktuhfr ls okilh ,d [k+rjukd ladsr gS] D;ksafd og O;oLFkk ds izfr mnklhurk
dk Hkko iSnk djrh gS vkSj ifj.kke gksrk gS] tukØks'k dk QwVukA
uo -mnkjoknh fl)ka r dh vkyks p uk
orZeku 'krkCnh ds u, mnkjoknh fopkjdksa us ,d rjhds ls ekDlZ dk gh vuqlj.k djus
dk iz;kl fd;k gS] tgk¡ rd fd mUgksaus lÙkk gfFk;kus esa cyiz;ksx ij t+ksj fn;k gS]
vkSj mldks Bqdjk;k Hkh gS tgk¡ rd fd og viuk /;ku dsoy oxZ-la?k"kZ ds ekun.Mksa
rd gh lhfer j[k ldrs gSAa blus fofHkUu ladrs nsrh Økafr ds vFkZ dh vksj izoÙ` k fd;k gSA
dksbZ Økafr flQ+Z ,d ?kVukek= ugha gksrh] tSlk fd mnkjoknh fopkjdksa }kjk dgk x;k]
ftlesa ,d oxZ nwljs dks gVk nsrk gS vkSj lÙkk gfFk;k ysrk gSA oLrqr%] fQj Hkh] ,slk
gS fd ;g bfrgkl ds ,d dky-fo'ks"k ls Hkh laca/k j[krh gS tks le; dh ,d fopkj.kh;
voLFkk rd foLrh.kZ rks gksrh gS] ijUrq fuf'pr :i ls izeq[k ^lkekftd o oSpkfjd
ifjorZu* }kjk igpkuk tkrk gSA 45
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj 16
16-- 10
10-- 4 vkn'kZoknh mnkjoknh fl)kar
oS / krk
vkn'kZoknh-mnkjoknh fl)kar ,d uSfrd] vk/;kfRed vkSj lkaLÑfrd mFky-iqFky ij
t+ksj nsrk gS] ftlds ek/;e ls yksxksa dk dksbZ lewg vius vfLrRo gsrq ,d u;k vk/kkj
LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA ;fn ,slk gS] rks dksbZ Økafr egt ,d jktuhfrd
izfØ;k ugha gksrh] oju~ ekuoh; laHkkO;rk izdVu dk ,d fgLlk gksrh gSA ,d mPp
uSfrd /;s; dh vksj fn'kk-funsZf'kr ,d izeq[k ,sfrgkfld egÙookyh ?kVuk bl O;k[;k
ds vuqlkj ,d Økafr gksrh gSA
bl izdkj ds vfHkfoU;kl (orientation) dks gSxsy dh vksj ls izHkko'kkyh vfHkO;fDr

feyh gSA muds vuqlkj] ;gh oks ^dkj.k* gS tks Øe-fodkl esa ,d fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk
fuHkkrk gSA iz;kstu ,d i{k gksrk gS] mlesa ,d fookn dk rÙo iuirk gS] ftls mldk
îzfri{k* dgk tk ldrk gSA bu nksuksa ds chp la?k"kZ ^li{k* ds mn~xeu dh vksj izo`Ùk
djrk gS] ftlesa i{k vkSj izfri{k nksuksa dk feJ.k gksrk gS] rFkk fodkl dh ,d mPp
voLFkk dks n'kkZrk gS - ,d ,slh voLFkk tks ,d vU; mPp voLFkk dh vksj izo`Ùk djsxh
vkSj bl izdkj] ifjorZu izfØ;k pyrh jgsxhA dksbZ Økafr] blh dkj.k] }U}-U;k;
dkuwuksa dh lafØ;k ds dkj.k gh gksrh gS] ftlesa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk mRlkg izo.krk
¼lkgl½ dh gksrh gSA bl izdkj] ;g ml izfØ;k ds fy, dqN [kkl cu tkrk gS ftlesa
vkn'kZ:i ls ;qfDr;qDr okLrfod cu ldrk gSA
Økafrcks/k laca/kh vkn'kZoknh ds lkFk mnkjoknh O;k[;k ,e-,u-jkW; ds jktuhfr-n'kZu esa

ns[kh tk ldrh gS] ftUgksaus dgk fd Økafr dk vFkZ gS euq"; esa vkt+knh dh yyd iSnk
djukA xks;k fd Økafr ekuo LoHkko ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj fgalk tSlh fdlh pht+ dh
vko';drk ugha gksrhA bldk eryc gS fd Lora=rk vkSj lekurk ds vk/kkj ij lekt
dks iqul±xfBr djus dh vko';drk cuh jgrh gSA
vkn'kZ o knh -mnkjoknh fl)ka r dh vkyks p uk
bl fl)kar dh bl vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dh tkrh gS fd ;g bruk nqcksZ/k gS fd ,d
vkSlr cqf) okys O;fDr dh le> ls ckgj gSA fo'kq) :i ls nk'kZfud O;k[;k Økafr
ds fo"k; dks gdhdr dh nqfu;k ls nwj ys tkrh gSA Økafr njvly] ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk
gS tks lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd fodkl ds izfreku dks cny nsrh gSA bl vFkZ
esa ;g ,d funksZ"kr% O;kogkfjd dk;Z gSA ;g ,d vkuqHkkfod v/;;u gsrq vkg~oku
djrk gSA Økafr dk ewY;jfgr v/;;u] rFkkfi] ,d rkfdZd vlaHkkO;rk gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 5
1½ Økafr ds mnkjoknh fl)kar dh fdl vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dh tkrh gS\
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46 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2½ ekDlZoknh tu Økafr ds iz'u rd dSls igq¡prs gSa\ jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
Øka f r
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16-11 uohu lkekftd foKku lkfgR; esa dk fl)kafrdj.k

Øka f r
Økafr] tks lkekftd foKku esa eq[; vo/kkj.kkvksa esa ls ,d jgh gS] us gky ds o"kks± esa
fo}kuksa o f'k{kdksa dk /;ku lgt gh viuh vksj vkdf"kZr dj fy;k gSA ,slh gh dqN
O;k[;kvksa ij uhps ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
16
16-- 11
11-- 1 rqyukRed n`f"Vdks.k
rqyukRed n`f"Vdks.k esa lokZf/kd izHkkoh iz;ksx] tSlk fd lkekftd Økafr gsrq iz;ksT; gS]
FksMk LdkWDiksy Ñr LVsV~l ,.M lks'ky fjoWyw'ku~l ¼1979½ esa mudh jpuk esa gS] tks
fd Ýkalhlh] :lh vkSj phuh Økafr;ksa ds ,d rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl
n`f"Vdks.k dks viukdj FksMk us Økafr fo"k;d vius v/;;uksa ds ihNs gq, ^lkekU;hÑR;
rdZ* dks <w¡<us dk iz;kl fd;kA Økafr-laca/kh lHkh iwoZ O;k[;kvksa ls mudk nwj Hkkxuk
blfy, gS] D;ksafd lpsr iz;kstu laca/kh fdlh Hkh /kkj.kk dks og [kkfjt djrh gSaA
mUgksaus fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd lkekftd Økafr;k¡ rks cl gksM+ djrh rkdrksa dk x+Sj-
;kstukc) ifj.kke gksrh gSaA dyg esa fofHkUu xqV 'kkfey gksrs gSa vkSj ifj.kke bl ckr
ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS fd vUrr% muesa ls dkSu thrrk gSA u rks O;fDrtu] u gh xqV] ;gk¡
rd fd oxZ Hkh lkjh Økafr;ksa Hkj esa rdZ vkSj laxfr ds lkFk dke ugha djrs] ftldh
fd ikjEifjd n`f"Vdks.kksa dh vis{kk gksrh gSA LdkWDiksy dh] cgjgky] ekbdy Vsyj]
eSUdj vksYlu o vU; ,sls yksxksa }kjk vkykspuk dh xbZ gS tks LdkWDiksy ds rdZ dks ;g
dgrs gq, pqukSrh nsrs gSa fd Økafr vuqfDr;qDr (irrational) gS vkSj vius ys[kksa ds ek/;e
ls ;g n'kkZus dk iz;kl djrs gSa fd ;qfDr;qDr fodYi fl)kar Økafrdkjh xBca/ku-
fuekZ.k ij iz;ksT; (applied to) gSA
16
16-- 11
11-- 2 euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k
Ýkalhlh Økafr ds le; ls gh yksxksa us bl ckr dh eukSoSKkfud O;k[;k,¡ <w¡< yh Fkha
fd Økafrdkjh tks djrs gSa] og D;ksa djrs gSaA euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk vuqlj.k djrh
gqbZ Økafr-laca/kh lHkh iwoZ O;k[;k,¡] ;Fkk y ckSa ¼1960½] nk¡ ekrs± ¼1920½ dh] ml
tulk/kkj.k ds vkHkklh fuuSfZ rd (apparently immoral) O;ogkj ds bnZfxnZ ?kwerh gS]a tks
vuwBs o vlk/kkj.k rjhdksa ls dke djrs gSa] tks fd cnys esa] nzqr vkSj nwjxkeh ifjorZuksa
dh vksj bl izdkj ys tkrs gSa fd lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vlaHko gksrh gSaA ;s lc O;k[;k;sa]
rFkkfi] ;g ekudj pyrh gSa fd fdlh Økafrdkjh fLFkfr esa gj O;fDr ,d gh rjhds ls
O;ogkj djrk gS vkSj fd Økafr dk ,d euksoSKkfud dkj.k gksrk gSA 47
lÙkk] izkf/kdkj vkSj ijUrq Ýk;M ds izHkkok/khu Økafr-laca/kh vk/kqfud euksoSKkfud fl)karksa us O;fDr dh
oS / krk nwljksa ds lkFk vUrfØZ;k ij /;ku vkÑ"V fd;kA dqN mYys[kuh; izdk'ku jgs gSa] ;Fkk
fn vWFkksfjVsfu;u ilZuWfyVh ¼,MksuksZ o vU; 1964½] n fjoWyw'kujh ilZuWfyVh ¼oksYQsUpj]
1967½] vFkok okb eSu fjcSy ¼VSM xj] 1970½A VSM xj dh iqLrd] fo'ks"k :i ls]
euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k esa ,d mPp :i ls] vkSipkfjd iz;ksx gS] gkyk¡fd] blesa eq[;
:i ls jktuhfrd fgalk dk gh ladsr gSA xj }kjk fgalk-iz;ksx dh fn'kk esa izsj.kk ,d
lkekftd-euksoSKkfud vo/kkj.kk esa ik;h tkrh gS] ftls ^lkis{k oapu* (relative
deprivation) dgk tkrk gS] vkSj ftls ml ruko dks bafxr djus gsrq iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS tks lkewfgd ewY; larqf"V laca/kh ^^gksuk pkfg,** vkSj ^^gS** ds chp ,d Hksn iSnk djrk
gSA euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dh Hkh dqN vUrtkZr lhek,¡ gSa] Økafr ds ifj.kkeksa dks Li"V
djus dk iz;kl djrs-djrs] 'kk;n blh dkj.k] xj euksoSKkfud ls lkekftd dh vksj
pys tkrs gSaA
16
16-- 11
11-- 3 lekt'kkL=h; n`f"Vdks.k
Økafr;ksa dh lcls izfl) lekt'kkL=h; O;k[;k;sa izdk;kZRedoknh (functionalist)
O;k[;k,¡ gSaA bl n`f"Vdks.k dk ewy vk/kkjokD; bl izdkj gS % lekt dh fLFkjrk mlds
ukxfjdksa dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa yxh lkekftd O;oLFkk ij fuHkZj djrh
gSA ;fn og ,slk djus esa foQy jgrh gS] rks lekt ds ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr loZlEefr]
tks ljdkj dks dk;Z djus esa leFkZ cukrh gS] [kks tkrh gS] vkSj loZlEefr dh foQyrk
ds lkFk gh orZeku O;oLFkk ds O;kid ifjR;tu (rejection) dk jkLrk [kqy tkrk gSA
bl n`f"Vdks.k dks viukus okyh dbZ jpuk,¡ mYys[kuh; jgh gSa] ;Fkk fjoWyw'ku ,.M n
lks'ky flLVe ¼lh- tkWulu] 1964½ n uSpqjy fgLVªh vkWQ fjoWyw'ku ¼,y-lh- ,MoMZt+]
1970½ vkfnA O;k[;k ds bu :iksa ds lkFk leL;k ;g gS fd os ;g Li"V ugha djrha
fd dqN fLFkfr;ksa fo'ks"k esa Økafr;k¡ D;ksa gksrh gSa] vkSj egÙoiw.kZ :i ls] ,d vuqdwy
ifjfLFkfr ds ckot+wn ugha gksrhaA
16
16-- 11
11-- 4 jktuhfrd n` f "Vdks . k
Økafr ds v/;;u dh vksj jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k ewyr% Økafr ds ihNs gq, rF;ksa dks <w¡<us
dk iz;kl djds Økafr dh O;k[;k djuk] Økafr-izfØ;k dh O;k[;k djuk vkSj Økafr ds
ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk gSA bl Js.kh esa lokZf/kd izfl) Ñfr 'kk;n ÝkWe
eWfcykbt+s'ku Vq fjoWyw'ku ¼pkYlZ fVyh] 1978½A fVyh dk [kkl t+ksj vU;=Hkko izfØ;k
(alienation) vkSj ml iqulZewghdj.k ij gSA tks Økafr ls iwoZ gksrk gS] lkFk gh ;g t+ksj
Økafrdkjh ifjfLFkfr ds dkj.kksa ij vkSj Økafrdkjh ifj.kkeksa ij Hkh gSA
16
16-- 11
11-- 5 nk'kZfud n`f"Vdks.k
Økafr dh vk/kqfud nk'kZfud O;k[;kvksa esa guk vkjUr ds vkWu fjoWyw'ku ¼1963½ dk t+ksj
gSA vkjUr ds vuqlkj] Økafr uohure jktuhfrd n`';?kVukvksa esa ls ,d n`';?kVuk gSA
Økafr vkt+knh dh ryk'k gS vkSj Økafrdkjh os gksrs gSa] tks fujadq'k 'kklu dh lwjr esa
vkt+knh ds fy, yM+rs gSaA vkjUr ds vuqlkj] vkt+knh ,d ikFkZD;-lwpd xq.k gS( vius
vki esa ,d vPNkbZ gS tks fd ekuo lekt ds ikl gkfly djus dks mPpre
miyfC/k gSA Økafr dh leL;k ;g gS fd mldk n`f"Vdks.k ,slh mi;qDr laLFkkvksa dks
<w¡< ikus esa foQy jgk gS] ftuesa og Lo;a dks O;Dr dj ldsA og] blh dkj.k] bl
iz;kstu dk vuqHko djus ds iz;kl gsrq O;kogkfjd ifj.kkeksa ds lkFk viuh ckr lekIr
48
djrh gSa % nyh; ljdkj ugha] ftldks fd og turk }kjk pqus x, ,d vfHktkr oxZ jktuhfrd nkf;Ro vkS j
}kjk cukbZ xbZ ljdkj ekurh gSa] cfYd vkjafHkd x.kra=ksa ds LFkkukiUu izfrfuf/k;ksa }kjk Øka f r
Lo-'kkluA
16-12 Økafr dk ewY;kadu

vFkZ] izÑfr vkSj Økafr fo"k;d vusd fl)karksa ij ppkZ djus ds ckn] mldh fo"k;oLrq
Li"V gks tkrh gSA ;Fkk] Økafr esa vf/kdkjksa dk fpjLFkkfir Hkko yqIr gks tkrk gS vkSj
dk;ZO;kikj dh ,d ubZ voLFkk tUe ysrh gSA blesa îfjorZu* dk rÙo iSnk djus ds
fy, fgalk o jDrikr laca/kh mxz fopkj 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA buesa vkRe-iquuZohdj.k
(self-renewal) dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA ;g foQyrk vFkok lQyrk laca/kh ifjorZu yk
ldrk gS] tks fd ,d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds lekIr gks tkus dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr
dj ldrk gSA bl izdkj] Økafr dk vFkZ gqvk ,d ,sls lekt dh vlyh #X.krk
(illness) dks feVkus ds vfHkizk; ls fu'p; gh ,d nwjxkeh ifjorZu dk la;kstu] tks fd
,d xfrjks/k esa igq¡p x;k gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 6
1½ Økafr ds fo"k; esa FksMk LdkWDiksy ds D;k fopkj Fks\
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2½ Økafr gsrq euksoSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ij ppkZ djsaA

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49
oS / krk 16-13 lkjka'k
bl bdkbZ esa geus jktuhfrd nkf;Ro o Økafr rFkk jktuhfr-n'kZu ds egÙo o vkSfpR;
lac/a kh laijw d 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k dkQ+h foLrkj ds lkFk i<+hA 'kq:vkr esa gj vUrfoZod
s 'khy
O;fDr dkuwuh] /kkfeZd] ikjEifjd] uSfrd o vuqefr vk/kkj ds dkj.k jkT; ds dkuwuksa
dk ikyu djrk gSA dguk pkfg, fd jktuhfrd nkf;Ro dh vo/kkj.kk jktuhfrd
oS/krk vkSj Økafr ds lac) fo"k;ksa ds vUos"k.k dh vksj izo`Ùk djrh gSA ge igys gh ppkZ
dj pqds gSa fd ;fn izkf/kdkj fof/klaxr gS] rks yksx jkT; dk vkKkikyu djrs gSa]
vU;Fkk os mls m[kkM+ Qsad ldrs gSaA bl izdkj] Økafr dk eqík tUe ysrk gSA ;fn dksbZ
Økafr lQy gksrh gS] rks og oS/krk dk ,d u;k fl)kar ykxw dj nsrh gS tks fd iwoZ
O;oLFkk dh Û;k; laxrrk* dks gVk nsrk gSA bl izdkj] nkf;Ro vkSj Økafr laca/kh
vo/kkj.kk,¡ jktuhfr-n'kZu dh egÙoiw.kZ dlkSfV;k¡ gSaA

dSYoVZ] ihVj] fjoWyw'ku ,.M dkm.Vj-fjoWyw'ku] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izSl] yanu]
1990
cUlZ] lh-Mh-] n fizafliYl vkWQ fjoWyw'ku] tkstZ ,syu ,aM vufou] yanu] 1920
ckdZj] bZ-] fizfUliYl vkWQ lks'ky ,.M iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izSl]
1967, yanu
efj;e] pkYlZ bZ-] v fgLVWjh vkWQ iWfyfVdWy fFkvjht+ % fjlSUV VkbEl] lSVa ªy cqd fMiks]
1969, bykgkckn
Mu] tkWu] ekMuZ fjoWyw'ku % ,su b.VªksMD'ku Vq fn vWuSfyfll vkWQ v iWfyfVdWy

fQukWfeuu] dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izSl] 1972, yanu
js ,oa HkV~Vkpk;Z] iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh % vkbfM;kt+ ,.M bULVhV~;w'kUt+] oYMZ izSl]
dydÙkk] 1968 ¼u;k laLdj.k ns[ksa½
flag] j.k/khj] jht+u] fjoWy'w ku ,.M iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] ihiy*t+ ifCyf'kax gkml] 1976,
fnYyh

Ckks/k iz'u 1
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 16-1 - 16-4

Ckks/k iz'u 2
50
Øka f r
Ckks/k iz'u 4
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 16-7 - 16-8
2) ns[ksa Hkkx 16-8
Ckks/k iz'u 5
Ckks/k iz'u 6
51
U;k;
bdkbZ 17 vf/kdkj vkSj ukxfjdrk
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
17.0 mís ’ ;
17.1 ifjp;
17-1-1 ukxfjdrk&lac/a kh /kkj.kk dh mRifÙk
17-1-2 ukxfjdrk&fo"k;d /kkj.kkvksa dk fodkl % pkj ,sfrgkfld dky
17.2 ,sfrgkfld ?kVukØe % ukxfjdrk izkphu ls vk/kqfud ;qx rd
17-2-1 izkphu ;wuku
17-2-2 izkphu jkse
17-2-3 mÙkj e/;dkyhu ,oa iwoZ&vk/kqfud dky
17-2-4 ukxfjdrk&laca/kh vk/kqfud /kkj.kk,¡ % 19oha o 20oha lnh dk ?kVukØe
17-2-5 mnkjoknh lkekftd O;oLFkk dk egÙo ,oa lhekc)rk
17-2-6 u, izlax ,oa cnyrs fo"k; % cgqlaLÑfrokn
17.3 orZeku ukxfjdrk fl)kar % foHkktd js[kk,¡
17-3-1 ukxj&x.kra=okn ,oa mnkjoknh ijEijk
17-3-2 foHkktd js[kk,¡ % O;fDr cuke leqnk;&fo’ks"k
17-3-3 foHkktd js[kk,¡ % dÙkZO; cuke vf/kdkj
17-4 leh{kk,¡ vkSj fodYi % ekDlZoknh] ukjh&vf/kdkjoknh rFkk xk¡/khoknh
17-4-1 ukxfjdrk dh iquiZfjHkk"kk % mnkjoknh ukxfjdrk&laca/kh ekDlZoknh vkykspuk
17-4-2 ukjh&vf/kdkjokfn;ksa dh ukxfjdrk&lac/a kh iquiZfjHkk"kk
17-4-3 ukxfjdrk&lac/a kh xk¡/khoknh /kkj.kk
17-5 lkjka’k
17-6 eq[; 'kCn
17-7 dqN mi;ksxh lanHkZ
17
17-- 0 mís ' ;
izLrqr bdkbZ esa ge vf/kdkjksa o ukxfjdrk laca/kh /kkj.kk¼vksa½ dk v/;;u ¼v½ muds
,sfrgkfld fodkl vkSj ¼c½ ,d ,sls {ks= ds :i es djsaxs] tgk¡ fofHkUu ijLij fojks/kh
fopkj muds :i o rkRi;Z dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, izLrqr fd, x, gSaA ge vf/kdkjksa o
ukxfjdrk laca/kh izeq[k vFkksaZ dh lekykspukvksa ij rFkk bl izdkj dh lekykspukvksa
}kjk fn, x, oSdfYid vFkksZa ij Hkh /;ku dsfUnzr djsx
a sA tSlk fd vkjEHk esa izLrqr bdkbZ
dh lajpuk n'kkZrh gS] izR;sd Hkkx ,d fof'k"V fo"k; dks Li"V djrk gS vkSj rnksijkar
le>us esa enn ds fy, iz'u j[krk gSA bdkbZ ds var esa dqN eq[; 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k
dh xbZ gSA
17
17-- 1 ifjp;
ukxfjdrk dks lkekU; rkSj ij O;fDr & lewg o jkT; ds chp laca/k ds lanHkZ esa le>k
tkrk gSA bl laca/k dks ikjLifjd vf/kdkjksa o nkf;Roksa ds dqy ds :i esa le>k tkrk
5
vf/kdkj] lekurk] gSA ukxfjdrk dh lokZf/kd lkekU; :i ls ekU; ifjHkk"kk vaxzst+ lekt'kkL=h Vh- ,p-
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; ek'kZy us nh gS] tks bldh ^,d jktuhfrd leqnk; esa iw.kZ vkSj leku lnL;rk*] ds :i
esa O;k[;k djrs gSaA ukxfjdrk bl ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj] ,d jktuhfrd leqnk; esa
lnL;rk dks bafxr djrh gS] tks fd gekjs orZeku lanHkZ esa jk"Vª&jkT; gh gSA
ukxfjdrk] rnuqlkj] mu yksxksa ds chp laca/k ds ,d fof'k"V igyw dks bafxr djsxh tks
fdlh jk"Vª esa ,d lkFk jgrs gSaA ;g fdlh lkaLÑfrd@HkkoukRed igpku dh ctk;
leqnk; ds Hkhrj jktuhfrd vuq"kfDr;ksa (allegiances) ,oa ukxj fu"Bkvksa (civiclogalties)
ij tksj nsrh gSA
17
17-- 1 - 1 ukxfjdrk&laca/kh /kkj.kk dh mRifÙk
ukxfjdrk&laca/kh /kkj.kk ds mn~xeksa dk irk vkerkSj ij izkphu ;wukuh o jkseu x.kra=ksa
esa feyrk gSA ;g 'kCn Lo;a ySfVu 'kCn ^flfol* (civis) rFkk blds xzhd lekukFkhZ
îWfyVhl* (polities) ls iSnk gqvk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ikWfyl (polis) vFkok 'kgj dk
lnL;A gkyk¡fd] ml rjhds us] ftlesa tUe dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izkIr gksus okys vkjksI;
fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa (ascriptive privileges) ds fo#) leku vf/kdkjksa dh ,d O;oLFkk ds :i
esa vkt ukxfjdrk dks le>k tkrk gS] Ýkalhlh Økafr ¼1789½ esa tM+sa idM+haA iw¡thokn
,oa mnkjokn dks fodkl ds lkFk gh] viuh tkfr] oxZ] iztkfr] fyax u`tkfr vkfn ij
/;ku fn, cxSj vf/kdkj /kkj.k djus okys ,d O;fDr ds :i esa ukxfjd&laca/kh /kkj.kk
laLFkkfir gks xbZA mUuhl lkS vLlh ds n'kd ls gh rFkkfi] Hkwe.Myhdj.k ,oa
cgqlLa Ñfrokn us ,sls izlx a iznku fd, gS]a ftuesa jgdj ukxfjdrk dh /kkj.kk dks pqukSrh
nh xbZ gSA bl izdkj] vc jk"Vª dks lnL;rk dh ,d ek= bdkbZ ds :i esa ugha ns[kk
tkrk vkSj fo'o ukxfjdrk ,oa ekuokf/kdkj laca/kh /kkj.kkvksa dh mRlqdrkiwoZd ppkZ
gksrh gSA blh izdkj] ukxfjdrk fl)kar ds eeZ ds :i esa O;fDr dks gVk fn;k x;k gS
vkSj lkaLÑfrd leqnk;ksa o lewgksa ds vf/kdkjksa us LFkku ysuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA
rnuqlkj] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ukxfjdrk&laca/kh /kkj.kk vusd ,sfrgkfld dkyksa
ls xqtjdj fodflr gqbZ gSA bldk :i vkSj rkRi;Z ,d gh ugha jgs gSa] cfYd fof'k"V
,sfrgkfld izlaxksa ds vuqlkj cnys gSaA fofHkUu :i tks ,sfrgkfld :i ls ukxfjdrk
us /kkj.k fd,] gkyk¡fd] iwjh rjg yqIr ugha gq, gSaA mUgksaus flQZ ukxfjdrk ds vk/kqfud
vFkksaZ dks gh izHkkfor ugha fd;k gS] os ukxfjdrk dks ?ksjs vFkksaZ ds vEckj ds Hkhrj fofHkUu
lw=ksa ds :i esa Hkh fo|eku gSaA
17
17-- 1 - 2 ukxfjdrk&fo"k;d /kkj.kkvksa dk fodkl % pkj ,sfrgkfld
dky
mu /kkj.kkvksa ds fodkl dk Js;] tks ukxfjdrk ls lacaf/kr gSa] pkj eq[; ,sfrgkfld
dkyksa dks fn;k tk ldrk gS% ¼v½ izkphu xzhdks&jkseu dky ¼pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds
i'pkr~½] ¼c½ ijorhZ e/;dkyhu ,oa iwoZ&vk/kqfud dky] ftuesa Ýkalhlh ,oa vesfjdh
Økafr;ksa dk dky 'kkfey gS] ¼l½ mnkjokn ,oa iw¡thokn ds c<+rs izHkko ls lacaf/kr
mUuhloha lnh dk ?kVukØe vkSj ¼n½ cgqlaLÑfrokn o leqnk; vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk c<+rs
iwokZf/kdkj dks ysdj chloha lnh mÙkjdky esa ukxfjdrk ds :i o rkRi;Z ij fooknA
vf/kdkjksa o ukxfjdrk laca/kh nks izeq[k lw= vFkok ijEijk,a bu dkykof/k;ksa esa fodflr
gqbZ ekuh tk ldrh gSa % ¼v½ uxj x.kra=okn] ftlds vfHky{k.k Fks & tu&dY;k.k]
tu&psruk] jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh o ukxj xq.k laca/kh /kkj.kk,¡] vkSj ¼c½ mnkjoknh
ukxfjdrk] oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa o futh fgrksa ij tksj fn, tkus ds lkFkA ekDlZokfn;ksa
6 o ukjh&vf/kdkjokfn;ksa nksuksa us gh bu ijEijkvksa dh vkykspuk dh gS vkSj ukxfjdrk
ij iqufoZpkj ds mxzoknh rjhds lq>k;s gSaA xk¡/khth }kjk mnkjoknh & vuqHkokfJr U;k;
ukxfjdrk lac/a kh vkykspuk rFkk vf/kdkj dh ctk; dÙkZO;&cks/k ij vk/kkfjr ukxfjdrk
laca/kh mudk n`f"Vdks.k ukxfjdrk fo"k;d ,d nwljh rjg dh lksp dks tUe nsrs gSaA
vkxkeh Hkkxksa esa ge bu fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ djsaxs % vf/kdkjksa o ukxfjdrk laca/kh /kkj.kkvksa
dk ,sfrgkfld fodkl] os fdafpr ifjorZu ftudks fd chloha lnh ds mÙkjdky ds
cnyrs izlaxksa us vko';d dj fn;k] ukxfjdrk o vf/kdkjksa dh izÑfr o rkRi;Z fo"k;d
fl)karksa ds chp foHkktu] rFkk vUrr% os fodYi tks vf/kdkjksa o ukxfjdrk laca/kh izeq[k
lkekftd O;oLFkk gsrq izLrqr fd, x, gaSA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
1½ ukxfjdrk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

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2½ ukxfjdrk&laca/kh /kkj.kk ds fodkl esa eq[; lw=@ijaijk,¡ D;k gSa\
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17
17-- 2 ,sfrgkfld ?kVukØe % ukxfjdrk izkphu ls vk/kqfud
;qx rd
bl Hkkx esa ge ns[ksaxs fd ukxfjdrk dh /kkj.kk fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld pj.kksa esa fdl izdkj
Øe&fodflr gqbZ gSA
17
17-- 2 - 1 izkphu ;wuku
,FksUl o LikVkZ tSls xzhd xz.kra= djhc ls tqM+s] Lo&'kkflr jktuhfrd leqnk; Fks
ftuds y{k.k Fks & de tula[;k] U;wure lkekftd erHksn ,oa ljy jktuhfrd 7
vf/kdkj] lekurk] laxBu tks esy&tksy o vkLFkk dh /kkj.kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr FksA xzhd x.kra=ksa vFkok vkSj
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; 'kgj&jkT;ksa esa ukxfjdrk dh /kkj.kk lfØ; jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh ds fl)kar ij vk/
kkfjr FkhA fdlh O;fDr ds jktuhfrd o lkoZtfud igyqvksa dks futh o ikfjokfjd
igyqvksa dh cfuLir vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA ukxfjdrk blh dkj.k
jktuhfrd o lkoZtfud ekeyksa eas lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh dh vis{kk djrh FkhA rFkkfi] ;g
mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gS fd 'kklu&izfØ;k esa gj O;fDr Hkkx ugha ys ldrk Fkk vkSj
gj O;fDr] blh dkj.k] ukxfjd Hkh ugha FkkA vjLrw us ;wukuh ukxfjdksa dk fp=.k bu
'kCnksa esa fd;k & ôs lHkh tks 'kklu&O;oLFkk ds ukxj thou esa Hkkx ysrs vkSj cnys esa
'kkflr gksrs gSa*A ;g Hkkxhnkjh flQZ mUgha rd lhfer Fkh tks 'kklu&izfØ;k esa Hkkx
nsus dh {kerk j[krs Fks] ;Fkk dsoy ^Lora=rk o ukxfjdrk laca/kh vf/kdkj fojklr esa
izkIr djus okys ewy fuoklh iq#"k* ghA rnuqlkj] efgyk,¡] cPps] nkl] o vU; ns'kh;
fuoklh ukxfjdrk ls oafpr j[ks x, FksA vkf[kjh fo'ys"k.k esa] blh dkj.k] ukxfjdx.k
tula[;k ds ek= ,d NksVs ls Hkkx dk fuekZ.k djrs FksA
17
17-- 2 - 2 izkphu jkse
jkseu ijEijk esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds :i esa ukxfjdrk laca/kh xzhd /kkj.kk dks jkseu
lkezkT; dh ,dhÑr j[kus laca/kh vko';drkvksa }kjk ifj"Ñr (modify) fd;k x;kA
lkezkT; esa foftr yksxksa (congured people) dks lekfo"V djus dh vko';drk us
ukxfjdrk dks ,d dkuwuh ntsZ ds :i esa fy, tkus laca/kh fopkj dh vksj izo‘Ùk fd;kA
rnuqlkj] ,d o‘gÙkj vkSj vf/kd fHkUu tkrh; vf/koklh&leqnk; dks] mUgsa dkuwuksa
dh ,d fu;ekuqorhZ Ükà[kyk dh j{kkFkZ v/khu dj] jkseu lkezkT; esa ,dhÑr dj fy;k
x;kA efgykvksa o fuÑ"Vre oxksaZ ¼eq[;r% xzkeh.k½ dks fQj Hkh ukxfjdrk ds ntsZ ls
oafpr j[kk x;kA bl izdkj] ukxfjdrk dh dYiuk vc eq[;r% dkuwuksa dks cukus o ykxw
djus esa Hkkxhnkjh ds :i esa gh ugha ¼tSlk fd ;wukuh ijEijk ds mnkgj.k esa Fkk½] cfYd
dqN vf/kdkjksa o dkuwu dh leku j{kk lesr ,d dkuwuh ntZ ds :i esa Hkh dh tk ldrh
FkhA ;g fQj Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd ukxfjdrk ds bu u, rÙoksa us lekfo"Vrk ¼;Fkk]
xSj&jkseuokfl;kas dks jkse dh ukxfjdrk fn, tkus dks 'kkfey djus½ dh voLFkk dks
lEHko cukrs le; êrkf/kdkj jfgr ukxfjdrk* ¼dkuwuh ijUrq jktuhfrd vf/kdkj ugha
& ‘Civitas sine suffragio'½ okyh nwljk&ntkZ Js.kh 'kq: djrs gq, ntsZ dk ,d inkuqØe
Hkh tksM+ fn;kA
17
17-- 2 - 3 mÙkj&e/;dkyhu ,oa iwoZ&vk/kqfud dky
iz'kklu ds ekiØe esa o`f) ¼'kgj&jkT; tSls fd lkezkT; ls fHkUu½ us Hkh ;g vfHkizk;
n'kkZ;k fd lHkh tks ukxfjdksa dk ntkZ j[krs Fks] ds fy, ;g laHko ugha Fkk fd
'kklu&laca/kh dk;ZO;kikj esa Hkkx ys ldsaA ,d ukxfjd ds y{k.k] cgjgky] bl rjhds
ls lwfpr fd, tkrs jgs fd ukxfjdrk lfØ;rk dks bafxr djsA ukxfjdksa ls rnuqlkj
vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd os vius esa ûkxj xq.k* (civic virtue) okyh fo'ks"krk,¡ fodflr
djsAa mDr 'kCn ySfVu 'kCn ôP;qZ (virtu) ls fudyk] ftldk rkRi;Z lkefjd dÙkZO;&ikyu]
ns'kHkfDr] ,oa dÙkZO; o dkuwu ds izfr lei.kZ ds Hkko esa îkS#"k* ls fy;k x;kA
lksygoha lnh ds fujadq'k jkT; Hkh fHkUu tkrh; vf/koklh&lewgksa ij viuh lÙkk Fkksis
tkus ls lac/a k j[krs FksA bl lanHkZ esa t+k¡ cksnka }kjk ,d ukxfjd dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k x;k & ôg O;fDr tks izkf/kdkj laca/kh loZekU; Lora=rk o laj{k.k dk miHkksx
djrk gSA* bl n`f"Vdks.k ds vUrxZr ;s ukxfjd ;wukuh ukxfjdksa ls fHkUu Fks] Lo;a dksbZ
8
izkf/kÑr O;fDr ugha] cfYd jkseu ijEijk dks fuHkkrs gq, ,sls fdlh O;fDr ds tks U;k;
jk;&laj{k.k ds vUrxZr gksA ;wukuh o jkseu ijEijkvksa ls fHkUu] fQj Hkh] ukxfjdrk ,d
fuf"Ø; fopkj FkkA bl dky esa ukxfjdrk dk vFkZ lkekU; ¼lk>k½ tu&nkf;Ro ,oa
ukxj&xq.k ugha FkkA bldh ctk;] ^lkekU; ¼lk>k½ Lora=rk* ukxfjdrk dk eq[;
fo"k; cu x;k FkkA bl fo"k; esa ukxfjdrk laca/kh ,d ^fuf"Ø;* vFkok ûdkjh* /kkj.kk
'kkfey FkhA ;g ^lqj{kk* vFkok laj{k.k gsrq ek¡x djrh Fkh] tks fd vf/kdkj oxZ }kjk
iznku dh tkuh gksrh FkhA ftldks laj{k.k dh vko';drk Fkh] oks O;fDr dk HkkSfrd
thou ¼;Fkk] gkWCl ds vuqlkj½] ifjokj o ?kj ¼;Fkk] cksnsa o ekWUrSLD;q ds vuqlkj½ vFkok
/keZKku o laifÙk ¼;Fkk] ykWd ds vuqlkj½A ^lkekU; Lkk>k Lora=rk* ôkys bl fl)kar
us rnuqlkj O;fDr o mlds futh & ikfjokfjd lalkj dh izeq[krk dks fl) fd;kA
izkf/kdkj laj{k.k dh vko';drk eq[;r% blh futh lalkj & {ks=kf/kdkj dks lajf{kr
djus ds fy, FkkA ukxfjd] bl izdkj] jktuhfrd yksx ugha Fks] muds thou dk eq[;
eeZ jktuhfrd leqnk; ugha Fkk] cfYd bldh ctk; nwljh lkekftd O;oLFkk Fkh]
ftlesa gj ukxfjd futh vkuUnkas dh Lora=rk ,oa izlUurk ds dk;Z rFkk] tSlk fd igys
mYys[k fd;k x;k] ml futh & ikfjokfjd vf/kdkj{ks= ds laj{k.k o lqj{kk dk miHkksx
djrk Fkk] ftlesa ;s vkuUn vuqHko fd, tkrs FksA
bl izdkj] lkezkT;h; lekfo"Vrk laca/kh fl)kar bl :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd mlus

bl dky esa ,d dkuwuh ntsZ ds :i esa ukxfjdrk laca/kh ,d fuf"Ø; /kkj.kk dks lkeus
j[kkA lehi gh] cgjgky] ukxj&xq.k ,oa lkoZtfud nkf;Ro ij tksj nsus okyh
lfØ;rk :ih ukxfjdrk laca/kh vrhr dh ;kn vFkok izkphu /kkj.kk gsrq ,d yyd cuh
gh jghA
Ýkalhlh Økafr ¼1789½ dks mÙkj&e/;dky o iwoZ&vk/kqfud ;qx dh fuf"Ø; ukxfjdrk

ds f[kykQ ,d fonzksg ekuk tk ldrk gSA bl Økafr us jktra=h;@lkezkT;h; jkT;
ds nkoksa ds f[kykQ lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds vkn'kksaZ dks iqu#Tthfor djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
ukxfjdksa ds vjktuSfrd@fuf"Ø; thou dks cny nsus ds iz;kl ds vykok] Ýkalhlh
Økafrdkjh ijEijk us ukxfjdrk esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ rÙo 'kkfey fd;k] ftlus ml jhfr
dks cny Mkyk ftlds rgr vf/kdkj ukxfjdrk dh /kkj.kk esa lekfo"V fd, x, FksA
îzkIro;Ldksa o ukxfjdksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk* (The Declaration of the Rights of

Men and Citizens) tks fd Økafr ds vkyksd esa gqbZ] us ukxfjd dk vfHkizk; bl :i esa
?kksf"kr fd;k & ,d ^Lora= vkSj Lok;Ùk O;fDr* tks nwljksa ds leku gh vf/kdkjksa dk
miHkksx djs vkSj fu.kZ;u~ esa Hkkxhnkjh fuHkk;s] ftldk ikyu djus dks lHkh lger gq,A
Å¡ph tkr ds dkj.k fdlh O;fDr dks izkIr Øe&ijEijkxr ¼vleku½ fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa ds
fo#) lery ¼leku½ vf/kdkjksa dh ,d O;oLFkk ds :i esa ftl izdkj vkt ukxfjdrk
dks le>k tkrk gS] mldh tM+sa Ýkalhlh Økafr ds fl)karksa esa gh ik;h tkrh gSaA mDr
?kks"k.kk ij t+k¡ t+Sd :lks ¼1712&78½ ds fopkjksa dk izHkko Fkk] ftlus viuh izfl)
iqLrd n lks'ky dkWUVªSDV] ¼1762½ esa u flQZ ^Lora=* o Lok;Ùk* ukxfjd rFkk fu.kZ;u~
esa nwljksa ds lkFk leku :i ls Hkkx ysus gsrq mlds vf/kdkj ds fo"k; esa gh fy[kk] cfYd
futh fgrksa ls Åij tu&dY;k.k dh izeq[krk dks Hkh fl) fd;kA bl izdkj] Ýkalhlh
Økafr }kjk izHkkfor ukxfjdrk dh vo/kkj.kk us vk/kqfud mnkjoknh O;fDrokn ds lw=
ukxj&Hkkxhnkjh ds :i esa ukxfjdrk ds izkphu lEi‘DrkFkZ ls tksM+sA
9
vf/kdkj] lekurk] 17
17-- 2 - 4 ukxfjdrk laca/kh vk/kqfud /kkj.kk,¡ % 19 oha o 20
19oha oha lnh
20oha
Lora = rk vkS j U;k;
dk ?kVukØe
mUuhloha lnh esa mnkjokn ds c<+rs izHkko vkSj iw¡thoknh ckt+kj lac/a kkas ds fodkl ds lkFk
gh] gkyk¡fd ukxfjdrk laca/kh izkphu x.kra=oknh le> i‘“BHkwfe dh vksj igq¡prh
ns[kh xbZA futh fgrksa dks laj{k.k o izksRlkgu nsus gsrq dqN vf/kdkjksa dks /kkj.k djrs
& miHkksx djrs O;fDr ds :i esa ukxfjdx.k laca/kh mnkjoknh /kkj.kk dks ojh;rk fey
xbZA dkuwuh ntsZ ds :i esa ukxfjdrk] ftlus ukxfjd dks jkT;&gLr{ksi ls cpko
lqfuf'pr djrs dqN vf/kdkj iznku fd,] jkT; o jktuhfr laca/kh mnkjoknh le> ls
vfHkUu FkhA
;gk¡ fczVsu esa ukxfjdrk ds fodkl laca/kh Vh- ,p- ek'kZy ds fooj.k ij fopkj&foe'kZ
djuk mfpr gksxk] tSlk fd 1950 esa izdkf'kr mudh izHkko'kkyh iqLrd flVht+uf'ki
,.M lks'ky Dykl esa fn;k x;k gSA bl iqLrd esa ek'kZy iw¡thokn ds lkFk ukxfjdrk
ds fodkl rFkk fookn o feyh&Hkxr] tks ukxfjdrk mlds lkFk djrh gS] ds fof'k"V
laca/k dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA iw¡thoknh lekt ds ,d igyw] lkekftd oxZ dh lekurk
ds fo#) lekurk&izlkj izfØ;k ds :i esa og ,d 250 o"kZ dh vof/k esa vk|ksikar
ukxfjdrk ds fodkl dk o.kZu djrs gSaA ek'kZy vf/kdkjksa ds rhu lw=ksa vFkok iksVfy;ksa
dh igpku djrs gSa] ftlesa 'kkfey gSa & ukxfjd&laca/kh] jktuhfrd rFkk lkekftdA
ek'kZy ds vuqlkj] bu rhukas lw=ksa esa ls izR;sd ,d fHkUu bfrgkl j[krk gS vkSj gj ,d
lw= dk bfrgkl ,d fof'k"V 'krkCnh ls tqM+k gSA ukxfjd vf/kdkj tks vBkjgoha lnh
esa fodflr gq,] ek'kZy }kjk] ôS;fDrd Lora=rk gsrq vko';d vf/kdkjkas* ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd, x, gSaA ;s bl vFkZ esa ûdkjh* vf/kdkj Fks fd os ljdkjh lÙkk&iz;ksx
dks lhfer vFkok fu;ksftr djrs Fks vkSj buesa 'kkfey Fks & Hkk"k.k vkanksyu] /keZ Kku
laca/kh Lora=rk,¡] duwu ds le{k lekurk dk vf/kdkj vkSj lEifÙk j[kus dk vf/kdkjA
jktuhfrd vf/kdkj] uker% oksV nsus dk vf/kdkj] pqukokas gsrq [kM+s gksus dk vf/kdkj vkSj
ljdkjh in /kkj.k djus dk vf/kdkj] vkerkSj ij mUuhloha lnh esa fodflr gq, vkSj
O;fDr dks leqnk; ds jktuhfrd thou esa Hkkx ysus dk volj iznku fd;kA lkekftd
vf/kdkj] tks O;kidr% ,d chloha lnh dh pht+ Fkh] us O;fDr dks ,d U;wure
vkfFkZd@lkekftd ntsZ dh xkj.Vh nh vkSj ukxfjd o jktuSfrd] nksuksa gh vf/kdkjksa
ds iz;ksx dk vk/kkj iznku fd;kA ek'kZy dgrs gSa fd lkekftd vf/kdkj ^lekt esa
izpfyr ekun.Mksa ds vuqlkj ,d lH; euq"; dk thou thus gsrq* ^ldkjh* vf/kdkj gSa*A
thou ds ;s ekun.M ,oa lekt dk lkekftd mÙkjkf/kdkj lekt&lsokvksa ¼dY;k.kdkjh
jkT;½ rFkk f'k{kk&O;oLFkk ds :i es jkT; }kjk lfØ; gLr{ksi ds ek/;e ls gh
yksdkfiZr fd, tkrs gSaA
vBkjgoha lnh ls baXyS.M esa vf/kdkjksa ds ,sfrgkfld fodkl laca/kh ek'kZy dh ;kstuk
dks cgjgky vU; lektksa ds fy, lR; ugha ekuk tk ldrkA ukxfjd vf/kdkj]
mnkgj.k ds fy,] iwoZ&mUuhloha lnha rd vf/kdka'k ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa iwjh rjg ykxw ugha
fd, x, FksA tgk¡ dgha Hkh os vkerkSj ij izkIr gq, Fks] dqN lewgksa dh mis{kk dh xbZ
FkhA bl izdkj] ;|fi lafo/kku }kjk bl izdkj ds vf/kdkj vf/kdka'k ;wjksfi;u jkT;ksa
dks lkSais tkus ls dkQh igys ls gh vesfjfd;ksa dks fn, tk pqds Fks] v'osrksa dks muls
oafpr j[kk x;kA x`g&;q) (Civil War) ckn Hkh] tc v'osrksa dks vkSipkfjdr% ;s
vf/kdkj fn, x,] os mUgsa iz;ksx djus esa leFkZ ugha FksA vf/kdkjksa ls ySfVu vesfjdk]
vÝhdk rFkk ,f'k;k ds mifuosf'kr yksxksa dks oafpr j[kk x;kA chloha lnh ds igys
10
prqFkk±'k rd vf/kdka'k ns'kksa esa efgykvkas dks oksV nsus dk vf/kdkj ugha Fkk] ftuesa U;k;
baXyS.M 'kkfey FkkA
ukxfjdrk&laca/kh vk/kqfud /kkj.kk] tSlk fd igys mYys[k fd;k x;k] Lora= o leku
ukxfjd fu;qDr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA ;g Lora=rk o lekurk] tks vk/kqfud
ukxfjdrk esa fufgr gksrh gSa] vkjksI; vlekurkvkas o fHkUurkvksa ¼laLÑfr] tkfr] fyax]
iztkfr] vkfn laca/kh½ dks nwj djds izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA rnuqlkj] ukxfjdksa
dks vU; ukxfjdksa ds leku gh vf/kdkj /kkj.k djus o iz;ksx djus okyksa ds :i esa
le>k tkrk gSA lekurk laca/kh 'krsaZ] ;Fkk os 'krsaZ ftuds rgr ukxfjdx.k leku :i
ls vius vf/kdkjksa ds iz;ksx esa leFkZ gksrs gSa] ukxfjdrk&vf/kdkjksa ds iz;ksx gsrq
vuqi;qDr vlekurk] ;Fkk iztkfr] u`tkfr] fyax] tkfr] vkfn] laca/kh C;kSjs rS;kj djds
lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gSaA ukxfjd gh] bl izdkj] og vf/kdkj&/kkjd O;fDr gksrk gS
ftldh tkfr] iztkfr] fyax] u`tkfr vkfn dks ukxfjdrk ds ntsZ ls vlEc) ds :i esa
ns[kk tkrk gSA bl rjhds ls ns[ks tkus ij ukxfjdrk ,d vfr o'korhZ (overarching)
igpku cukrh gS] tks vU; lHkh igpkuksa dks xqIr j[krh gS rkfd mudks mRiUu fd;k
tk lds ftUgsa jk"Vª ds fNis@vuns[ks ¼vkSj blhfy,½ ^leku* ukxfjd dgk tkrk gSA
chloha lnh ds vf/kdrj o"kksaZ esa vf/kdka'k mnkjoknh fl)kar esa futh fgrksa ds ihNs iM+s
oS;fDrd vf/kdkj&/kkjd ukxfjd ds i{k esa iwoZ&izo`fÙk cuh gh jghA ukxfjdrk&laca/
kh /kkj.kk dh] tSlk fd bl ¼mnkjoknh½ O;oLFkk esa of.kZr gS] fof'k"V egÙo ds lkFk&lkFk
dqN izR;{k lhek,¡ Hkh gSaA
17
17-- 2 - 5 mnkjoknh lkekftd O;oLFkk dk egÙo ,oa lhekc)rk
lkekftd izk/kkj ds vUrxZr vk/kqfud ukxfjdrk ds lkekU;dj.k dk vFkZ gS fd lHkh
O;fDr dkuwu ds le{k leku gSa vkSj dksbZ Hkh leqnk; dkuwu fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr ugha gSA
bl :i esa le>s tkus ij] ukxfjdrk ,d varHkwZr (inclusive) Js.kh gSA og Lora= o
leku ukxfjdksa dks mRiUu djus ds fy, lHkh fofHkUurkvkas ¼iztkfr] oxZ] tkfr] fyax]
/keZ] vkfn laca/kh½ dks vizklafxd ekurh gSA
lhekc)rk
fHkUurkvksa ls vlac) lkekftd izk/kkjksa esa ukxfjdrk ds izko/kku dk vly esa vFkZ
okLrfod :i ls fo|eku vlekurkvksa dks ut+jvankt djuk gks ldrk gSA rnuqlkj]
tcfd vkSipkfjd dkuwuh lekurk mnkjoknh lkekftd O;oLFkk }kjk lqfuf'pr dh tk
ldrh gS] ;g lekurk Lo;a dks rc rd lkFkZd lekurk esa ifj.kr djus okyh ugha gS]
tc rd fd ukxfjdrk }kjk iznÙk vf/kdkjksa vFkok dkuwuh {kerkvksa ds iz;ksx gsrq
O;kogkfjd ;ksX;rk ;FkkFkZ :i esa lHkh dks miyC/k u gksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] mnkjoknh
O;oLFkk bl rF; dks rjthg ugha nsrh fd os tks vlekurk ds fo|eku izk/kkjksa] uker%
oxZ] tkfr] iztkfr] fyax vkfn }kjk vykHkkafor gS]a ukxfjdksa ds leqnk; esa ,d leku vk/
kkj ij Hkkxhnkj djus esa vleFkZ gSa] bl rF; ds ckot+wn fd ukxfjdksa ds :i esa leqnk;
ds ¼leku½ oS/k lnL; gSaA
17
17-- 2 - 6 u, izlax ,oa cnyrs fo"k; % cgqlaLÑfrokn
chloha lnh ds vf/kdka'k o"kksZa rd ukxfjdrk laca/kh izeq[k le> }kjk mlds dsanz esa
O;fDr dks j[kuk tkjh jgk] vkSj ukxfjdrk dks ,d ,sls dkuwuh ntsZ ds :i esa ns[kk
tkrk Fkk tks mu vf/kdkjksa ds /kkj.k dk ladsr djrk Fkk tks ,d O;fDr nwljksa ds lkFk
11
vf/kdkj] lekurk] leku :i ls j[krk FkkA ukxfjdrk laca/kh ;g izeq[k mnkjoknh izfreku] tSlk fd Åij
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; ns[kk x;k] dqN O;ogkfjd lhek,¡ j[krk gSA ukxfjdrk o vf/kdkjksa ij ledkfyd
cglksa esa bl /kkj.kk ij lansg O;Dr fd;k x;k fd ¼O;SfDrd½ ukxfjd mu
izlaxksa@ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls Lora= jgdj vf/kdkjksa dk miHkksx dj ldrk gS ftuesa mlus
tUe fy;k gks] ;Fkk] oxZ] iztkfr] u‘tkfr] fyax vkfnA mUuhl lkS vLlh ds n'kd ls
gh cgqlaLÑfrokn] cgqokn] vusdrk o fHkUurk ukxfjdrk fo"k;d lksp esa egÙoiw.kZ
lanHkZ 'kCn cu x, gSaA tcfd vk/kqfud lekt mÙkjksÙkj cgqlkaLÑfrd ds :i esa ekU;rk
izkIr dj jgs gSa ukxfjdrk laca/kh izeq[k mnkjoknh ds le> cgl ds fy, /;ku esa yk;h
tk jgh gSA ukxfjdksa ds fof'k"V izlax] lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd] u‘tkrh;] Hkk"kk;h] vkfn
dks vc egÙoiw.kZ rjhdksa ls ukxfjdrk fu/kkZfjr djus ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA bl py
jgh izfr}af}rk dk mís'; gS] mu fHkUurkvksa dks izdV djuk ftUgsa mnkjoknh fl)kar us
ukxfjdrk dks le>us ds fy, vizklafxd ds :i esa fy;kA vf/kdka'k if'peh lektksa
esa u‘tkrh;] /kkfeZd o iztkrh; leqnk;ksa us mu vf/kdkjksa ds fy, ncko fn;k gS] tks
muds fo'ks"k lkaLÑfrd izlaxksa dks ns[ksa vkSj ukxfjdrk laca/kh vkSipkfjd lekurk dks
etcwrh iznku djsaA foHksndkjh ukxfjdrk laca/kh ,d /kkj.kk dks blh dkj.k ukxfjdrk
fl)kar ds rgr yksdfiz;rk feyh gS] rkfd og fof'k"V lkaLÑfrd leqnk;ksa dh
vko';drkvkas dks laeftr dj ldsA î`FkDr ukxfjdrk* 'kCn loZizFke vkbfjl eSfjvksa
;w³x }kjk 1989 esa iz;ksx fd;k x;kA blus u flQZ O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa] cfYd mu
leqnk;ksa ds :i esa Hkh dqN ¼lkaLÑfrd½ lewgksa ds lnL;ksa dks lekfo"V djus dh
odkyr dh] tgk¡ muds vf/kdkj mudh fo'ks"k vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh bl
leqnk; dh lnL;rk ij va'kr% fuHkZj FksA ¼vkbfjl eSfjvksa ;w³x] îkWfyfV ,.M xzqi
fMQjWUl% , fØVhd vkWQ+ fn vkbfM;y vkWQ ;wfuolZy flVht+uf'ki*] ,fFkDl] 99]
1989½
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ os eq[; ,sfrgkfld dky dkSu&ls gSa ftuesa ukxfjdrk dh /kkj.kk dks fodflr :i
esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS\
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2½ ukxfjdrk&lac/a kh vk/kqfud /kkj.kk ds eq[; y{k.k D;k gS\a bldh lhek,¡ D;k gS\a
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12
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17
17-- 3 orZeku ukxfjdrk fl)kar % foHkktd js[kk,¡
mUuhl lkS vLlh ds n'kd ls gh] tSlk fd geus fiNys Hkkx esa ns[kk] vf/kdkj/kkjd
O;fDr dks ukxfjdrk fl)kar ds dsUnz ls gVk;s tkus ds iz;kl fd;s tk jgs FksA
oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa laca/kh /kkj.kk lkaLÑfrd leqnk;ksa dh fof'k"V vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ
gsrq fo'ks"k vf/kdkjksa gsrq muds nkoksa }kjk izfrlarqfyr dh tk jgh gSA ukxfjdrk fl)kar
esa vf/kdkjksa dh dsfUnzdrk ij Hkh dqN izkarksa esa iz'u fd;k x;k gS vkSj oS;fDrd@futh
fgrksa ls Åij tu&dY;k.k o ukxj&dÙkZO;ksa dh iz/kkurk ij vius ncko ds lkFk
ukxfjdrk dh x.kra=h; ijEijk esa fQj ls #fp tkxrh yxrh gSA ge bl Hkkx esa
ukxfjdrk dh izÑfr fo"k;d nks fooknksa ij fopkj djsaxsA
17
17-- 3 - 1 ukxj&x.kra=okn ,oa mnkjoknh ijaijk
mlls igys oSls ge og ;kn djsa tks geus ukxfjdrk fl)kar esa nks eq[; lw=ksa ds fo"k;
esa fiNys Hkkxksa esa i<+k fd fdl izdkj os vius ,sfrgkfld Øe&fodkl esa mHkjs] uker%
izkphu ijEijk vFkok ukxj&x.kra=okn vkSj vk/kqfud mnkjoknh ijEijkA orZeku
ukxfjdrk fl)kar esa foHkktd js[kk,¡] oLrqr% ukxfjdrk laca/kh bUgha nks ijEijkvksa ls
mHkjrh gS] ftuesa ls izR;sd bl ckr ds fy, fd ukxfjd gksus dk D;k eryc gS] nks
fHkUu vFkZ n'kkZrh gSA
izFke] ;Fkk x.kra=h; ijEijk] ukxfjdrk dk o.kZu ,d mPp in] ,d nkf;Ro] ,d

m)rrk ls fy;s tkus okys Hkkj ds :i esa djrh gS( nwljh] ;Fkk mnkjoknh ijEijk] bldk
o.kZu ,d nt+kZ vkSj gdnkjh] fuf"Ø; :i ls miHkksx fd, tkus okys ,d vf/kdkj vFkok
vf/kdkj&Ükà[kyk ds :i esa djrk gSA igyk ukxfjdrk dks ekuo thou dk dsUnz cukrk
gS] nwljk bls viuk ckgjh <k¡pk cukrk gSA izFke ukxfjdksa dk ,d l?ku fudk; viukrk
gS] ftlds lnL; ,d nwljs ds izfr opuc) gksrs gSa( nwljk ,d fofo/k vkSsj fucZU/k :i
ls tqM+k fudk; viukrk gS] ftlds lnL; ¼vf/kdrj½ vU;= izfrc) gksrs gSaA igys ds
vuqlkj ukxfjd gh izeq[k jktuhfrd vfHkdÙkkZ gksrk gS( nwljs ds vuqlkj dkuwu&fuekZ.k
o iz'kklu fdlh vkSj dk dke gS] ukxfjdksa dk dke vlkoZtfud gksrk gSA 'ks"k Hkkx
esa ge ns[ksaxs fd orZeku ukxfjdrk fl)karksa ds chp fookn ukxfjdrk ds :i o
okLrfod vFkZ laca/kh vo/kkj.kk esa bUgha nks cqfu;knh fHkUurkvksa ls mn~Hkwr gksrs gSaA ¼ns[ksa
13
vf/kdkj] lekurk] VsjsUl cky] tsEl Qkj ,oa jly ,y- gSUlu la-] iWfyfVdWy buksos'ku ,.M dkWUlsIpqvy
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; psUt] dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh izSl] dSfEczt] 1989 esa ekbdy okYt+j] ^flfVt+uf'ki*½
17
17-- 3 - 2 foHkktd js[kk,¡ % O;fDr cuke leqnk;&fo'ks"k
orZeku ukxfjdrk fl)kafr;ksa ds chp foHkktuksa dh ,d Üka‘[kyk dks fuEu iz'u ds lkFk
esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] ukxfjdrk dk dsUnz dkSu vFkok D;k cukrk gS & O;fDr vFkok
og O;kid izlax ftldk og ,d Hkkx gS] ;Fkk lkaLÑfrd ¼u‘tkrh;] /kkfeZd vkfn½
leqnk;A geus ns[kk fd ukxfjdrk laca/kh mnkjoknh ¼O;fDroknh½ /kkj.kk Ýkalhlh
Økafrdkjh ijEijk esa ,d lw= dh ekWfun mHkjh vkSj iw¡thokn dh o`f) ds lkFk n`<+Ñr
gqbZA mnkjoknh ijEijk esa ukxfjd gh Lora= Iyoeku ¼vkt+kn eLrh ls pyrk½ O;fDr
gS] vkSj ukxfjdrk ,d dkuwuh inoh gS tks mu nwljs ukxfjdksa ds lkFk leku :i ls
vf/kdkjksa ds miHkksx gsrq leFkZ djrh gS] ftuesa ls izR;sd gkyk¡fd fHkUu O;fDrxr fgrksa
ds ihNs yxk jgrk gSA bl ifjn‘'; esa vf/kdkj laca/kh ,d leku miHkksx gsrq
O;fDr;ksa ds fof'k"V lanHkksaZ dks vizklafxd cukdj izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] ;Fkk tUe ds
dkjdksa] }kjk fu/kkZfjr mudh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;k¡] uker% iztkfr] tkfr] laLÑfr] u‘tkfr]
fyax vkfnA
;g n`f"Vdks.k lektokfn;ksa }kjk iklax (counterpoise) fd;k tkrk gS tks] ukxj&x.kra=h;

ijEijk esa] fu'p;iwoZd ml lhek dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa O;fDr;ksa ds lanHkksaZ dk egÙo
crkrs gSa] tgk¡ rd vf/kdkj nwljksa ds lkFk leku :i ls miHkksx fd, tk ldsaA ;s
fl)kUrh bl ckr ij t+ksj nsrs gSa fd vf/kdkjkas ds vkcaVu esa ;s Hksn fd, tkus dh ctk;]
ukxfjdksa dh fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa laca/kh fo'ks"k:irk ij /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
fl)kfUr;ksa dh c<+rh la[;k] ftUgsa ^lkaLÑfrd cgqoknh* dgk tkrk gS] dk nkok gS fd
cM+h la[;k esa u‘tkrh;] /kkfeZd o Hkk"kkbZ lewg Lo;a dks ukxfjdrk gsrq vf/kdkj ls
cfg"Ñr ekurs gSaA ;s lewg flQZ mldks viukdj gh lkekU; ukxfjdrk esa lek;ksftr
fd, tk ldrs gSa( ftls vkbfjl eSfjvksa ;w³x ^foHksnhÑr ukxfjdrk* dgrs gSa] vFkkZr~
dqN fuf'pr lewgksa ds lnL;ksa dks u flQZ O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa gh cfYd ml
lewg&fo'ks"k ds ek/;e ls Hkh lek;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mlds vf/kdkj va'kr%
mudh lewg&lnL;rk ij Hkh fuHkZj djsaA ;w³x] lkaLÑfrd cgqokn ds lokZf/kd
izHkko'kkyh fl)kafr;ksa esa ,d] fu'p;iwoZd dgrs gSa fd ukxfjdrk laca/kh ,d lkoZHkkSe
vo/kkj.kk dks tUe nsus dk iz;kl tks lewg fHkUurkvksa dk lheksYya?ku djrk gks]
,sfrgkfld :i ls nfer leqnk;ksa ds izfr cqfu;knh :i ls vuqfpr gS % ,d ,sls lekt
esa tgk¡ dqN leqnk; rks fo'ks"kkf/kdkjizkIr gksa tcfd vU; nfer] bl ckr ij t+ksj nsuk
fd ukxfjdksa ds :i esa yksxksa dks vius fof'k"V laca/ku o vuqHko ihNs NksM+ nsus pkfg,
vkSj ,d vke n`f"Vdks.k viukuk pkfg,] bl ifjizs{; esa flQZ ykHkkfUorksa dks gh izcyrk
iznku djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA lkFk gh ykHkkaforksa ds fgr vU; leqnk;ksa ds fgrksa dks
gkf'k, ij /kdsyrs vFkok mudk eqag can djrs gq, bl ,d:i turk ij vf/kdkj
tekuk pkgrs gSa*A ¼;w³x] 1989] i`- 275½
17
17-- 3 - 3 foHkktd js[kk,¡ % drZO; cuke vf/kdkj
foHkktuksa dh nwljh Ükà[kyk mUgha i)fr;ksa dk vuqlj.k djrh gS tSlk fd igyhA ;gk¡
fookn ukxfjdrk laca /kh ikfjHkkf"kd vk/kkj&okD;ksa ds fygkt ls gS] uker%
lkoZtfud@jktuhfrd o ukxj thou dh izeq[krk vFkok oS;fDrd fgrksa o fHkUurkvksa
dh izeq[krkA ûkxj&xq.k* vkSj ^;ksX;* ukxfjdrk laca/kh vo/kkj.kk tks x.kra=h; ijEijk
14
dk fgLlk curh gq, izkphu xzhdks&jkseu fo'o esa mHkjh vkSj rnksijkar iqutkZxj.kokn U;k;
dkyhu bVyh ,oa vBkjgoha lnh ds vesfjdk o Ýkal esa fQj ls mHkjh] ukxfjdrk
laca/kh ml /kkj.kk dk ,d vfHkUu fgLlk gS tks ukxj o tu&thou gsrq izeq[krk iznku
djrk gSA os yksx tks bu /kkj.kkvksa dks Lohdkj djrs gSa] lfØ; ukxfjdrk dh /kkj.kk
dks egÙo nsrs gSaA bl izdkj ds fu:i.k esa ukxfjdrk ukxfjd dÙkZO;ksa] ukxj&xfrfof/
k;ksa] tuksRlkg o lfØ; jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh dh la?kVd cu tkrh gSA tgk¡
ukxj&x.kra=okn ukxj&thou dh vksj ukxfjd dÙkZO;ksa ds dBksj vuqikyu ij tksj
nsrk gS] mnkjoknh /kkj.kk oS;fDrd fgrksa o fHkUurkvksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gS vkSj U;k;
o vf/kdkjksa gsrq ukxfjdksa dh gdnkjh ij tksj nsrh gSA muds vuqlkj futh thou dh
le`f) eq[; egÙo j[krh gS vkSj ukxfjdrk izeq[kr% dqN ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh la?kVd
gSA vf/kdkj bl izfriknu esa izeq[k gSa vkSj mudk mís'; gS vkUrfjd futh lalkj dh
j{kk djuk vkSj fooknkLin fgrksa ds vfrØe.k ds cxSj futh dk;ksaZ o oS;fDrd
jpukRedrk gsrq Lora=rk iznku djukA ;gk¡ ;g ckr xkSjryc gS fd ukxj&x.kra=h;
ijEijk esa vf/kdkjksa dks mu 'krksaZ ds :i esa vknj fn;k tk;sxk] tks jktuhfrd izfØ;k
esa Hkkxhnkjh gsrq ,d ukxfjd ds dÙkZO;&lk/kuk dk vuqlj.k djrh gksa] u fd blfy,
fd os iwoZ&'krsZa gSaA mUuhl lkS vLlh ds n'kd ls gh ;g eqík mnkjokn o lkE;okn ds
chp c<+rh cgl esa mBk;k tkrk jgk gSA lkE;oknh fl)kafr;ksa] ;Fkk ,fylM~;Sj
eSdbUVj ¼1981½ o ekbdy lSaMsy ¼1982½] ^HkkjxzLr futh O;fDrRo* vFkok mnkjoknh
fl)kar ds vizklaxhÑr O;fDr laca/kh /kkj.kk dks [kkfjt djrs gSaA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd
^vf/kdkjksa dh jktuhfr* ds LFkku ij ,d ^fufgr O;fDrRo* }kjk ^tu&dY;k.k dh
jktuhfr* dks vkuk pkfg,A bl n`f"Vdks.k ls mnkjoknh O;fDrokn oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa
o gdnkfj;ksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr dj mu cU/kuksa dks det+ksj djrk gS] tks lekt dks
lac)rk iznku djrs gSaA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ ukxfjdrk fl)kar esa eq[; foHkktd js[kk,¡ dkSu&lh gSa vkSj os uxj&x.kra= o
mnkjoknh ijaijkvksa ds chp ,sfrgkfld foHkktu ls fdl izdkj fudyh gSa\
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17
17-- 4 leh{kk,¡ vkSj fodYi % ekDlZoknh] ukjh&vf/kdkjoknh
rFkk xk¡ / khoknh
,d iwoZ Hkkx ¼17-2½ esa ukxfjdrk&laca/kh vk/kqfud mnkjoknh /kkj.kk ij ppkZ djrs
le; geus bldh lhekc)rk ij Hkh ckr dh FkhA geus eq[;r% ;g mYys[k fd;k Fkk 15
vf/kdkj] lekurk] fd vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx djus dh ;ksX;rk vFkok os dkuwuh {kerk,¡ tks ukxfjdrk dks
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; vaxHkwr djrh gSa] lHkh ds fy, leku :i ls miyC/k ugha gSaA vU; 'kCnksa esa] blds
ckotwn fd ukxfjd gksus ds vk/kkj ij lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks vkSipkfjdr% leku vf/kdkj
fn, x, gSa] ;s vf/kdkj vly esa lHkh yksxksa }kjk leku :i ls miHkksx ugha fd, tk
ldrs gSaA O;fDr;ksa ds fof'k"V lanHkZ] muds oxZ] fyax] muds /kkfeZd] u`tkrh; o
iztkrh; igpku vkfn ml lhek dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] tgk¡ rd vf/kdkj oLrqr% izkI;
gSaA vf/kdkj&iz;ksx dks fu/kkZfjr djrs lanHkksaZ dks /;ku esa j[kus laca/kh mnkjoknh
ukxfjdrk dh ;g v{kerk gh gS tks ukxfjdrk laca/kh ekDlZoknh o ukjh&vf/kdkjoknh
lekykspukvksa dk eq[; dsUnz jgh gSA vkxkeh vuqPNsnksa esa ge mu nks"kksa ij utj Mkysaxs]
ftUgsa ekDlZoknh o ukjh&vf/kdkjoknh tu ukxfjdrk laca/kh cqfu;knh vk/kkj&okD;ksa esa
ns[krs gSaA ;s nks"k] muds vuqlkj] ukxfjdrk dks ,d ,slk tfVy leok; (system) cuk
nsrs gSa tks dqN vlekurkvksa dks rks de djrs nsrk gS tcfd vU; dks dk;e j[krk gSA
17
17-- 4 - 1 ukxfjdrk dh iq u iZ f jHkk"kk % mnkjoknh ukxfjdrk&la c a / kh
ekDlZoknh vkykspuk
ukxfjdrk dk 1840 ds n'kd esa dkyZ ekDlZ }kjk ^vesfjdh o Ýkalhlh Økafr;ksa ds
lafo/kku* laca/kh muds fo'ys"k.k esa lkQrkSj ij [kkdk [khapk x;k] ftlls vk/kqfud
ukxfjdrk dk tUe gqvkA vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d vFkok cwtqZvk ukxfjdrk gsrq ekDlZ dk
fo#)&rdZ mlds 'kCnksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] tks uhps izLrqr gSa %
tUe] in] f'k{kk o O;olk; mu tUe] in] f'k{kk o O;olk; ij vk/kkfjr fHkUurkvksa dks
jkT; vius gh rjhds ls lekIr djrk gS] tc og xSj&jktuhfrd fHkUurk,¡ ?kksf"kr dj
nsrk gS] tc og ;g mn~?kksf"kr djrk gS fd gj yksd&lewg bu fHkUurkvkas ij /;ku fn,
cxSj tu&laizHkqrk esa ,dleku :i ls Hkkxhnkj gS] tc og mu lHkh rÙoksa dks] tks
tu&lk/kkj.k ds okLrfod thou dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] jkT; ds n`f"Vdks.k ls foosfpr
djrk gSA ftl ij Hkh jkT; mUgsa vius rjhds ls is'k vkus o viuh fof'k"V izÑfr dk
nkok djus gsrq futh laifÙk] f'k{kk o O;olk; dks Lohdkj djrk gSA bu rF;kRed
fHkUurkvkas dks lekIr djus ds vfrfjDr] jkT; vfLrRo cuk;s j[kus ds fy, mUgsa igys
ls gh ekudj pyrk gS] ;Fkk futh laifÙk] f'k{kk o O;olk;A ¼mldh vyhZ jkbfVaXl]
gje.M~loFkZ] iaSX;qbu] 1975] i`- 219 esa ^vku n twb'k DoS'pu*½
cqtqZvk ukxfjdrk laca/kh ekDlZoknh vkykspuk us bl izdkj vk/kqfud iw¡thoknh lektksa

esa vlekurkvksa gsrq Lo;a dh vlQyrk ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;kA ,d LokHkkfod :i ls
vleku O;oLFkk es]a tks oxZ&vlekurkvksa dks tUe nsus o dk;e j[kus ij Qyrh&Qwyrh
gS] vf/kdkj] ekDlZoknh lekykspuk n`<+rkiwoZd dgrh gS] flQZ lekurk dh ^Åijh
ltkoV* ek= gks ldrs gSaA ukxfjd o jktuhfrd vf/kdkj cwtqZvk Økafr;ksa dh mit
Fks] vkSj fodflr] tSlk fd ek'kZy }kjk vius ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS]
iw¡thokn ds lkFk&lkFk gq,A tcfd bu vf/kdkjksa us iw¡thokn ds dqN nq"izHkkoksa dks de
fd;k] mudk vfHkizk; vlekurk ds rkusckuksa dks <kuk ugha Fkk vkSj u gh] blh dkj.k]
,slk dj lds] D;ksafd ;s rkusckus gh iw¡thoknh lektksa dks la?kVu iznku djrs FksA
lkekftd vf/kdkjksa] ukxfjdrk vf/kdkjksa ij mnkjoknh er ds ,d lw= }kjk gky ds

o"kksaZ esa rh[kh vkykspukvksa us] tks fd ek'kZy n'kkZrs gSa fd chloha lnh esa jkT; ls
dY;k.k&ykHk gsrq turk ds mikafrd oxksaZ dh ek¡xksa dks iwjk djrh fodflr gqbZ Fkha] dqN
okeiaFkh ys[kdksa dks vf/kdkjksa dk i{k ysus dks izsfjr fd;kA ,sfe ckFkksZyksE;q tSls fo}kuksa
16
us ;g n'kkZus ds fy, ,d mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k gS fd ekDlZ dh êkuo m)kj* U;k;
laca/kh /kkj.kk esa ^le‘) O;fDrRo* o ^vkRe fodkl* laca/kh /kkj.kk ekDlZ dh vf/kdkjksa
ds izfr opuc)rk n'kkZrh gSA ckFkksZyksE;q dk dguk gS fd ekDlZ dh vf/kdkjksa laca/kh
lekykspuk ewy :i ls vf/kdkjksa ds ml cks/k dh vksj fn'kkfunsZf'kr gS] tks mls êuq";
dk vf/kdkj* & rFkkdfFkr izkÑr vf/kdkjksa & ds lkFk igpkurs gSa tks vkneh dks
vkneh ls vkSj ml O;kid leqnk; ls] ftldk og ,d Hkkx gS] vyx djrs gq,
^lhek&fu/kkZjdksa* ds :i esa dke djrs gSaA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj vf/kdkj ^le‘)
O;fDrRo* esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSa] ;Fkk ml jpukRed O;fDr dks cukus esa ftldh iz;ksx{kerk
lokZf/kd iwjs rkSj ls vareZu esa vkSj leqnk; ds lkFk lkeatL; esa Li"Vrk vuqHko dh
tkrh gSA
17
17-- 4 - 2 ukjh&vf/kdkjokfn;ksa dh ukxfjdrk laca/kh dh iquiZfjHkk"kk
lHkh eksjpksa ds ukjh&vf/kdkjokfn;ksa us ukxfjdrk&fl)kar dh fyaxHksn&'kwU;rk o
fyaxHksn&vKkurk] ;Fkk budk /;ku j[kus esa mldh foQyrk dh vkykspuk dh gS % ¼d½
vk/kqfud lektksa dk fir‘lÙkkRed LoHkko] vkSj ¼[k½ og rjhdk ftlls fyaxHksn
ukxfjdrk&vf/kdkjksa rd ig¡qp fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
ukjh&vf/kdkjokfn;ksa us crk;k gS fd ukxfjdrk lac/a kh vf/kdka'k ,sfrgkfld oSpkfjdrk,¡

efgykvksa ds izfr fo}s"kh jgh gSa] ;k rks mUgsa izkphu ijaijk dh Hkk¡fr ukxfjdrk ls iwjh
rjg nwj j[kdj] ;k fQj mUgsa] Ýkalhlh ijaijk esa tSlk gksrk Fkk] ijks{k vkSj vleku :i
ls ukxfjd ifRu;ksa vFkok ukxfjdksa ¼;Fkk] iq#"k½ dh lgpfj;ksa ds :i esa tksM+djA
dSjksy isVeSu dgrh gSa fd vk/kqfud mnkjoknh ukxfjdrk tcfd efgykvksa dks iwjh rjg
ls oftZr u djrs gq,] mUgsa mudh lkekftd :i ls mi;ksxh tSfod :i ls fu/kkZfjr
fLFkfr ¼;Fkk] mudh tSfod lajpuk ,oa lacaf/kr Hkwfedk,¡] uker% larkuksRifÙk ,oa
ikyu&iks"k.k½A ¼ns[ksa dSjksy isVeSu] n lSDlqvy dkWUVªSDV] ikWfyfV izSl] dSfEczt] 1988(
xht+syk cqd ,oa lqt+u tsEl la-] fc;kWUM bDokfyfV ,.M fMQjWUl] :Vfyt] yanu]
1992 esa dSjksy isVeSu] ^bDokfyfV] fMQjWUl lcvkWfMZus'ku n iWfyfVDl vkWQ enjgqM
,.M foesu*t flfVt+uf'ki*½ bl rjg ls lekos'ku efgykvksa dks jktuhfr ds {ks= ls
ckgj j[krs gq,] vkSj mUgsa f'k{kk] lEifÙk] ukSdjh volj vkfn] tks yksxkssa jktuhfrd
Hkkxhnkjh gsrq vko';d oLrqvksa ls ySl djrs gSa] lalk/kuksa ls nwj j[kdj mUgsa ek¡vksa o
ifRu;ksa ds :i esa ijk/khu Hkwfedkvksa esa ck¡V nsrk gSA
ukxfjdrk fl)kar dh fyaxHksn&vKkurk bruh O;kid jgh gS] ukjh&vf/kdkjoknh tu

dgrs gaS] fd ukxfjdrk ds Øe&fodkl laca/kh dksbZ Hkh fooj.k dsoy efgykvksa dks
lkekU; izo‘fÙk esa efrHkza'kksa ds :i esa gkf'k;ksa ij /kdsydj gh viuh laca)rk dk;e
j[k ldrk gSA vlZyk oksxy bldks ukxfjdrk&laca/kh ek'kZy ds fo'ys"k.k dk lanHkZ
ysdj Li"V djrh gSaA vf/kdkjkas ds Øfed lkekU;hdj.k@lkoZHkkSehdj.k ds :i esa
ukxfjdrk ds izlkj laca/kh ek'kZy dh êq[; dFkk]* oksxy dgrh gSa] flQZ efgykvksa dks
,sfrgkfld vlaxfr;ksa ds :i esa] ;Fkk ,sls O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa ftudh fLFkfr ^fof'k"V*
,oa eq[; dFkk gsrq vizklafxd Fkh] ^'kkfey djds* gh v[k.M jg ldrh FkhA ¼ns[ksa
vlZyk oksxy ,oa ekbdy eksjka la-] n ÝfUV;lZ vkWQ flfVt+uf'ki] lsUV ekfVZu izSl]
U;w;kdZ] 1991] i`- 58&85 esa vlZyk oksxy] ^bt+ flfVt+uf'ki tS.Mj fLiflfQ+d*½
ukjh&vf/kdkjokfn;ksa us ukxfjdrk laca/kh fyax&foHksfnr oSpkjhdj.k dh flQZ vkykspuk

gh ugha dh gS] mUgksaus mDr vo/kkj.kk ds foLrkjhdj.k gsrq vihy Hkh dh gS rkfd blesa
17
vf/kdkj] lekurk] mu xfrfof/k;kas dks 'kkfey dj ldsa ftudks futh izHkko {ks= ls lEcfU/kr ds :i esa ns[kk
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; tkrk gSA ;g fopkj flQZ mu lÙkk&laca/kksa ij /;ku vkÑ"V djus ds fy, ugha gS tks
futh ekeyksa ¼fookg] ifjokj] ySafxdrk½ ds {ks=kf/kdkj esa ifjO;kIr gksrs gaS] cfYd futh
dk;Z{ks= dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds voewY;u ij iz'u djus ds fy, Hkh gSA lkjk jfMd ,oa tk¡
,YLrsa tSls ekr`lÙkkoknh] rnuqlkj] iq#"k O;fDr;ksa ,oa y{k.kksa ij vk/kkfjr ukxfjdrk
dks <k tkuk pkgrs gSaA os blds LFkku ij thou ds iq#"k ¼lkoZtfud½ ,oa L=h
¼vlkoZtfud½ igyqvkas ds chp Hksn dks bl izfØ;k esa Hkax djrs gq,] ^vo/kku laca/kh
L=hlqyHk uhfr'kkL=* (feminist ethics of care) ;Fkk izes o n;k lac/a kh fL=;ksfpr y{k.kksa
ij vk/kkfjr ukxfjdrk laca/kh ,d u;h uSfrd o ekuuh; vo/kkj.kk fodflr fd, tkus
dh flQkfj'k djrh gSaA
17
17-- 4 - 3 ukxfjdrk&laca/kh xk¡/khoknh /kkj.kk
ukxfjdrk laca/kh ,d xk¡/khoknh /kkj.kk dks ukxj&x.kra=okn ds rÙo j[kus okyh ds :i
esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] ftldks ^tu&dY;k.k] ukxfjd dÙkZO; o lfØ; ukxfjdrk ds
izfr opuc)rk] ds :i esa igpkuk tkrk gSA fgr leqnk; ds izfr xk¡/kh eaas opuc)rk]
gkyk¡fd] oS;fDrd Lok;Ùkrk esa ,d leku&:i ls l'kDr vkLFkk vkSj jkT; lÙkk dh
neudkjh iz;ksx{kerk laaca/kh vfo'okl ds lkFk] ;=&r= fc[kjh gSA vk/kqfud jkT; ds
neudkjh izk/kkjksa laaca/kh vfo'okl] ftlesa ls dkQh dqN xk¡/khth ds nf{k.k vÝhdk o
Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ds lkFk vuqHkoksa ls mn~Hkwr gq,] us ?k`.kk&izn'kZu gsrq O;fDr
ds uSfrd vf/kdkj ds izfr mudh opuc)rk dks bfPNr :i iznku fd;kA ,d
vU;k;iw.kZ ljdkj dk fojks/k djuk xk¡/khth ds ûkxfjdrk laca/kh dÙkZO;ksa* dk ,d
egÙoiw.kZ vax FkkA ;g ckr ûkxfjd voKk* ds fu;eksa laca/kh muds ml izfriknu esa
Li"Vr% mtkxj gqbZ gS] tks ukxfjd fojks/kdÙkkZ dks LoSfPNd :i ls dkuwu rksM+rs le;
vkSj dkjkokl Hkksxrs le; dqN vkpkj&lafgrkvkas ds ikyu gsrq ck/; djrk FkkA
foosdh ¼O;fDr½ ukxfjd lfØ; ukxfjdrk&laca/kh xk¡/khth dh /kkj.kk ds dsUnz esa

vofLFkr gSA ;g ukxfjd oSls] ^tu&dY;k.k* gsrq opuc)rk }kjk ckf/kr gSA
^tu&dY;k.k* laca/kh xk¡/khth dh /kkj.kk ds eq[; vo;o gSa % ¼1½ lkekftd fgr
O;fDrxr fgrksa ls Åij gSa( ¼2½ v/;kReokn HkkSfrdokn ls Åij gS( ¼3½ lekt ds izfr
dÙkZO; jkT; dh rqyuk esa oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa vFkok lekt ds vU; lnL;ksa dh rqyuk
esa oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa ls igys gSa( ¼4½ mRiknu ds tukf/kdkj laca/kh iz'kklu dk nkf;Ro(
¼5½ loksZn; vFkok oxZ] tkfr] /keZ] fyax vkfn laca/kh fHkUurkvkas dks lekIr dj lHkh dk
mRFkku( ¼6½ Je vFkok thfodksJe esa fo'okl rkfd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr viuh cqfu;knh
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, fdlh nwljs ij fuHkZj u jgs( rFkk ¼7½ ekuo izfr"Bk dks
dk;e j[kus ds fy, ,d U;k;iw.kZ lekt dh jpuk gsrq uSfrd dÙkZO;A
Ckks/k iz'u 4
1½ ekDlZokfn;ksa vkSj ukjh&vf/kdkjokfn;ksa us ukxfjdrk dh lhekvksa dks fdl izdkj
iquiZfjHkkf"kr fd;k gS\
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18
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2½ ukxfjdrk&laca/kh xk¡/khoknh /kkj.kk oS;fDrd Lok;Ùkrk dks lkewfgd dY;k.k
laca/kh fl)kar ls fdl izdkj tksM+rh gS\
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17
17-- 5 lkjka ' k
ukxfjdrk] vius vk/kqfud cks/k esa] ml jktuhfrd leqnk; esa iw.kZ vkSj leku lnL;rk
dh vksj ladsr djrh gS tks orZeku Hkwe.Myh; izlax esa jk"Vª&jkT; dh vksj b'kkjk
djrk gSA ukxfjdrk cgjgky ,slk LFky iznku djrh gS] tgk¡ vusdksa n`f"Vdks.k blds
:i o okLrfod vFkZ ij ,d nwljs ls gksM+ djrs gSAa ,sfrgkfld :i ls] ukxj&x.kra=okn
us ukxfjdrk laca/kh lokZf/kd izHkko'kkyh le> :ikfir dh gSA orZeku ukxfjdrk
laca/kh izeq[k cks/k mnkjoknh ijEijk ls gqvk] tks bls oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa dh ,d Ükà[kyk
j[kus okys ds :i esa ns[krh gSA lkaLÑfrd cgqoknh o lkE;oknh tu gkyk¡fd bu
vf/kdkjksa dks rc rd fujFkZd ekurs gSa] tc rd fd os vf/kdkj&/kkjd O;fDr;ksa ds
fof'k"V izlaxksa dks Hkh /;ku esa ugha ysrsA ekDlZoknh o ukjh&vf/kdkjoknh tu vf/kdrj
ukxfjdrk dks Øekuqlkj oxZ o fyaxHksn laca/kh mu rkusckukas ls mHkjk ekurs gSa tks
neudkjh lkekftd] vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd laca/kksa dks <krs gSaA ukxj&x.kra=h; ijEijk
ds vuqlj.k esa lksp dk ,d vkSj lw= ukxfjdrk dks ,d xfrfof/k ds ekin.M ds :i
esa mu ukxj&xq.k o dÙkZO;ksa dh vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa ns[kuk ilan djrk gS] tks cnys
esa ,d lerkoknh lekt@leqnk; dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ukxfjdrk laca/kh ;s fofo/k
cks/k mls vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d lektksa dh le> gsrq ,d egÙoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk cukrs gSaA
19
vf/kdkj] lekurk]
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; 17
17-- 6 eq[; 'kCn
lfØ; ukxfjdrk %^nkf;Roiw.kZ* Hkkxhnkjh laca/kh ,d izdk;Z ds :i esa
(Active Citizenship) ukxfjdrk laca/kh /kkj.kk tks ,d xfrfof/k&ekun.M Hkh
cuus ds fy, viuh fuf"Ø; lai‘DrkFkZ ls c<+dj gSA
jk"Vªh; leqnk; gsrq ,d ukxfjd ds lEc)rk&Hkko ds vk/
kkj ij rnksijkar nkf;Roksa o ln~xq.kksa okyh oks izo‘fÙk;k¡
o fo'ks"krk,¡ vkrh gSa] tks mls ,d ^mÙke* ukxfjd ds :i
esa fof'k"Vrk iznku djrh gSaA
vkjksfir Øe&ijEijk,¡ % ,d Øe&ijEijk ;k inkuqØe vlekurk & laca/kh ml
(Ascriptive hierarchies) fijkfeMh; O;oLFkk& ,d lh/ks&[kM+s :i laxfBr izk/kkj
& dk ladsr djrk gS] tgk¡ 'kh"kZLFk 'ks"k ij vkf/kiR;
j[krk gSA vkjksfir Øe&ijEijk dk vFkZ gksxk os O;oLFkk,¡
tgk¡ tUe laca/kh n'kk,¡ gh yksxksa ds inkuqØfer laxBu
dks fu/kkZfjr djsaxhA
ukxfjdx.k (Citizens) % ukxfjd ,d jktuhfrd leqnk; ds iw.kZ o leku lnL;
gksrs gSa] tks orZeku Hkwe.Myh; jktuhfrd izk/kkj esa
jk"Vª&jkT; dk :i ys ysrs gSaA
ukxfjdrk (Citizenship) % ikjLifjd vf/kdkjksa] dÙkZO;ksa o nkf;Roksa ij vk/kkfjr
O;fDr@leqnk;ksa o jkT; ds chp ,d laca/kA
tu&dY;k.k % tu&dY;k.k ;kuh vke HkykbZ dh /kkj.kk bl vkn'kZ&okD;
(Common Good) ij vk/kkfjr gS fd oS;fDrd fgrksa ds chp vusdksa fHkUurk,¡
gks ldrh gSaA ijUrq buls ijs dqN cqfu;knh eqíksa ij ,d
lgefr Hkh vUrfuZfgr gS] ftudks vkerkSj lHkh ds fgr o
dY;k.k dks izksRlkgu nsus ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA
rnuqlkj] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd oS;fDrd fgrksa ls ijs]
,d okLrfod fgr dk vfLrRo gS tks lHkh dh bPNkiwfrZ
djrk gS vkSj tgk¡ lHkh futh fgrksa dh iwfrZ ns[kh tkrh gSA
;g iwfrZ&fcUnq gh tu&dY;k.k dh /kkj.kk gSA
leqnk; (Community) % tu&lk/kkj.k vFkok lkekftd oxksaZ dk ,d lewg ftls
lkgp;Z] fu"Bk&dÙkZO; laca/kh cU/kuksa ij vk/kkfjr ,d
l'kDr lkewfgd igpku ds lkFk&lkFk Hkko&ca/ku o
ukrsnkjh }kjk Hkh igpkuk tkrk gSA
foHksnhÑr ukxfjdrk % ;g vo/kkj.kk u flQZ O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa] cfYd leqnk;
(Differentiated Citizenship) ds lnL;ksa ds :i esa Hkh dqN ¼lkaLÑfrd½ lewgksa ds
lnL;ksa ds lekos'ku dk leFkZu djrh gS] mudh vf/kdkj
muds fo'ks"k vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrs gq, va'kr% bl
lewg dh lnL;rk ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA
fyaxHksn (Gender) % fyax ls fHkUu] tks tSfod fHkUurk dh vksj b'kkjk djrk gS]
fyaxHksn iq#"k o fL=;ksa ds chp lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd
fof'k"Vrk dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA ukjh&vf/kdkjokfn;ksa
20
ds vuqlkj] fyaxHksn i{kikr rc gksrs gSa] tc efgykvksa ds U;k;
fy, tSfod fHkUurk,¡ fHkUu] ijra= o o'; (subservient)
lkekftd Hkwfedkvksa o inksa gsrq vk/kkj cu tkrh gSaA
Hkwe.Myhdj.k % ;g LFkkuh;] {ks=h;] jk"Vªh;] o vUrjkZ"Vªh; ?kVukvks]a izfØ;kvksa
(Globalisation) o fu.kZ;ksa ds chp vUrZlEcU/kksa@vU;ksU;kJ; ds ml tky
dh vksj ladsr djrk gS tks fo'o Hkj esa O;fDr;ksa fd
thou dks vuqdwy cukrk gSA
fuf"Ø; ukxfjdrk % lkaLÑfrd@HkkoukRed igpku dh ctk; ,d jktuhfrd
(Passive Citizenship) lekf/kdkj egÙo] jktuhfrd vuq"kfDr;k¡ o ukxfjd
fu"Bk,¡A ukxfjdrk dks cgq/kk bl vuq"kfDr dh vfHkO;fDr
ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] tks ukxfjdkas ds :i esas ,d lk>k
igpku esa yksxksa dks ,d lkFk j[krh gSA
iztkfr (Race) % ,d oSKkfud o jktuhfrd :i ls fooknkLin Js.kh]
iztkfr mu tSfod ¼oa'kkuqxr½ fHkUurkvksa dh vksj b'kkjk
djrh gS tks yksxksa ds ,d lewg dks nwljs ls rFkkdfFkr
:i ls vyx n'kkZrh gSaA dkQh yEcs le; ls] iztkfr dks
yksxksa ds chp lkaLÑfrd fHkUurkvksa rFkk dqN dh lH;rk
laca/kh ghurk o fiNM+siu vkSj nwljksa dh Js"Brk laca/kh
vkjksi.k dks Li"V djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA
17
17-- 7 dqN mi;ksxh lanHkZ
ts- ,e- ckjcysV] flfVt+uf'ki] vksiu ;wfuoflZVh izSl] feYVus ØhUl] 1988
MkWu vkWfyoj ,oa Msjsd ghVj] n Qkm.Ms'ku vkWQ flfVt+uf'ki] gkosZLVj OghV'khQ]
1994
dSjksy isVeSu] ^bDoWfyfV] fMQjWUl] lc&vkWfMZus'ku % n ikWfyfVDl vkWQ+ enjgqM ,.M

foeu*t+ flfVt+uf'ki* & thlyk cqd ,oa lqlSu tsEl la-] fc;kW.M bDokWfyfV
,.M fMQjWUl] :Vfyt] yanu] 1992
17- 8 Ckks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

Ckks/k iz'u 1
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 17-1
2) ns[ksa Hkkx 17-1 vkSj [kkldj] miHkkx 17-1.2
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1) ns[ksa miHkkx 17-1.2 vkSj Hkkx 17.2
2) ns[ksa miHkkx 17-2.4 – 17-2.6
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1) ns[ksa Hkkx 17-3
Ckks/k iz'u 4
1) ns[ksa miHkkx 17-4.1 vkSj 17.4.2
21
2) ns[ksa Hkkx 17-4.3
vf/kdkj] lekurk]
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; bdkbZ 18 lekurk
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
18.0 mís';
18.1 ifjp;
18.2 lekurk ds fofHkUu izdkj
18-2-1 vkSipkfjd lekurk
18-2-2 volj dh lekurk
18-2-3 ifj.kkeksa dh lekurk
18.3 lekurk ds dqN ewy fl)kar
18.4 lekurk ds fo#) dqN rdZ
18.5 mnkjoknh vlekurk&laca/kh vkSfpR; izfriknu
18.6 lekurk ,oa ukjh&vf/kdkjokn
18.7 lekurk vkSj Lora=rk
18.8 lkjka'k
18.9 dqN mi;ksxh lanHkZ
18.10 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj
18-0 mís ' ;

bl bdkbZ dk eq[; mís'; gS] lekurk dk vFkZ le>uk vkSj bl vo/kkj.kk ls tqM+s
egÙoiw.kZ lS)kfUrd fo"k;ksa ij /;ku nsukA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ij vki bl ;ksX; gksaxs
fd %
• lekurk laca/kh ewy fl)karksa dh ladYiuk dks Li"V dj ldsa
• lekurk ds dqN ewy fl)karksa ij ppkZ dj ldsa
• vkSipkfjd lekurk] volj dh lekurk vkSj ifj.kkeksa dh lekurk dks Li"V dj
ldsa
• dqN lerkokn&fojks/kh fopkjksa dh tk¡p dj ldsa
• mnkjokfn;ksa ds vlekurk&laca/kh vkSfpR; izfriknu ij ppkZ dj ldsa] vkSj vUrr%
• lekurk o Lora=rk ds chp laca/k dk ewY;kadu dj ldsaA
18.1 ifjp;
lekurk vFkkZr~ cjkcjh dh /kkj.kk vk/kqfud jktuhfr ,oa jktuhfrd fparu dk eq[;
fo"k; izrhr gksrh gSA tUe ij vk/kkfjr lekt esa inkuqØe] lkekftd fLFkfr vFkok
vU; fdlh Hkh ekun.M dks izÑfr iznÙk ekuk tkrk FkkA vc ;g ckr ugha gS] oLrqr%
vk/kqfud jktuhfrd lksp bl ifjdYiuk ls 'kq: gksrh gS fd lHkh euq"; leku gSaA
1789 esa Ýkalhlh Økafr o rnksijkar vesfjdh x`g&;q) & yksdra=] lekurk o Lora=rk
ds fopkj dks O;Dr djus esa ;s nks ,sfrgkfld :i ls cM+h egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk,¡ gSaA ,d us
e/;dkyhu Øe&ijEijkvksa dks pqukSrh nh] rks nwljh us tkfr&vk/kkfjr vlekurkvksa dh
22
vksj /;ku vkÑ"V fd;kA rFkkfi] lekurk ds fopkj dks LohÑfr feyuk vklku ugha U;k;
FkkA 1931 esa vkj-,p- VkWuh us ys[ku dk;Z djrs gq, fczfV'k lekt esa ,d ij ckr 'kksd
O;Dr fd;k ftldk o.kZu mUgksaus ^vlekurk ds /keZ* ds :i esa fd;kA fdarq] lekurk
dk fopkj vklkuh ls Lohdk;Z ugha FkkA 1931 esa ys[ku djrs gq;s vkj-,p- VkWuh us
fczfV'k lekt esa ^vlekurk ds /keZ* ij vQlksl t+kfgj fd;kA ftl ckr us mUgsa
ijs'kku fd;k Fkk og ek= lekt esa vlekurkvksa dh fo|ekurk ugha Fkh] oju~ mldks
uSlfxZd vkSj vifjgk;Z ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkuk FkkA f}rh; fo'o;q)ksijkar dky
esa vusd ifjorZu gq, Fks vkSj lekurk ds fopkj dks dkQ+h O;kid yksdfiz;rk fey pqdh
FkhA mifuos'k cfLr;ksa esa rhoz ygj us lekurk fo"k;d cgl esa ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ
vk;ke tksM+ fn;k] tSlk fd ukjh&vkUnksyu esa gSA
vkt ds lanHkZ esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd lekurk dks ekuo thou ds ,d cgqr gh
egÙoiw.kZ fl)kar ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS] rFkkfi bl ckjs esa cM+s >xM+s gksrs gSa
fd lekurk dks dgk¡ vkSj dSls O;ogkj esa yk;k tk,A ,d vkSj vf/kd fooknxzLr {ks=
gS lekt esa /ku&lEifÙk o vk; ds forj.k gsrq lekurk ds fl)kar dk iz;ksx bl lanHkZ
esa ;g mYys[k djuk mi;ksxh gksxk fd gky ds o"kks± esa lerkokn&fojks/kh lksp dk xaHkhj
:i ls iqu#RFkku gqvk gS] tks fd ml jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk okyh fopkj/kkjk dh c<+rh
yksdfiz;rk ls n`<+hÑr gqbZ gS] ftldk rdZ gS fd lerkoknh mik; ckt+kj {kerk dk
xyk ?kksaV nsrs gSa vkSj vkxs pydj gj fdlh dh gkyr [kLrk dj nsrs gSaA
lerkokfn;ksa ls rnuqlkj vis{kk gS fd pqukSfr;ksa dh ,d u;h Ükà[kyk ds tokc esa vius

rdks± dks lqLi"V djsa( os vkerkSj ij bl rF; dks Li"Vr% fl) djus esa yxs jgrs gSa(
fd os lEiw.kZ lekurk dh ek¡x ugha dj jgs gSa vkSj bl izdkj] ,d:irk mudh ;kstuk
dk fgLlk drbZ ugha gSA blds foijhr] ftldks os cpkus dk iz;kl djrs gSa og gS fofo/
krkA
18-2 lekurk ds fofHkUu izdkj

18
18-- 2 - 1 vkSipkfjd lekurk
vaxzsth nk'kZfud tkWu ykWd euq"; dh uSlfxZd lekurk ij vk/kkfjr lekurk&laca/kh
fopkj ds lokZf/kd okd~iVq leFkZdksa esa ls ,d gSaA ¼dgus dh t+:jr ugha fd ykWd dh
dk;Z&;kstuk esa efgykvksa dk drbZ LFkku ugha Fkk!½ dSUV us bl lkoZHkkSe ekuork ds
,d fu"d"kZ :i esa lkoZf=drk vkSj lekurk ds ckjs esa ckr dj bl fopkj dks vkSj
et+cwrh iznku dhA bl izdkj] vkSipkfjd lekurk dk vFkZ gks x;k & viuh loZekU;
ekuork ds cy ij lHkh O;fDr;ksa ls leku :i ls O;ogkj fd;k tk,A
bl fopkj dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ vfHkO;fDr gS & fof/k&laxr lekurk vFkok dkuwu ds

le{k lekurk dk fl)karA dkuwu ds }kjk lHkh yksxksa ls leku :i ls O;ogkj fd;k
tkuk pkfg,] cs'kd mudh tkfr] iztkfr] o.kZ] fyax] /keZ] lkekftd i`"“BHkwfe] bR;kfn
dqN Hkh gksA tcfd ;g iztkfr] fyax] lkekftd i`"“BHkwfe o blh izdkj ds vU;
ekun.Mksa ij vk/kkfjr fo'ks"kkf/kdkjksa ds f[kykQ+ la?k"kZ esa ,d Lokxr;ksX; dne Fkk]
vius vk; esa ;g ,d cgqr lhfer /kkj.kk gSA ;g fl)kar bl rF; ls badkj djrk gS
fd tkfr] fyax o lkekftd i`"“BHkwfe }kjk Mkyh xbZ vM+pusa bruh nqnZeuh; gks ldrh
Fkha fd O;fDr ml vkSipkfjd lekurk dks ykHk mBkus esa Hkh leFkZ ugha gksrk tks fd
dkuwu lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks iznku djrk gSA
23
vf/kdkj] lekurk] bl lanHkZ esa ;g x+kSjryc gS fd ;gh oks vYirk Fkh] ftlus ekDlZ dks vius fuca/k ^vkWu
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; n`twb'k DoS'pu* esa bl leL;k ij lw{e n`f"V Mkyus dks izo`Ùk fd;kA mlus fu'p;iwoZd
dgk fd vkSipkfjd lekurk tcfd ,d egÙoiw.kZ vxzlj dne gS] og ekuo dk m)kj
ugha dj ldrhA tcfd ckt+kj us yksxksa dks lkekftd ntsZ o vU; le:i Jsf.k;ksa }kjk
yxk, x, vM+axksa ls eqDr dj fn;k] mlus frl ij Hkh oxkZ/kkfjr Hksnksa dks iSnk dj fn;k]
ftudks fd futh LokfeRo dh fo|ekurk }kjk ifjiq"V fd;k x;kA bldk fufgrkFkZ Fkk
fd O;fDrtu furkUr fHkUu ckt+kj ewY; j[krs gSa vkSj blh dkj.k ls ekDlZoknh tu bl
lanHkZ esa vkSipkfjd lekurk dk o.kZu ckt+kj lekurk ds :i esa djrs gSa] tksfd lekt
dh xgu vleku izÑfr dks fNikus gsrq dqN T+;knk gh fn[kkok gSA
vkt] lerkoknh tu bl /kkj.kk lss nwj pys x, gSa fd lHkh euq";ksa dks leku cuk;k
x;k gS vkSj blh dkj.k ls] mUgsa leku vf/kdkj j[kus pkfg,( ,slk bl rF; dh otg
ls gS fd euq"; tu vf/kdka'k egÙoiw.kZ igyqvksa esa leku ugha gSaA blhfy,] vkt]
lekurk 'kCn fooj.kdkjh ds LFkku ij ,d O;oLFkkdkjh vFkZ esa vf/kd iz;ksx gksrk gS(
mu uhfr;ksa dk leFkZu fd;k tkrk gS tks euq";ksa ds dqN o.kZukRed fo'ks"k xq.kksa ij
fuHkZj u jgrs gq, lekurk ds vkn'kZ dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
ii½ vius mÙkjksa ds lq>koksa ds fy, bdkbZ dk vUr ns[ksaA
1½ og D;k Fkk ftlus fczfV'k lekt ds ckjs esa vkj-,p-VkWuh dks O;kdqy dj fn;k\
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2½ vkSipkfjd lekurk fl)kar dks fn'kk&funsZf'kr djus okyk ewy rÙoKku D;k gS\
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18
18-- 2 - 2 volj dh lekurk
lgt gh le>h tkus okyh] volj dh lekurk dk vFkZ gS mu lHkh vojks/kksa dks nwj
djuk tks O;fDrxr vkRe&fodkl esa ck/kk Mkyrs gSaA bldk vFkZ gS fd is'ks ;k O;olk;
izfrHkkoku O;fDr ds fy, gh [kqys gksus pkfg, vkSj rjfDd+;k¡ ;ksX;rkvksa ij vk/kkfjr
gksuh pkfg,A lkekftd fLFkfr] ikfjokfjd laca/kksa] lkekftd i`"“BHkwfe o ,sls gh vU;
dkjdksa dk gLr{ksi ugha gksus nsuk pkfg,A
24
volj dh lekurk ,d vR;Ur vkd"kZd /kkj.kk gS] tks ml ckr ls lacaf/kr gS ftldk U;k;
thou ds vkjEHk fcUnq ds :i esa o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd lekurk ;g
vis{kk j[krh gS fd lHkh O;fDr ,d lery ØhM+k&LFky ls thou 'kq: djsaA rFkkfi]
;g t+:jh ugha fd blds ifj.kke fcYdqy Hkh lerkoknh gksaA ;FkkFkZr% pw¡fd gj O;fDr
us leku :i ls 'kq#vkr dh] vleku ifj.kke Lohdk;Z ,oa oS/k&fl) gksrs gSaA bl
vlekurk dks rc fHkUu&fHkUu uSlfxZd izfrHkkvksa] dBksj Je&{kerk vFkok HkkX; ds Hkh
'kCnksa esa Li"V fd;k tk,xkA
;g yxrk gS fd bl rjg ls cuh volj dh lekurk ,d ,slh O;oLFkk esa izfrLi/kkZ

djus dk leku volj iznku djrh gS tks fd Øe&ijEijkxr jgh gSA vxj ,slk gS
rks ;g rÙor% dksbZ lerkoknh fl)kar izrhr ugha gksrkA volj dh lekurk] bl izdkj]
,d vlerkoknh lekt dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gS] ;|fi og ;ksX;rk ds mPp vkn'kZ ij
vk/kkfjr] gSA ;g /kkj.kk Lo;a dks izÑfr vkSj ijEijk ds chp fHkUurk ij vk/kkfjr djrh
gSA rdZ ;g gS fd os fHkUurk,¡ tks izfrHkkvksa] dkS'kyksa] dBksj Je bR;kfn tSls fofHkUu
izkÑfrd xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij izdV gksrh gSa] uSfrd :i ls leFkZuh; gSaA rFkkfi] os
fHkUurk,¡ tks ijEijkvksa vFkok x+jhch] vkJ;ghurk tSls lkekftd :i ls cus Hksnksa ls
iSnk gksrh gSa] leFkZuh; ugha gSaA lPpkbZ] gkyk¡fd] ;g gS fd ;g ,d fof'k"V lkekftd
i{kikr gS tks lekt esa Hksnksa dks Li"V djus ds fy, lqUnjrk vFkok cqf)eÙkk tSlh fdlh
izkÑfrd fHkUurk dks ,d izklafxd vk/kkj cuk nsrh gSA rnuqlkj] ge ns[krs gSa fd izÑfr
o ijEijk ds chp Hksn bruk lqLi"V ugha gS tSlk fd lerkoknh crykrs gSaA
volj dh lekurk dks izfrHkk'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds fy, is'ks ;k O;olk; [kqys j[kuk]
fu"i{k leku volj miyC/k djkuk vkSj ldkjh&HksnHkko fl)kar fo"k;d vusd
folkekU;rkvksa dks LohÑfr ds ek/;e ls laLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA ;s lc bl izdkj
dke djrs gSa fd lekurk dh O;oLFkk rdZlaxr vkSj Lohdk;Z yxsA fufgr /kkj.kk ;g
gS fd tc ls izfrLi/kkZ fu"i{k gqbZ gS] ykHk vius vki vkykspuk ls ijs gks x;k gSA bl
ckr esa dksbZ 'kd ugha fd bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk ,sls yksxksa dks tUe nsxh tks flQ+Z viuh
izfrHkkvksa ,oa oS;fDrd lgtxq.kksa ij /;ku nsaxsA ;g ckr mUgsa vius yksxksa ds lkFk
fdlh Hkh lkeqnkf;d vuqHkwfr ls oafpr djrh gS] D;ksafd os flQ+Z izfrLi/kkZ dh Hkk"kk esa
gh lksp ldrs gSaA 'kk;n] ;g flQ+Z ,d ,sls leqnk; dks tUe ns ldrh gS tks ,d vksj
rks lQy O;fDr;ksa dk leqnk; gksxk] vkSj nwljh vksj vlQy O;fDr;ksa dk ,slk leqnk;
tks viuh rFkkdfFkr foQyrk ds fy, Lo;a dks gh nks"k nsxkA rks Hkh volj dh lekurk
ds lkFk ,d vkSj leL;k ;g gS fd og ,d ih<+h o nwljh ih<+h dh lQyrkvksa o
foQyrkvksa ds chp ,d cukoVh fo;kstu iSnk djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA
bl izdkj] ;g ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd lekurk fo"k;d mnkjoknh fopkj volj dh

lekurk ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g odkyr] lekurk laca/kh fdlh Hkh ;Fks"V /kkj.kk ds fo#)
gS D;ksafd ;s oks volj gSa tks vleku ifj.kkeksa dh vksj ys tkrs gSaA ;g fl)kar] bl
izdkj] ifj.kkeksa ls vlEc) gS vkSj flQ+Z izfØ;k esa #fp j[krk gSA ;g iwjh rjg ls bl
mnkjoknh fopkj dks dk;e j[kus ds lkFk gS fd O;fDrtu lekt dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ
gSa vkSj lekt dks vo'; gh muds fy, ;g laHko cukuk gksxk fd os vius futh fgrksa
dks fl) dj ik,¡A
D;k bldk eryc ;g gqvk fd lerkoknh tu volj dh lekurk dks vuns[kk djsaxs\
mÙkj gS Li"V :i ls ughaA rFkkfi] os volj dh lekurk laca/kh ,d vf/kd O;kid
ifjHkk"kk dks ysdj pysaxs] tks fd gj fdlh dks ,d larks"ktud ,oa ikyu;ksX; rjhds
25
vf/kdkj] lekurk] ls viuh {kerkvksa dks fodflr djus ds lk/ku eqgS;k djk;sxhA ,d lerkoknh lekt
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; dqN yksxksa dks viuh {kerk,¡ fodflr djus gsrq okLrfod volj iznku nsus ls badkj
ugha djsxkA bl volj dk fu"diV lerkoknh iz;ksx ,d lkFkZd thou dh vksj izo`Ùk
djsxkA pw¡fd ;g lqfuf'pr djuk lEHko ugha gS fd gj O;fDr ,d lkFkZd thou fcrk,]
,slh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fy, tks lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks lkFkZd thou O;rhr djus
dk volj iznku djs] bl ckr ds fy, gh lerkoknh tu iz;kl djsaxsA
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ O;fDr;ksa ds fo"k; esa og ewy mnkjoknh /kkj.kk D;k gS tks muls ,d O;kid :i
ls vleku izlax esa voljksa dh lekurk dk leFkZu djokrh gS\
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2½ volj dh lekurk fo"k;d leroknh fopkj dks Li"V djsaA
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18
18-- 2 - 3 ifj.kkeksa dh lekurk
rFkkfi] ifj.kke ij ut+j Mkyus gsrq thou ds vkjaHk&fcanq ls vkxs pydj lekurk ds
laca/kh /kkj.kk ,d vkSj vfHkO;fDr ifj.kkeksa dh lekurk ds 'kCnksa esa gksxhA ekDlZ]
26
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;g fopkj j[krs Fks fd iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ls f?kjk lekurk gsrq U;k;
dksbZ Hkh vf/kdkj i{kikrh ds flok dqN vkSj ugha gks ldrkA rnuqlkj] mlus laiw.kZ
lekftd lekurk ds fy,] tksfd rHkh laHko gS ;fn vU; lHkh lekurkvksa ls futh
laifÙk dks lekIr dj fn;k tk;s] rdZ fn;k fd rc rd vi;kZIr jgsxh tc rd fd
ifj.kke dh lekurk lqfuf'pr ugha gks tkrhA
ifj.kke&laca/kh lekurk ds vkykspd ;g ckr j[krs gSa fd bl izdkj dk dke

fuf"Ø;rk] vU;k; vkSj cqjh ls cqjh ukfnj'kkgh dk jkLrk fn[kyk;sxkA g;sd us]
mnkgj.k ds fy,] rdZ fn;k gS fd yksx pw¡fd cgqr fHkUu gksrs gSa] mudh vfHkyk"kk,¡ o
y{; fHkUu gksrs gSa rFkk dksbZ Hkh O;oLFkk tks muls leku :i ls lqywd djrh gS] oLrqr%
vlekurk esa ifj.kr gksrh gSA lekurk gsrq izsj.kk] ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS] oS;fDrd
Lora=rk dh dher ij gksrh gSA lektoknh lerkoknh mik;ksa dk ykxw fd;k tkuk] ;g
nyhy nh tkrh gS] O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj vkRe&lEeku dks xqIr :i ls {kfr igq¡pkrk
gS vkSj ,sls mik;ksa ds lkFk pyus okyk lgt iSr`dokn O;fDr dh ,d foosdiw.kZ
ilandÙkkZ cuus laca/kh ;ksX;rk dks vLohdkj djrk gSA
18-3 lekurk ds dqN ewy fl)kar

lerkoknh tu ;g ugha ekurs fd gj O;fDr ,d&lk gS vFkok ,d&lk gksuk pkfg,A
;g dksbZ lgt ;FkkrF; /kkj.kk ugha gSA ;g gedks dqN ,sls eeZ fl)kar izLrqr djus
esa enn djsxh] ftuds izfr lerkoknh tu opuc) gksaxsA igyk opu bl /kkj.kk ds
izfr gS fd gj O;fDr viuh ekSfyd vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dk vf/kdkj
j[krk@j[krh gS vkSj thou&Lrj esa O;kid vlaxfr;ksa okys y{k.k j[kus okyk dksbZ Hkh
lekt mUgsa Lohdk;Z ugha gSA os ,d ,sls lekt ds izfr opuc) gSa tgk¡&thou n'kk,¡
flQ+Z lá gh ugha] cfYd lHkh ds fy, ,d larks"ktud ,oa ikyu;ksX; thou iznku
djus esa l{ke Hkh gksaA
,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ fl)kar leku vknj laca/kh gS] ftldk fufgrkFkZ gS & fdlh Hkh
izdkj ds viekutud O;ogkj vFkok ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fojks/k( vkn'kZ :i esa] lgkuqHkwfr
ij vk/kkfjr ,d lektA ,d lerkoknh fopkj u flQ+Z O;fDr;ksa ds chp] cfYd jk"Vªksa
ds chp Hkh] vk; o /ku&lEifÙk esa cM+s vUrjksa dk fojks/k djrk gSA blesa lHkh ds fy,
xfjekiw.kZ] #fpiw.kZ ,oa fujkin dk;Z dh laHkkouk ds vfrfjDr] vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa dk;ZLFky
dk yksdrkaf=d fu;a=.k Hkh 'kkfey gksxkA jktuhfrd lekurk] dgus dh t+:jr ugha]
egt oksV nsus vFkok fdlh lkoZtfud in gsrq [kM+s gksus dk vf/kdkj ugha gS] oju~ ;g
thou ds lHkh igyqvksa esa ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa dk ,d O;kid izk/kkj ,oa ,d yksdrkaf=d
Hkkxhnkjh gS] rkfd O;fDrtu ,d vf/kd lkFkZd rjhds ls vius thou dks fu;af=r djus
o dk;Z:i nsus esa leFkZ gksaA
ySafxd] iztkrh;] u`tkrh; o /kkfeZd lekurk lekurk&laca/kh tfVy /kkj.kk ds dqN

vU; ?kVd gSaA dgus dh vko';drk ugha fd ge lekurkvksa dh dksbZ iwjh rjg ls
foLrh.kZ lwph ugha cuk ldrs] vkSj blh esa vUrfuZfgr gS lekurk laca/kh vo/kkj.kk dh
lq/kkjoknh iz;ksx{kerkA
18-4 lekurk ds fo#) dqN rdZ

lekurk] ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS] ,d ,slh vo/kkj.kk gS tks fd okLro esa Lohdkj djus
27
vf/kdkj] lekurk] ;ksX; ugha gS D;ksafd lekt vkSj lkekftd izfØ;k,¡ ,d izfrLi/kkZ ls tqM+h gSa] ftlesa
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; u rks gj dksbZ leFkZ gks ldrk gS vkSj u gh fotsrk gks ldrk gSA ge ,slh vkifÙk;k¡
ifj.kkeksa dh lekurk laca/kh vius ppkZ ds izlax esa igys gh ns[k pqds gSaA izfrfØ;k
Lo:i ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;g fo#) rdZ lekt o O;fDr ds LoHkko dh ,d
fof'k"V O;k[;k ls tUerk gSA
vkt ds ;qx esa g;sd] ÝhMeSu ,oa uksft+d ds uke ml fopkj ls tqM+s gSa tks lerkokn
dks vkt+knh ds fy, ,d [k+rjk ekurk gSA uksft+d fo'ks"k :i ls tkWu jkWYl o }ksds± tSls
mnkjokfn;ksa ds vkykspd gSa] bl ckr ds fy, fd os volj dh lekurk dks c<+kus ds
fy, dY;k.kdkjh fo/kkuksa ds izfr opuc) FksA muds tokc esa] tks ;g dgrs gSa fd
lekt esa vlekurk vkRe&lEeku dks xqIr :i ls {kfr igq¡pkrh gS] uksft+d tSls
mnkjokfn;ksa dk rdZ gS fd blds foijhr] ;g lerkokn gh gS tks yksxksa ls mudk
vkRe&lEeku Nhu ysrk gSA uksft+d dk nkok gS fd vlerkoknh lekt O;fDr;ksa dh
fof'k"Vrk ,oa muds chp Hksn dks Lohdkj dj O;fDr;ksa ds izfr vf/kd lEeku n'kkZrs gSaA
pw¡fd ,d lerkoknh lekt lÙkk] in] vk; vFkok lkekftd izfr"Bk ij vk/kkfjr fdUgha
Hkh Hksnksa ls oafpr gksxk] ogk¡ vkRe&lEeku ds fy, dksbZ vk/kkj u gksxk] D;ksafd
vkRe&lEeku mu ekun.Mksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS tks yksxksa esa Hksn mRiUu djrs gSaA
,d cM+h l[r vkifÙk os yksx djrs gSa tks ;g ekurs gSa fd lekurk ykxw djus dk dksbZ
Hkh iz;kl jkT; dks et+cwrh iznku djus esa ifj.kr gksrk gS vkSj bldh otg ls oS;fDrd
Lora=rk det+ksj iM+rh gSA ;gh ckr lekurk o Lora=rk ds chp laca/k fo"k;d if'peh
jktuhfr&fl)kar esa izfl) loky ds eeZ esa gS ftl ij ge FkksM+k ckn esa ppkZ djsaxsA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ Li"V djsa fd fdl izdkj uksft+d ds vuqlkj ,d lerkoknh lekt yksxksa ls mudk
vkRe&lEeku Nhu ysrk gSA
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18-5 mnkjoknh vlekurk&laca/kh vkSfpR; izfriknu

mnkjoknh tu yksxksa ls fHkUu O;ogkj fd, tkus gsrq vuqdwy ekun.Mksa ds :i esa fyax]
iztkfr] vFkok oxZ dks vLohdkj djrs gSa] ijUrq os ;g t+:j ekurs gSa fd ;fn
vlekurk,¡ muds fHkUu xq.k&voxq.k vFkok ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij vftZr ,oa ;Fkksfpr
gSa] rks ;g ckr U;k;laxr vkSj mfpr gSA rnuqlkj] mnkjoknh fl)kar gBkr~ ;g nkok
djrk gS fd tc rd Hkh vlekurk dks lekt gsrq fo'ks"k xq.kksa o ;ksX;rkvksa vFkok fo'ks"k
;ksxnku ds fy, ikfjrksf"kd vFkok iqjLdkj@n.M ds vk/kkj ij lgh Bgjk;k tk ldrk
28
gS] ;g Lohdk;Z jgsxkA ;gk¡ ge bl ckr ij /;ku fn, cx+Sj ugha jg ldrs fd lekt
ds fy, tks Hkh iqjLdj.kh;] fo'ks"k vFkok ;ksxnku&Lo:i gS] lHkh mDr lekt dh U;k;
fof'k"Vrkvksa ls lhekc) gSA blds vfrfjDr] fdlh O;fDr ds ;ksxnku ds ewY; dks rkd
ij j[k nsuk cgqr eqf'dy gS] vkSj ;fn dksbZ ;ksxnku nsus ds ckn okil ys tkrk gS] rks
D;k og okd+bZ dksbZ ;ksxnku dj jgk gS\ ;g fopkj lexzrk esa cqfu;knh mnkjoknh
fopkj ds fo#) yxrk gS fd lHkh O;fDr leku :i ls ;ksX; o lEekU; gSa] vkSj yksxksa
dks izfrHkkvksa o ;ksX;rkvksa dh ,d xBjh lk cuk nsrk gSA
vkt ds ;qx esa] rFkkfi] jkWYl ,oa }ksds± tSls vk/kqfud mnkjokfn;ksa us vlekurk dks lgh
Bgjkus ds fy, ekun.Mksa ds :i esa ;ksX;rk ,oa xq.k@voxq.k dks ugha ekuk gSA okLro
esa] os lHkh tuksa dh fHkUu oS;fDrd izfrHkkvksa o dkS'kyksa ij /;ku fn, cx+Sj muds leku
uSfrd xq.k ij vk/kkfjr lEeku dh lekurk dh odkyr djrs gSaA os bl lekurk dks
bl /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr djrs gSa fd lHkh euq"; fodYi pquus ,oa thou&;kstuk rS;kj
djus dh ;ksX;rk ls leku :i ls lEiUu gSaA jkWYl] mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;ksX;rk vFkok
iz;kl ds vuqlkj ikfjrksf"kdksa ds forj.k dks uSfrd :i ls ;kn‘fPNd ekudj
vLohdkj djrs gSa] D;ksafd ;ksX;rkvksa o dq'kyrkvksa esa varj] og rdZ nsrs gSa] lgt gh
izÑfr ds rF; gSa vkSj bu dq'kyrkvksa o ;ksX;rkvksa dh fo|ekurk vFkok vHkko ds dkj.k
fdlh dks ykHk vFkok gkfu ugha gksuh pkfg,A bl dkj.k ls] og bu uSlfxZd ;ksX;rkvksa
ds O;ogkj dk lkekftd xq.k ds :i esa leFkZu djrs gSa] rkfd ^lekt dk cqfu;knh
<k¡pk O;ofLFkr fd;k tk lds] rkfd ;s laHkkO;rk,¡ lcls [kjkc fdLer okys ds fy, Hkh
HkykbZ ds dke djsa*A
rFkkdfFkr ^Hksn fl)kar* tks fd jkWYl Li"Vr;k O;Dr djrs gSa] og mudh le> esa
loksZÙke fl)kar gS] ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd izkÑfrd xq.k vuqfpr ykHkksa dh vksj
izo`Ùk u djsaA ;g fl)kar vis{kk j[krk gS fd lkekftd o vkfFkZd vlekurk,¡ bl
izdkj O;fLFkr gksa fd ;s nksuksa 'krs± iwjh gksa % ¼v½ ;s U;wure ykHkkaforksa ds vf/kdre
ykHkkFkZ gksa vkSj ¼c½ ;s volj dh mfpr lekurk laca/kh 'krks± ds rgr lHkh ds fy, [kqys
mPp in o LFkkuksa ls tqM+h gksaA ;g] rnuqlkj] ijEijkxr mnkjoknh vf/kdkjksa ls fHkUu
lekurk dh ,d vf/kd O;kid le> gSA vleku ikfjrksf"kd fHkUu ;ksX;rkvksa ds
vk/kkj ij ugha] oju~ izksRlkgu ds :i esa U;k;ksfpr Bgjk;s x, gSa] rkfd os U;wure
ykHkkaforksa dks ykHk igq¡pk;saA }ksds± lekurk fo"k;d ijEijkxr mnkjoknh fopkjksa ls Hkh
vgefr trkrs gSa vkSj dqN iqufoZrj.k ,oa dY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ksa dh vko';drk dks
Lohdkj djrs gSaA
eSdQ+lZu us jkWYloknh lekurk dh bl vk/kkj ij vkykspuk dh gS fd og oxks± ds chp

laLFkkxr vlekurkvksa dh vifjgk;Zrk dks ekurs gSaA ,slk djrs gq, jkWYl bl rF; ls
badkj djrs gSa fd oxkZ/kkfjr vlekurk,¡ fofHkUu oxks± ds O;fDr;ksa ds chp vleku
lÙkk&lac/a kh dks tUe nsrh gSa vkSj bl izdkj] lekurk ds vU; igyqvksa ij vlj iM+rk gSA
18-6 lekurk ,oa ukjh&vf/kdkjokn

ukjh&vf/kdkjoknh tu lekurk ds eqís dks fyax&Hksn ds ut+fj, ls ns[krs gSaA bl
laca/k esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ iqLrd gS lwt+u vksdsa Ñr tfLVl] tSaMj ,.M n Q+Sfeyh
¼1989½A ;g rdZ izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd leku volj] dkuwu&fuekZ.k vFkok fofHkUu
{ks=ksa gsrq lekurk fl)karksa ds izlkj }kjk iqufoZrj.kdkjh U;k;] lkjr%] lekurk iSnk ugha
dj ldrs] D;ksfa d ;s fu;e o fl)kar ,d ,sls okrkoj.k esa lapkfyr gksrs gSa tks fd igys
ls gh fyaxksa ds chp vlekurk ls nwf"kr gSa] ;Fkk ,slh vlekurk ls tks lkekftd izFkkvksa 29
vf/kdkj] lekurk] ls tUeh gSA buesa ls vusd izFkk,¡ efgykvksa ds izfr lh/ks foHksndkjh ugha gS] cfYd mudk
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; lexz izHkko gksrk gS vlekurk dks et+cwrh iznku djuk vkSj mls oS/krk dk ,d tkek
igukukA rnuqlkj] ;|fi dkuwu vkSipkfjd :i ls fyaxksa ds chp Hksn ugha dj ldrk]
gkyr ;g gS fd fof'k"V O;olk;ksa esa efgykvksa dks vyx j[kus dh izo`fÙk ik;h tkrh
gS vkSj fookfgr efgyk,¡ tks O;olk;jr gSa] ,d fyaxHksn ds iwokZxzg ls xzflr lekt esa
[kkl rkSj ij vykHkkafor gSaA
ukjh&vf/kdkjoknh tu ;g /;ku fnykrs gSa fd efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj o dÙkZO; laca/kh

vlekurk ds fopkj&ikfjokfjd fu.kZ;u~ esa mudk det+ksj Loj] cPpksa ds ikyu&iks"k.k
laca/k mudk nkf;Ro ,oa Je&ckt+kj ls rnUrj mudh fudklh & dk fodYiksa dh lgt
,oa LoSfPNd dk;Z&iz.kkyh ls dqN ysuk&nsuk ugha gS] cl D;ksfa d Hkwfedk,¡ lkekftd :i ls
cuh gqbZ gS!a
rFkkfi] lkFk gh] ;fn jkT; fyaxHksn&laca/kh fof'k"Vhdj.k dks nwj djus esa] [kkldj
ikfjokfjd thou esa] 'kkfey gksrk gS rks bl ckr ij 'kk;n ukjh&vf/kdkjoknh Hkh
ukjkt+xh O;Dr djsaxsA ;g] laHkor%] vf/kd vklku gksxk fd ge fyaxHksn&vlekurk
ds izfr tkx#d gksa vkSj mls lkekftd dke izFkkvksa ,oa lkekftd :i ls lajfpr
Hkwfedkvksa esa [kkstsa] cfYd ;g eqf'dy gS fd ,d mipkjh mik; <w¡<us ds fy, ge vkxs
c<+saA tc rd fd efgyk,¡ Lo;a viuh vlekurk] ifjokj esa viuh v/khuLFk Hkwfedk ds
izfr tkx:d ugha gksrha] vkSj lkekftd <k¡pksa dks iqu% vuqdwfyr djus ds fy, lkeus
ugha vkrha] fyaxHksn lekurk ds laca/k esa Bksl dqN ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
18.7 lekurk vkSj Lora=rk

vDlj ;g nkok fd;k tkrk gS fd ,d rks Lora=rk o lekurk fojks/kkRed gSa] vkSj nwljs
;g fookn blh dkj.k lek/ks; ugha gSA n rkSdfo us lekurk dks Lora=rk ds lkeus [kM+s
,d laHkkfor [k+rjs ,oa cgqer dh fujadq'krk ds :i esa ns[kk] tSlk fd og O;kid
lkuq:irk Hk; ls ns[krs Fks] ÝhMeSu] uksft+d ,oa g;sd bl fopkj ls tqM+s dqN vHkh gky
ds uke gSaA bl izdkj dh fLFkfr tks djrh gS] oks gS & Lora=rk o lekurk ds chp
lksp&le>dj dksbZ u dksbZ fookn [kM+k djuk] ;g lq>krs gq, fd lekurk ykxw djus
ds iz;klksa dk rRdky vFkZ gksrk gS & cyiz;ksx vkSj Lora=rk dh lekfIrA os ladsr djrs
gSa fd pw¡fd O;fDrtu vius&vius dkS'kyksa o ;ksX;rkvksa ds fygkt ls vkil esa fHkUu
gksrs gSa] muds thou esa fHkUurk,¡ rks vo';aHkkoh gSa] vkSj rnuqlkj vlekurk dh vksj ,d
lgt izo‘fÙk rks gksxh ghA bldks lq/kkjus dk dksbZ Hkh iz;kl lÙkkoknh jks/k ds lkFk
gh gksxk vkSj blh dkj.k ls Lora=rk lekIr gks tk;sxhA
;gk¡ lekurk dh cjkcjh ,d:irk ls djus dk lqfopkfjr iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS]
lerkoknh lekt dksbZ le:i lekt ugha gksrkA ;g ,d ,slk lekt gS] tgk¡ gj
O;fDr viuh oS;fDrd ,oa fHkUu izfrHkkvksa ds lkFk ,d leku :i ls lkFkZd ,oa ;Fks"V
thou O;rhr dj ldrk@ldrh gSA
os yksx tks ;g nkok djrs gSa fd lekurk ,oa Lora=rk vlek/ks; gSa] viuh ckr Lora=rk
dh ,d fof'k"V le> ls 'kq: djrs gSa( ftldk o.kZu Lora=rk dh ûdkjh ladYiuk* ds
:i esa fd;k tkrk gSA oLrqr% os nkok djrs gSa fd Lora=rk dh ldkjh ladYiuk Lora=rk
drbZ ugha gS] cfYd Lora=rk ds Nn~e os'k esa dksbZ pht gSA Lora=rk laca/kh udkjh o.kZu
Lora=rk dks ,d O;fDr ds thou esa tkuscw>s gLr{ksi ds vHkko ds :i esa ns[krk gSA
30
foijhr%] os Lora=rk dks mu fodYiksa ds pquus gsrq miyC/krk ,oa ;ksX;rk ds :i ns[krs U;k;
gSa] tks lkFkZd ,oa izHkkoh gksaA Lora=rk&laca/kh bl izdkj dh le> bls rRdky gh
lkekftd ,oa laLFkkxr lÙkk izk/kkjksa rd igq¡p] HkkSfrd o vkfFkZd vko';drk,¡ iwjk
djus] rFkk fuLlansg] f'k{kk o Kku ij vf/kdkj vkfn ekeyksa ls tksM+sxhA blh dkj.k]
lerkokfn;ksa dk dguk gS fd lkekftd izHkko vkfFkZd /ku&lEifÙk ,oa f'k{kk ds fygkt
ls lekurk ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vfuok;Z gS fd gj O;fDr ,d lkFkZd ,oa ;Fks"V
thou O;rhr djsA ;g dke djus esa lerkoknh tu lerk dk jkLrk vf[+r;kj fd,
gq, gSa vkSj lÙkk ds lkekftd ,oa laaLFkkxr izk/kkjksa }kjk ncs gq, gSaA /ku&laifÙk ds oS"kE;
ls Lora=rk xaHkhj :i ls ckf/kr gSA f'k{kk] gesa u, fopkjksa dks xzg.k djus esa leFkZ djds
vkSj gesa fofHkUu dkS'kyksa ls f'kf{kr dj fuLlansg ,d ;qfDrdkjh dkjd dh Hkwfedk
fuHkkrh gSA blh dkj.k] bu ewy fl)karksa dh igq¡p esa dksbZ Hkh vlekurk] ;g rdZ j[kk
tk ldrk gS] ml lkFkZd o ;Fks"V thou dks thus gsrq O;fDr dh leFkZrk dks lhfer
dj nsxh tks fd lerkokfn;ksa ds fy, Lora=rk dh /kkj.kk dk lkj&rÙo gSA
lerkoknh ;g rdZ nsrs gSa fd euq"; egt vdsys NksM+ fn, tkus ls Lora= ugha gks
tkrkA mudk dguk gS fd vf/kdkj] /ku&lEifÙk o f'k{kk Lora=rk ds ewy lzksr gSa vkSj
og lekt tks mu igyqvksa esa lekurk lqfuf'pr ugha dj ldrk] Lora= lekt ugha
gks ldrkA rnuqlkj] ge ns[krs gSa fd Lora=rk o lekurk fojks/kkRed gksus ls c<+dj
njvly egt laxr gh ugha gSa] cfYd ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj Hkh gSaA
chloha lnh dk vf/kdka'k le; ,slk Fkk] tc lekurk flQ+Z vkSfpR; izfriknu esa dke
vkrh FkhA bldks ,sls dsUnzh; fl)kar ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk Fkk ftlds bnZ&fxnZ jk"Vªksa
o lektksa dks Lo;a dks laxfBr djuk gksrk FkkA cgjgky] ubZ lnh ds vkxeu ds lkFk
gh] lekurk dks uSfrd :i ls vokafNr fl) djus dk ,d xaHkhj ckSf)d ,oa jktuSfrd
iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA laifÙk ds vf/kdkj dh vifjgk;Z izo‘fÙk ,oa lekt dh
vfuok;Zr% cgqoknh izo‘fÙk ds pyrs lerkokn&fojks/kh nkos dks lekurk ds vuq'khyu
}kjk xaHkhj :i ls [k+rjk jgsxkA
18-8 lkjka ' k

bl bdkbZ esa geus bl ckr ij lw{e n`f"V Mkyh fd lekurk dh vo/kkj.kk dk eryc
D;k gSA bl rF; ds lkFk ;g fo'ks"k :i ls egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ge ,ssls lekt esa jgrs
gSa tks vusd izdkj dh vlekurkvksa ls yM+ jgk gSA lekurk vius cgqr gh lhfer vFkZ
esa vkSipkfjd lekurk gS tks fd lHkh euq";ksa dh lkoZHkkSe ekuork laca/kh /kkj.kk dks
Lohdkj djrh gSA volj dh lekurk] ftldks geus ns[kk] dk iz;ksx vlekurk dks
vU;re :i ls lgh Bgjkus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA ifj.kkeksa dh lekurk lekurk
'kCn dss vFkZ dks foLrkj iznku djrh gSA geus lekurk laca/kh vk/kqfud mnkjoknh cpko
i{k ds lkFk&lkFk bl ckr dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k fd ;fn og lekt esa dsoy lcls
[kLrk gkyr okyksa ds vf/kdre ykHk gsrq gh dke djrk gks rks og vlekurk dks fdl
izdkj lgh Bgjkrk gSA geus lekurk laca/kh ukjh&vf/kdkjoknh lekykspuk ij Hkh /;ku
fn;kA
vUrr%] geus lekurk o Lora=rk ds chp laca/k fo"k;d cgl ij lw{e n`f"V Mkyh] vkSj
ns[kk fd Lora=rk laca/kh ,d udkjh vo/kkj.kk bu nks vo/kkj.kkvksa dks izrh;ekur%
fooknkLin cukrh gSA
31
vf/kdkj] lekurk]
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; 18-9 dqN mi;ksxh lanHkZ
ukseSZt] ih- csjh] ,su b.VªksD'ku Vq ekMuZ iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] eSdfeyu] yanu] 2000
gSYM] MSfoM] iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh VqMs]
fLVckVZ] jkWcVZ ,e-] jhfMaXl bu lks'ky ,.M iWfyfVdWy fQykWlQh

Ckks/k iz'u 1
1½ VkWuh u flQ+Z vlekurk dh fo|ekurk dks ysdj ijs'kku Fks] cfYd bl ckr ls Hkh
fd bl vlekurk dks LokHkkfod ,oa vifjgk;Z ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
2½ vkSipkfjd lekurk dk ekxZn'kZu djus okyk cqfu;knh fl)kar ;g gS fd pw¡fd lHkh
euq"; leku cuk;s x, gSa] muds lkFk leku O;ogkj gksuk pkfg,A
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ ;g mnkjoknh /kkj.kk gS fd O;fDrtu lekt dh cqfu;knh bdkbZ gSa vkSj lekt
dks O;fDrtuksa ds fy, vo'; gh ;g lacy cukuk pkfg, fd os vius futh fgrksa
dh iwfrZ dj ldsaA
2½ ,d lerkoknh lekt dqN yksxksa dks viuh {kerk,¡ fodflr djus ds fy, lPpk
volj nsus ls badkj ugha djsxkA bl volj dk okLrfod lerkoknh iz;ksx ,d
lkFkZd thou O;rhr djuk gksxkA pw¡fd ;g lqfuf'pr djuk laHko gS fd gj
O;fDr ,d lkFkZd thou ft,] lerkoknh tu ftlds fy, iz;kl djsaxs og mu
lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh jpuk gksxh tks lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks lkFkZd thou thus
dk volj iznku djsaxhA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ uksft+d ;g nkok djrs gSa fd vlerkoknh lekt O;fDr;ksa dh fof'k"Vrk ,oa muds
chp Hksn dks Lohdkj dj O;fDrtuksa ds izfr vf/kd lEeku n'kkZrs gSaA pw¡fd ,d
lerkoknh lekt ls izHkko] in] vki o lkekftd fLFkfr ij vk/kkfjr Hksn nwj dj
fn, tk,¡xs] vkRe&lEeku ds fy, vk/kkj ugha gksxk] D;ksafd vkRe&lEeku mu
ekun.Mksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS tks yksxksa esa Hksn djrs gSaA
32
U;k;
bdkbZ 19 Lora=rk
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
19.0 mís';
19.1 ifjp;
19.2 Lora=rk dk vFkZ
19.3 Lora=rk laca/kh ts,l fey dh /kkj.kk
19.4 bZlkb;k cfyZu rFkk ^Vw dkWUlsIV~l vkWQ fycVhZ*
19.5 ekDlZoknh lekykspuk rFkk Lora=rk&cks/k
19.6 Lora=rk fo"k;d vU; lkef;d fopkj
19.7 lkjka'k
19.8 eq[; 'kCn
19.9 dqN mi;ksxh lanHkZ
19.10 Ckks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj
19-0 mís ' ;

Lora=rk dks vk/kqfud jktuhfrd o lkekftd fl)kar esa ,d lcls egÙoiw.kZ ladYiuk
rFkk ,d cqfu;knh yksdrkaf=d ewY; ekuk tkrk gSA Lora=rk dh /kkj.kk dk tUe vk/
kqfud lH; lekt ,oa jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh jpuk ds izlax esa gh gqvkA ;|fi ;g
vo/kkj.kk mnkjoknh lksp ls xgjs tqM+h gqbZ gS] mnkjokfn;ksa us bl /kkj.kk ij fofHkUu
rjhdksa ls n`f"Vikr fd;k gSA ekDlZoknhtu Lora=rk&laca/kh mnkjoknh /kkj.kkvksa dh
vkykspuk djrs gSa vkSj O;fDr o lekt laca/kh furkUr fHkUu ekU;rkvksa ij bl vo/kkj.kk
dks nksckjk x<+rs gSaA bl bdkbZ esa ge Lora=rk fo"k;d fofHkUu igyqvksa ij ut+j Mkysaxs]
vkSj bl /kkj.kk ds vFkZ] vkSfpR;ksa ,oa lhekvksa dks le>us dk iz;kl djsaxsA ;g bdkbZ
fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gS] izR;sd Hkkx esa vki mDr /kkj.kk dk ,d fo'ks"k igyw ik;saxsA
19-1 ifjp;
mnkjoknh fopkj ds ,d eeZ&fl)kar ds :i esa Lora=rk dh /kkj.kk lokZf/kd lkekU;
rkSj ij ^fu;a=.k&vHkko ds :i esa le>h tkrh gSA Lora=rk&laca/kh /kkj.kk vk/kqfud
;wjksi esa u, lkekftd&vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd laca/kksa dh LFkkiuk ds izlax esa tUehA
mDr /kkj.kk ds ewy esa rdZlaxr fu.kZ;ksa dks ysus esa l{ke] ,d le>nkj O;fDr dk fopkj
FkkA ;g foosdh O;fDr] ;g lkspk x;k] vkRe&fu.kZ; esa l{ke Fkk( nwljs 'kCnksa esa] O;fDr
mu fu.kZ;ksa dks ysus esa l{ke Fkk tks Lo;a mlls laca/k j[krs FksA viuh {kerkvksa dks
fodflr djus ds fy,] O;fDr dks lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd
fu;a=.kksa ls eqfDr pkfg, FkhA
bl izdkj] Lora=rk dh /kkj.kk dk fu;a=.k&vHkko vFkok O;fDr dh Lok;Ùkrk&{ks= ds

:i esa fodkl gqvkA lkFk gh] rFkkfi] bl rF; dks fd ,d lkekftd laxBu ds Hkhrj
O;fDr vdsyk ugha gS vkSj vU; O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk laca/k esa gh vfLrRo j[krk gS] bl ckr
dh vis{kk Fkh fd Lok;Ùkrk laca/kh muds {ks=ksa ij vU; O;fDr;ksa dk leku gh vf/kdkj
gksuk pkfg,A bl fygkt ls fd Lok;Ùkrk gsrq lHkh O;fDr;ksa }kjk vius&vius nkos
33
vf/kdkj] lekurk] U;wure fookn ds lkFk Li"Vr;k vuqHko fd, tk ldsa] ;g vfuok;Z Fkk fd fu;a=.kksa ,oa
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; fu;erhdj.k laca/kh ,d O;oLFkk cuk;h tk, vkSj gj ,d }kjk mldk vuqikyu fd;k
tk;sA gkWCl] ykWd ,oa :lks tSls nk'kZfudksa }kjk izLrqr lkekftd lafonk laca/kh fl)karksa
us fu;a=.kksa dh vfo|ekurk ds :i esa Lora=rk dh /kkj.kk lkeus j[khA mlh ds lkFk]
mUgksaus ml <k¡ps dk izLrko Hkh j[kk ftlds Hkhrj oS;fDrd Lora=rk izdV gksuh FkhA
rnuqlkj] jktuhfrd leqnk; dk fopkj O;fDr;ksa dh {kerkvksa o Lok;Ùkrk rFkk mu
vkns'kksa dh ,d ledkfyd ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr Fkk fd lHkh O;fDr viuh Lora=rk ij
fu;a=.kksa dh ,d loZekU; Ük‘a[kyk ds v/khu gksus pkfg,A
rnuqlkj] ;g cks/k vo'; gksuk pkfg, fd Lora=rk] ftldk vke le> esa eryc gS
LoPNanrk vFkok oS;fDrd deZ gsrq fu;a=.kksa ,oa vojks/kksa dk vHkko] rFkk ftldks ,d
yksdrkaf=d vkn'kZ ekuk tkrk gS] ges'kk lkekftd lac/a kksa esa ,d fof'k"V fu;a=.k&Ük‘a[kyk
ds Hkhrj tgk¡&rgk¡ ik;s tkus ds :i esa izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d
lektksa esa Lora=rk ds Lohdk;Z :iksa esa ftls ns[kk tkrk gS] mlds fy, ges'kk lhek;sa
jgh gSaA vkxkeh Hkkx esa] ge Lora=rk ds rÙoksa rFkk mDr fo"k;d vojks/kksa gsrq vkSfpR;ksa
ij /;ku dsfUnzr djrs gq,] Lora=rk ds vFkZ ij n‘f"V MkysaxsA
19-2 Lora=rk dk vFkZ

tSlk fd izLrkouk esa mfYyf[kr gS] Lora=rk dk vFkZ gS fu;a=.kksa ls eqfDr] vFkok mudk
vHkkoA fdlh O;fDr dks eqDr vFkok dqN djus esa Lora= ekuk tk ldrk gS] tc mlds
dk;Z vFkok fodYi nwljs ds dk;ks± vFkok fodYiksa }kjk ckf/kr vFkok vo#) u gksaA ;g
le>uk vko';d gS fd vojks/kksa dk vfHkizk; jktuhfrd o vU; izkf/kdj.kksa }kjk Mkyh
xbZ vM+puksa ls gSA rnuqlkj] dkjokl] nklRo ;k xqykeh] dkuwuksa dk v/khuhdj.k] vkfn
dks ijk/khurk vFkok Lora=rk ds vHkko dh n'kkvksa ds vfHkizk; ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
tcfd dkjkokl vFkok dkuwu&v/khuhdj.k tSlh ijk/khurk&laca/kh n'kk,¡ Lora=rk ij
vojks/kksa ds :i esa izrhr gks ldrh gSa] ge tkurs gSa fd vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d lkekftd
o jktuhfrd laxBu fof/klaxr ,oa laLFkkxr lajpukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSa] tks fd gj
O;fDr dh Lora=rk ds leku egÙo dks lqfuf'pr djus ij vfHkyf{kr gSaA fdlh Hkh
lekt ds ikl] blh dkj.k] dksbZ vlhfer ^Lora=rk&laca/kh vf/kdkj* ugha gksxkA gj
lekt ds ikl Lora=rk fo"k;d izfrca/kksa dh ,d Ükà[kyk gksxh] tks fd bl rF; }kjk
vkSfpR; izfrikfnr gksaxs fd yksx bu izfrca/kksa dks mu n'kkvksa esa ;FkklaHko loZJs"B ds
:i esa Lohdkj djrs gSa] ftuesa Lora=rk dks vf/kdre lhek rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA
^fu;a=.k&vHkko* vFkok ^ckg~; vojks/kksa dk vHkko* ds :i esa Lorra=rk&cks/k dk

vkerkSj ij ûdkjh* ds :i esa o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA Lora=rk dk ûdkjkRed* izHkko nks
fHkUu vFkks± esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS %
¼v½ igys vFkZ esa] dkuwu dks Lora=rk ds eq[; vojks/k ds :i esa n[kk tkrk gSA gkWCl
us] mnkgj.k ds fy,] Lora=rk dk o.kZu ^dkuwuksa dh [kkeks'kh* ds :i esa fd;kA bl
izdkj dk n‘f"Vdks.k Lora=rk dks flQ+Z mlds }kjk lhfer ds :i esa ns[krk gS]
ftls djus ls vU; tu yksxksa dks lksp&le>dj jksdrs gSaA ;g cks/k] blh dkj.k]
dkuwu o ljdkj nksuksa ij ,d fuf'pr lhek dk vFkZ nsrk gS izrhr gksrk gSA tkWu
ykWd tSls nk'kZfudksa us] gkyk¡fd] b'kkjk fd;k fd Lora=rk gsrq fdlh opuc)rk
dk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd dkuwu dks lekIr dj fn;k tk,A bldh ctk;] bldk
vFkZ gS fd dkuwu fdlh dh Lora=rk dks nwljksa ds vfrØe.k ls cpkus rd lhfer
34
jguk pkfg,A ykWd us] blh dkj.k] ;g is'kd'k dh fd dkuwu Lora=rk dks U;k;
lhekc) ugha djrk] cfYd mls og c<+krk gS o mldh j{kk djrk gSA
¼c½ nwljk n‘f"Vdks.k Lora=rk dks ^fodYi dh Lora=rk* ds :i esa ns[krk gSA feYVu
ÝhMeSu] mnkgj.k ds fy,] viuh iqLrd dSfiVfyT+e ,.M ÝhMe ¼1962½ esa dgrs
gSa fd ^vkfFkZd Lora=rk* esa 'kkfey gS ckt+kj&pkSd esa pquus dh vkt+knh &
miHkksDrk dks ;g pquus dh vkt+knh fd og D;k [kjhns] deZpkjh dks ;g vkt+knh
fd og viuh ukSdjh vFkok is'ks dks pqus vkSj mRiknd dks ;g vkt+knh fd og D;k
mRiknu djs vkSj fdls jkst+xkj nsA ^pquus* dk vFkZ gS fd O;fDr fofHkUu fodYiksa
dh fdlh Ük‘a[kyk ls csjksdVksd vkSj LoSfPNd pquko dj lds ¼ns[ksa ,UMª;w gsoqM]
iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] i`- 259&261½A
Lora=rk ds fo"k; esa ckr djrs gq, izk;% mldh udkjh o ldkjh /kkj.kkvksa ds chp Hksn
fd;k tkrkgS] ;Fkk ^ckg~; vojks/kksa dk vHkko* rFkk ^leFkZ djus okyh vFkok enn djus
okyh n'kkvksa dh fo|ekurk* ds chpA vU; 'kCnksa es]a dqN ^djus dh vkt+knh* rFkk oLrqr%
mls djus esa l{ke gksus ds chp varj dqN djus ds fy, Lok/khu vFkok Lora= gksus
dks mls djus ls jksdk vFkok cpk;k tkuk ugha gSA tcfd djus esa leFkZ gksuk dqN djus
gsrq foÙkh; :i ls vFkok vU;Fkk {kerk j[kuk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, dksbZ O;fDr fdlh
Hkh ukSdjh dks djus ds fy, Lora= vFkok vla;r gks ldrk gS] fQj Hkh] gks ldrk gS
O;fDr ds ikl os vgZrk,¡ vFkok vkfFkZd lalk/ku u gksa tks mldh mEehnokjh dks lkFkZd
cuk ldsaA jktuhfrd fl)karh tu fu;a=.k&vHkko ds :i esa Lora=rk rFkk mu n'kkvksa
ds chp Hksn djrs gSa] tks Lora=rk dks lkFkZd cukrs gSaA ,d Hkw[kksa ejrk vkneh tks ,d
eg¡xs jsLrjk¡ esa [kkus ds fy, dkuwuu Lora= gS ¼mls dksbZ jksdk ugha gS½] njvly dkuwuh
Lora=rk ds vk/kkj ij fdlh Hkh vf/kdkj dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrkA bl mnkgj.k esa
[kkus dh Lora=rk dks jkT; }kjk fdlh ldkjkRed dk;Zokgh dh vis{kk gksxhA ;gh og
rdZ gS tks O;fDr;ksa ds fy, volj c<+kus gsrq cuk;s x, lkekftd fo/kku dks lgh
Bgjkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,slh ldkjkRed dk;Zokgh ls jkT; ds ckjs esa dgk
tkrk gS fd u flQ+Z vlekurk ?kVk;sxk] cfYd Lora=rk Hkh c<+k;sxk ¼ukWeZu cSjh] ,su
b.VªksMD'ku Vq ekWMuZ iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] eSdfeyu] yanu] 2000] i`- 194½A
Lora=rk laca/kh udkjh ladYiuk vaxzst+h] jktuhfrd fopkj&lw= dk y{k.k gS] ftldk
izfrfuf/kRo tSjseh cSUFke] tsEl fey] tkWu LVqvVZ fey] gSujh flxfod] gcZVZ LiSUlj ,oa
mu lS)kfUrd o uo&lS)kfUrd vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us fd;k] ftUgksaus ;kn‘fPNd ljdkj ds
vuko';d fu;a=.kksa ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, yksxksa ds nkoksa dk leFkZu fd;kA udkjh
Lora=rk dk eq[; Lo;afl) lR; Fkk fd ^gj O;fDr vius fgr dks lcls vPNh rjg
tkurk gS* vkSj nwljs] jkT; dks yksxksa ds lk/ku o iz;kstu r; ugha djus pkfg,A bl
fl)kar ds fy, vfuok;Z Fkh vuqcU/k dh vya?;rk (sanctity)A vya?;rk laca/kh bl
ekU;rk esa vUrfuZfgr Fkh ;g le> fd fdlh vuqcU/k esa 'kkfey gksus dh dk;Zokgh] ;fn
vuqc/a k&'krs± oS;fDrd Lora=rk esa ck/kd gksa fQj Hkh] ,d Lora=rk&lac/a kh] fodYi&fo'ks"k
ds iz;ksx laca/kh vfHkO;fDr FkhA bl izdkj] fopkjdksa ds bl lw= ds fy,] fdlh O;fDr
dh Lora=rk ,d ml {ks= ls lacaf/kr dk;Z Fkk] ftlesa mldks vdsyk NksM+ fn;k x;k
vkSj dk;Zokgh dh xq.koÙkk ls dksbZ okLrk ugha j[kk x;kA udkjh Lora=rk dh vo/kkj.kk
Lora=rk ds ,d vFkZ fo"k;d fl)kar ds :i esa lcls vPNh rjg le>h tkrh gSA ;|fi
udkjh Lora=rk dh izk;% ^Hkw[kksa ejus dh vkt+knh* ds :i esa fuUnk dh tkrh gS] ;g
le> dqN&dqN Hkzked gSA ;g jkT;&gLr{ksi ij dksbZ vfuok;Zr% fu"ks/k ykxw ugha
djrh] cfYd flQ+Z bruk crkrh gS fd bls bl vk/kkj ij lgh ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrk
35
vf/kdkj] lekurk] fd ;g vkt+knh dks c<+krh gS] gkyk¡fd vlekurk gsrq ds fy, rdks± dk vkSfpR; izfriknu
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; ds fy, vkg~oku fd;k tk ldrk gSA rFkkfi] udkjh Lora=rk ,oa vgLr{ksi&fl)kar
(laissez-faire) vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds chp ,sfrgkfld laca/k ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk]
vkSj mlds vf/kdka'k leFkZdksa us ,d vYire jkT; dk i{k fy;k gSA ;g vo/kkj.kk bl
vFkZ esa mnklhu gS fd ;g jktuhfr dh ,d O;kid Ükà[kyk ds vuq:i gS] vkSj ;g vPNh
gS ;k ugha dh vksj ladsr fd, cx+Sj Lora=rk dh ,d n'kk dk o.kZu djrh gSA
Lora=rk laca/kh udkjkRed /kkj.kk dh vkykspuk vk/kqfud mnkjokfn;ksa] lkekftd

iztkra=okfn;ksa ,oa lektokfn;ksa dh vksj ls gqbZ gSA mUuhloha lnh esa mnkjokfn;ksa]
eq[;r% Vh,p xzhu o dqN gn rd ts- ,l- fey] us udkjh Lora=rk laca/kh dqN lcls
igyh vkykspuk,¡ izLrqr dhaA mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd iw¡thokn us lkearoknh inkuqØeksa
,oa dkuwuh izfrca/kksa ls NqVdkjk ik fy;k gS ¼[kkldj vkfFkZd is'kksa esa½] ijUrq blus
fo'kky tu&lk/kkj.k dks x+jhch] csjkst+xkjh vkSj chekjh ds o'khHkwr dj fn;k gSA ,slh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mruk gh ckf/kr Lora=rk ds :i esa ns[kk x;k ftruk fd dkuwuh
vM+puksa ,oa lkekftd fu;a=.kksa dksA
Lora=rk laca/kh ldkjkRed /kkj.kk dks viukus okys izFke mnkjokfn;ksa esa ,d Fks Vh,p
xzhu ¼1836&82½] ftUgksaus Lora=rk dks yksxksa dh ^Lo;a }kjk lcls vf/kd vkSj lcls
vPNk fd, tkus* laca/kh ;ksX;rk ds :i ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA ;g Lora=rk egt vdsyk
NksM+ fn, tkus esa gh ugha] cfYd dk;Zokgh djus ds vf/kdkj esa Hkh fufgr gksrh gS ftlds
}kjk og izR;sd O;fDr gsrq miyC/k voljksa dh vksj /;ku ys tkrh gSA ¼,.Mª;w gsoqM]
iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] i`- 262½ ldkjh Lora=rk dh vo/kkj.kk gh dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk
vk/kkj jgh gSA bl /kkj.kk us jkT;ksa }kjk j[ks x, lkekftd dY;k.kdkjh izko/kkuksa ds
ihNs izsjd 'kfDr ds :i esa dke fd;k gS] ftlds }kjk Lora=rk lekurk ls tqM+ x;hA
vkxkeh Hkkx esa ge Lora=rk laca/kh fey dh /kkj.kk dk v/;;u djsaxsA fey Lora=rk
laca/kh ,d udkjkRed ladYiuk] vFkok O;fDr ds vius ru o eu ij ije fu;a=.k dk
leFkZu djrs izrhr gksrs gSaA bl vuU; fo'ys"k.k esa tSls] O;fDrRo laca/kh fey dh ;g
/kkj.kk mUgsa Lora=rk laca/kh ,d ldkjkRed /kkj.kk ds djhc ys vk;h gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
1½ Lora=rk&laca/kh /kkj.kk dk lw=c) o.kZu djsaA
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2½ Lora=rk laca/kh ldkjh ,oa udkjh vo/kkj.kkvksa ds chp varj Li"V djsaA
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19-3 Lora=rk laca/kh ts,l fey dh /kkj.kk

ts,l fey Ñr vkWu fycVhZ 1960 ds n'kd esa vdknfed cglksa esa izHkko'kkyh jghA
fey dh iqLrd dks Lora=rk&laca/kh udkjh vo/kkj.kk dh ,d O;k[;k ds :i esa ns[kk
tkrk gSA oS;fDrd Lora=rk gsrq fey ds rdks± ds vk/kkj esa izFkk ds fy, ,d l[+r
uQ+jr dk Hkko fNik gS] vkSj ftldks dkuwuh fu;eksa o ekun.Mksa gsrq ;qfDr;qDr :i ls
lgh ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA dHkh&dHkh ;g Hkh rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd fey ds vuqlkj
dksbZ Hkh Lora= dk;Z] pkgs og fdruk Hkh vuSfrd gks] vius esa ln~xq.k dk dqN rÙo
j[krk gS] bl rF; ls xqt+jdj fd og Lora=rkiwoZd fu"ikfnr fd;k x;k gksA ;|fi
fey us O;fDr ds dk;ks± ij fu;a=.k dks cqjkbZ ekuk] mUgksaus fu;a=.kksa dks iwjh rjg
vrdZlaxr ugha ekukA fQj Hkh] mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd lekt ds Hkhrj Lora=rk ds
i{k esa ,d ifjdYiuk ges'kk jgrh gSA Lora=rk fo"k;d dqN fu;a=.kksa dks] blh dkj.k]
muds }kjk lgh Bgjk;k tkuk iM+k tks mUgsa O;ogkj esa yk;sA
fey ds vuqlkj] Lora=rk dk mís'; Fkk Ô;fDrRo* gkfly djus dks c<+kok nsuk FkkA
O;fDrRo (individuality) dk vfHkizk; gj ekuo&xq.k lEiUu O;fDr ds fof'k"V ,oa vU;
y{k.k ls gS] vkSj vkt+knh dk vFkZ gS] bl O;fDrRo dk cks/k] ;Fkk futh fodkl ,oa
vkRe&fu'p;A euq";ksa esa O;fDRo ds xq.k us gh mUgsa fuf"Ø; dh ctk; lfØ; cuk;k]
lkFk gh lkekftd O;ogkj dh orZeku jhfr;ksa dk fNnzkUos"kh Hkh] rkfd os tc rd
ijEijkvksa dks rdZlaxr u ik;sa mUgsa Lohdkj u djsaA fey ds rkusckus esa Lora=rk
blhfy, ek= fu;a=.k&vHkko ds :i esa ugha] cfYd dqN okafNr izo‘fÙk;ksa dh
lqfoosfpr o`f) (deliberate cultivation) esa ut+j vkrh gSA ;gh ckr gS ftlds dkj.k
fey dks vDlj Lora=rk dh ldkjh ladYiuk dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrs ns[kk tkrk gSA
37
vf/kdkj] lekurk] Lora=rk laca/kh fey dh ladYiuk dk ewy fodYi dh /kkj.kk esa Hkh gSA ;g ckr muds
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; bl fo'okl ls izekf.kr gksrh gS fd og O;fDr tks ^vius fy, Lo;a dh thou&;kstuk
dks pquus* dk vf/kdkj nwljksa dks ns nsrk gS] Ô;fDrRo* vFkok vkRe&fu'p; laca/kh
ekufld 'kfDr ugha n'kkZrkA og ek= tks ekufld 'kfDr j[krk yxrk gS og ^vuqdj.k*
dh ôkuj ln`'k* (apelipe) ekufld 'kfDr gSA nwljh vksj] og O;fDr ^tks Lo;a ds fy,
;kstuk pqurk gS] viuh lHkh ekufld 'kfDr;ksa dks dke esa ykrk gS* ¼1974] i`- 123½A
vius O;fDrRo dks Li"Vr;k vuqHko djus ds fy,] vkSj mlds }kjk Lora=rk dh fLFkfr
izkIr djus ds fy,] ;g vko';d Fkk fd O;fDrtu nckoksa vFkok ekun.Mksa o izFkkvksa
dk fojks/k djsa tks vkRe&fu'p; esa ck/kd FksA fey dk] rFkkfi] ;g fopkj Hkh Fkk fd
fojks/k djus o Lora= fodYi pquus dh {kerk j[kus okys yksx cgqr gh FkksM+s gSaA 'ks"k tu
ôkuj&ln`'k vuqdj.k* esa fo'okl j[kus okyh fo"k;oLrq gSa] ftlds }kjk os ijra=rk dh
n'kk esa jgrs gSaA Lora=rk&laca/kh fey dh vo/kkj.kk dks blh dkj.k vfHktkroxhZ; ds
:i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd O;fDr dk miHkksx ek= ,d vYila[;d oxZ }kjk gh
fd;k tk ldrk gS] u fd O;kid :i ls tu&lk/kkj.k }kjkA
vU; mnkjokfn;ksa dh gh Hkk¡fr] fey us O;fDr o lekt ds chp lhek&fu/kkZj.k ij cy

fn;kA oS;fDrd Lora=rk ij rdZlaxr vFkok U;k;ksfpr izfrca/kksa ds ckjs esa ckr djrs
gq,] fey us vkRe&lEekutud ,oa vU;&lEekutud dk;ks± ds chp Hksn fd;k] ;Fkk
os dk;Z tks flQ+Z O;fDr&fo'ks"k dks izHkkfor djrs Fks] vkSj os dk;Z tks vke lekt dks
izHkkfor djrs FksA fdlh O;fDr ds lkFk fdlh izfrca/k vFkok gLr{ksi dks flQ+Z nwljksa dks
uqdlku ls cpkus ds fygkt ls gh lgh Bgjk;k tk ldrk FkkA mu dk;ks± ds laca/k esa
O;fDr dks Lo;a izHkkfor djrs Fks] O;fDr laizHkq FkkA tks flQ+Z lkekftd fuxzgksa dh bl
izdkj dh le> ,sls lekt dh /kkj.kk iznku djrh gS ftlesa O;fDr o lekt ds chp
laca/k ^fir`lÙkkRed* ugha gksrk] ;Fkk] O;fDr pw¡fd vius fgrksa dk loZJs"B ikj[kh gksrk
gS] dkuwu o lekt fdlh O;fDr ds ^loZJs"B fgrksa* dks izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, gLr{ksi
ugha dj ldrsA
blh izdkj] ;g /kkj.kk fd fdlh dk;Z ij flQ+Z rHkh fu;a=.k yxk;k tk ldrk gS ;fn
og nwljksa dks gkfu igq¡pkrk gks] bl /kkj.kk dks fu;e&fo#) dgdj ?kksf"kr djrh gS
fd dqN dk;Z vUrHkwZr (intrinsically) :i ls vuSfrd gksrs gSa vkSj blh dkj.k bl ckr
ij /;ku fn, cx+Sj fd os fdlh vkSj dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] vo'; gh lt+k nsdj lq/kkjs
tkus pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr] fey dk rkukckuk ^mi;ksfxrkokn* dks vizklafxd dgdj
?kksf"kr djrk gS] tSlk fd cSUFke }kjk dgk x;k gS] tks fd gLr{ksi dks lgh Bgjk;sxk
;fn og vke fgr dks vf/kdre lhek rd c<+krk gSA rFkkfi] fey ds fopkj esa O;fDr
o lekt ds chp lhekadu bl vFkZ esa dBksj fu;e&fu"B ugha gS fd lHkh dk;Z nwljksa
dks fdlh u fdlh rjhds ls izHkkfor djrs gh gSa] vkSj fey dk ekuuk ;g Hkh Fkk fd
mldk fl)kar nwljksa ds vkRe&lEekutud O;ogkj ds lac/a k esa fdlh uSfrd mnklhurk
dk /keksZins'k ugha djrk( lkFk gh mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd vuSfrd O;ogkj dks
grksRlkfgr djus ds fy, vuqu; dk iz;ksx vuqefr ds ;ksX; gSA blh rjg] fey dk
lkekftd ykHk dks izksRlkgu nsus gsrq Lora=rk ds lgk;d ewY; esa vVwV fo'okl FkkA
;g ckr fopkj] ppkZ ,oa vfHkO;fDr dh laiw.kZ Lora=rk rFkk lHkk o laLFkk gsrq vf/kdkj
ds fy, mlds rdks± ds fo"k; esa [kklrkSj ij lgh gSA fey us eglwl fd;k fd [kqyh
ppkZ ij ls lHkh izfrcU/k gVk fy, tkus pkfg,] D;ksafd fopkjksa dh [kqyh izfrLi/kkZ ls
lPpkbZ mtkxj gksxhA ;g mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gS fd Lora=rkvksa laca/kh vkt dh
fQ+gfjLr esa] vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk dks 'kk;n ,d yksdrkaf=d vkn'kZ ds :i esa
38
vkfFkZd Lora=rk dh cfuLir vf/kd egÙo fn;k tkrk gSA yksxksa ds chp eqDr fofue; U;k;
fuLlansg ,d egÙoiw.kZ Lora=rk&O;ogkj gS vkSj ,d lekt] ftlus lHkh izdkj dh
Lora=rkvksa dks oftZr dj bls gh LohÑr fd;k gks] frl ij Hkh vis{kkÑr Lora= gksxkA
¼ns[ksa ukWeZu cSjh] ,su b.VªksMD'ku Vq ekWMuZ iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] v/;k; % fycVhZ½
19-4 bZlkb;k cfyZu rFkk ^Vw dkWUlsIV~l vkWQ fycVhZ*

viuh ubZ lkfgfR;d jpuk Vw dkWUlsIV~l vkWQ fycVhZ ¼izFke izdkf'kr % 1958½ esa
bZlkb;k cfyZu Lora=rk laca/kh udkjh o ldkjh /kkj.kkvksa ds chp lkeatL; LFkkfir
djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa] ;Fkk lkekftd izlax esa fuxzg&vHkko ds :i esa Lora=rk dh
/kkj.kk dk mldh dk;Z&iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ds lkFkA cfyZu ds
vuqlkj] Lora=rk laca/kh ûdkjh* /kkj.kk dks bl iz'u dk tokc nsdj le>k tk ldrk
gS % ôg {ks= D;k gS ftlds Hkhrj v/khuLFk & ,d O;fDr vFkok O;fDr;ksa dk lewg &
gS vFkok mls] og tks nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds gLr{ksi ds cx+Sj dj ldus vFkok cu tkus esa
l{ke gks] djus ds fy, vFkok cuus ds fy, NksM+ fn;k tk;s\] ¼1969] i`- 121½A nwljh
vksj] ^ldkjh* vFkZ bl iz'u ds mÙkj ls lEcfU/kr gS % ^fu;a=.k vFkok gLr{ksi dk lzksr
D;k] vFkok dkSu] gS tks fdlh O;fDr dks ml dh ctk; ;g djus] vFkok cuus] dks
fuf'pr dj ldrk gS\* ¼1969] i`- 122½
ldkjh Lora=rk egt vdsys NksM+ fn, tkus ds :i esa ugha] izR;qr ^Lo;a&izHkqRo* ds :i
esa vkt+knh esa gLr{ksi ugha djrhA bl fl)kar esa Lo;a&laca/kh ,d fo'ks"k fl)kar 'kkfey
gSA O;fDrxr fo'ks"krk (personality) ,d mPp vkSj ,d fuEu O;fDrRo esa foHkkftr gksrh
gSA mPp O;fDrRo gh fdlh O;fDr ds ;FkkFkZ ,oa ;qfDrijd nh?kZdkyhu y{;ksa dk lzksr
gksrk gS] tcfd fuEu O;fDrRo mldh mu ;qfDrghu bPNkvksa dks euksfouksn iznku djrk
gS] tks vLFkk;h vkSj vYidkfyd izo`fÙk dh gksrh gSaA dksbZ O;fDr ml gn rd gh Lora=
gS tgk¡ rd fd mldk mPp O;fDrRo mlds fuEu O;fDrRo ds o'k esa gSA rnuqlkj] ,d
O;fDr ckgjh cyksa }kjk vo#) u fd, tkus ds vFkZ esa Lora= gks ldrk Fkk] ijUrq og
;qfDrghu ykylkvksa dk nkl gh jgrk( tSls fd ,d u'ksM+h] ,d 'kjkch vFkok ,d foo'k
tqvkjh dks ijra= gh dgk tk;sxkA bl vo/kkj.kk dk eq[; y{k.k gS] bldk [kqys :i
ls ewY;kadudkjh LoHkko] bldk iz;ksx okafNr ekus tkus okyh thou&jhfr ls fo'ks"k :i
ls tqM+k gSA ldkjh Lora=rk laca/kh /kkj.kk esa O;fDrRo dk ,d fo'ks"k gLr{ksi 'kkfey
gS vkSj og flQ+Z ;g ekudj ugha pyrh fd xfrfof/k dk ,d dk;Z{ks= gksrk gS] ftldh
vksj gh O;fDr Lo;a dks y{;&funsZf'kr djsA mDr /kkj.kk ;g lq>krh gS fd tc O;fDr
mldh vksj y{;&funsZf'kr gksrk gS rks og Lora= fd;k tk jgk gksrk gSA ldkjh
Lora=rk laca/kh cfyZu dh /kkj.kk ds fNnzkUos"kh ;g eglwl djrs gSa fd ldkjh Lora=rk
esa fo'okl bl /kkj.kk dks Hkh ysdj pyrk gS fd vU; lHkh ewY; & lekurk] vf/kdkj]
U;k; vkfn & mPp Lora=rk laca/kh loksZPp ewY; ds ekrgr gSaA blh izdkj] ;g /kkj.kk
fd O;fDr ds mPp ladYi lef"V;ksa] tSls fd oxZ] jk"Vª o iztkfr] ds ladYiksa ds vuq:i
gh gksrs gSa vkSj lÙkkoknh fopkj/kkjkvksa dh vksj izo`Ùk dj ldrs gSaA
Ckks/k iz'u 2

39
vf/kdkj] lekurk] 1½ Lora=rk laca/kh ts,l fey vFkok bZlkb;k cfyZu ds fopkjksa dk vkykspukRed
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; foospu djsaA
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19.5 ekDlZoknh lekykspuk rFkk Lora=rk&cks/k

Lora=rk lac/a kh ekDlZoknh ladYiuk mu mnkjoknh fopkjksa ls fHkUu gS] ftudh ppkZ Åij
dh xbZ gSA fHkUurk laca/kh eq[; ckrsa O;fDr o lekt laca/kh ekDlZoknh le>] nksuksa ds
chp laca/k ,oa iw¡thoknh lekt laca/kh ekDlZoknh leh{kk ls lkeus vkrh gSaA ;|fi
mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k O;fDr ,oa mldh Lora=rk dh dsfUnzdrk ij vk/kkfjr gS] ekDlZoknh
tu Lora=rk dh /kkj.kk dks ijra=rk dh 'krks± ds :i esa O;fDr o lekt laca/kh
mnkjoknh /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr ns[ksaxsA ekDlZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj] O;fDr fodYi ds Lora=
iz;ksx gsrq Lok;Ùk LFkkuksa dh lhekvksa }kjk lekt esa vU; O;fDr;ksa ls foyx ugha gSA
bldh ctk; os ijLij fuHkZjrk esa ,d lkFk cU/ks gSaA O;fDrRo&laca/kh /kkj.kk mlh rkSj
ls ,d /kuh O;fDrRo&laca/kh /kkj.kk esa cny x;h] tks fd O;fDr dh lkekftd layXurk
ij t+ksj nsrh gS] vkSj bl /kkj.kk esa Hkh fd O;fDrtu jpukRed mRÑ"Vrk dh fLFkfr esa
igq¡p ldrs gSa vkSj ,sls lekt esa viuh {kerk,¡ fodflr dj ldrs gSa tks vius lHkh
lnL;ksa dh mUufr dk iz;kl djrk gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj] blh dkj.k Lora=rk
jpukRed O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa fufgr gksrh gS] vkSj ,sls iw¡thoknh lekt esa izkIr ugha
dh tk ldrh tgk¡ O;fDrtuksa dks LokFkZ dh lhekvksa }kjk vyx&vyx dj fn;k tkrk
gS] vkSj tgk¡ os Lo;a ds Lora= gksus dh dYiuk ek= dj ldrs gSa tcfd okLro esa os
'kks"k.kdkjh izk/kkjksa ls c¡/ks gksrs gSaA flQ+Z ,sls lekt esa tks futh fgrksa ds LokFkZiw.kZ
izksRlkgu ls eqDr gks] gh Lora=rk dh fLFkfr fo|eku jg ldrh gSA Lora=rk] bl izdkj]
,d iw¡thoknh lekt esa izkIr ugha dh tk ldrhA
;s fopkj ÝsfMªd ,fUtYl Ñr ,sUVh&M~;wfjax ,oa dkyZ ekDlZ Ñr bdkWfUed ,.M

fQ+yWlkWfQ+d eSU;qfLØIV~l vkWQ+ 1844 esa Li"Vr;k O;Dr gSaA ,fUtYl Lora=rk&laca/kh
/kkj.kk dh ppkZ vko';drk ls Lora=rk rd voLFkkUrj xeu dh fLFkfr ds :i esa djrs
gSaA vko';drk&laca/kh voLFkk dks ml fLFkfr }kjk lgh fu:fir fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa
O;fDr nwljs dh bPNk ds v/khu gksrk gSA ,fUtYl crkrs gSa fd balku esa mu 'kfDr;ksa
dks igpkus o le>us dh {kerk gksrh gS] tks mlds thou dks vuqdwfyr o fuf'pr
djrh gSaA euq"; us bl izdkj mu izkÑr dkuwuksa ds fo"k; esa oSKkfud tkudkjh izkIr
dh tks mlds vfLrRo dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa vkSj ;g Hkh tkuk fd bu dkuwuksa ds lkFk
;FkklaHko loZJs"B rjhds ls fdl izdkj jgsaA foMEcuk gh gS fd euq"; vc rd mu
40
mRiknu&cyksa ds ca/ku ls eqDr ugha gks ik;k gS ftUgksaus mls ,sfrgkfld :i ls v/khurk U;k;
esa j[kk gS] ;k vU; 'kCnksa esa] mls vko';drk ds dk;Z{ks= esa gh lhfer j[kk gSA Lora=rk
dh fLFkfr esa igq¡pus ds fy,] euq"; dks u flQ+Z ekuo bfrgkl dh tkudkjh gh] cfYd
mls cny Mkyus dh {kerk Hkh j[kuh iM+rh gSA oSKkfud lektokn dh gh enn ls
euq"; vko';drk ds dk;Z{ks= dks NksM+us rFkk Lora=rk ds dk;Z{ks= esa ?kqlus dh vk'kk
dj ldrk gSA Lora=rk dE;qfuLV eSfuQ+SLVks esa ekDlZ o ,fUtyl }kjk fu/kkZfjr
lkE;oknh lekt laca/kh /kkj.kk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vo;o gSA ,d lkE;oknh lekt esa
gh] tgk¡ dksbZ oxZ&'kks"k.k ugha gksxk] og Lora=rk izkIr gksxhA
viuh iqLrd eSU;qfLØIV~l esa dkyZ ekDlZ n‘<+rkiwoZd dgrs gSa fd iw¡thoknh lekt
O;fDr dks vekuoh; cuk jgk gSA og u flQ+Z O;fDr dks mlds ;FkkFkZ O;fDrRo ls
foeq[k dj nsrk gS] og mldks lekt dh jpukRed izorZd 'kfDr;ksa ls Hkh i‘Fkd~ dj
nsrk gSA ekDlZ izLrko djrs gSa fd mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks cnydj gh] ftuesa i‘FkDdj.k
gksrk gS] Lora=rk iquizkZIr dh tk ldrh gSA rnuqlkj] flQ+Z ,sls gh ,d lkE;oknh
lekt esa] tgk¡ mRiknu&lk/ku lkekftd :i ls j[ks tkrs] vkSj lekt dk izR;sd
lnL; lHkh dh mUufr ds fy, nwljs ds lkFk lg;ksx esa dke djrk] lPph vkt+knh
gkfly dh tk ldrh FkhA bl izdkj] ekDlZ dh lkekftd O;oLFkk esa Lora=rk dks
vkRe&flf) o vkRe&cks/k vFkok O;fDr ds lPps LoHkko dh vuqHkwfr dks |ksfrr djrs
,d ldkjkRed vFkZ esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ekDlZ us Lora=rk ds ;FkkFkZ dk;Z{ks= dks ^mlds
vius fy, gh Lora=rk dk ifjo/kZu* ds :i esa ns[kkA bl iz;ksT; lalk/ku dh vuqHkwfr]
ekDlZ dk ekuuk Fkk] viuh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus gsrq nwljksa ds lkFk dke djrs
gq,] flQ+Z jpukRed m|ksx ds vuqHko ls gh dh tk ldrh gSA bl lkekftd O;oLFkk
ds rgr] jkWfcUlu Øwlks] ftlus fd ftl lhek rd vf/kd ls vf/kd laHko Fkk udkjh
Lora=rk dk miHkksx fd;k] mlds }hi ij mls jksdus vFkok ck/; djus okyk vU; dksbZ
Hkh ugha Fkk] vfodflr vkSj blh dkj.k ijra= O;fDr Fkk] tks fd mu lkekftd
laca/kksa ls ofUpr Fkk ftuds ek/;e ls euq";tu iw.kZrk gkfly djrs gSaA Lora=rk
laca/kh ;g /kkj.kk ekDlZ dh î`FkDdj.k* laca/kh vo/kkj.kk esa Li"Vr% izdV gksrh gSA
iw¡thokn ds vUrxZr] Je dks O;fDrRo&oafpr (de-personalized) ckt+kj 'kfDr;ksa }kjk
fu;af=r o fu:fir ek= ,d ftUl ds :i esa ifj.kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ekDlZoknh
n`f"Vdks.k esa iw¡thoknh deZpkjh bl ckr esa i`FkDdj.k Hkksxrs gSa fd os viuh gh ;FkkFkZ
izÑfr ls vyx gks tkrs gSa % os vius gh m|ksx ds mRikn ls vyx gks tkrs gSa] Lo;a
m|ksx&izfØ;k ls vyx gks tkrs gSa] vius lkFkh euq";ksa ls vyx gks tkrs gSa] vkSj vUrr%
vius ^lPps* O;fDrRoksa ls vyx gks tkrs gSaA Lora=rk blh dkj.k O;fDrxr fl)h ls
tqM+h gS tks fd flQ+Z vi`FkDr m|ksx gh djok ldrk gSA ¼,UMª;w gsoqM] iWfyfVdWy
fFkvjh] i`- 263½
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ Lora=rk laca/kh ekDlZ dh leh{kk dk vkykspukRed foospu djsaA
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41
vf/kdkj] lekurk] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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19.6 Lora=rk fo"k;d vU; lkef;d fopkj

cfyZu dks NksM+dj] ftldh iqLrd 'kk;n Lora=rk fo"k;d ledkyhu iqLrdksa esa lcls
egÙoiw.kZ gS] vU; fopkjd Hkh gSa ftUgksaus oSpkfjd foHkktu ds nksuksa i{kksa ij fopkjdksa
}kjk O;Dr fopkjksa ij foLrkj ls tkrh Lora=rk laca/kh /kkj.kk ij ppkZ dh gSA feYVu
ÝhMeSu] fey o cfyZu dh gh Hkk¡fr] ,d mnkjoknh Fks ftlus viuh iqLrd dSfiVfyT+e
,.M ÝhMe esa iw¡thoknh lekt ds ,d egÙoiw.kZ igyw ds :i esa Lora=rk dh /kkj.kk
dks fodflr fd;kA vknku&iznku dh Lora=rk] Lora=rk dk ,d vko';d igyw FkkA
bl Lora=rk dks izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, ÝhMeSu pkgrs Fks fd jkT; dY;k.k o lkekftd
lqj{kk ls viuk /;ku gVk ys vkSj Lo;a dks dkuwu o O;oLFkk dk;e djus] lEifÙk&
vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djus] vuqca/k ykxw djus vkfn gsrq lefiZr dj nsA ÝhMeSu ds
vuqlkj] u flQ+Z O;fDrtuksa ds chp Lora= o LoSfPNd vknku&iznku gsrq Lora=rk
vfuok;Z Fkh] ;g ,d iw¡thoknh lekt ds Hkhrj Hkh vko';d Fkk fd Lora=rk izkIr dh
tk ldsA blds vfrfjDr] ;g vkfFkZd Lora=rk gh Fkh] ftlus jktuhfrd Lora=rk gsrq
dkyksfpr o vko';d ifjfLFkfr iznku dhA
viuh iqLrd n dkWfULVV~;w'ku vkWQ+ fycVhZ ¼1960½ esa] ,Q-,- g;sd us Lora=rk laca/
kh ,d fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;k] tks jkT; dh udkjkRed Hkwfedk ij cy nsrk gSA g;sd
ds vuqlkj] ,d Lora=rk dh fLFkfr rc izkIr gksrh gS] tc ,d O;fDr fdlh nwljs O;fDr
ds ;kn`fPNd euksjFk ds v/khu ugha jgrkA g;sd bldks ôS;fDrd Lora=rk* dgrs gSa
vkSj lkFk gh] jktuhfrd Lora=rk lesr Lora=rk ds vU; :iksa ls oS;fDrd Lora=rk
dh Js"Brk o fujis{krk dks fofgr djrs gq, bls Lora=rk ds vU; :iksa ls vyx ekurs
gSaA g;sd vuqeksfnr djrs gSa fd Lora=rk dk ewy vFkZ ^fu;a=.kksa dk vHkko* ds :i esa
lqjf{kr jguk pkfg,A Lora=rk ds uke ij jkT;&gLr{ksi ds c<+us dk vFkZ gksxk] ml
okLrfod Lora=rk dk gLrkarj.k tks fd fu;a=.kksa ls O;fDr dh eqfDr esa fufgr gksrh
gSA
Lora=rk laca/kh ekDlZoknh /kkj.kk }kjk izHkkfor fopkjdksa ds ,d vU; lewg us bl ckr
ij t+ksj fn;k fd Lora=rk ftl izdkj vk/kqfud iw¡thoknh lektksa esa O;ogkj dh tkrh
gS] vdsysiu dks tUe nsrh gSA ,sfjd Ýkse ¼1900&1980½ us Li"V fd;k fd vk/kqfud
lektksa esa vyxko O;fDr ds mldh jpukRed {kerkvksa o lkekftd laca/kksa ls i`Fkd~
42 gksus ds ifj.kkeLo:i gh mRiUu gqvkA bl i`FkDdj.k us O;fDr esa mlds ekufld
LokLF; dks izHkkfor djrs gq, mlesa HkkSfrd o uSfrd vyxko iSnk fd;kA dsoy U;k;
jpukRed ,oa lkewfgd dk;Z }kjk gh O;fDr lekt ds izfr Lo;a dks iqu% izfrf"Br dj
ldk gSA gcZVZ ekD;qZt+ us Hkh viuh iqLrd ou&MkbeSU'kuy eSu% LVMht+ bu fn
vkbfMvkWyWft vkWQ+ ,MokULM b.MfLVª;y lkslkbVh ¼1968½ esa iw¡thoknh lektksa esa
i`FkDdj.k dh izÑfr laca/kh vPNh rjg ls Nkuchu dh gSA ekD;qZt+ n`<+rkiwoZd dgrs gSa
fd iw¡thoknh lektksa esa O;fDr dh jpukRed cgqvk;keh {kerk,¡ fu"Qy gks tkrh gSaA
euq"; Lo;a dks flQ+Z viuh HkkSfrd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ esa fujUrj yxs ,d miHkksDrk
ds :i esa gh O;Dr dj ldrk gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 4
1½ Lora=rk fo"k;d dqN ledkyhu /kkj.kkvksa ij ppkZ djsaA
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19.7 lkjka ' k

Lora=rk dh /kkj.kk mnkjoknh fopkj ds eeZ esa gS] tks foosd'khy O;fDr dks vius dsUnz
esa j[krh gS vkSj O;fDr ;k mlds Lok;Ùkrk&{ks= ,oa jkT; o lekt ds chp ,d
lhekjs[kk [khaprh gSA Lora=rk dk mlds lkekU; cks/k esa vFkZ gS] ^fu;a=.kksa dk vHkko*A
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;g ,slh fLFkfr dks bafxr djrh gS ftlesa ,d O;fDr tks vius futh
ekeyksa ls lacaf/kr rdZlaxr fu.kZ;ksa dks yssus esa l{ke gS] jkT; o lekt lesr] ckgj ls
fdlh Hkh fu;a=.k ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh dk;Zokgh djus ds fy, Lora= gSA lkFk gh] cgjgky]
Lora=rk dh /kkj.kk ,d jktuhfrd leqnk; ,oa jktuhfrd izkf/kdkj dh /kkj.kk ds :i
esa mlh le; Øe&fodflr gksdj lkeus vk;hA bl ledkfyd Øe&fodkl dk
eryc Fkk] lHkh O;fDr;ksa dh Lora=rkvksa dks leku :i ls ekU;rk vkSj ;g cks/k fd
oS;fDrd Lora=rk ij ldkj.k fu;a=.kksa dks bl vk/kkj ij lgh Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS
fd mUgksaus ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ iznku dha ftuesa oS;fDrd Lora=rk fcuk fdlh fookn ds
miHkksx dh tk ldsA
fu;a=.k&vHkko ds :i esa Lora=rk dh /kkj.kk Lora=rk laca/kh ,d ûdkjh* /kkj.kk ls
tqM+h gSA Lora=rk laca/kh ,d ^ldkjh* /kkj.kk dks Vh-,p- xzhu tSls fopkjdksa }kjk lqLi"V
fd;k x;k] ftUgksaus mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk /;ku j[kk ftUgksaus O;fDr dks okLro esa Lora=
gksus esa leFkZ fd;kA rnuqlkj] ,d ldkjh /kkj.kk ds :i esa Lora=rk dk;Z djus dk
vf/kdkj] vkSj os volj ftUgksaus dk;Z laHko cuk;k] j[kus esa fufgr FkhA dY;k.kdkjh
jkT; laca/kh /kkj.kk us blh fopkj dks ysdj 'kq:vkr dh ftls vis{kk Fkh fd jkT; ,slh
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ iznku djus gsrq ldkjkRed dne mBk;s ftuesa O;fDrtu dk;Z djus ,oa
Lo;a dks fodflr djus esa okLrfod :i ls Lora= gksaA 43
vf/kdkj] lekurk] ;|fi ts-,l- fey ,oa bZlkb;k cfyZu tSls nk'kZfudksa us mDr nksuksa /kkj.kkvksa ds chp
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k dh] ekDlZokfn;ksa us eglwl fd;k fd Lora=rk ,d
iw¡thoknh lekt esa vuqHko ugha dh tk ldrhA ,d iw¡thoknh lekt] mUgksaus cy nsdj
dgk] O;fDr dks mlds lkekftd izlaxksa ls ,oa mlds vius LoHkko ls i`Fkd~ dj nsrk
gSA Lora=rk] ge ns[k ldrs gSa] fofHkUu fopkj&lw=ksa }kjk fofHkUu :i ls le>h xbZ gSA
;g] cgjgky] yksdrkaf=d fopkj esa ,d cqfu;knh vo/kkj.kk cuh gh gqbZ gSA
19.8 eq[; 'kCn

Lok;Ùkrk (Autonomy) % bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS] Lo&'kklu vFkkZr~ viuh ljdkjA
laLFkk,¡ o lewg Lok;Ùk dgs tkrs gSa] ;fn os vius
futh ekeys [kqn fucVkus gsrq Lora= gSaA O;fDrtuksa ds
ekeys esa Lok;Ùkrk ^Lora=rk* ls xgjs ls tqM+h gS] u
flQ+Z ^vdsys NksM+ fn, x,* laca/kh /kkj.kk trkrs gq,
cfYd fdlh ds vius ekeyksa ls lac) fu.kZ;ksa ds fy,
tkus gsrq ,d {kerk dk vfLrRo lq>krs gq, HkhA
lkekftd iz t kra = oknh % ;s ,d ^ln;* vFkok ^f'k"V* iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dk
(Social Democrats) leFkZu djrs gSaA ckt+kj o jkT; ds chp ,d larqyu
iSnk djus ds iz;kl esa] os iw¡thokn dks ykHk dekus ds
fy, lcls Hkjkslsean O;oLFkk ekurs gSa vkSj lkFk gh]
jkT; dks ckt+kj dh ctk; uSfrd fl)karksa ds vuqlkj
lkekftd ikfjrksf"kd forj.kkFkZ ,d ;qfDr ds :i esa
ns[krs gSaA

xkSck] vks-ih-] ledkyhu jktuhfr fl)kar] e;wj isijcSDl] uks;Mk] 1997 ¼v/;k; 11 %
Lora=rk dh vo/kkj.kk½
cSjh] ukWeZu] ,su b.VªkM

s D'ku Vq ekWMuZ iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] eSdfeyu] yanu] 2000 ¼v/;k;
8 % fycVhZ½
gsoqM] ,.Mª;w] iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] eSdfeyu] yanu] 1999 ¼v/;k; 9 % ÝhMe] VkWysjs'ku
,.M fycjs'ku½

Ckks/k iz'u 1
Ckks/k iz'u 2
Ckks/k iz'u 3
Ckks/k iz'u 4
44
U;k;
bdkbZ 20 U;k;
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
20-0 mís';
20-1 ifjp;
20-2 U;k; dk vFkZ
20-2-1 U;k; vkSj dkuwu
20-2-2 U;k; vkSj HksnHkko
20-3 forj.kdkjh U;k;
20-3-1 vkfFkZd U;k; lqfuf'pr djuk
20-4 lkekftd U;k;
20-4-1 lkeqnkf;d fgr dk izkcY;
20-4-2 lq/kkj vFkok lkekftd ifjorZu
20-4-3 lkekftd U;k; laca/kh ikm.M dk fp=.k
20-4-4 lkekftd U;k; laca/kh vkykspuk
20-5 izfØ;kRed U;k;
20-6 tkWu jkWYl dk U;k;&fl)kar
20-7 U;k; % la;kstu dk ,d 'kCn
20-8 lkjka'k
20-0 mís ' ;

bl bdkbZ esa ge djsxa s vkerkSj ij jktuhfr&foKku vkSj [kklrkSj ij jktuhfr&fl)kar
esa lcls cqfu;knh vkSj egÙoiw.kZ ladYiukvksa esa ls ,d ij ppkZA ;g bdkbZ i<+us ds ckn
vki bl ;ksX; gksaxs fd %
• U;k;&laca/kh ladYiuk ds vFkZ dks Li"V dj ldsa
• U;k; ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ds chp varj dj ldsa
• U;k; dh izÑfr laca/kh fofHkUu fl)karksa dh igpku vkSj O;k[;k dj ldsa] vkSj
• Lora=rk] lekurk] dkuwu o U;k; ds chp laca/k Li"V dj ldsaA
20-1 ifjp;
vc rd vki lHkh dkuwu] vf/kdkj] Lora=rk ,oa lekurk tSlh ladYiukvksa ds fo"k;
esa tku pqds gksaxsA bu ladYiukvksa dk ,d iwoZ&v/;;u U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk dks le>us
esa enn djsxkA U;k; dk ewy fl)kar oLrqr% mijksDr fo"k;ksa ls tqM+k gSA
bl bdkbZ esa ge bl vo/kkj.kk dk vFkZ mlds igyqvksa esa le>us dk iz;kl djsaxsA
rnksijkar] ge U;k; laca/kh fofHkUu fl)karksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA ge ,d vksj U;k; vkSj
nwljh vksj dkuwu] Lor=ark o lekurk ds chp laca/k ij Hkh izdk'k MkysaxsA 45
vf/kdkj] lekurk] U;k; jkT; ds egÙoiw.kZ mís';ksa esa ,d gSA jktuhfr fo"k;d izkphure le>kSrksa esa ,d
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; le>kSrk] IySVks dk ^fjifCyd*] U;k;laxr jkT; ds fuekZ.k gsrq ,d iz;kl FkkA U;k;
bldh dsUnzh; vo/kkj.kk FkhA blh dkj.k] bl vo/kkj.kk dh ,d lgh le> fofHkUu
jktuhfrd iz.kkfy;ksa] mudh uhfr;ksa o mu fopkj/kkjkvksa ftu ij os vk/kkfjr gSa] ds
ewY;kadu esa enn djsxhA bl izdkj] U;k; gh jktuhfrd ewY;ksa dk leUo;d ,oa
la;kstd gS rFkk] tSlk fd vjLrw us dgk] ;g ôks gS tks reke HkykbZ ds fy, ft+Eesnkj* gSA
20-2 U;k; dk vFkZ

U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk laca/kh fdlh Hkh ppkZ esa mlds cgq&vk;keh LoHkko dk /;ku j[kuk
iM+rk gSA Û;k; D;k gS* dk tokc flQ+Z mu ekin.Mksa ¼ewY;ksa½ dk ladsr djds gh fn;k
tk ldrk gS] ftuds lgkjs euq"; us U;k; ds ckjs esa lkspk vkSj lksprk jgsxkA ;g oDr
xqt+jus ds lkFk gh cny tkrk gSA bl izdkj] vrhr esa tks U;k; Fkk] orZeku esa vU;k;
gks ldrk gS rFkk orZeku esa tks U;k; gS] vrhr esa vU;k; jgk gks ldrk gSA rnuqlkj]
U;k; dk lerkoknh cks/k jgk gS ftlesa mPpre LFkku lekurk ds ewY; dks fn;k tkrk
gS] ^bPNkLokra=~;oknh* cks/k jgk gS ftlesa Lora=rk gh ije ewY; gksrk gS( ^Økafrdkjh*
n`f"Vdks.k ftlesa U;k; dk eryc gS dk;kiyV dj nsuk( ^nSoh* n`f"Vdks.k ftlesa bZ'oj
dh bPNk dk fu"iknu gh U;k; gS( ^lq[koknh* U;k; dh dlkSVh ^vf/kdre la[;k dk
vf/kdre ykHk* dks cukrk gS( ^leUo;d* ds fy, U;k; i;kZIr larqyu ykus gsrq fofHkUu
ewy fl)karksa o ewY; dk leUo; djuk gSA dqN yksx U;k; dks ^dÙkZO;* vFkok 'kkfUr
o O;oLFkk dk;e j[kus ds lkFk igpkurs gSa( nwljs] bls ,d vfHktkr&oxZoknh dk;Z ds
:i esa ns[krs gSa( bl izdkj] U;k; O;fDr ds vf/kdkj ds lkFk&lkFk lekt dh
lkoZtfud 'kkafr ls Hkh laca/k j[krk gSA
20
20--2-1 U;k; vkSj dkuwu
jkse ds vf/koDrkvksa us îzkÑr U;k;* laca/kh fopkjksa dks jkT; ds ldkjh dkuwu ds lkFk
tksM+kA tSls fd ukxfjd dkuwu ,oa jkf"Vªd dkuwu izkÑr dkuwu ds lkFk esy [kkrs gSaA
;g oSls U;k;'kkL= dh ,d nqcksZ/k voLFkk gSA oLrqr%] U;k; ldkjh dkuwu dks ykxw fd,
tkus esa fufgr gksrk gSA dkuwu o U;k; nksuksa gh lkekftd O;oLFkk dk;e j[kus dk
iz;kl djrs gSaA tkWu vkWfLVu bl ckr ds eq[; leFkZd gSa] tks crykrs gSa fd dkuwu
dks ,d vksj U;k; ds lk/ku :i esa vkSj nwljh vksj vfu"V dks jksdus ds lk/ku :i esa
dke djuk iM+rk gSA
oS/k :i ls] U;k;&O;oLFkk dks vU;k;iw.kZ dgdj vkykspuk dh tk ldrh gS] ;fn og
dkuwu&O;oLFkk dh izfØ;kvksa }kjk okafNr fu"i{krk ds ekud rd igq¡pus esa vleFkZ
jgrh gS] ;Fkk vfHk;qDr vius fo#) yxk;s x, vkjksiksa ls voxr gksuk pkfg,( mls vius
cpko ds fy, ,d ldkj.k volj fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkfn] tcfd uSfrd :i ls] fdlh
dkuwu dks vuqfpr dgk tk ldrk gS ;fn og U;k;&laca/kh uSfrd fopkjksa ls esy u
[kkrk gksA uSfrdrk] cgjgky] U;k; ls vf/kd egÙo j[krh gSA
U;k; ds izrhd dks izk;% vk¡[ksa can fd, gq, ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd
mldks fu"i{k ekuk tkrk gSA rkfd nks fljksa & /kuoku ok x+jhc] mPp vFkok fuEu ds
chp] dksbZ HksnHkko u jgsA blh dkj.k] fu"i{krk U;k; dh ,d iwoZ'krZ cu tkrh gSA rks
fQj D;k bldk eryc] U;k; dks i{kikr dh drbZ t+:jr ugha iM+rh\
46
20
20-- 2 - 2 U;k; vkSj HksnHkko U;k;
IySVks vkSj vjLrw us U;k; dh ,d fHkUu O;k[;k gsrq rdZ fn;k & ^Û;k;&fu"Brk** ds
fopkj lfgr ^^vkuqikfrd lekurk**A U;k; dh lS)kafrd O;k[;k vjLrw ds ikl
igq¡pdj ,d vkuqHkfod fn'kk idM+ ysrh gS tks dgrs gSa % ^^tc lekuksa ls vleku :i
ls O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS] rks vU;k; mRiUu gksrk gSA** bldk eryc fd ;fn fdlh
yksdra= esa fyax ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko gksrk gks rks bldk vFkZ lekuksa ds lkFk vleku
:i ls O;ogkj djuk gSA blh rjg] ,d 80&fdxzk- (heavy-weight) igyoku dks ,d
60&fdxzk- (light-weight) igyoku ds lkeus yM+us ds fy, izLrqr djuk Hkh vuqfpr
gksxkA bl izdkj] U;k; vis{kk djrk gS fd fHkUurkvksa ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko gks] tks fd
fu"ikfnr dk;ks± ds fy, izklafxd gSA IySVks ds U;k;&laca/kh fl)kar dk fufgrkFkZ Fkk fd
yksxksa dk thou dk;kZRed fo'ks"kKrk fu;e ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A ;gk¡ U;k; ^lgh
LFkku* fl)kar dk nwljk uke gks tkrk gS] ;Fkk fdlh vkneh dks cl mlh dke dk gh
vH;kl djuk pkfg, ftlds izfr mldk LoHkko lokZf/kd vuqdwy gSA blds oS;fDrd
o lkekftd nksuksa gh igyw gksrs gSaA O;fDr o lekt] nksuksa dh gh lcls T+;knk HkykbZ
blh esa jgsxh ;fn ge ;g lR; eku ysa fd fdlh O;fDr ds fy, blls vPNh ckr ugha
gksxh fd og ,slk dke djs] ftlds fy, og lokZf/kd mi;qDr gksA Bhd blh izdkj]
lekt ds fy, blls csgrj dksbZ ckr ugha gksxh fd ;g ns[ks fd gj O;fDr mlh LFkku
dks gh Hkjs ftlds fy, og vius O;fDrRo dh fo'ks"krk ds vk/kkj lokZf/kd ;ksX; gksA
blds fy, O;fDr o jkT; ds fy, cqf)] 'kfDr o izo`fÙk laca/kh rhu ewy rÙoksa ij t+ksj
fn;k x;k gS] rkfd os mudks mfpr e;kZnk esa j[ksaA
lkFk gh] lkekU;r% dkuwu futh dkuwu thou esa foHksndkjh O;ogkj dh ?kVukvksa esa Hkh
gLr{ksi ugha djrkA ijUrq blls ;fn lkekftd gkfu igq¡prh gks] rks jkT; dk blesa
gLr{ksi djuk U;k;laxr gksxk] tSls vLi`';rk dh ?kVukvksa esa] tgk¡ dqN leqnk;ksa dks
ekuokf/kdkjksa ls oafpr dj fn;k tkrk gSA blh dkj.k] blds fo#) dksbZ Hkh dkuwu
U;k;laxr gksxkA blh rjg] vyx ls nh xbZ lqfo/kk,¡ oLrqr% leku ugha gks ldrhaA
;gh dkj.k gS fd MkWñ vEcsMdj us vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy, eafnjksa esa izos'k ds vf/kdkj
dh ek¡x dh vkSj muds fy, i`Fkd~ eafnjksa] fo|ky;ksa vFkok Nk=koklksa dk fojks/k fd;kA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
1½ U;k; D;k gS\
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47
vf/kdkj] lekurk] 2½ U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk esa Hksnhdj.k dSls lekfo"V gksrk gS\
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20-3 forj.kdkjh U;k;

vjLrw dh /kkj.kk mldh fl)kar uhao j[kus okyh fl) gqbZ] ftldks ^forj.kdkjh U;k;*
dgk tkrk gSA vjLrw dh O;k[;k dk egÙoiw.kZ fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd U;k; ;k rks
^forj.kkRed* gksrk gS vFkok ^nks"kfuokjd*( iwoZorhZ vis{kk djrk gS fd lekuksa ds chp
leku forj.k gks vkSj ijorhZ ogk¡ ykxw gksrk gS] tgk¡ fdlh vU;k; dk izfrdkj fd;k
tkrk gSA
og fl)kar tks ekDlZ us Økafr&i'pkr~ lkE;oknh lekt esa forj.kdkjh U;k; gsrq izLrqr
fd;k] oks gS & ^gj ,d ls mldh {kerk ds vuqlkj] gj ,d dks mlds dke ds
vuqlkj*A forj.kdkjh U;k; dk fopkj dqN gky ds jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa dh iqLrdksa
esa izdV gksrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa] ts-MCY;q- pSieSu dh iqLrd iz'kaluh; gS] tks êuq"; dh
vkfFkZd rdZ'kfDr* laca/kh vius fl)karksa dks ûSfrd Lora=rk* laca/kh O;fDrxr nkos ls
tqM+h ^miHkksDrk dh laizHkqrk* ls tksM+us dk iz;kl djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj] U;k; dk izFke
fl)kar mu ykHkksa dk forj.k gksuk izrhr gksrk gS] tks miHkksDrkvksa ds fl)karksa ds vuqlkj
ykHk&o`f) djrs gksaA nwljk fl)kar ;g gS fd ,slh O;oLFkk vU;k;iw.kZ gksrh gS] ;fn
ek= dqN yksxksa ds HkkSfrd dY;k.k dks vusd yksxksa dh dher ij [kjhn fy;k tkrk gSA
bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd U;k; ;g vis{kk djrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr nwljs dh dher ij
ykHk izkIr u djsA
20
20-- 3 - 1 vkfFkZd U;k; lqfuf'pr djuk
forj.kdkjh U;k; vke dY;k.k dh 'krZ ds v/khu gSA og pkgrk gS fd jk"Vªh;
vFkZO;oLFkk dh fLFkfr dks bl izdkj lq/kkjk tk, fd ykHk vke vkneh rd igq¡p ldsaA
bl rjhds ls vkfFkZd U;k; dh /kkj.kk dk vFkZ gksxk lekt dk ,d lkE;oknh izfrekuA
vkfFkZd U;k; dk igyk dke gS] gj l{ke&nsgh ukxfjd dks jkst+xkj] [kk|] vkJ; o
oL=kfn eqgS;k djkukA lHkh dh izkFkfed o ekSfyd vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds bl
{ks= ds laca/k esa ;g Bhd gh dgk x;k gS fd Lora=rk vFkZghu gS] ;fn og vkfFkZd U;k;
fnykus esa #dkoV Mkyrh gSA rnuqlkj] mnkjoknhtu ;g ekurs gSa fd vkfFkZd U;k;
lekt esa gkfly fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn jkT; dY;k.kdkjh lsok iznku djrk gks vkSj
ogk¡ djk/kku dh lq/kkjoknh O;oLFkk gks( lkekftd lqj{kk okys jkst+xkj izcU/k gsrq vPNh
vkenuh gks] tSls o`)koLFkk isa'ku] vkuqrksf"kd ,oa Hkfo"; fuf/kA
rFkkfi] U;k;&laca/kh ekDlZ ds fopkj dk ewy vFkZ'kkL= ds {ks= esa gh gSA ekDlZ ds
48 vuqlkj] jkT; dk ldkjh dkuwu ml oxZ&fo'ks"k ds izkf/kdkj }kjk gh vius lnL;ksa ij
Fkksik tkrk gS] tks mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dks fu;af=r djrk gSA dkuwu 'kkld oxZ ds U;k;
vkfFkZd fgr }kjk r; fd;k tkrk gSA tc futh lEifÙk dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gS
vkSj dkexkj oxZ mRiknu&lk/kuksa ij fu;a=.k dj ysrk gS] rks ;s dkuwu dkexkj oxZ
ds fgr dks lkspus&fopkjus ds fy, ck/; gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k] U;k; dh fo"k;oLrq
mRiknu&lk/kuksa ij fu;a=.k j[kus okys oxZ ij fuHkZj djrh gSA tc jkT; dk {k; gks
tk,xk] tSlk fd lkE;oknh tu bjknk j[krs gSa] rks ;gk¡ vkfFkZd ewy ds cx+Sj U;k;
O;kIr gks tk,xkA
vk/kqfud mnkjoknh tu dkQ+h yEcs le; ls vkfFkZd vgLr{ksi laca/kh vke fl)kar dks
NksM+ pqds gSaA iqufoZrj.kdkjh U;k; ¼ftldh vjLrw us ckr dh½ ^la'kks/ku mnkjokn* dk
,d vfHkUu fgLlk gS] ftldk fd ts-MCY;q- pSieSu] tkWu jkYl] o vFkZj vksdqu us leFkZu
fd;kA bu ys[kdksa us lHkh ds fy, U;k; o Lora=rk ds fgrkFkZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkT;h;
gLr{ksi ds vius vk'k; ds lkFk ^îqufoZrj.kdkjh U;k;** dh odkyr dhA
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ forj.kdkjh U;k; ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;g vkfFkZd U;k; ls dSls lacaf/kr gS\
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20-4 lkekftd U;k;

lkekftd U;k; fo|eku dkuwuksa ds rgr fdlh O;fDr dh U;k;laxr vis{kkvksa dh iwfrZ
lqfuf'pr djrs gq, ml O;fDr ds vf/kdkj o lkekftd fu;a=.k ds chp larqyu ls
rkYyqd j[krk gS vkSj mls ykHkksa o mlds vf/kdkjksa ds fdlh Hkh vfrØe.k ls cpko dh
xkj.Vh nsrk gSA pfy,] U;k; ds fuEufyf[kr igyqvksa ds fygkt ls ^lkekftd U;k;*
'kCnin ij lw{e n`f"V Mkyrs gSa] ;Fkk ,d] lkeqnkf;d fgr ds izkcY; dh /kkj.kk vkSj
nks] ^lq/kkj* vFkok lkekftd ifjorZu dh /kkj.kkA
20
20-- 4 - 1 lkeqnkf;d fgr dk izkcY;
ckt+kj vkfn ekeyksa esa vgLr{ksi fl)kar ds gzkl ds lkFk gh ,d ubZ tkudkjh fodflr
gqbZ fd fdlh O;fDr ds vf/kdkj leqnk;&fo'ks"k ds fgr esa ;qfDrlaxr :i ls lhekc)
gksus pkfg,] rkfd lkekftd U;k; dk mís'; oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa o lkeqnkf;d fgr ds
chp lkeatL; dh vis{kk j[ksA og ;g Hkh ekudj pyrk gS fd bu nksuksa ds chp fdlh
fookn dh fn'kk esa] lkeqnkf;d fgr oS;fDrd fo"k;ksa ls vo'; gh Åij jguk pkfg,A
lkekftd U;k;] rnuqlkj] ml /kkj.kk ls xgjs tqM+k gqvk gS ftlesa vke HkykbZ vFkok
49
vf/kdkj] lekurk] lkeqnkf;d fgr 'kkfey gSA vkt lkekftd o vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa yksdra= ds izos'k ds lkFk
Lora = rk vkS j U;k; gh] lkeqnkf;d fgr ds nk;js esa u flQ+Z jktuhfrd ¼jktuhfrd ekeyksa esa mfpr
O;ogkj½ cfYd lkekftd ¼lkekftd {ks=ksa esa vHksnHkko½ o vkfFkZd ¼vk; o lEifÙk dk
mfpr forj.k½ {ks= Hkh vkus yxs gSaA bl izdkj] lkekftd U;k; dh Ükà[kyk vYila[;d
jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ls ysdj vLi`';rk fuokj.k ,oa x+jhch mUewyu rd QSyh
gSA tSls fd] fo'o ds fiNM+s ns'kksa esa] lkekftd U;k; laca/kh /kkj.kk jkT; dks vkns'k nsrh
gS fd og leqnk; ds innfyr ,oa det+ksj oxks± dh mUufr ds fy, Bksl iz;kl djsA
20
20-- 4 - 2 lq/kkj vFkok lkekftd ifjorZu
lkekftd U;k; dks vktdy fu"i{krk o lekurk laca/kh /kkj.kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij lekt
ds laxBu dks bafxr djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lkekftd O;oLFkk ij
fopkjdj mls cnyus dk iz;kl djrk gS] rkfd ,d vf/kd lkfE;d lekt cu ldsA
euq"; ;qxksa ls lkekftd O;oLFkk esa ifjorZuksa dk iz;kl djrk jgk gS] Bhd mruk gh
ftruk fd og ,d iznÙk lkekftd O;oLFkk dks cpk;s j[kus dk iz;kl djrk jgk gSA
lkekftd U;k; dk vFkZ gS & lq/kkjoknh U;k;] lkekftd O;oLFkk ij fopkjdj mls
cnyuk vkSj fu"i{krk laca/kh lkef;d fopkjksa ls esy [kkrs vf/kdkjksa dk iqufoZrj.kA tc
vjLrw us ^forj.kdkjh U;k;* dh ckr dh Fkh] rks og lq/kkjoknh] vFkok ftls jkQ+sy
^^Ñf=e vaxh** dgrs gSa] U;k; dh ckr fnekx+ esa j[krs Fks] D;ksafd bldk mís';
;FkkfLFkfr esa fdafpr~ gsj&Qsj djuk FkkA
dksbZ lkS o"kZ igys] U;k; ljdkj ls ;g vis{kk ugha j[krk Fkk fd csjkst+xkjksa dk /;ku
j[ksA bl dke dh vis{kk nkrO; (charity) laLFkku ls dh tkrh FkhA ^^lq/kkjoknh** vFkok
^^Ñf=e vaxh** U;k; laca/kh fopkjksa dh ;qfDr ls vkt ;g jkT; dk dÙkZO; gS fd
csjkst+xkjksa dk /;ku j[ks vkSj mUgsa jkst+xkj eqgS;k djk;sA
20
20-- 4 - 3 lkekftd U;k; laca/kh ikm.M dk fp=.k
lkekftd U;k; laca/kh /kkj.kk dh vfHkiqf"V Mhu jkSLdks ikm.M dh O;k[;k esa cgqr
vPNh rjg dh xbZ gS] tks lkekftd fgr dk Ng&lrgh fp=.k izLrqr djrs gSa vkSj
lkekftd U;k; lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vkB dkuwuh ;kuh vf/kdkj o dÙkZO; laca/kh
vfHk/kkj.kk,¡ lkeus j[krs gSaA rnuqlkj] lkekftd U;k; laca/kh /kkj.kk ,d U;k;&laxr
lkekftd O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr dj yksxksa ds dY;k.k dks izksRlkgu nsus dh ifjdYiuk
djrh gSA
lkekftd U;k;
lkekftd fgr dkuwuh vfHk/kkj.kk,¡
1- vke lqj{kk] tSls & 'kkfUr] tu& 1- nwljksa }kjk dksbZ euekuh vkØkedrk u
LokLF;] miktZuksa dh lqj{kk] vkfn esa n'kkZ;h tk,
2- lqj{kk o lkekftd O;oLFkkvks]a tSl& s 2- os i{k/kj ftuls ysunsu fd;k tkrk gS]
fookg] /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa] vkfn esa lPph fu"Bk ls dke djsaxs
3- lkekU; lnkpkj] tSls & |qrØhM+k] 3- fdlh dks vius miktZuksa ,oa jpukvksa ds
e|&lsou] vuSfrd O;kikj] vkfn esa miHkksx esa dksbZ vM+pu ugha vk;sxh
50
4- lkekftd lalk/kuksa] tSls & [kk|] 4- fdlh O;fDr dks vuqfpr tksf[ke esa ugha U;k;
[kfutksa] vkfn dks cpkus esa Mkyk tk,xk vkSj nwljs yksx mfpr /;ku
o gksf'k;kjh ls dke djsaxs
5- O;kid izxfr] tSls & O;kikj laca/kh 5- nwljksa }kjk j[kh tkus okyh [k+rjukd
Lora=rk] vuqla/kku dks izksRlkgu] oLrqvksa dks viuh lhekvksa esa lko/kkuh
vkfn esa ,oa /;kuiwoZd j[kk tk,xk
6- oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa] tSls & osru] 6- deZpkjh dks jkst+xkj dk vf/kdkj gS
dk;Z&n'kkvksa vkfn esa
7- lekt mu foifÙk;ksa esa lkFk nsxk
tks fdlh O;fDr ij vk iM+sa
8- ,d vkS|ksfxd lekt esa vifjgk;Z ekuo
O;ogkjtfur {k; gsrq deZpkfj;ksa dks
mfpr gtkZuk fn;k tk,xk
20
20-- 4 - 4 lkekftd U;k; laca/kh vkykspuk
lkekftd U;k; laca/kh fl)karksa dh rhu vk/kkjksa ij vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA izFke]
lkekftd U;k; gsrq ek¡xsa] my>ko esa Mkydj] jkT; ds fØ;kdykiksa esa bt+kQk dj nsrh
gSaA jkT; dks rc r; djuk iM+sxk fd ^^dkSu D;k] dc vkSj dSls izkIr djs**A tgk¡ jkT;
ds vf/kdkjhx.k fufgr LokFkks± dks izdV djrs gksa] ,slk dkYifud ladYi lkekftd
U;k; ds mís';ksa dks iwjk djus okyk ugha gSA nwljs] lkekftd U;k; laca/kh uhfr;ksa ,oa
mudks ykxw fd, tkus esa vkt+knh dh dkV&Nk¡V fd, tkus dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA
fdrus egÙoiw.kZ@fdrus lk/kkj.k lkekftd U;k; ds fy, fdruh vkt+knh dqckZu dh
tk;s & ;g ,d eqf'dy ls gh lqy>kbZ tk ldus okyh leL;k cu tkrh gSA vUrr%]
;g fu/kkZfjr djuk eqf'dy gksrk gS fd ,slh cqfu;knh vko';drk,¡ dkSu&lh gSa] ftudk
lkekftd U;k; ds ekin.Mksa dks iwjk djus gsrq fuokj.k fd;k tkuk gS vkSj dkSu&lh
lekurk dks NksM+ nsuk mfpr Bgjkrh gSaA
rFkkfi] tc Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fo/kkueaMy] 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa ,oa lkoZtfud jkst+xkj esa
LFkkuksa ds vkj{k.k dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gS] rks og lekurk ls nwj tkuk vko';d cuk nsrk
gSA U;k; ds laca/k esa bu uhfr;ksa ds fy, vusd dkj.k crk, tkrs gSaA izFker% ;g fd
,slk crkZo oapukvksa ls Hkjs lkS lkyksa dh {kfriwfrZ dj nsrk gS] nwljs ;g fd ;s mik;
oafprksa dks lekt ds lkFk gh leku n`<+fLFkfr esa ykus ds fy, ewyHkwr lekurk dk
vuqHko djkus gsrq vko';d gSa vkSj rhljs] ;g fd U;k; dsoy rHkh fd;k tk ldrk gS
tcfd jkT; mudk lkekftd lEeku] vkfFkZd thou{kerk ,oa jktuhfrd izfr"Bk
fnykus esa enn djus fj;k;rh uhfr;k¡ ysdj vkxs vk;sA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ lkekftd U;k; D;k gS\ bldh fdu vk/kkjksa ij vkykspuk dh xbZ gS\
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vf/kdkj] lekurk] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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20-5 izfØ;kRed U;k;

U;k; laca/kh ,d vis{kkÑr vf/kd vuqnkj n`f"Vdks.k og gS] ftls îzfØ;kRed U;k;*
dgk tkrk gSA bl vFkZ esa ;g 'kCn /ku&nkSyr o ykHkksa ds iqufoZrj.k dh iz;ksx&fof/
k crykus esa bruk bLrseky ugha gksrk] ftruk fd oS;fDrd dk;ks± gsrq O;oâr fu;eksa
o izfØ;kvksa ds fy,A vfuok;Zr% og ekuoh; dk;ks± esa euekusiu dks nwj djus o dkuwu
ds 'kkld dk leFkZu djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA bl vo/kkj.kk esa O;f"V;k¡ gksrh gSa] u
fd lef"V;k¡A bl n`f"Vdks.k ls] fu;eksa o izfØ;kvksa dk lkFk u nsrs gq,] ykbu rksM+dj
vkxs igq¡puk vFkok izfrLi/kkZ esa dqN izfrHkkfx;ksa dks vuqfpr ykHk nsuk vU;k;
dgyk;sxkA izfØ;kRed fl)kafr;ksa ¼mnkgj.kr% g;sd½ dk ekuuk gS fd lEifÙk ds
iqufoZrj.k gsrq ekin.Mksa dks Fkksiuk loZ&lÙkkokn vkSj vkt+knh dh ,d ukt+k;t dqckZuh
dh vksj izo`Ùk djsxkA blesa jkT; }kjk fujUrj gLr{ksi 'kkfey gS] rkfd lekurk }kjk
visf{kr izfreku dk;e jgsA mUgsa yxrk gS fd ;fn jkT; fdlh dY;k.kdkjh uhfr dks
viuk Hkh ysrk gS] rks mldk U;k; ls de gh ljksdkj gksrk gSA
izfØ;kRed fl)kar ds lekykspdksa dk rdZ gS fd egt fu;eksa dk ikyu ek= gh dksbZ

mfpr ifj.kke lqfuf'pr ugha dj nsrkA fdlh lkekftd izlax esa cuk;s x, fu;e dqN
gh leqnk;ksa ds i{k esa fopkjs tkrs gSAa blh dkj.k] ,d Lora= izfrLi/kkZ ges'kk ,d fu"i{k
izfrLi/kkZ ugha gks ldrhA nwljs] eqDr&ckt+kj lEca/k mu O;fDr;ksa ds fy, leku :i
ls neudkjh gks ldrs gSa] ftuds ikl vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk vHkko gS( muds fy, ,d eqDr
ckt+kj dh vkt+knh vFkZghu gksxhA
20-6 tkWu jkWYl dk U;k;&fl)kar

fofHkUu jktuhfrd fl)kar ^,d okLrfod :i ls U;k;laxr lkekftd O;oLFkk D;k
gksxh* laca/kh fofHkUu fp= izLrqr djrs gSaA buesa ls nks fl)kar gSa & mi;ksfxrkoknh
fl)kar] vkSj fu"i{krk ds :i esa U;k; laca/kh jkWYl dk fl)karA mi;ksfxrkoknh fl)kar
dk nkok gS fd og lkekftd O;oLFkk ftlesa cM+h ls cM+h la[;k esa yksx viuh
mi;ksfxrk dh mPpre larqf"V ik ldrs gS]a U;k;laxr gSA ijUrq blds fcYdqy 'kq:vkrh
fnuksa ls gh lekykspdksa dks mi;ksfxrkokn ds gksrs gq, Hkh cM+h gh fnDdrksa dk lkeuk
iM+k gSA bl i`"BHkwfe esa] mi;ksfxrkokn ds fodYi :i esa] jkWYl ds fl)kar dk izLrko
fd;k x;k gSA jkWYl dh iqLrd] fFkvjh vkWQ tfLVl] bl vo/kkj.kk dh ,d fu.kkZ;d
O;k[;k nsrh gSA
U;k;&laca/kh tkWu jkWYl ds fl)kar ij ppkZ djus ds fy,] igys mlds uSfrd leL;kvksa
ij igq¡pus ds rjhds dk mYys[k vko';d gS] tks fd lkekftd fl)kar dh lafonkoknh
ijEijk esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ijUrq lkFk gh] jkWYl dk fl)kar ;g vko';d cukrk gS fd
uSfrd foospu ds fu"d"kZ ges'kk lgt&Kku }kjk vuqHkwr uSfrd /kkj.kkvksa ds eqdkcys
52
tk¡ps o iquO;ZofLFkr fd, tk,¡] vkSj ;g ckr lafonkoknh ijEijk esa mu nwljs yksxksa ds
foijhr gS tks ;g nkok djrs gS] fd U;k; ds fu;e oks gksrs gSa ftu ij ,d ifjdfYir U;k;
ifjos'k esa lgefr gksrh gSA
jkWYl euq"; dks ,d ifjdfYir ewy O;oLFkk esa ^vKkurk ds ijns* ds ihNs j[krs gSa] tgk¡
O;fDrtu viuh vko';drkvksa] fgrksa] dkS'kyksa] ;ksX;rkvksa laca/kh ,oa mu oLrqvksa
laca/kh] tks orZeku lektksa esa fookn iSnk djrh gSa] cqfu;knh tkudkjh ls oafpr jgrs gSaA
ijUrq muds ikl ,d pht+ t+:j gksxh] ftls jkWYl Û;k;&cks/k* dgrs gSaA
bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds rgr] jkWYl dk nkok gS] yksx 'kkfCnd Øe esa U;k; lac/a kh nks fl)karksa
dks lg"kZ Lohdkj djsaxsA igyk gS ^lekurk fl)kar*] ftlesa gj O;fDr dks nwljksa dh
ln`'k Lora=rk ds vuq:i gh lokZf/kd O;kid Lora=rk dk leku vf/kdkj gksxkA ;gk¡
leku Lora=rk dks mnkjoknh yksdrkaf=d 'kklu&iz.kkfy;ksa ds lqfofnr vf/kdkjksa ds
:i esa lkdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA buesa 'kkfey gSa & jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh gsrq leku
vf/kdkj] vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk] /kkfeZd Lora=rk] dkuwu ds le{k Lora=rk] bR;kfnA
nwljs fl)kar dks ^fHkUurk fl)kar* dgk tkrk gS] ftlesa jkWYl dk rdZ gS fd
vlekurkvksa dks dsoy rHkh lgh Bgjk;k tk ldrk gS] ;fn muls fuEure ykHkkaforksa
dks ykHk igq¡prk gksA
U;k;&laca/kh tkWu jkWYl dh vo/kkj.kk ds nks igyw gSaA izFke] og ,d ^^laoS/kkfud

yksdra=** dh ek¡x djrh gS] ;kuh dkuwuksa dh ljdkj vkSj oks ,slh gks tks o'k esa gks]
tokcnsg gks vkSj ftEesokj gksA nwljs] og ^^,d fuf'pr jhfr ls** eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk ds
fu;eu esa fo'okl djrh gSA ^^;fn dkuwu o ljdkj**] jkWYl fy[krs gSa] ^^ckt+kj dks
izfrLi/kkZRed j[kus] lalk/kuksa dks iwjh rjg fu;ksftr j[kus] lEifÙk o le‘f) O;kid
:i ls le;ksifj forfjr dj nsus ,oa mfpr lkekftd U;wukfrU;wu dks dk;e j[kus gsrq
izHkkoh :i ls dke djrs gSa] rc ;fn lHkh ds fy, f'k{kk }kjk nkf;Ro&LohÑr volj
dh lekurk gks] rks ifj.kkfer forj.k U;k;iw.kZ gksxk**A
^îqufoZrj.koknh** Hkh viuh lekykspuk,¡ izLrqr djrs gSaA rnuqlkj] E;Sj ,Q- IySVuj
U;k;&laca/kh n`f"Vdks.k ds f[kykQ+ nks nkos is'k djrs gSaA igyk] mudk fo'okl gS fd
;|fi lekurk ,d Lusg&ikfyr ewY; gS] bls lkeF;Z dh dher ij gkfly djuk laHko
ugha gks ldrkA IySVuj ds vuqlkj] ;g lekurk cuke c<+h le`f) dh leL;k jkWYl
dks ,d ijLij fojks/k esa Mky nsrh gSA bl izdkj] ,d vksj jkWYl ^^mudks bl ckr dks
Lohdkj djus ls ,dne badkj djrs gSa fd os tks T+;knk vkfFkZd ;ksxnku nsrs gSa] T+;knk
vkfFkZd izfrQy dk gd j[krs gSa**A ;|fi] nwljh vksj mudk ^^fofHkUurk fl)kar** ¼tks
;g fufnZ"V djrk gS fd ^^lkekftd o vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa dks O;ofLFkr fd;k tkuk
gS] rkfd os U;wure ykHkkaforksa ds vf/kdre ykHk gsrq gksa**½ fQj Hkh n`<+rkiwoZd dgrk gS
fd mUgsa vf/kd vkfFkZd ikfjrksf"kd iznku djuk U;k;&laxr gS] tgk¡ rd fd os mu
rjhdksa ls vius ;ksxnku esa o`f) djus gsrq izksRlkguksa ds :i esa dke djrs gksa tks
vUrksxRok vykHkkaforksa dks ykHk igq¡pkrs gksaA
nwljk nkok tks IySVuj djrs gSa] oks gSa fd iqufoZrj.koknh pkgrk gS fd O;fDr dks mlds
^^[kjs ifjJe** ds ikfjrksf"kd ls badkj dj fn;k tk,] vkSj mldh ctk; og lkjs
mRiknu dks lexz leku dh ^^lkoZtfud lEifÙk** ds :i esa ekurs gsaA lkFk gh] IySVuj
gesa fo'okl fnykuk pkgrs gSa fd ;g ^^futh lEifÙk laca/kh uSfrd vk/kkjksa vkSj mlds
lkFk gh mnkjoknh lekt** dks xqIr :i ls {kfr igq¡pkrk gSA
53
vf/kdkj] lekurk] Ckks/k iz'u 4
1½ tkWu jkWYl ds U;k; ds fl)kar dh ppkZ dhft;sA

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20-7 U;k; % la;kstu dk ,d 'kCn

'kk;n U;k; gsrq lcls vPNk n`f"Vdks.k bls ,d lkeatL;&laca/kh 'kCn ds :i esa ns[kuk
gSA U;k; dh leL;k lqyg&laca/kh leL;k gSA U;k; dk dk;Z fofHkUu Lora=rkvksa
¼jktuhfrd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd½ dk ,d nwljs ds lkFk rqf"Vdj.k( fofHkUu lekurkvksa
¼jktuhfrd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd½ dk ,d&nwljs ds lkFk vkSj lkekU;r% Lora=rk dk
mlds lHkh :iksa esa] feyki djkus dk dke gh gSA la{ksi esa] U;k; dk vFkZ gS fooknxzLr
ewY;ksa dk lkeatL; vkSj mudks ,d lkFk fdlh lkE;koLFkk esa j[kukA
vusd tkus&ekus ys[kdx.k Lora=rk cuke lekurk dk i{k ysuk ilan djrs gSaA ykWMZ
,sDVu dbZ lky igys gh ;g Lej.kh; mn~?kks"k.kk dj pqds Fks fd ^^lekurk gsrq lud
us Lora=rk dh vk'kk dks O;FkZ dj fn;k gSS** ¼og Ýkalhlh Økafr ds lanHkZ esa cksy jgs
Fks½A ^^flQ+Z Lora=rk** ds fgek;fr;ksa] mnkgj.kkFkZ MCY;q.bZ. ydh viuh iqLrd fMeksØslh
,.M fycVhZ esa] dk nkok gS fd ^^lekurk dsoy LokHkkfod fodkl ds ,d dBksj neu
ds }kjk gh feyrh gSA**
njvly] Lora=rk vkSj lekurk nksuksa gh egÙoiw.kZ gS]a tSlk fd dSfjV dk dFku gS] nksuksa
gh ,d&nwljs ds fy, vko';d gSaA ;fn lekurk gS] rks Lora=rk T+;knk larks"k iznku
djsxhA vkSj] lkFk gh] ;g Lora=rk gh gS tks O;fDr dks lekurk dh ek¡x djus ds ;ksX;
curh gSA vkneh dks vkt+knh nks vkSj og vHkh] ugha rks ckn esa] lekurk dh ek¡x djsxkA
Lora=rk o lekurk ds chp vUrl±ca/k ij vusd rjhdksa ls izdk'k Mkyk tk ldrk gSA
cksyus vkSj oksV nsus dh Lora=rk dk gh mnkgj.k ys ysa] ;s nksuksa gh /ku&laifÙk ds Hkkjh
vleku forj.k }kjk fu"izHk fd, tk ldrs gSaA /kuh tu u flQ+Z izfrLi/kkZ djus cfYd
izpkj djus gsrq Hkh ,d csgrj fLFkfr esa gksrs gSaA muds ikl izpkj ek/;eksa rd vis{kkÑr
vklku igq¡p gksrh gSA gSjkWYM ykLdh ds 'kCn vkt Hkh lR; yxrs gSa % ^^vlekuksa ds
lekt esa viuh Lora=rk dk nkok djus okys O;fDr ds gj iz;kl dks rkdrojksa }kjk
pqukSrh nh tk;sxhA** laf{kIr esa] ge ikrs gSa fd jktuhfrd Lora=rk ,oa vkfFkZd yksdra=
dks dU/ks ls dU/kk feykdj pyuk iM+rk gSA vkSj] ;fn fofHkUu jktuhfrd ewY;ksa ij lw{e
54
n`f"V Mkysa] rks ik;saxs fd ;|fi Åijh rkSj ls os ijLij fojks/kh gks ldrh gSa] /;kiwoZd U;k;
ns[ks tkus ij os laiwjd ,oa vUrlZEc) ik;h tk,¡xhA cgjgky] ;g U;k; dk dke gS
fd fofo/k ,oa izk;%&fojks/kh ewY;ksa ds chp la;kstu ;k lkeatL; LFkkfir djsA U;k; gh
vfUre fl)kar gS] tks Lora=rk ds lkFk&lkFk lekurk ds Hkh fgr esa fofHkUu vf/kdkjksa
¼jktuhfrd] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd½ ds forj.k dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
U;k; laca/kh bl izdkj dh vo/kkj.kk ,d lkekftd fopkj dh fodkl&izfØ;k ds :i

esa ,sfrgkfld :i ls fodflr gksrh gSA bl vFkZ esa ;g ,d fodkleku vo/kkj.kk gS
tks lekt dh okLrfodrk ,oa vfHkyk"kk dks izfrfcfEcr djrh gSA
20-8 lkjka ' k

geus tks vc rd ns[kk og ;g Nki NksM+rk gS fd U;k; vfuok;Zr% ,d fu;ked
ladYiuk gS] ftldk LFkku vusd {ks=ksa esa gS] tSls /keZ] uhfr'kkL= ,oa dkuwu] ;|fi
blds 'kk[kk&foU;kl esa lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd {ks= vkrs gSaA
fu"i{krk U;k; dh ,d vfuok;Z 'krZ gSA fu"i{krk dk vFkZ fcuk HksnHkko ds lcds lkFk
leku :i ls O;ogkj djuk ugha gSA ,d O;k[;k gS & lekuksa ds lkFk leku :i ls
vkSj vlekuksa ds lkFk vleku :i ls lqywd djukA ijUrq eq[; :i ls foHksnhdj.k dks
izklafxd ekun.Mksa ij gh jguk iM+rk gSA
U;k; pkgrk gS ,d U;k;laxr vk/kkj ij ewY;ksa dk foHksnhdj.kA fofHkUu fl)kar budh

O;oLFkk dk leFkZu vFkok fNnzkUos"k.k djrs gSaA lkekftd U;k; yksxksa dh vko';drkvksa
ij t+ksj nsrk gSA og Hkkjrh; lkekftd lanHkZ esa fj;k;rh uhfr;ksa dk Hkh vkg~oku djrk
gSA blds foijhr] izfØ;kRed U;k; dkuwu ds 'kklu vkSj ;kn`fPNdrk ds foyksiu dh
vis{kk j[krk gSA
U;k; laca/kh jkWYl ds fl)kar esa yksxksa dks lkekftd O;oLFkk laca/kh ,d fodYi pquuk
iM+rk gSA os LokHkkor% ,d bPNkLokra=~;oknh lekt pqusaxsA ;g fl)kar lHkh dks leku
ekSfyd Lora=rk,¡ iznku djrk gSA vlekurk,¡ lHkh ds fy, [kqys mPpinksa ls tqM+h gksuh
pkfg,A mUgsa lcls vf/kd vykHkkafor oxZ dks ykHk igq¡puk pkfg,A
vUr esa] rFkkfi U;k; laca/kh tfVy lai‘DrkFkks± ij xgjh cgl esa iM+us dh ctk;] ;g
dguk lkFkZd gksxk fd lHkh egÙoiw.kZ jktuhfrd ewY;ksa dk ;gh la;ksth cU/k
(converting bond) gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn lekurk ds ekun.M dk mYya?ku fd;k
tkrk gS] rks Lora=rk dk;e ugha jgsxh vkSj ;fn U;k; ugha gksxk rks lekurk ugha
jgsxhA Li"V gS fd U;k; Lora=rk ,oa lekurk ds ekun.Mksa ls vfHkUu :i ls tqM+k gSA
blh izdkj] ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;fn dksbZ vf/kdkj vfLrRo esa ugha gS] rks dksbZ vkt+knh
ugha jgsxh vkSj ;fn U;k;&izcU/k lqfuf'pr djus gsrq dkuwu dh dksbZ lqlaxfBr O;oLFkk
ugha gS] rks vf/kdkjksa dh dksbZ j{kk ugha gksxhA iqu% Li"V gS fd U;k;&laca/kh /kkj.kk
vfuok;Zr% vf/kdkjksa o dkuwu dh vo/kkj.kkvksa ls tqM+h gSA bl n'kk esa lcls x+kSjryc
ckr ;g gS fd U;k;&laca/kh /kkj.kk u flQ+Z dkuwu] Lora=rk] lekurk o vf/kdkjksa
laca/kh ekun.Mksa ls vfHkUu :i ls tqM+h gS] ;g vfuok;Z lEcU/k Hkh LFkkfir djrh gSA
U;k; bl vFkZ esa jktuhfrd ewY;ksa dk iquLlaf/kLFkkid vkSj la;kstd gSA MSfu;y oSCLVj
us fcYdqy Bhd gh dgk fd U;k; ^êuq"; dk iz/kkure fgr gS**A
55
vf/kdkj] lekurk] 20.9 dqN mi;ksxh lanHkZ
,syu] lh-ds-] ,sLiSDV~l vkWQ tfLVl] LVhou ,.M lUt+] yanu] 1955
csdj] vusLZ V] fizfa liWYl vkWQ+ lks'ky ,.M iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] yanu] vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh]
yanu] 1967
cSjh] ukWeZu ih-] ,u b.VªksMD'ku Vq ekMuZ iWfyfVdWy fFkvjh] eSdfeyu] yanu] 1981
jkQ+Sy] Mh-Mh-] izkWCyEl vkWQ+ iWfyfVdWy fQ+ykslWQ+h] eSdfeyu] yanu] 1976 ¼f}rh;
laLdj.k½

Ckks/k iz'u 1

Ckks/k iz'u 2

Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 20-4 vkSj miHkkx 20-4-4

Ckks/k iz'u 4
56
lektoknh yks d ra =
bdkbZ 21 izR;{k vkSj lgHkkxh yksdra=
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
21-0 mís';
21-1 ifjp; % yksdra= dk vFkZ
21-1-1 fofHkUu vFkZ
21-1-2 ljdkj vkSj ukxfjdksa ds e/; laidZ lk/kuk
21-2 izR;{k yksdra= D;k gS\
21-2-1 izR;{k yksdra= ds lS)kafrd vk/kkj
21-2-2 izR;{k yksdra= ds xq.k
21-3 xzhd yksdra= izR;{k yksdra= ds :i esa
21-3-1 ,Fksfu;u yksdra= % izfl)h ds dkj.k
21-3-2 vjLrq dh ^n ikWfyfVDl*
21-4 izR;{k yksdra= dh lhek,¡
21-4-1 ,Fksfu;u yksdra= dh dfe;k¡
21-5 vk/kqfud le; esa izR;{k yksdra=
21-6 lkjka'k
21-0 mís ' ;

bl bdkbZ esa vkidks izR;{k ¼izkphu½ vkSj lgHkkfxrk iw.kZ ¼vk/kqfud½ yksdra= ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh feysxhA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki%
• yksdra= ds vFkZ dks le> ik,¡xs(
• mlds fofHkUu :iksa tSls izR;{k vkSj Hkkxhnkjh yksdra= esa varj LFkkfir dj ysaxs(
vkSj
• fofHkUu :iksa dh [kwfc;ksa vkSj dfe;ksa dk ijh{k.k dj ik,¡xsA
21
21-- 1 ifjp; % yksdra= dk vFkZ
fofHkUu nk'kZfudksa us yksdra= 'kCn dh vyx-vyx <ax ls O;k[;k dh gSA ;g ljdkj
dk ,d :i vkSj vkn'kZ] vkdka{kk] ekin.M nksuksa gh gSA yksdra= dk ewy rÙo vkRe-
'kklu gSA yksdra= 'kCn dh mRifÙk izkphu xzhl esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ;g xzhd 'kCn
(Democratia) ls mRiUu gqvk] bldk vFkZ turk ds }kjk 'kkflr gksuk gSA ;g
'kCnkuqlkj 'kkld vkSj 'kkflr] nksuksa ds chp vyxko ds vFkZ dks Lohdkj djrk gSA
fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd lkE;okn vkSj lektokn] ftudk fd ekDlZokn esa lanHkZ fcUnq
gS] muds Bhd foijhr yksdra= fdlh fo'ks"k lS)kafrd lzksr ;k vkn'kZ ij vk/kkfjr ugha
gSA okLro esa] ;g if'peh lH;rk ds iwjs fodkl dh jpuk gS vkSj blfy, vklkuh ls
fdlh Hkh vFkZ esa iz;ksx dj yh tkrh gSA bl izdkj yksdra= ds vkn'kZ dk bfrgkl
oLrqr% my>k gqvk gS vkSj fojks/kkLin vkSj Hkzked fopkj/kkjkvksa ls vksrizksr gSA yksdra=
Hkzked gS] D;ksafd bldk vHkh Hkh fØ;k'khy bfrgkl gS vkSj D;ksafd eqn~ns Hkh my>s gSaA 5
yks d ra = rFkkfi blds vkSfpR; dks bl vk/kkj ij Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd ;g fuEu ekSfyd
ewY;ksa ;k vPNkb;ksa tSls lekurk] Lora=rk] uSfrdrk] vkRefodkl] lkekU; fgr] futh
fgrksa] lkekftd mi;ksfxrk bR;kfn dks izkIr djus esa lgk;d gSA
21-1-1 fofHkUu vFkZ

blfy, yksdra= 'kCn ls lacaf/kr vusd vFkZ fudkys x;s gSA buesa ls dqN fuEu gSa %
• ljdkj dk ,d :i ftlesa yksx Lor% 'kklu djrs gSaA
• ,d ,slk lekt ftldk vk/kkj leku volj rFkk O;fDrxr xq.k gksrs gSa u fd
lkekftd Lrjhdj.k rFkk lqfo/kkA
• 'kkflr dh lgefr ij vk/kkfjr ljdkj dh O;oLFkkA
• cgqla[;d 'kklu ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;kA
• ,d ,slh 'kklu iz.kkyh tks vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkjksa rFkk fgrksa dh j{kk
cgqla[;dksa dh 'kfDr ij fu;a=.k j[k dj djrh gSA
• lkoZtfud inksa ij HkrhZ yksd fiz; oksV ds fy, izfr;ksxh la?k"kZ }kjkA
• ljdkj dh ,d ,slh iz.kkyh tks yksxksa ds jktuhfrd thou esa lgHkkfxrk ds fcuk
Hkh yksxksa dh vfHk#fp;ksa dk [;ky j[krh gSA ¼gsoqM] 1997%66½
21- 1- 2 ljdkj vkSj ukxfjdksa ds e/; laidZ lk/kuk
yksdra= dks ftu fofHkUu vFkks± ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gS] muls ,d ckr fcYdqy lkQ gS
fd yksdra= ljdkj vkSj ukxfjdksa ds e/; laidZ lk/krk gSA ;g laca/k ml lekt dh
o`gr jktuhfr laLÑfr ds vk/kkj ij dbZ rjhdks ls LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds
dkj.k iztkrkaf=d 'kklu ds okLrfod Lo:i ls lacaf/kr lS)kafrd fofHkUurk,a vkSj
jktuhfrd fookn ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA rFkkfi] yksdra= ij dksbZ Hkh okn-fookn rhu
egÙoiw.kZ iz'uksa dh rjQ >qdrk gSA
• yksx dkSu gSa\
• fdl vFkZ esa yksx 'kklu djrs gSa\
• yksdfiz; 'kklu dk foLrkj dgk¡ rd gksuk pkfg,\ ¼gsoqM] 1997%66½
Ckks/k iz'u 1
ii½ vius mÙkjksa dks bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls feyk,aA
1½ yksdra= ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

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6
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lektoknh yks d ra =
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2½ yksdra= ds vusd vFkks± esa ls dqN ij izdk'k Mkfy;sA
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21-2 izR;{k yksdra= D;k gS\

izR;{k yksdra= ljdkj dk ,d :i gksrk gS] ftlds varxZr lekurk dh izÑfr vkSj
[kqys fopkjksa ls izsfjr lHkh o;Ld ukxfjdksa dh lgHkkfxrk ls lHkh lkewfgd fu.kZ; fy;s
tkrs gSA ppkZ;sa ;k ifjppkZ;sa izeq[k gksrh gSa] D;ksafd tks fu.kZ; iwjh rjg ls fopkj-foe'kZ
ds ckn fy;s tkrs gSa] mUgsa lwfpr] rdZ'khy vkSj foosd'khy ekuk tkrk gSA ,slk blfy;s
D;ksafd ifjppkZ ,d lewg dks fofHkUu fgrksa esa lkeatL; fcBkus esa enn djrh gS vkSj
lnL;ksa dks eqn~nksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djrh gSA lkFk gh] lewg ds vuqHko dk ykHk
mBk;k tk ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ppkZ,a O;fDr;ksa ds ,d lewg dks izHkkfor djus vkSj
lewg ls izHkkfor gksus] ;g nksuksa dk;Z djrh gSaA ¼Hague et al] 1998%20½
izkphu xzhd nk'kZfud vjLrq ds vuqlkj izR;{k yksdra= dh lkjxfHkZr ckr ;g gS fd

mlesa ,slh O;oLFkk gS fd ^^lHkh ,d nwljs dks fu;af=r djrs gSa vkSj fd izR;sd lHkh
dks**A ;g igyh ckj izkphu ,sFksUl esa turk dh ,d fo'kky tulHkk ds ifj.kkeLo:i
,d ljdkj ds :i esa ns[kus dks feyk FkkA bldk vk/kqfud :i tuer laxzg gSA
xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ^xzke lHkk* ftldh 73 laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku ds rgr ladYiuk dh x;h
gS] izR;{k yksdra= dk mnkgj.k gSA
21-2-1 izR;{k yksdra= ds lS)kafrd vk/kkj

vr% izR;sd yksdra= esa er ds ek/;e ls lcls lgh fu.kZ; dHkh ugha fy;s tk ldrs
gSaA izR;{k yksdra= dk fl)kar vke lgefr ls 'kklu djuk gksrk gSA ;g vke lgefr
fodYiksa ij lko/kkuhiwoZd fopkjksa ds QyLo:i iSnk gksrh gSA vkSipkfjd lgHkkxh
laLFkkvksa ds vHkko esa yksxksa dks turk ls fopkj-foe'kZ ds }kjk vius vki fu.kZ; ysuk
gksrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fuEufyf[kr fl)kar izR;{k yksdra= dks izHkkfor djrs gS %
• yksx laizHkq gksrs gSaA
• laizHkqrk i`Fkd ugha gks ldrh gS vkSj mldk izfrfuf/kRo ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• yksxksa dks viuh lkoZtfud bPNk vo'; tkfgj djuh pkfg, vkSj tuer laxzg
ds ek/;e ls izR;{k :i ls fu.kZ; ysus pkfg,A
• fu.kZ; cgqla[;d 'kklu ds vk/kkj ij fy;s tkus pkfg,A
lkjka'kr% izR;{k yksdra=] izR;{k igys ls u fopkj gqvk vkSj ljdkj ds dk;ks± esa 7
yks d ra = ukxfjdksa dh fujUrj lgHkkfxrk ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA izR;{k yksdra= ljdkj vkSj
'kkflr rFkk jkT; vkSj ukxfjd lewnk; ds chp varj dks [kRe djrk gSA izR;{k
yksdra= esa jkT; vkSj lekt ,d cu tkrs gSaA ;g yksdfiz;k 'kklu dh ,d iz.kkyh gSA
21-2-2 izR;{k yksdra= ds xq.k

izR;{k yksdra= ds xq.kksa esa fuEu vkrs gSa %
• pw¡fd ;g yksdra= dk ,dek= 'kq) Lo:i gS] blesa ukxfjdksa dk viuh thou
fn'kk ij fu;a=.k c<+ tkrk gSA-
• ;g csgrj lwfpr vkSj vf/kd jktuhfrd piyrk okys ukxfjd mRiUu djrk gS
vkSj bl izdkj izR;{k yksdra= ds ikl 'kS{kf.kd lqfo/kk;sa gksrh gSaA
• erych jktuhfrKksa ij fcuk Hkjkslk fd;s ;g turk dks vius n`f"Vdks.k vkSj fgrksa
dks O;Dr djus esa leFkZ cukrk gSA
• bl vFkZ esa 'kklu dks oS/kkfudrk iznku djrk gS fd yksx izR;{k ra= ds fdlh Hkh
fu.kZ; dks vklkuh ls Lohdkj djrs gSa D;ksafd os muds }kjk cuk;s x;s gksrs gSaA
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ izR;{k yksdra= ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
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2½ izR;{k yksdra= ds dkSu-dkSu ls xq.k gSa\
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8
lektoknh yks d ra =
21
21-- 3 xzhd yksdra= izR;{k yksdra= ds :i esa
izR;{k yksdra= dk lkoZHkkSfed mnkgj.k pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds nkSjku izkphu ,sFksal
dk gSA vc rd dk ;g yksdfiz; lgHkkfxrk dh ,dek= 'kq) ;k vkn'kZ iz.kkyh ekuk
tk ldrk gSA blds ikl ,d fof'k"V izdkj dk izR;{k yksdfiz; 'kklu Fkk] ftlds
varxZr lkewfgd cSBd esa lHkh egÙoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs FksA lHkk ;k ,sdySfl;k
(Ecclesita) }kjk lHkh egÙoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fy;s tkrs FksA lHkk de ls de lky esa pkyhl
ckj vius lkeus vk;s eqdneksa dks r; djus ds fy;s vk;ksftr dh tkrh FkhA tc
iw.kZdkfyd tuvf/kdkfj;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh Fkh] os cM+h la[;k esa pqus tkrs FksA bl
izfØ;k dk vuqlj.k ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk Fkk fd ;s ukxfjdksa ds cM+s
fudk; dk ,d fgLlk gks] inksa dh rFkkfi dksbZ fuf'prrk ugha Fkh vkSj rhoz Øec)rk
esa cnyrs Fks ftlls lHkh ukxfjdksa dks 'kklu djus dh dyk dk vuqHko izkIr gks tkrk
Fkk vkSj bl izdkj vf/kdre laHko lgHkkfxrk dks izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h FkhA
ik¡p lkS ukxfjdksa dh ,d lHkk ifj"kn ;k dk;Z desVh ds :i esa dk;Z djrh Fkh vkSj
ipkl lnL;ksa dh desVh cnys esa ifj"kn~ ds le{k izLrko is'k djrh FkhA
21
21-- 3 - 1 ,Fksfu;u yksdra= % izflf) ds dkj.k
;g le>uk egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ,Fksfu;u yksdra= bruk mYys[kuh; D;ksa FkkA ,FksUl us
okLro esa lHkh ukxfjdksa dks erkf/kdkj nsdj ,d ubZ jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk lw=ikr
fd;kA ukxfjd u dsoy lHkk dh fu;fer cSBdksa esa Hkkx ysrs Fks] cfYd os cM+h la[;k
esa tuin vkSj fu.kZ; izfØ;k dh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks laHkkyus ds fy;s rS;kj gksrs FksA
vkSipkfjd :i esa] ukxfjdksa esa in vkSj /ku ds vk/kkj ij muds lkoZtfud ekeyksa ds
lanHkZ esa Hksn fd;k tkrk FkkA MSeksl (The Demos) ds ikl loaizHkq 'kfDr Fkh] tSls
fo|kf;dh vkSj U;kf;d xfrfof/k;ksa dh lapkyu dh loksZPp lÙkk ¼Held] 1987%17½
ukxfjdrk dh ,Fksfu;e fopkj/kkjk us bl dk;Z esa Hkkx ysus vkSj jkT; ds ekeyksa esa
lh/kh lgHkkfxrk dks vo';aHkkoh cuk;kA
,Fksfu;u yksdra= ukxfjd xq.k (civil virtue) ds fl)kar ds izfr lkekU; izfrc)rk dks
n'kkZrk gSA ftldk okLrfod vFkZ x.krkaf=d uxj jkT; ds fy;s izfrc)rk vkSj leiZ.k
futh ft+Unxh lkoZtfud ekeyksa ds v/khu rFkk lkekU; vPNkb;ksa dh izkfIr FkhA nwljs
'kCnksa esa lkoZtfud rFkk O;fDrxr ftanxh esa dksbZ varj ugha FkkA vkSj O;fDr vkRe
larqf"V izkIr dj iksfyl ¼uxj jkT;½ ds vanj lEekfur ftanxh th ldrk FkkA
mnkgj.k Lo:i] ukxfjdksa dks vf/kdkj ,oa ftEesnkjh futh O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa ugha]
cfYd] jktuhfrd leqnk; ds lnL;ksa ds ukrs izkIr FksA bl izdkj dsoy iksfyl (Polis)
esa gh tuvf/kdkj vkSj vPNh ftanxh laHko FksA bl izdkj jkWcVZ Mky ds vuqlkj ^^xzhd
n`f"V esa yksdra= jktuhfr dh ,d izkÑfrd lkekftd xfrfof/k gSA bls ftUnxh ds
vo'ks"k ls lkQ vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA cfYd jktuhfrd ftanxh ek= foLrkj vkSj
vius vki ek/kqZ; gSA**¼ Dahl, 1989 %18½ ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ,Fksfu;u Lora= vkSj
eqDr jktuhfrd ftanxh ftUnxh esa fo'okl djrs Fks ftlds varxZr ukxfjd viuh
{kerkvksa vkSj dkS'ky vkSj lkekU; fgr ds y{; dks fodflr vkSj vuqHko dj ldrs FksA
vkSj U;k; dk vFkZ uxj jkT;ksa esa ukxfjd dh Hkwfedk rFkk LFkku dks fuf'pr rFkk
vuqHko djuk FkkA ¼Held 1987%18½ ftlds lHkh ukxfjd lnL; gksrs FksA
9
yks d ra = 21
21-- 3 - 2 vjLrq dh ^n ikWfyfVDl*
gesa vjLrq dh izfl) Ñfr ^n ikWfyfVDl* bZlk iwoZ 335 vkSj 323 ds chp fyf[kr esa
izkphu yksdra= ds ckjs esa vf/kdre foLr`r vkSj Lej.kh; tkudkjh feyrh gSA mudh
Ñfr esa yksdra= ds nkoksa] uSfrd ekin.Mksa vkSj mn~ns';ksa dk fo'ys"k.k feyrk gS vkSj
vusd xzhd yksdra=ksa dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dh fof'k"Vrk dk Hkh mYys[k gSA muds
vuqlkj Lora=rk vkSj lekurk] fo'ks"kdj ;fn vki yksdra=oknh gSa rks nksuksa Lohdk;Z gSa]
,d ds vfLrRo ds fcuk nwljs dks izkIr djuk dfBu gSA
Lora=rk ds nks y{k.k gSa % i½ 'kklu djuk rFkk cnys esa 'kkflr gksuk] vkSj ii½ tSlk O;fDr
pqurk gS] mlh rjg ls thrk gSA ;fn O;fDr izFke y{k.k ds vk/kkj ij ljdkj ds
izHkkodkjh fl)kar dks dk;Z:i nsuk pkgrk gS] rks ;g vko';d gS fd lHkh ukxfjd
leku gksaA fcuk lka[;dh; lekurk ds ;g laHko ugha gS fd cgqla[;d lEizHkq gksaA
lkaf[;dh lekurk ls ;gk¡ rkRi;Z gS fd izR;sd O;fDr dh 'kklu dyk esa leku
fgLlsnkjh gksA izkphu ;k iwoZ yksdra=okfn;ksa us vuqHko fd;k fd lkaf[;dh lekurk
izkIr djuk laHko Fkk] 1½ D;ksafd ukxfjdksa dks ljdkj esa Hkkx ysus ds fy;s osru fn;k
tkrk gS vkSj bl fy, mUgsa jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk dh otg ls dqN [kksuk ugha iM+rk
gSA 2½ ukxfjdksa dks leku er nsus dk Hkh vf/kdkj gSA 3½ fl)kar ds vuqlkj izR;sd
O;fDr dks in xzg.k djus dk leku volj izkIr gSA lkj esa ge blls ;g le> ldrs
gSa fd lekurk Lora=rk dk O;ogkfjd vk/kkj gS vkSj bldk uSfrd vk/kkj Hkh gSA bl
izdkj vjLrq ds fopkj ds vk/kkj ij lkoZHkkSfed yksdra= ftlesa lafufgr gS izR;{k
yksdra=] Lora=rk dks fuf'pr djrk gS] vkSj Lora=rk lekurk dks fuf'pr djrh gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
ii½ vius mÙkjksa dks bZdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls feyk;saA
1½ ,Fksfu;u yksdra= dks vlk/kkj.k D;ksa ekuk tkrk gS\
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2½ vjLrq dh ^n ikWfyfVDl* esa fn;s n`f"Vdks.kksa dk laf{kIr esa ijh{k.k djsaA
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10
lektoknh yks d ra =
21
21-- 4 izR;{k yksdra= dh lhek,¡
izR;{k yksdra= dk ,d foy{k.k xq.k izkphu ,Fksal esa izpfyr bldh fof'k"Vrk FkhA
uxj-jkT; ,drk] v[k.Mrk] lgHkkfxrk vkSj iwjh rjg ls izfrcaf/kr ukxfjdrk dks
n'kkZrk FkkA tSlk fd igys crk;k x;k gS fd lkoZtfud vkSj futh ft+Unxh esa dksbZ
varj ugha Fkk vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd jkT; ukxfjdksa dh ftUnxh ls xaHkhj :i ls laca/k FkkA
rFkkfi tula[;k dk ,d NksVk oxZ gh jkT; vkSj ljdkj ls lEcaf/kr FkkA flQZ
fnypLi ckr ;g xkSj djus dh gS fd ,Fksfu;u jktuhfrd laLÑfr o;Ld iq#"k
laLÑfr FkhA mnkgj.kr% dsoy 20 o"kZ ls vf/kd mez ds iq#"k gh ukxfjd cuus ds ;ksX;
FksA dqyfirkvksa (patriarchs) ds yksdra= ds varxZr efgykvksa dks jktuhfrd vf/kdkj
izkIr ugha Fks vkSj muds ukxfjd vf/kdkj Hkh lhfer Fks( nwljs rjg ds fuoklh] tSls
vizoklh vkSipkfjd izfØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy;s v;ksX; FksA ;s dqN vU; izdkj ds
ukxfjd ,FksUl esa dbZ ih<+h igys cl x;s Fks] ysfdu mUgsa ewy fuoklh dk ntkZ izkIr
ugha FkkA rFkkfi xqykeksa ds varxZr jktuhfrd :i ls cgqr fiNM+s yksx vkrs FksA ;gk¡
gesa tkudkjh feyrh gS fd ,FksUl esa izpfyr jktuSfrd lekurk dk vFkZ lcksa ds fy;s
leku 'kfDr ugha FkkA ;g oLrqr% lekurk dk ,d :i Fkk] tksfd leku in okys O;fDr
ij ykxw gksrk Fkk vkSj ,Fksfu;u lanHkZ esa bldk rkRi;Z flQZ iq#"kksa vkSj ,Fksal esa iSnk
gksus okys O;fDr esa ls FkkA bl izdkj vusd O;fDr ,d foLr`r ukxfjdrk ds
vYila[;d dh rjg Fks ¼fQuys 1983½ vfookfnr :i ls izkphu ,Fksal dh jktuhfr
dkQh gn rd viztkrkaf=d vk/kkj ij vofLFkr FkhA
21
21-- 4 - 1 ,Fksfu;u yksdra= dh dfe;k¡
ge mijksDr fooj.k ls tks fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa] og ;g fd izkphu ,FksUl esa izpfyr
yksdra= esa xaHkhj dfe;k¡ FkhaA ;fn vk/kqfud yksdra= cktkj vFkZra= ij vk/kkfjr gS] rks
,Fksal dk yksdra= nklrk ij vofLFkr FkkA xqykeksa ds Je us vfHktkR; ukxfjd dks
lgHkkfxrk dk volj iznku fd;k] LFkk;h ukSdj'kkgh O;oLFkk dh deh vkSj vizHkkodkjh
ljdkj ds pyrs vUrr% ;q) esa ijkt; ds ckn ,Fksfu;u x.kra= dk iru gqvkA
fnypLi ckr ;g gS fd yksdra= ds bl :i] ;kfu fd izR;{k yksdra= ds lcls
vf/kd izHkkodkjh vkykspd FksA nk'kZfud IySVks mUgksaus jktuhfrd lekurk ds fl)kar
dh vkykspuk bl vk/kkj ij dh fd vf/kdrj yksx LoHkko ls leku ugha gksrs gSa] vkSj
blfy,] Lo;a cqf)ekuh ls fu.kZ; ugha ys ldrs gSaA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS fd muds ikl
Kku vkSj u gh vuqHko gksrk gSA bldk funku mUgksaus viuh izfl) iqLrd ^n fjifCyd*
esa izLrqr fd;k Fkk] og ;g gS fd ljdkj dks nk'kZfud jktkvksa ds ,d oxZ ds gkFkksa lkSaik
tk;s] ,sls laj{kd ftudk 'kklu ,d Kkuh vf/kuk;dokn ds dqN leku gksxk]
O;ogkfjd rkSj ij rFkkfi] ,Fksfu;u yksdra= dh izeq[k deh Fkh fd ;g tula[;k ds
vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dks jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ls vyx j[kdj gh lapkfyr gks ldrh gSA
;g ek= lhfer tula[;k okys NksVs uxj jkT;ksa esa laHko Fkk vkSj u fd orZeku ds cM+h
tula[;k okys vk/kqfud o`gr yksdra=ksa esaA bu dfe;ksa ds ckoT+kwn ,Fksfu;u <k¡pk
iztkrkaf=d fl)karksa dks LFkkfir djus esa fu.kkZ;d FkkA Qkbuj ds vuqlkj ^^xzhdksa us
orZeku ;qx dh lcls vf/kd l{ke nks jktuhfrd fo'ks"krkvksa dk vfo"dkj fd;k % izFke]
ukxfjd dh vo/kkj.kk dks btkn djuk cfuLir v/khuLFk dh vkSj f}rh;] yksdra=
jpukA
11
yks d ra = Ckks/k iz'u 4
ii½ vius mÙkjksa dks bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ls feyk;saA
1½ izR;{k yksdra= dh lhekvksa ij izdk'k Mkysa vkSj ,d mi;qDr mnkgj.k nsaA
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21
21-- 5 vk/kqfud le; esa izR;{k yksdra=
izR;{k yksdra= ds lkoZHkkSfed <k¡ps vkSj jktuhfrd thou esa fujarj yksdfiz; lgHkkfxrk]
nqfu;k ds dqN [kkl Hkkxksa] eq[;r% vesfjdk esa U;q baXyS.M dh uxj cSBdksa vkSj NksVs
fLol dSaVuksa (Cantons) esa dk;Zjr lkeqnkf;d lHkkvksa esa fo|eku gSA izkphu ,FksUl dh
tulHkkvksa dh rqyuk esa orZeku le; esa dk;Zjr lcls lkekU; fof/k tuer laxzg gSA
tuer laxzg ,d izdkj dk er gS] ftldk iz;ksx ernkrk yksd uhfr ds fo'ks"k eqn~nksa
ij viuk fopkj izdV djus ds fy, dj ldrk gSA ;g pquko ls vyx gS] ftlesa
ernkrk vko';d :i ls lkoZtfud in ij fdlh dks pquus dk lk/ku gksrk gS vkSj
tksfd uhfr ds lkj dks izHkkfor djus] izR;{k ;k fo'oluh; fof/k ugha gSA izR;{k
yksdra= dk ,d ;a=] tuer laxzg dk iz;ksx izfrfuf/k laLFkkvksa dks LFkkukarfjr djus
ds fy;s] ugha] cfYd mUgsa iwjk (supplement) djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA os
ijke'kZnk=h ;k vfuok;Z gks ldrs gSaA os eqn~nksa dks okn-fookn ds fy;s Hkh mBk ldrs
gSa ¼lq>ko ;k IySfclkbV½A
21
21-- 6 lkjka ' k
o`gn vFkZ esa yksdra= dk vFkZ yksxksa }kjk 'kklu gksrk gS] rFkkfi le; ds lkFk-lkFk
bldk fofHkUu vFkZ ekuk tkrk jgk gSA yksdra= dh izÑfr ds laca/k esa okn-fooknksa us
rhu egÙoiw.kZ iz'uksa dh vksj /;ku vkÑ"V fd;k gSA loZizFke] fdl lhek rd
jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk foHkktu gksuk pkfg,A f}rh;] D;k yksxksa dks Lo;a 'kklu esa Hkkx
ysuk pkfg;s\ ;k ljdj dks pqus gq, izfrfuf/k;ksa ds gkFkksa esa lkSi nsuk pkfg,A rhljs] D;k
iztkrkaf=d izfØ;k dk iz;ksx djds lkewfgd fu.kZ; ysuk mi;qDr gS\ izkphu xzhl esa
mRiUu vkSj dk;Zjr izR;{k yksdra= esa ukxfjd Lo;a izfrfuf/k laLFkkvksa ds cxSj fu.kZ;
ysrs FksA ;g fo'ys"k.k lkoZtfud ppkZ ds egÙo ij tksj nsrk gS] lgHkkfx;ksa vkSj fu.kZ;
dh xq.koÙkk nksauksa dh n`f"V ls yksdra= ds bl <k¡ps dh l[r lhek;sa FkhaA vr% vk/kqfud
dky esa ;g ljdkj dk yksdfiz; :i ugha gSA
12
lektoknh yks d ra =
21
Mky] vkj- MSEkksØslh ,aM bV~l fØfVDl] U;w gsou] lh Vh % ;sy fo'ofo|ky; izsl] 1989
gsYM MsfoM] ekWMYl vkWQ MSEkksØslh] vkDlQksMZ % ikWfyVh izsl( LVSuQksMZ fo'ofo|ky;
izsl] 1996
gsowM ,saM: & ikfyfVDl] yanu % eSdfeyu izsl] 1997
gsx] vkj- ,V-,y-] dEiSfjfVo xoZeSaV ,saM ikWfyfVDl % ,su baVªksMD'ku] yanu] eSdfeyu
izsl] 1998
fQuys] ,e-vkbZ-] ikWfyfVDl bu nh ,a'ksaV oYMZ] dSfEczt fo'ofo|ky; izsl] 1983
21
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ Hkkx 21-1 nsf[k;sA
2½ miHkkx 21-1-1 nsf[k;sA
cks/k iz'u 2
cks/k iz'u 3
cks/k iz'u 4
13
yks d ra =
bdkbZ 22 izfrfuf/k yksdra=
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
22-0 mís';
22-1 ifjp;
22-2 izfrfuf/k yksdra= D;k gS\
22-2-1 lhfer vkSj vizR;{k
22-2-2 fuokZpd yksdra= dk i;kZokph
22-3 izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
22-3-1 cgqyoknh
22-3-2 vfHktkR;oknh
22-3-3 izfr}a}h fopkj/kkjk,a
22-4 izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds ekSfyd fl)kar
22-4-1 yksdfiz; laizHkqrk
22-4-2 jktuhfrd lekurk
22-4-3 jktuhfrd Lora=rk
22-5 izfrfuf/k yksdra= O;kogkj esa
22-6 yksdra= vkSj pquko
22-6-1 pquko izfØ;k
22-7 yksdra= vkSj vyxko
22-8 yksdra= vkSj tuer
22-9 fyax vkSj yksdra= % lgHkkfxrk vkSj izfrfuf/kRo
22-10 yksdra= vkSj baVjusV
22-11 lkjka'k
22
22-- 0 mís ' ;
bl bdkbZ esa vki izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds ckjs esa i<+saxs] ;g yksdra= dk ,d :i gSA
ftlls ge HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gSaA bl v/;k; dks i<+us ds ckn vki %
• izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds vFkZ dh O;k[;k dj ik;saxs(
• bldh fofHkUu fopkj/kkjkvksa ij ppkZ dj ldsaxs(
• izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds ekSfyd fl)karksa dk foLr`r C;kSjk ns ik;saxs(
• yksdra=-pquko ds varfuZfgr dkjdksa dk ijh{k.k dj ik;saxs( vkSj
• izfrfuf/k yksdra= ls lacfa /kr dqN ledkyhu vkSj egÙoiw.kZ eqnn~ ksa dk vkykspukRed
ijh{k.k dj ysaxsA
14
lektoknh yks d ra =
22
22-- 1 ifjp;
bl bdkbZ esa ge nqfu;k esa izpfyr yksdra= ds ,d :i] izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds ckjs esa
tku ik;saxsA tSlk fd blds uke ls irk pyrk gS fd bl izdkj ds yksdra= esa ukxfjd
vius izfrfuf/k;ksa dks vkof/kd pqukoksa ds }kjk pqurs gSAa ukxfjdksa ds ;gh izfrfuf/k mudh
vis{kkvksa dks tueap] tSls fo/kkue.Myksa esa tksjnkj 'kCnksa esa izLrqr djrs gSaA vki
izfrfuf/k yksdra= dks fuokZpd yksdra= (electoral democracy) dk i;kZokph eku
ldrsA
22
22-- 2 izfrfuf/k yksdra= D;k gS\
22
22-- 2 - 1 lhfer vkSj vizR;{k
izfrfuf/k yksdra=] yksdra= dk lhfer vkSj vizR;{k :i gS % blds lhfer vFkZ esa
ljdkj esa Hkkxhnkjh fcjys rFkk laf{kIr gksrh gS vkSj izR;sd dqN lkyksa esa er nsus ds vf/
kfu;e ls izfrcaf/kr gksrh gSA blds vizR;{k vFkZ esa turk 'kfDr dk iz;ksx vius vki
ugha djrh gS] ysfdu turk mudks pqurh gS] tks muds i{k esa 'kklu djsaxsA 'kklu dk
;g :i iztkrkaf=d bl vFkZ esa gksrk gS fd izfrfuf/kRo ljdkj vkSj 'kkflr ds chp
fo'oluh; vkSj izHkkodkjh laca/k LFkkfir djrk gSA
izfrfuf/k yksdra= dh [kwfc;ksa ds varxZr fuEufyf[kr vkrs gSa %

• ;g yksdra= ds O;ogkfjd :i dks izdV djrk gS D;w¡fd c<+h tula[;k ljdkjh
izfØ;k esa okLrfod lgHkkxhrk ugha gks ldrh gSaA
• ;g fu.kZ; ysus ds Hkkj ls lk/kkj.k ukxfjd dks eqDr djrk gSA bl izdkj jktuhfr
esa Je ds foHkktu dks laHko cukrk gSA
• ;g jktuhfr ls lk/kkj.k ukxfjd dks nwj j[k dj LFkkf;Ro cjdjkj j[krk gSA
QyLo:i] mUgsa le>kSrksa dks Lohdkj djus ds fy;s izksRlkfgr djrk gSA
22
22-- 2 - 2 fuokZpd yksdra= dk i;kZokph
;|fi ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ izfrfuf/k yksdra= dh vko';d iwoZ 'krsZa gks ldrh gSa] bUgsa gh
yksdra= eku gksus dh xyrh ugha djuh pkfg,A izfrfuf/k yksdra= esa iztkrkaf=d xq.k]
yksdfiz; lgefr dh fopkj/kkjk gS] ftldks ernku ds }kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
bl izdkj izfrfuf/k yksdra= fuokZpd yksdra= dk ,d :i gksrk gS] ftlds varxZr

yksdfiz; pquko dks jktuhfrd lÙkk ds ,dek= oS/k lzksr ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ,sls
pqukoksa dks tksfd jktuhfrd lekurk ds fl)kar dk lEeku djuk pkfg, loZO;kid
o;Ld erkf/kdkj ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] fcuk tkfr] jax] er] fyax] /keZ ;k vkfFkZd fLFkfr
ds HksnHkko ds vk/kkj ij pqukoksa dks fu;fer] [kqyk vkSj Li)kZRed gksuk pkfg,A
iztkrkaf=d izfØ;k dk lkj gS] jktuhfrKksa dh ukfxfjdksa ds izfr tokcnsghA
la{ksi esa] izfrfuf/k yksdra= dk lkj buesa fufgr gS %

• jktuhfrd cgqyokn(
• jktuhfrd n'kZuksa] vkUnksyuksa] nyksa ds chp [kqyh izfr;ksfxrk vkSj rnuqlkjA
15
yks d ra =
22
22-- 3 izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k
izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k gSaA loZizFke] izfrfuf/k yksdra= esa jktuhfrd
'kfDr dk varr% n{krkiwoZd iz;ksx pquko ds le; erksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj
izfrfuf/k yksdra= dk xq.k va/ks fof'k"V oxZ ds 'kklu dh {kerk ds lkFk jktuhfrd
lgHkkfxrk ds egÙoiw.kZ eki esa fufgr gSA ljdkj jktuhfrKksa ds lqiqnZ gksrh gS] ysfdu
;s jktuhfrK yksdfiz; nckoksa ds vuqdwy gksus dks ck/; gksrs gSaA lk/kkj.k rF; gS fd
turk izFke] mUgsa LFkku ij cSBkrh gS vkSj ckn esa mUgsa gVk nsrh gSA ernkrk jktuhfrd
cktkj esa mlh izdkj 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gS] tSlk fd miHkksDrk vkfFkZd ckt+kj esa
djrk gSA tkslsQ 'kEihVj us viuh iqLrd iw¡thokn lektokn vkSj yksdra= ¼1976½ esa]
izfrfuf/k yksdra= dk mYys[k jktuhfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa laLFkkxr O;oLFkk ds :i esa
izLrqr fd;k] ftlds varxZr O;fDr yksxksa ds er ds fy, izfr;ksxh la?k"kZ ds vk/kkj ij
fu.kZ; djus dh 'kfDr izkIr djrs gSaA
22
22-- 3 - 1 cgqyoknh
nwljs n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj] yksdra= LoHkko ls cgqyoknh gksrk gSA blds o`gn vFkZ esa]
cgqyokn fofo/krk ;k vusdkoLFkk ds izfr izfrc) gksrk gSA ladqfpr vFkZ esa] cgqyokn
jktuhfrd 'kfDr dks ck¡Vus dk fl)kar gSA ;g ekurk gS fd 'kfDr pkjksa rjQ vkSj
leku :i ls lekt esa fc[kjh gksrh gS vkSj u fd dqN gkFkksa esa] tSlk fd lHkzkaroknh
(Elitists) nkok djrs gSaA bl vk/kkj ij cgqyokn lekU;r;k ^^jktuhfr** lewg ds
fl)kar ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] ftlds varxZr O;fDr;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo laxfBr lewgksa]
tkrh; lewgksa ds lnL;ksa ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bu lewgksa dh uhfr izfØ;k rd
igq¡p gksrh gSA
22
22-- 3 - 2 vfHktkR;oknh
;gka ,d ,sls vYila[;d ls rkRi;Z gS ds ikl 'kfDr] /ku ;k lqfo/kk vkSfpR;iw.kZ ;k
vU; izdkj ls dsfUnzr gksrs gSaA vfHktkR;okn fof'k"V oxZ ;k vYila[;d ds 'kklu esa
fo'okl djuk gSA Dykfldh vfHktkR;okn us tks fd eksLdk ikSjsVks vkSj fe'ksy }kjk
fodflr gqvk] lkekftd vfLrRo ds fy, fof'k"V oxZ ds 'kklu dks vfuok;Z vkSj
vifjoÙkZu'khy rF; ekukA
cgql[a ;d 'kklu D;k gS\ dqN yksx yksdra= dks cgql[a ;d 'kklu ekurs gSAa
cgqla[;d 'kklu ,d pyu gS ftldh izkFkfedrk cgqla[;d dh bPNk ekuk gSA

cgqla[;dokn D;k gS\ cgqla[;dokn vYila[;dksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds lexz mnklhurk
dks n'kkZrk gSA
22
22-- 3 - 3 izfr}anh fopkj/kkjk,¡
izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds vFkZ vkSj egÙo ds laca/k esa vusd erHksn gSaA fo}kuksa }kjk mBk;s
x;s dqN iz'u fuEu gSa %
• D;k ;g jktuhfrd 'kfDr ds okLrfod vkSj l{ke forj.k dks lqfuf'pr djrk gS\
• D;k iztkrkaf=d izfØ;k;sa okLrfod :i ls nh?kZdkyhu ykHkksa dks c<+kok nsrh gSa ;k
Lo-ijkftr (self-defeating) gksrh gS\a
16
• D;k jktuhfrd lekurk vkfFkZd lekurk ds lkFk lek;ksftr gks ldrh gS\ lektoknh yks d ra =
• la{ksi esa] izfrfuf/k yksdra= dh fofHkUu fl)kardkjksa us vyx-vyx <ax ls O;k[;k

dh gSA bu O;k[;kvksa esa lcls izeq[k gS cgqyokn] vfHktkR;okn] uo-nf{k.kiaFk
(new-right) vkSj ekDlZokn
• vusd jktuhfrd fpUrdksa us izfrfuf/k yksdra= dks jktuhfrd laxBu ds izR;sd
vU; :i ls lk/kkj.kr;k Js"B ekuk gSA dqN fopkjd rdZ nsrs gSa fd izfrfuf/k
yksdra= ljdkj dk ,d izdkj gksrk gS] tks ekuoh; vf/kdkjksa dh lcls vPNh rjg
ls j{kk djrk gS] D;ksafd ;g ekuoh; vkUrfjd ewY; vkSj lekurk ds igpku ij
vk/kkfjr gSA
• dqN yksx ekurs gSa fd yksdra= ljdkj dk ,d izdkj gS tks vf/kdrj foosdiw.kZ
fu.kZ; ysrk gS] D;ksafd ;g lkewfgd Kku vkSj lekt dh iwjh tula[;k dh
fo'ks"krk ls ykHk mBk ldrh gSA
• nwljs O;fDr;ksa dk er gS fd yksdra= fLFkj vkSj fVdkÅ ¼LFkk;h½ gksrk gS] D;kasfd
mlesa fuokZfpr usrk oS/krk dh etcwr dlkSVh ls ca/ks gksrs gSaA
• vHkh Hkh dqN vU; dh ekU;rk gS fd izfrfuf/k yksdra= vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj
lEiUurk ds fy, lcls vuqdwy gksrk gSA
• dqN ,slk ekurs gSa fd izfrfuf/k yksdra= esa ekuo ¼D;ksafd os Lora= gksrs gSa½ viuh
izkÑfrd {kerkvksa vkSj izfrHkkvksa dk fodkl djus esa lcls ;ksX; gksrs gSaA fQj Hkh]
yksdra= ,d ^dk;Z izxfr esa gS* gS& ,d fodkl'khy vkdka'kk cfuLir ,d
mRikfnr lkexzh dsA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
1½ izfrfuf/k yksdra= ls vki D;k le>rs gS\
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2½ izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa dh ppkZ djsaA
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yks d ra = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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22
22-- 4 izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds ekSfyd fl)kar
22
22-- 4 - 1 yksdfiz; laizHkqrk
bldk vFkZ gksrk gS fd lHkh tu lÙkk dk vafre lzksr turk gksrh gS vkSj ljdkj og
dk;Z djrh gS tks turk pkgrh gSA pkj izeq[k 'krks± dks yksdfiz; laizHkqrk ds varxZr
ns[kk tk ldrk gS %
• turk dh pkgr dh ljdkjh uhfr;ksa esa >yd gksrh gSA
• yksx jktuhfrd izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA
• lwpuk miyC/k gksrh gS vkSj okn-fookn fd;k tkrk gSA
• cgqer dk 'kklu] vFkkZr uhfr;k¡ cgqla[;d turk dh pkgr ds vk/kkj ij
fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSaA
22
22-- 4 - 2 jktuhfrd lekurk
bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj izR;sd O;fDr dks fcuk tkfr] jax] er] fyax ;k /keZ ds HksnHkko
ds vk/kkj ij tu ekeyksa dk fuoZgu djus esa leku vf/kdkj izkIr gksrk gSA ysfdu
jktuhfrd fopkjdksa dk er Fkk fd vkfFkZd lanHkZ esa T;knk vlekurk varr% jktuhfrd
vlekurk dks tUe ns ldrh gSA jkWcVZ MkWy leL;k dks bu 'kCnksa esa O;Dr djrs gSa
^^;fn ukxfjd vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa esa vleku gSa--- rks os jktuhfrd lalk/kuksa esa Hkh vleku
gksaxs( vkSj jktuhfrd lekurk dks izkIr djuk vlaHko gksxk**A vk/kqfud lekt esa [kkl
ckrsa lwpuk ds fu;a=.k esa vleku izHkko rFkk pquko izpkj esa vkfFkZd lgk;rk dk gSA
;g vleku izHkko iw.kZ yksdra= dh izkfIr esa ,d l[r jksM+k gSA
vjLrq ds vuqlkj yksdra= ds pyu ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ lekt og Fkk] ftlesa fd ,d

o`gn e/;oxZ gks& fcuk ,d vfHkekuh vkSj /kuh rFkk ,d vlarq"V fu/kZu oxZ dsA
22
22-- 4 - 3 jktuhfrd Lora=rk
bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj] yksdra= esa ukxfjdksa dh cqfu;knh Lora=rkvksa tSls fd cksyus
dh] esytksy djus dh] fopj.k vkSj foosd ds iz;ksx esa ljdkj ds gLr{ksi ls j{kk dh tkrh gSA
;g dgk tkrk gS fd Lora=rk vkSj yksdra= dks vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Lo'kklu dh vo/kkj.kk flQZ ernku ds vf/kdkj] lkoZtfud n¶+rj pykus ds vf/kdkj
18
rd gh lhfer ugha gS] cfYd vfHkO;fDr dk vf/kdkj fdlh jktuhfrd ny] fgr lewg lektoknh yks d ra =
;k lkekftd vkUnksyu dk lnL; cuus ds vf/kdkj Hkh blds varxZr vkrs gSaA
yksdra= ds lapkyu esa] rFkkfi] ;g mHkj dj lkeus vk;k gS fd Lora=rk bldk ,d
vko';d Hkkx gksus dh vis{kk blds }kjk [krjk eglwl dj ldrh gSA fuEu yksdra=
ds fo#/k eq[; vkykspuk,¡ gS %
v½ ^cgqla[;d fujadq'krk* Lora=rk dks pqukSrh nsrh gS % cgqla[;drk fujadq'krk dk
vFkZ gS cgqla[;dksa }kjk vYila[;dksa dh Lora=rkvksa vkSj vf/kdkjksa dk neuA ;g
ekuk tkrk gS fd vfu;af=r cgqla[;d 'kklu vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds fy,
dksbZ LFkku ugha NksM+rk gSA
fQj Hkh] cgqla[;dksa dh fujadq'krk ds vkrad dks c<+k p<+kdj is'k fd;k tk ldrk
gSA jkcVZ MkWy crkrs gSa fd bl vo/kkj.kk ds i{k esa dksbZ izek.k ugha feyrk gS
fd tkrh; vkSj /kkfeZd vYila[;dksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks jktuhfrd fu.kZ;-izfØ;k ds
oSdfYid voLFkkvksa ds varxZr vf/kd lqj{kk izkIr gksrh gSA
c½ yksdra= cqjs fu.kZ; ysrk gS % dqN vkykspdksa dk er gS fd izfrfuf/k yksdra=]
LoHkkor% cgqla[;drk dk izrhd gksrk gS] vkSj blfy, iw.kZ ugha gksrk gSA mudk
dguk gS fd bldh dksbZ xkjaVh ugha gS fd izfrfuf/k yksdra= lnSo gh vPNs fu.kZ;
ysxk gSA cgqla[;d] vYila[;d ds gh leku vKkuh] funZ; vkSj ykijokg gks
ldrk gS vkSj vfoosdh ;k v;ksX; usrkvksa }kjk Hkzfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA
22
22-- 5 izfrfuf/k yksdra= O;kogkj esa
bl tkudkjh ds ckn] vc ge izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds okLrfod dk;Zdyki ij n`f"Vikr
djsaxsA dk;Zdkjh yksdra= dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a gSa %
• Lora= vkSj fu"i{k pquko(
• eqDr vkSj ftEesnkj ljdkj(
• ukxfjd vkSj jktuhfrd vf/kdkj(
uhps fn;k x;k LraHk bu fo'ks"krkvksa dks vPNh rjg ls izdV djrk gSA
eqDr
vkSj mÙkjnk;h
ljdkj
,d
iztkrkaf=d
lekt
eqDr vkSj LoPN pquko ukxfjd vkSj jktuhfrd vf/kdkj
,d iztkrkaf=d fijkfeM
MsfoM cksFke vkSj dsfou ckW;y ¼1995½ % yksdra=] i`"B 28

19
yks d ra = jktuhfrd ny % jktuhfrd ny jktuhfrd izfØ;k esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk vnk djrs
gSaA cM+s iSekus ij] jktuhfrd ny iztkrkaf=d iz.kkyh ds dk;Z'khy pfj= dks mtkxj
djrs gSaA os iz.kkyh dh laLFkkvksa dh fØ;k'khyrk dh fy, izeq[k jktuhfrd xfr iznku
djrs gSaA
vkj-th- xsêsy ds vuqlkj] ,d jktuhfrd ny esa de ;k T;knk laxfBr ukxfjdksa dk

,d lewg gksrk gS] tks jktuhfrd bdkbZ ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA vius erkf/kdkj ds
iz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij mudk y{; ljdkj ij fu;a=.k rFkk viuh lkekU; uhfr;ksa dks
c<+kok nsuk gksrk gSA ,d jktuhfrd ny dh dqN vfuok;Z fo'ks"krk;sa gSa %
1½ jktuhfrd ny laxfBr djus okys yksxksa dk ekSfyd fl)karksa ij ,d vke lgefr
gksrh gSA
2½ os vius y{; izkfIr ds fy, laoS/kkfud rjhdksa dk bLrseky djrs gSaA
3½ ,d jktuhfrd ny dk mn~ns'; lewg fgr dh vis{kk jk"Vªh; fgr dks c<+kok nsuk
gksrk gSA
4½ ;g lkoZtfud fgr ds mn~ns'; ls jktuhfrd 'kfDr dks izkIr djrk gSA
jktuhfrd ny yksdra= ds vk/kkj LraHk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj fuEufyf[kr dk;ks± dk
laiknu djrs gSa %
i½ ny tuer dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa % jktuhfrd ny] turk ds Qk;ns ds fofHkUu eqn~nsa
vkSj leL;k,sa] tSls vkokl thou Lrj f'k{kk] fons'kh laca/kksa] ctV bR;kfn dks
tksjnkj 'kCnksa esa ljdkj ds le{k j[krs gSaA
ii½ ny pquko lapkyu esa ,d Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa % fo/kkf;dk dk pquko ny ds vk/kkj
ij gksrk gSA jktuhfrd ny ikVhZ fVdV ds fy, mi;qDr mEehnokj dk pquko
djrs gSaA ernku ds fnu ny vf/kd ls vf/kd ernkrkvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dks
lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA
iii½ jktuhfrd ny ljdkj cukrs gSa % ny] tks cgqer izkIr djrk gS] og ljdkj cukrk
gSA ;fn fdlh Hkh ny dks cgqer izkIr ugha gksrk gS rks nyksa dk ,d ekspkZ] tksfd
la;qDr ekspkZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] ljdkj cukrk gSA
iv½ fojks/kh ny ljdkj ij fu;a=.k j[krk gS % fojks/kh ny ljdkj ds dk;ks± vkSj
uhfr;ksa ij utj j[krk gS vkSj mldh dfe;ksa vkSj vlQyrkvksa dks mtkxj
djrk gSA
v½ jktuhfrd ny ljdkj vkSj yksxksa ds chp laidZ dk dk;Z djrs gS % ikfVZ;k¡ ljdkj
dh uhfr;ksa ds ckjs esa yksxksa dks crkrh gS rFkk yksxksa dh izfrfØ;k dks laln rFkk
lkoZtfud vf/kdkfj;ksa rd igq¡pkrs gSaA
vi½ jktuhfrd ny yksxksa dks f'k{kk nsrs gSa % jktuhfrd ny yksxksa dks muds jktuhfrd
vf/kdkjksa vkSj ljdkj esa muds fgrksa ds izfr ltx cukrs gSaA
vii½ jktuhfrd ny ,dtqV 'kfDr dk dk;Z djrs gSa % jktuhfrd ny fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds
ns'kokfl;ksa] lHkh oxks± ds yksxksa dk leFkZu ikus ds fy, dfVc) gksrs gSaA vr% os
,drk lw= dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
20
Ckks/k iz'u 2 lektoknh yks d ra =
1½ yksdfiz; laizHkqrk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ vius 'kCnksa esa mÙkj nsaA
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2½ dk;Zjr izfrfuf/k yksdra= ij ,d fuca/k fy[ksaA
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22
22-- 6 yksdra= vkSj pquko
vk/kqfud iztkrkaf=d jkT;ksa esa izfrfuf/k ljdkjsa gSaA vk/kqfud iztkrkaf=d jkT;ksa ds yEcs
vkdkj vkSj tula[;k ds dkj.k ljdkj ds ,d :i esa izR;{k yksdra= dk iz;ksx dfBu
gks tkrk gSA fQj Hkh] lHkh vk/kqfud yksdra=ksa esa vizR;{k ;k izfrfuf/k ljdkjsa gSa] ftUgsa
yksxksa ds }kjk pquk tkrk gSA ;s izfrfuf/k pquko ds ek/;e ls yksxksa ds }kjk pqus tkrs
gSaA bl izdkj pquko vk/kqfud izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds fuekZ.k esa cgqr egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
21
fuHkkrs gSaA
yks d ra = pquko yksxksa dk leFkZu ikus ds fy, fofHkUu jktuhfrd nyksa ds chp eqdkcyk gksrk gSA
dHkh dHkh] ,d O;fDr Hkh Lora= mEehnokj dh rjg pquko yM+ ldrk gSA
ikVhZ mEehnokj ds :i esa pquko yM+us ds Qk;ns fuEu gSa %

i½ jktuhfrd ny fof'k"V uhfr;ksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gS(a vr%] tc ,d mEehnokj ny
dk izfrfuf/k gksrk gS] ernkrkvksa ds fy, tkuuk vklku gks tkrk gS fd mlds
dk;ZØe D;k gSaA
ii½ ikVhZ mEehnokjksa dks pquko izpkj vk;ksftr djus ds fy, jktuhfrd nyksa ls dks"k
izkIr gksrk gSA
iii½ mEehnokj dks pquko ds nkSjku ikVhZ ds }kjk dk;ZdrkZ,¡ fn;s tkrs gSaA
iv½ ikVhZ ds yksdfiz; usrk ny mEehnokjksa ds fy, izpkj djrs gSa rFkk mudh pquko
jSfy;ksa dks lacksf/kr djrs gSaA
22
22-- 6 - 1 pquko izfØ;k
iztkrkaf=d iz.kkyh esa pquko lekurk ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ ,d
O;fDr] ,d erA lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks fcuk tkfr] jax] er] fyax] ;k /keZ ds HksnHkko ds
[kkl jktuhfrd vf/kdkj izkIr gSaA bu vf/kdkjksa esa lcls egÙoiw.kZ vf/kdkj er nsus
dk vf/kdkj gSA jktuhfr esa] izR;sd dks leku vf/kdkj izkIr gS & izR;sd O;fDr dks
ljdkj ds xBu esa leku gd gSA
xqIr eri= % ernkrk ,d ?ksjs esa vius er dk iz;ksx xqIr :i ls djrs gSa] rkfd dksbZ
Hkh muds p;u dks ugha tku ldsA izfrfuf/k yksdra= esa xqIr ernku dks izJ; fn;k
tkrk gS( vU;Fkk] ernkrk /kedh rFkk vuqfpr izHkko ds Hk; ls vius p;u dk [kqys :i
ls izn'kZu ugha dj ldrsA
fuokZpu {ks= % fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa dk;Zdq'kyrk ds lkFk pquko izfØ;k dks laikfnr fd;k
tkrk gSA fuokZpu {ks= izknsf'kd {ks= gksrk gS] tgk¡ ls mEehnokj pquko yM+rk gSA ;fn
dsoy ,d gh O;fDr dks fuokZpu {ks= ls pquk tkrk gS] rks mls ,d lnL;h; fuokZpu
{ks= dgk tkrk gSA ;fn dbZ izfrfuf/k ,d gh pquko {ks= ls pqus tkrs gSa] rc mls cgq-
lnL;h; fuokZpu {ks= dgk tkrk gSA
Hkkjr esa laiw.kZ pquko izfØ;k ,d Lora= laLFkk] pquko vk;ksx ds }kjk lapkfyr vkSj
fu;af=r dh tkrh gSA ;g Lora= vkSj fu"i{k pquko dk Hkjkslk fnykrh gSA pquko vk;ksx
gekjs ns'k esa pquko dh frfFk dks fuf'pr rFkk ?kksf"kr djrk gSA pquko vk;ksx dh ,d
nwljh cM+h egÙoiw.kZ ftEesnkjh gS] ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd lÙkk/kkjh ny nwljs nyksa
dh rqyuk esa vuqfpr ykHk u mBk ysA pquko izfØ;k dbZ vkSipkfjd nkSjksa ls xqtjrh gSA
bl izfØ;k ds varxZr vkrs gSa %
1½ pquko frfFk dh ?kks"k.kk(
2½ ukekadu-i= Hkjuk(
3½ vkosnuksa dh tk¡p(
4½ uke okilh(
22
5½ vafre lwph dk izdk'ku( lektoknh yks d ra =
6½ izpkj(
7½ oksV Mkyuk(
8½ pquko ifj.kke dh ?kks"k.kkA
okLro esa] tSls gh pquko vk;ksx ernku dh frfFk dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gS] jktuhfrd ny
viuh xfrfof/k;k¡ izkjaHk dj nsrs gSaA jktuhfrd nyksa dk izFke dk;Z pquko yM+us okys
vius mEehnokjksa dk p;u djuk gksrk gSA vk/kqfud pquko ,d cksf>y izfØ;k gSA blds
laiknu ds fy, jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk xfBr fo'kky laxBu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
blds vfrfjDr] pqukoksa esa vkus okys [kpks± dh O;oLFkk jktuhfrd ny djrs gSA
i½ mEehnokjksa dk p;u
izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds lapkyu esa] jktuhfrd nyksa dh Hkwfedk vfuok;Z vkSj vR;f/kd
izeq[k gks x;h gSA okLro esa] jktuhfrd nyksa us iztkrkaf=d jktuhfr dks laxfBr <k¡pk
iznku fd;k gSA jktuhfrd ny vius mEehnokjksa dh ?kks"k.kk] mudk leFkZu rFkk muds
izpkj dk lapkyu djrs gSaA
izR;sd jktuhfrd ny fo'ks"k dk;ZØeksa dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gS rFkk lÙkk esa vkus ds ckn
bu dk;ZØeksa dks iwjk djus dk opu nsrk gSA ernkrk fdlh [kkl ikVhZ ds mEehnokj
dks mlds dk;ZØeksa rFkk uhfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij oksV nsrs gSaA
ii½ ukekadu
pquko dh frfFk ds ?kks"k.kk ds ckn jktuhfrd ny dks p;u izfØ;k ds }kjk mEehnokjksa
dk p;u djuk gksrk gSA rRi'pkr~ mEehnokjksa dks viuk ukekadu-i= pquko vk;ksx
}kjk fu;qDr pquko dk;kZy;ksa esa Hkjuk iM+rk gSA ukekadu i= nkf[ky djus dh vafre
frfFk gksrh gSA lHkh ukekadu i=ksa ds tek gksus ds ckn mudh tk¡p dh izfØ;k gksrh gSA
bl izfØ;k dks ukekadu i=ksa esa fn;s x;h lwpukvksa dh lR;rk dh tk¡p ds fy, viuk;k
tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ langs gksrk gS ;k dksbZ mEehnokj v;ksX; ik;k tkrk gS] mlds@mldh
ukekadu-i= dks jn~n dj fn;k tkrk gSA tc tk¡p izfØ;k [kRe gks tkrh gS] mEehnokjksa
dks uke okilh dh ,d frfFk nh tkrh gSA
uke okilh dh izfØ;k lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd ¼i½ de ls de erksa dh cjcknh gks vkSj
¼ii½ eri= ij lHkh vafdr uke lfØ; mEehnokjksa ds gkasA
iii½ fpg~u
jktuhfrd nyksa ds fpg~u pquko vk;ksx }kjk vkoafVr fd;s tkrs gSaA pquko vk;ksx
izR;sd jktuhfrd ny dks pquko fpg~u vkoafVr djrk gS vkSj lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd
;s ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gksaA ftlls muds izfr ernkrkvksa esa Hkze u iSnk gksA Hkkjr esa]
fpg~uksa dk fuEu dkj.kksa ls egÙo gS %
• os vf'kf{kr ernkrkvksa ds fy, lgk;d gksrs gSa] tks mEehnokjksa ds uke ugha i<+
ldrs gSaA
• os leku ukeokys nks mEehnokjksa ds chp varj djus esa lgk;rk igq¡pkrs gSaA
• os lacaf/kr jktuhfrd ny ds vkn'kZ dks izfrcaf/kr djrs gSaA 23
yks d ra = iv½ izpkj
izpkj ds }kjk ,d mEehnokj nwljs mEehnokj dh vis{kk vius i{k esa ernkrkvksa dks oksV
nsus ds fy, yqHkkrk gSA izpkj ernku ds 48 ?kaVs igys can gks tkrk gSA izR;sd
jktuhfrd ny vkSj izR;sd mEehnokj vf/kd lsa vf/kd ernkrkvksa ds ikl igq¡pus dh
dksf'k'k djrk gSA pquko izfØ;k esa dbZ rjg dh izpkj rduhdksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA dqN fuEu gSa %
• vk;ksftr lkoZtfud lHkk ftl dks ny ds mEehnokjksa vkSj dbZ LFkkuh; vkSj
jk"Vªh; usrkvksa }kjk lacksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA
• nhokjksa ij iksLVjksa dks fpidkuk vkSj lM+d ds fdukjs cM+h vkSj NksVh gksfMZax
yxkukA
• vius ?kks"k.ki= ds eq[; eqn~nksa dks ipks± }kjk Li"V djukA
• fofHkUu mEehnokjksa ds leFkZu esa tqywl fudkyukA
• ny ds izHkkoh rFkk LFkkuh; yksxksa }kjk njokts-njokts vkxzg djuk
• fofHkUu ny ds usrkvksa ds Hkk"k.kksa dk jsfM;ks vkSj nwjn'kZu izlkj.kA
iv) erksa dh fxurh vkSj pquko urhts dh ?kks"k.kk
ernku lekfIr ds ckn] erisfV;ksa dks lhy djds erx.kuk dsUnzksa ij ys tk;k tkrk gSA
erx.kuk ds nkSjku] mEehnokj ;k muds izfrfuf/k mifLFkr gksrs gSaA erx.kuk ds ckn
lk/kkj.k cgqer izkIr djus okys mEehnokj dks fuokZfpr fd;k tkrk gSA dHkh-dHkh
lk/kkj.k cgqer leL;k;sa mRiUu djrk gSA tc flQZ nks mEehnokj gksrs gSa] fuokZfpr
mEehnokj cgqer dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA ysfdu] ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd mEehnokj
gksrs gSa rks fLFkfr oSlh ugha gksrh gS( mnkgj.kLo:i ;fn ,40] ch20] lh20] vkSj Mh20
er izkIr djrk gS] rc , dks fuokZfpr ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;|fi] 40 er okLro esa
mlds fo#) gSaA
pquko yksdra= dk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ fgLlk gS] D;ksafd yksdra= iz.kkyh dk lewph ekspkZcanh
pquko dSls gksrk gS] ml ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ yksdra= esa pquko dk egÙo D;ksa gksrk gS\

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24
2½ D;k fdlh O;fDr dks oksV ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr fd;k tkuk pkfg,\ lektoknh yks d ra =
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3½ pquko vkosnu D;k gksrk gS\
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22
22-- 7 yksdra= vkSj foyxko (ALIENATION)
foyxko dk vFkZ vius okLrfod ;k vko';d LoHkko ls vyx gksuk gSA O;ogkj esa]
vf/kdrj iztkrkaf=d iz.kkfy;ksa dk dk;Z futh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj yksdfiz; 'kklu ds
ekin.Mksa ds lanHkZ esa Lrj ls uhps gksrk gSA vk/kqfud lalkj esa yksdra= lhfer vkSj
yksdra= ds vizR;{k :i ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk gS vkSj bl izdkj ls Lora= ukxfjd dks
foyxko dh vksj ys tkrk gSA ;g yksdra= mlls dqN T;knk ugha gS] ftldks tkslsQ
'keeihVj (Joseph Schumpeter) us ^^laLFkkfud O;oLFkk** dh laKk nh gS vkSj tks mu]
jktuhfrd fu.kZ;ksa rd igq¡pus ds fy, gksrk gS] ftlds rgr O;fDr erksa ds izfr;ksxh
la?k"kZ ds ek/;e ls fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr izkIr djrs gSaA bl laLFkkfud O;oLFkk ds
vFkZfoghu deZdkaM esa yksdfiz; lgHkkfxrk dks de djus ds fy, mxz yksdra=okfn;ksa
us vkykspuk dh gSA tSls jktuhfrKksa dks gVkdj ek= nwljs jktuhfrKksa dks ykus ds fy,
izR;sd dqN o"kks± esa ernku djukA la{ksi esa] yksx dHkh Hkh 'kklu ugha djrs gSa vkSj
ljdkj vkSj yksxksa ds chp c<+rh nwjh vpyrk] mnklhurk vkSj foyxko ds QSyus ds :i
esa >ydrh gSA
22
22-- 8 yksdra= vkSj tuer
cgqr gn rd yksdra= tuer ij fuHkZj djrk gSA izfrfuf/k yksdra= esa] izR;sd ljdkj
dks viuh uhfr;ksa ds izfr turk dh D;k izfrfØ;k gksxh] ;g lkspuk iM+rk gSA lHkh ny
'kfDr dks gfFk;kuk rFkk cjdjkj j[kuk pkgrs gSaA vxys pquko esa lÙkk esa vkuk bl ckr
ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd turk muds dk;Z ds ckjs esa D;k lksprh gS] tc ny lÙkk esa FkkA
l'kDr tuer lÙkk esa vkus rFkk ,d ny ;k nyksa ds xBtksM+] ftls ekspkZ dgk tkrk
gS] ljdkj ds xBu esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;fn turk ltx rFkk le>nkj
gS rFkk vius vki tkudkjh izkIr djrh gS] rc ljdkj turk dh vkdk{kkvksa dh
vogsyuk dk lk/; ugha dj ldrh gSA ;fn ljdkj mudh vkdka{kkvksa dk vuknj
25
yks d ra = djrh gS] og rR{k.k vyksdfiz; gks tkrh gSA nwljh rjQ] ;fn turk ltx vkSj
le>nkj ugha gS] rks ljdkj xS+jftEesnkj cu ldrh gSA ml oDr] ;g yksdra= ds
vk/kkj LraHk ds fy, [krjk cu ldrh gSA
tuer dk fuekZ.k
tuer fofHkUu izdkj vkSj dbZ laLFkkvksa ds ;ksxnku ls cuk;k tkrk gSA LoLFk tuer
ds fy,] ukxfjdksa dks muds pkjksa vksj muds vius ns'k esa] vkSj lalkj esa D;k gks jgk
gS] tkuuk pkfg,A ,d ns'k dh ljdkj flQZ vkUrfjd leL;kvksa ds fy, gh uhfr;k¡
ugha fu/kkZfjr djrh gS] cfYd fons'k uhfr Hkh r; djrh gSA ukxfjd dks viuk fu.kZ;
ysus ls igys fofHkUu erksa dk [;ky j[kuk pkfg,A ;|fi yksdra= ds vPNs lapkyu ds
fy,] ukxfjdksa dks fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls Hkyh Hkk¡fr voxr gksus dh vko';drk gSA mu
vfHkdj.kksa esa] izsl] bysDVªksfud ek/;e vkSj pyfp= vkrs gSa tks LoLFk tuer fuekZ.k
esa enn djrs gSaA
yksdra= fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa O;fDr dks viuh jk; tkfgj djus dk ekSdk nsrk gSA bu lc
ds fy;s] eqDr oknfookn rFkk cgl dh vko';drk gksrh gSA iztkrkaf=d ljdkj
lk/kkj.k ukxfjd dks cgqr Lora=rk iznku djrh gSA fQj Hkh] ukxfjdksa dks Lora=rk dk
iz;ksx ftEesnkjh] ca/ku vkSj vuq'kklu ds lkFk djuk pkfg,A ;fn yksxksa dks f'kdk;r
gS rks] mUgsa iztkrkaf=d iz.kkyh ds vfHkdj.kksa ds ek/;e ls vo'; n'kkZuk pkfg,A
ukxfjdksa ds vuq'kklughurkiw.kZ dk;ks± ls iztkrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa #dkoVsa iSnk gks ldrh
gSaA
Ckks/k iz'u 4
1½ D;k fdlh dks yksdra= esa ukxfjdrk ls oafpr j[kk tk ldrk gS\
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2½ jktuhfrd ny dSls tuer dks O;Dr djrs gSa\
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26
lektoknh yks d ra =
22
22-- 9 fyax vkSj yksdra= % lgHkkfxrk vkSj izfrfuf/kRo
yksdra=hdj.k ds rhljs pj.k dh 'kq#vkr 1970 ds e/; ls] ySfVu vesfjdk iwohZ vkSj
dsUnzh; ;wjksi ds vusd ns'kksa vkSj vÝhdk rFkk ,f'k;k ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa gqbZ vkSj blus
Li)kZRed pqukoh jktuhfr dks izkjaHk fd;kA bls yksdra= dh fot; ds :i esa ns[kk x;k
D;wafd fuokZpd yksdr=ksa dh la[;k 1974 esa 39 ls 1998 esa 117 gks x;hA
fQj Hkh] iwoZ ds yEcs le; ls dk;Zjr yksdra=ksa dh rjg] u;s yksdra=ksa esa efgykvksa dk
izfrfuf/kRo fo/kkf;dkvksa vkSj dk;Zikfydkvksa] nksuksa esa de gSA jktuhfrd ukxfjdrk
yEcs le; ls efgyk vkUnksyuksa ds la?k"kZ dk egÙoiw.kZ y{; FkkA O;Ld erkf/kdkj ds
fy, vkanksyu 19oha 'krkCnh ds mÙkjk)Z vkSj 20oha 'krkCnh ds iwokZ)Z esa lalkj ds vusd
Hkkxksa esa gq,] mudk vk/kkj ;g Fkk fd ernku dk vf/kdkj vkSj pqukoh izfØ;kvksa esa Hkkx
ysuk] ukxfjdrk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ fgLlk FksA ;fn yksdra= vc lHkh ukxfjdksa dks
jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ds vf/kdkj dk vk'oklu nsrk gS] rks efgykvksa dk
izfrfuf/kRo bruk de D;ksa gksrk gS\ D;k efgykvksa dh de lgHkkfxrk dk ;g vFkZ gS
fd yksdra= viztkrkaf=d gksrs gSa\
tSlk fd igys crk;k x;k gS yksdra=hdj.k ds fl)kardkjksa us yksdra= ds ckjs esa vyx-
vyx ifjHkk"kk,a nh gSa %
• ,d Nksj ij ;g U;wure ifjHkk"kk gS] rqyukRed fuokZpu gh lHkh dqN vkSj
i;kZIr gSA
• e/;e ifjHkk"kk,¡~ Lora=rk vkSj cgqyokn dh vko';drk ij Hkh t+ksj nsrh gS] tSls
ukxfjd vf/kdkj vkSj okd Loara=rk] ftlls jkT; dks ,d mnkjokn yksdra= ekuk
tk ldsA
• ;s ifjHkk"kk,a lgHkkfxrk ds vf/kdkj vkSj lgHkkfxrk ds fy, lkeF;Z ds chp dksbZ
varj LFkkfir ugha djrh gSaA dsoy vR;f/kd dkYifud ifjHkk"kk,a tksfd yksdra=
dh xq.koÙkk dks Lohdkj djrh gSa] os bl ckr ij tksj nsrh gS fd o`gn~ vFkZ esa
yksdra= iwjh ukxfjdrk dh lqfo/kkvksa dk vkuan Hkh gSA
ukxfjdrk flQZ ukxfjd vkSj jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa ds gh lanHkZ esa O;Dr ugha dh tkrh
gS] cfYd vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd vf/kdkjksa ds lanHkZ esa Hkh] rkfd jktuhfrd {ks= esa lHkh
dks iw.kZ lgHkkfxrk dk volj izkIr gksA yksdra= rHkh l'kDr vkSj izHkkodkjh gks ldrk
gS] tc ukxfjd lekt esa ,d lfØ; ukxfjd Hkkx ysaA
^lkoZ t fud* vkS j ^futh*
L=hokfn;ksa us yEcs le; ls rdZ fn;k gS fd ftl <ax ls yksdra= dh O;k[;k]

lS)kafrdj.k vkSj izSfDVl dh tkrh gS] mlesa vusd leL;k,a gSA mnkjoknh jktuhfrd
fl)kar lkoZtfud vkSj futh {ks= ds chp foHkktu ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl <k¡ps ds varxZr
iq#"k ?kj ds izeq[k gksrs gSa vkSj lkoZtfud thou esa ewÙkZ O;fDr;ksa dh rjg lfØ; gksrs
gaS] tcfd efgykvksa dks ijaijk dh rjg futh ftUnxh rd lhfer j[kk tkrk gSA vr%
^jktuhfrd* dks ,d vfr xaHkhj vFkZ esa iqfyax dh rjg ekuk tkrk gSA
O;kogkfjd rkSj ij] yksdra=ksa esa ftl rjhds ls jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;k¡ lapkfyr gksrh
gSa vkSj ftl izdkj dk efgykvksa dk vke rkSj ij LoHkko gksrk gS] fd os [kkldj
27
yks d ra = ijEijkoknh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa ds mPp Lrjksa ij iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr de Hkkx
ysrh gSaA tSls %
• vusd efgyk,¡ jktuhfr dh 'kSyh vkSj lkj dks #dkoV ekurh gSaA
• ;fn os jktuhfrd thou viukus dk fu.kZ; djrh gSa] rks vDlj fot;h gksus okys
lhV ij Hkh ikVhZ lwph esa txg ikus esa dfBukb;k¡ eglwl djrh gSaA
• blds vykok] lkoZtfud thou ds nwljs {ks=ksa dh gh rjg efgyk,¡ futh thou esa
viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa dh otg ls ijEijkoknh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k esa iq#"kksa ds
lekukFkZ fgLlk ugha ys ikrh gSaA
;g dguk xyr gksxk fd yksdra= dh izÑfr ij lgefr gS ysfuu us rdZ fn;k Fkk fd
mnkoknh yksdra= ,d LØhu gS] tks turk ds 'kks"k.k vkSj neu dks fNikrk gSA gky esa
dSjksy isVeSu us rdZ fn;k gS fd yksdra= dks dk;ZLFky rd ykxw gksuk pkfg, & tgk¡
vf/kd yksx vius fnu dk vf/kdka'k le; fcrkrs gSa & blls igys fd ge ;g dgsa fd
ge iztkrkaf=d 'krks± ds vuqlkj th jgs gSaA
yksdra= dh vkykspuk dk ,d fofHkUu izdkj ;g rdZ nsrk gSa fd yksdra= Hkh [krjukd
:i ls xyr gks ldrk gSA vjLrq us gesa crk;k Fkk fd yksdra= ds mfpr <ax ls
lapkyu ds fy, mls ,d fLFkj dkuwu O;oLFkk dh t:jr gksrh gSA vU;Fkk yksdra=
vusd yksxksa ds neukRed fujadq'k ra= ds :i esa HkhM+ dk 'kklu cu ldrk gSA blh
rjg dk fopkj n VkWdoh dk Fkk fd yksdra= ,d u;s izdkj dk vf/kuk;dokn ¼cgqer
dk vf/kuk;dokn½ dh laHkkouk dks mRiUu djrk gSA esfMlu us oxZokn ds [krjs ls
vkxkg fd;k Fkk] ftlds varxZr ,d cM+k ;k NksVk lewg yksxksa ds vkefgr ls dksbZ
laca/k ugha j[krk gS vkSj ftldk iz;kl vius fgrksa ds fy, iztkrkaf=d iz.kkyh ls foeq[k
gksuk gksrk gSA
vk/kqfud yksdra= vius fy, ukSdj'kkgh <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA eSDl oScj ds vuqlkj
ukSdj'kkgh <k¡pk yksdra= ds lapkyu esa jksM+s vVdkrk gS] D;ksafd yksdra= ls mRiUu
ukSdj'kkgh dk >qdko iztkrkaf=d izfØ;k dk [kkRek djuk gksxkA ikWjsVks us dgk Fkk fd
;|fi iztkrkaf=d lekt gksus dk nkok fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu bl 'kklu O;oLFkk
dh ckxMksj 'kfDr'kkyh vfHktkR;oxZ ds gkFk esa vfuok;Z :i ls gksxhA
ysfdu] ;g rdZ fn;k tk ldrk gS fd 'kfDr ds i`Fkdj.k vkSj fu;a=.k vkSj larqyu dh
vo/kkj.kk,¡ fujadq'krkokn dks cgqr gn rd jksd ldrh gSaA blls T;knk gesa ;g
lqfuf'pr djus dh t:jr gS fd tks yksx dkuwu dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] os mudks ykxw
Hkh djsaA
22
22-- 10 yksdra= vkSj baVjusV
dksbZ Hkh nwljk vkfo"dkj] bl u;s rduhdh ;qx esa baVjusV dh rjg bruh 'kh?kzrk ls
tu ekul ij ugha Nk;k gSA baVjusV us cM+h 'kh?kzrk ls lkewfgd izHkko vkSj vr% fuHkZjrk
dks fodflr djus esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; laca/k ds fodkl dks xfr iznku dh gSA
baVjusV us yksdra= dks dbZ rjhdksa ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA okLro esa] lokZf/kdkjhoknh
'kklu dk fojks/k djus esa bldh Hkwfedk ldkjkRed gS] ;g lwpuk igq¡pkus esa enn
28 djrk gS vkSj bl izdkj] iz'u ds }kjk ljdkj ds ,dkf/kdkj dh tM+ [kksnrk gSA
nwljh rjQ] baVjusV yksdra= ds fy, bl lhek rd leL;k,a mRiUu djrk gS] fd jkT; lektoknh yks d ra =
dh fu;ked {kerk de gks tkrh gSA baVjusV }kjk lektksa dh varjkZ"Vªh; O;k[;k]
ljdkj dh izHkkodkjh <ax ls 'kklu dh {kerk dks lekIr djrk gSA tgk¡ rd jk"Vªh;
lqj{kk dk laca/k gS] baVjusV us vkleku la?k"kZ ds fy, u;s }kj [kksy fn;s gSaA jkT;
tuO;kih vkØe.kksa dh] vU; jkT;ksa ls ugha cfYd O;fDr;ksa ls >sy ldrk gSA ;|fi]
ubZ lwpuk rduhd laHko;k] larqyu esa ns[ksa rks] fufgr 'kfDr lajpukvksa dks detksj
djus dh vis{kk cjdjkj j[krh gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 5
1½ efgykvksa ds cgqr de jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk vkSj izfrfuf/kRo ds dkj.kksa dk
ijh{k.k djsaA
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2½ fdl gn rd baVjusV us yksdra= ij izHkko Mkyk gS\
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22
22-- 11 lkjka'k
bl bdkbZ esa vkius izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds ckjs esa i<+k gS fd tks yksdra= dk vk/kqfud
<k¡pk gSA vc vki yksdra= ds vFkZ vkSj blds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ij izdk'k Mkyus ds
;ksX; gks x;s gksaxsA bl v/;k; esa vki izfrfuf/k yksdra= ds eqyHkwr fl)karksa ls
HkyhHkk¡fr ifjfpr gks pqds gksaxs ,slh vk'kk gSA yksdra= okLro esa dSls dk;Z djrk gS&
fuokZpu iz.kkyh dh O;k[;k dh x;h gSA varr% vkSj izeq[kr;k ,sls ledkyhu eqn~nksa tSls
fd fyax] foyxko vkSj tuer ij Hkh ;gk¡ ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
29
yks d ra =
22
MkWy] jkWcVZ ¼1956½ , iSQjSal Vw MSeksØsfMd F;ksjh] f'kdkxks] f'kdkxks fo'ofo|ky; izslA
MkWy] jkWcVZ ¼1989½ MSeksØslh ,aM bV~l fØfVDl] ;sy fo'ofo|ky; izslA
gsYM] MsfoM ¼1987½ ekWMyt+ vkWQ MSeksØslh LVSuQksMZ] fo'ofo|ky; izslA
iVue] jkWoVZ Mh- ¼1993½ esfdax MSeksØslh odZ flfoy VªsfM'kUl bu ekMZu bVyh
fizUlVu fo'ofo|ky; izslA
fczFkSe] MsfoM ,.M ckW;y] dsfou ¼1995½ MSeksØslh& ,êh DoS'pal ,saM vkultZ+] jk"Vªh;
cqd VªLV] bf.M;k bu ,slksfl;s'ku fon~ ;wusLdks ifCyf'kaxA
22
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ Hkkx 22-2 ns[ksa
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ miHkkx 22-4-1 ns[ksa
cks/k iz'u 3
cks/k iz'u 4
cks/k iz'u 5
30
lektoknh yks d ra =
bdkbZ 23 lektoknh yksdra=
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
23-0 mís';
23-1 ifjp;
23-2 yksdra= ,oa ledkyhu lektokn % ,d ladYiukRed ÝseodZ
23-3 ik'pkR; mnkjoknh yksdra=
23-4 yksdra= ds xS+j-ik'pkR; Lo:i
23-5 lektoknh yksdra=
23-6 lektokn dh pkj ewyHkwr izÑfr;k¡ % lektoknh yksdra= dk lkj
23-6-1 yksdrkaf=d rduhdsa vkSj lektokn
23-6-2 yksdrkaf=d lektokn ds izfr #>ku
23-6-3 baXySM esa yksdrkaf=d lektokn
23-7 O;kid fl)kar
23-8 uohu okeokn lksfo;r ekDlZokn ij geyk
23-9 yks d rka f =d fØ;kfof/k;ks a ds ek/;e ls lektokn ds dk;kZ U o;u es a
pqukSfr;k¡@dfBukb;k¡
23-10 lkjka'k
23-11 'kCnkoyh
23
23-- 0 mn~ n s ' ;
bl bdkbZ esa yksdra= ij lektoknh fl)karksa vkSj uhfr;ksa dh ljdkj ds Lo:i ds :i
esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA yksdra= thou dk ,d rjhdk gS vkSj vkn'kks± ds lewg dk
izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ;g nkok fd;k tkrk gS fd lPpk yksdra= lektoknh gS vkSj
lPpk lektokn yksdrkaf=d gSA yksdra= vkSj lektokn ds chp laca/k lektoknh
fopkj/kkjk vkSj uhfr dk lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ,d ek= ?kVd gSA bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u
ds ckn vki fuEu ds fy, l{ke gks tk,¡xs %
• yksdra= ds fofo/k fu:i.kksa@foospuksa dks le>uk(
• mnkjoknh ik'pkR; yksdra= vkSj lektoknh yksdra= ds chp vUrj Li"V djuk(
• yksdrkaf=d lektokn vkSj u;s okeokn dh ladYiuk dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk( vkSj
• ubZ lkekftd O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk ds fy, viuk, x, rjhdksa dk o.kZu djukA
23
23-- 1 ifjp;
yksdra= 'kCn vkn'kks± ds ,d lewg rFkk jktuhfrd ra=] nksuksa dks lwfpr djrk gS] ;g
,d fo'ks"krk gS tks fd ;g lkE;okn vkSj lektokn 'kCnksa ds lkFk Hkkxhnkjh djrk gSA
rFkkfi] ^yksdra=* dks ^lektokn* vFkok ^lkE;okn* ds eqdkcys le> ikuk dfBu gS(
31
yks d ra = D;ksfa d tgk¡ rd vuqorhZ (latter) 'kCnksa dh fopkj/kkjk,¡ ekDlZokn esa miyC/k gS] yksdra=
dh dHkh Hkh ,d fof'k"V lS)kafrd lzksr ds lkFk igpku ugha gqbZ gS & vfirq ;g
ik'pkR; lH;rk ds mnkjhdj.k dh laiw.kZ izfØ;k dk ,d miksRikn gSA lHkh jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk;sa lektoknh gksus dk nkok ugha djrh gSa] ijUrq lkE;oknh O;oLFkk Hkh
yksdrkaf=d gksus dk nkok djrh gSA lekftd yksdra= dks lkekU;r% ,d vUr% izo/khZ
(endogenous) jkT; vkSj lkekftd 'kSyh ds :i esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj
blhfy,] ^lektoknh yksdra=* tks jkT; }kjk lekt ij ykxw dh xbZ ,d uhfr gS] ds
lkFk bls laHkzfer ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
;fn ge lektokn ds bfrgkl ij fopkj djsa] rks ik,axs fd lQy lektoknh vkUnksyu
mUgha jk"Vªksa ls fodflr gq, gSa ftudh yksdrkaf=d ijEijk,a etcwr gSa] tSls xzsV fczVsu]
gkWy.S M] csfYt+;e] fLoVt+jyS.M] vkLVªfs y;k vkfnA ,slk blfy, fd tgk¡ tgk¡ yksdrkaf=d
laoS/kkfud 'kklu vkerkSj ij Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS] ogk¡ lektoknh dfri; dk;ZØeksa
ij dsfUnzr jgrs gSa] tSls vYilqfo/kk izkIr oxks± ds fy, voljksa dk l`tu ftlls
vlekurk lekIr gks] 'kS{kf.kd volj iznku djuk] foHksndkjh izFkkvksa dks lekIr djuk]
lHkh ds ykHk ds fy, vFkZO;oLFkk dk fofue;u vkSj vUrr% izfrLi)kZ dh ctk, lg;ksx
ij vk/kkfjr lekt ds iqufuZek.k dk izLrkoA
bl bdkbZ esa] ge ik'pkR; mnkoknh yksdra= vkSj lektoknh yksdra= ds chp ,d

rqyukRed izkDdyu djus] yksdrkaf=d lektokn rFkk u, okexkxZ ftldk lektoknh
izfr:i gS] ds fl)kar dks js[kkafdr djus vkSj vUrr% fo'ks"k:i ls fodkl'khy vkSj
vfodflr jk"Vªksa ds fy, lektoknh yksdra= dh vf/kdkfjdrk dks le>us dk iz;kl
djsaxsA
23
23-- 2 yksdra= ,oa ledkyhu lektokn % ,d
ladYiukRed ÝseodZ
loZizFke ge dkyZekDlZ ls igys vk/kqfud yksdra= dh ladYiuk dh tk¡p djsaA ;g /
;ku nsuk egÙoiw.kZ gS fd muds fudV lg;ksxh ÝhMfj'k ,fUtYl yksdra= dh ugha]
vfirq ges'kk 'kq) yksdra= ds ckjs esa cksyrs gaSA blls mudk rkRi;Z cqtqZvk jkT; ls Fk]k
ftlesa vke erkf/kdkj izpfyr gS( ijUrq futh lEifÙk dks Li'kZ ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
bldk rkRi;Z Fkk fd lkearoknh vkSj lSfud 'kklu dks tM+ ls m[kkM+ Qsadus ds ckn
izR;{k rkSj ij lektoknh jkT; vFkok ;q) yksdra= dh LFkkiuk djuk laHko Fkk] vFkkZr
cqtqZvk iwathoknh x.kra= loZizFke lÙkk esa vk,xkA ml le; turk us yksdrkaf=d jkT;
dks Lohdkj fd;k] D;ksafd cqtqZvk jkT; lkekU; erkf/kdkj ds rjhds ls 'kkflr FkkA
tc ekDlZ us vius jktuhfrd fØ;kdykiksa dk vkjEHk fd;k] mUgksaus ml le; yksdra=

dks igys gh ,d egku vUrjkZ"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds :i esa ik;kA ;wjksfi;u yksdra= dk
bfrgkl ihNs <kbZ gt+kj o"kZ rd O;kid FkkA izkphu xzhl ds x.kra=ksa esa yksdra= dk
jktuhfrd Lo:i /kuh vFkok vfHktkr ds ^vYila[;d* 'kklu ds izfr ladqpu
(contract) FkkA blds fojks/k es]a yksdra= cgqer] lkekU;r% tuer dk 'kklu Fkk ftlds
}kjk laifÙk ds ekfydksa vFkok vfHktkrh;rk ds /kkjdksa dk nkok djus dk dksbZ
fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ugha FkkA xzhd jktuhfr foKku us bl iz'u dks Lo;eso mBk;k Fkk fd D;k
izR;sd jkT; ftlesa ukxfjdksa ds cgqer dh bPNk ls fu.kZ; gksrk gS] yksdra= gSA blls
dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rk fd ;g cgqer fdl izdkj curk gS vkSj rS;kj gksrk gS vFkok
32
fuf'pr oxZ dk Lo:i yksdra= ls tqM+k gksrk gSA vjLrw us bl iz'u dk mÙkj bl izdkj lektoknh yks d ra =
fn;k% yksdra= jkT; esa xjhcksa ds 'kklu ls vf/kd dqN ugha gS] Bhd mlh izdkj tSls
vYira= esa /kuh yksxksa dk 'kklu gksrk gSA
e/;dky esa] yksdrkaf=d Lo:i Lo;eso 'kgjh dE;wuksa (communes) esa fn[kkbZ fn;kA
vk/kqfud dky esa laØe.k ds nkSjku vfr ifjorZudkjh (radical) /kkfeZd lEiznk;
yksdrkaf=d fopkjdksa ds vxzu cusA bl izdkj yksdrkaf=d tuleqnk; vkSj muds usrk
vk/kqfud fodkl ds izfr 'kd esa laxfBr gks x, Fks rFkk muds vfHker fd x.kra= vkSj
yksdra=] nksuksa izkFkfed rkSj ij ,d uSfrd ekeyk] ekuo tkfr dk uSfrd uohuhdj.k
Fkk] esa igys gh vk/kqfud vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl dh fuUnk vUrfoZ"V FkhA
vkt] yksdrkaf=d vkn'kZ O;f"Vokn] lektokn vkSj jk"Vªokn ds la;kstu ek= ls dqN
vf/kd gSA ;g euq";ksa ds izR;sd lewg ds thou ds pkfjf=d y{k.k dh LohÑfr vkSj
izksUufr ij vk/kkfjr gS] ftlls O;f"Vokn {ks=h;okn vFkok jk"Vªokn ds ,d Lo:i ls
tqM+ tkrk gS vkSj nwljh rjQ] bldk rkRi;Z fdlh ,d lewg ds laxBu ls gS tks
lektokn ds vkjafHkd Lo:iksa esa vUrfuZfgr Lo:i dh rqyuk esa de lekaxh
(homogeneous) gksrk gS D;ksafd yksdra= dk vFkZ gS LoSfPNd ifjla?kksa dh Lora=rk vkSj
,sls ifjla?kksa }kjk dbZ izdkj ds dk;ks± dk fu"iknu tks vkjafHkd lektokfn;ksa }kjk jkT;
ds fy, NksM+ fn, x, gksaxsA
yksdra=] izFke iz/kku oS/krk dh fl)kar gSA lÙkk rHkh fof/klEer gksrh gS tc ;g turk
ds izkf/kdkj ls O;qRiUu gks rFkk mudh lgefr ij vk/kkfjr gksA fu;ked n`f"Vdksa.k ls]
yksdra= dh ifjHkk"kk ^yksxksa dh lÙkk* 'kCnkoyh ds 'kfCnd vFkZ ls fudyrh gSA bldh
fuf'pr rkSj ij igpku fodflr] izfrfuf/kd laLFkkvksa ds vfLrRo rFkk laoS/kkfud 'kklu
dh LFkkiuk ls gksrh gSA ;g lÙkk ds izR;{k iz;ksx dk iwokZuqeku ugha djrh gS] vfirq
lÙkk ds BSfyxs'ku dk tksfd ljdkj ds ^fu;a=.k* vkSj ^lhekadu* dk ,d rjhdk gSA
ml le; ls ysdj tc 'kCn ^MSeksØsf'kvk* Fkk eksVs rkSj ij ,d 'krkCnh igys rd]
yksdra= ,oa jktuhfrd ladYiuk ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA rFkkfi] rkWdoh
¼Ýk¡lhlh jktnwr vkSj ys[kd½ vesfjdh yksdra= ds lkekftd igyw ls izHkkfor gq, vkSj
bl izdkj ge ^lkekftd yksdra=* dh ckr djrs gSA ekDlZokn us ^vkfFkZd yksdra=*
vkSj Js.kh lektokn vfHkO;fDr dks yksdfiz; cuk;k gS( oSc dh iqLrd ^bUMLfVª;y
MSeksØslh* ¼1897½ ^vkS|ksfxd yksdra=* miuke dks pkyw voLFkk iznku dh gSA miuke
tSlsfd turk dk yksdra=] lafo/kku yksdra= vFkok bu tSls vU; yksdra= ,d fo'ks"k
yksdra= dks is'k djrs gSaA tc 1860osa n'kd ds var esa ;wjksi esa lekth vkUnksyu dk
iqu:RFkku gqvk] lokZf/kd lektoknh usrk ekDlZokn ds izHkko esa FksA 1881 esa] teZu
lks'ky MSeksØsfVd ikVhZ us rFkk 1897 esa LohfM'k MSeksØsfVd lks'ky ikVhZ us vius
mn~ns';ksa ds :i esa mRiknu] forj.k vkSj fofue; ds lHkh lk/ku turk ds LokfeRo esa
Lohdkj fd,A vU; lektoknh nyksa us vius lafo/kkuksa vFkok ?kks"k.kk i=ksa esa bUgh
mn~ns'; dks viuk;k vkSj fczfV'k Jfed vkUnksyu us Hkh] ftlus 1918 rd lektokn
dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k Fkk] dqN lhek rd turk ds LokfeRo ds mn~ns'; dks viuk
fy;kA
vc f}rh; fo'o ;q) dh lekfIr ls rhu n'kd ls FkksM+k vf/kd le; xqtj tkus ds
ckn rLohj fHkUu gSA bVyh vkSj ÝkUl dks NksM+dj if'pe ds lHkh fodflr yksdrkaf=d
ns'kksa esa lkE;oknh nyksa dk uke ek= dk vfLrRo gS vkSj bVyh vkSj Ýkal ds lkE;oknh
nyksa dh 'kfDr esa Hkh deh vkbZ gSA iwohZ ;wjksi ds lkE;oknh ns'kksa esa] lq/kkjoknh izo`fÙk;k¡
33
yks d ra = c<+ jgha gSa] tcfd Lo;a :l esa Ýq'pso ds bl fl)kar dks c<+rh gqbZ LohÑfr izrhr gksrh
gS fd lkE;oknh nyksa ds fy, lk/kuksa ds iz'u dks NksM+ nsuk laHko gSA nwljh rjQ] lHkh
;wjksfi;u ns'kksa esa lkekftd yksdrkaf=d nyksa dh 'kfDr esa o`f) gqbZ gSA os ;k rks lÙkk
esa jgs gSa vFkok izeq[k fojks/kh ny ds :i esa mHkjs gSaA os mRiknu] forj.k vFkok fofue;
ds lk/kuksa ds turk ds LokfeRo ds vk/kkj ij vFkZO;oLFkk ls laiw.kZ iwthoknh O;oLFkk
dks izfrLFkkfir djus ek¡x ugha djrs gSaA mudk iw.kZ jkst+xkj vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk okyh
fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk ls lkeatL; cSB x;k gSA chloha 'krkCnh ds lketokn ys[kdksa us
tksj fn;k gS fd lektokn dsk lekurk] Lora=rk vkSj lgp;Z ds ewyHkwr ewY;ksa ds lanHkZ
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] u fd fdlh fo'ks"k ek/;e ls ftlds }kjk mu ewY;ksa
dks izkIr fd;k tk ldsA blh izdkj ds ifjorZu lHkh ;wjksfi;u lektokfn;ksa ds
dk;ZØeksa esa n`f"Vxkspj gks jgs gSa & ;s ny turk ds LokfeRo ds izfr vkSj vf/kd
foHksndkjh n`f"Vdks.k viuk jgs gSa( rFkkfi lkekftd yksdra= turk dh bl ek¡x dk
leFkZu djrk gS fd egÙoiw.kZ tufgrksa dh j{kk djuk vko';d gSA
bl izdkj] vfodflr fo'o esa lektoknh ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa lkE;okn vkSj lkekftd
yksdra= ds HkkX; esa bu ifjorZuksa vkSj lkekftd yksdrkaf=d nyksa ds cnyrs gq,
mn~ns';ksa ds losZ{k.k ls dqN egÙoiw.kZ ikB lh[k ldrs gSaA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
1½ yksdra= ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
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2½ HkwriwoZ lkE;oknh ns'kksa esa fdl rjhds ls yksdra= ds vocks/ku esa ifjorZu gqvk gS\-
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34
lektoknh yks d ra =
23
23-- 3 ik'pkR; mnkjoknh yksdra=
jktuhfr dh vk/kqfud mnkjoknh ladYiuk us ,d ;FkkFkZoknh] O;kogkfjd] /keZfujis{k
vkSj oSKkfud vofLFkfr izkIr dhA jkT; ,d fu.kkZ;d jktuhfrd laxBu cu x;kA
:lks us yksfiz;k laizHkqrk vkSj yksdra= ds fopkj dks tUe fn;kA ;g izfr"Bkfir fd;k
x;k fd yksxksa dh igq¡p ds Hkhrj] jkT;] ljdkj vkSj v)Z-ljdkjh laLFkk,a vkfn tSlh
laLFkk,a jktuhfrd fØ;k dyki dh dsUnz cu xbZA futh laifÙk ds vf/kdkjksa vkSj
O;f"Vxr Lora=rk dk nkok fd;k tkus yxkA ,d izxfr'khy mnkjoknh ladYiuk esa
jkT; dks ,d fu'p;kRed dY;k.kdkjh vax ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA mnkjoknh
yksdra= us turk dh bPNkvksa ds izfrfuf/kRo ds fy, vko';d izfrLi/khZ ny ds vkn'kZ
dk vk'oklu fn;kA blesa fo/kkf;dkvksa ds vkof/kd pqukoksa ds ek/;e ls yksxksa ds er
dks izdk'k esa ykuk vUrxzZLr gSA blds vfrfjDr] ljdkj lhfer rFkk LoSfPNd ifjla?kksa
ds fo'o esa dk;Z djrh gqbZ ekuh tkrh gSA lekt cgqdkjh ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS]
ftldk rkRi;Z gS fd ;g Lok;Ùk {ks=ksa vkSj ifjla?kksa ls feydj cuk gSA bl izdkj
ljdkj vkefgr esa 'kklu ds fy, fufnZ"V gksrh gSA
ik'pkR; mnkjoknh yksdra= ,slk jktuhfrd fl)kar gS tks l=goha 'krkCnh ds nkSjku
;wjksi esa izdV gqvk rFkk fo'o ds vf/kerh fl)karksa vkSj fopkj/kkjkvksa ds :i esa vkt
Hkh tkjh gSA blesa os lektoknh ns'k 'kkfey ugha gSa] ftuesa fofHkUu izdkj dh rkuk'kkgh
gSA bl ladYiuk ds fodkl esa tkWu ykWd] tsjes h cSuFke vkSj ts-,l- fey dh ppkZ djuk
vko';d gSA ykWd us lhfer ljdkj] laoS/kkfudrk] O;f"Vxr vf/kdkjksa vkSj fof/klEer
'kklu dk ;ksxnku fn;kA cSuFke dk ;ksxnku O;f"Vxr mi;ksfxrk ds lanHkZ esa vkadfyr
cgqer ds fgr dh mi;ksfxrkoknh ladYiuk esa lfUufgr gSA fey us O;f"Vxr Lora=rk]
vfHkerksa dh cgqyrk rFkk O;f"Vxr O;fDrRo ds fodkl ds fl)kar dk ;ksxnku fn;kA
tc ge mnkjoknh jkT; dks jktuSfrd :i ls yksdrkaf=d jkT; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr

djrs gSa] gesa /;ku nsuk pkfg, fd ;g ek= pqukoh izfØ;k dk gh gokyk ugha nsrk gS
vfirq fof/klEer 'kklu vkSj lEifÙk dk vf/kdkj tSls igyqvksa dk Hkh gokyk nsrk gSA
;wukbVsM fdaxMe dh rjg fyf[kr lafo/kku ds fcuk mnkjoknh iz.kkyh esa] bldk rkRi;Z
gS fd laln }kjk cuk;k x;k dkuwu loksZPp gSA rFkk mnkjoknh yksdrkaf=d jkT;ksa esa
lLohÑr lEifÙk dk vf/kdkj ljdkj dks vkfFkZd ekeyksa esa Hkkjh ifjorZu djus ls
jksdrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lq/kkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k vkfFkZd lekurk ij cy u fn, tkus
ds fy, mnkjoknh yksdra= dh lekykspuk djrk gSA mUgksaus Lo;a dks tu yksdra=
(people's democracy) dgk] ftldk rkRi;Z gS fd mRiknu ds lk/ku lkekftd
LokfeRo esa gSaA
bl izdkj] mijksDr ls yksdra= dh mnkjoknh ladYiuk dh ,d vfr lqUnj rLohj

mHkjrh gS vkSj tks ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gS % izFke] ;g ekurh gS fd O;f"V dks Lok;Ùk
fnekx] cqf) vkSj bPNk 'kfDr izpqj ek=k esa iznÙk gS vFkkZr og foosd'khy izk.kh gSA vr%
og fu.kZ; dj ldrk gS fd mlds fy, D;k loksZÙke gSA nwljs] O;f"V ,d uhfrijd
izk.kh gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd lHkh euq"; cjkcj gSaA izR;sd dks jktuhfr esa Hkkxhnkjh dk
leku volj feyuk pkfg,A rhljs] lR; lkis{k vkSj cgqvk;keh gS rFkk fujis{k ugha
gksrkA blhfy,] ,d fo'ks"k {k.k esa] lR; ek= fopkjksa dh eqDr vU;ksU; fØ;k ds ek/;e
ls gh LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA lfg".kqrk yksdra= dk lkj gS] fey }kjk ^^vkWu
fycVhZ** esa izcy rdZ fn;k x;k FkkA yksdra= esa lR; dk vFkZ gS fd izR;sd jktuhfr
35
yks d ra = esa fgLlk ys ldrk gS vkSj ;g turk dk 'kklu gS] vr% ,d yksdrkaf=d ljdkj lHkh
ds fgr esa dke djrh gSA usrkvksa vkSj nyksa ds chp izfrLi/kkZ] 'kklu ds Åij yksdfiz;
fu;a=.k vkSj O;f"V;ksa dh vf/kdre Lora=rk lqfuf'pr djrh gSA fof/k lEer 'kklu]
fof/k ds le{k lekurk vkSj U;wure ekSfyd vf/kdkj ,d ik'pkR; mnkoknh yksdra=
ds y{k.k gSaA
23
23-- 4 yksdra= ds xS+j -ik'pkR; Lo:i
dqN dks ;g tkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd HkwriwoZ lksfo;r la?k] lkE;oknh phu] mÙkjh
dksfj;k vkSj mÙkjh fo;ruke] vkSj ,sls gh dqN vkSj yksdrkaf=d gksus dk nkok djrs gSaA
oLrqr% os vdsys lPpk yksdrkaf=d gksus dk nkok djrs gSaA bl nkos ds lgh Lo:i dks
le>us ds fy,] ekDlZ dh rjQ okil tkuk egÙoiw.kZ gksxkA mudk fo'okl Fkk fd
ik'pkR; dh jktuhfr oxZ la?k"kks± ds Lo:i dh Fkh vkSj ;g fd nyksa ds chp
izfrLi/kkZ oxZ la?k"kZ ds vUr ds lkFk gh lekIr gks tk,xhA muds fopkj esa lPpk
yksdra= dsoy ogha fo|eku gksxk tgk¡ ,d oxZ dk opZLo gks rFkk tks tcnZLr tu
leqnk; dk izrhd gksA yksdra= ds vU; lHkh Lo:i cqtqZvk gksus ds dkj.k vLohd`r dj+
fn, x, FksA ;fn lÙkk la?k"kZ izfrLi/kkZRed vk/kkj ij gksrk] rkfd ;g /ku }kjk izHkkfor
gks lds] ogk¡ ekDlZ ekurs Fks fd og yksdra= cqtqZvk rFkk blhfy, v;ksX; gSA
Li)kZRed jktuhfr dh lkE;okfn;ksa }kjk ,d tkylkt+h gksus ds ukrs ftUnk dh xbZ gSA
os Lo;eso fdlh vU; oxZ ds gksus dk nkok ugha djrs gSa] D;ksafd os dgrs gSa fd lHkh
mYys[kuh; lewg :lh Økafr ds vkjafHkd fnuksa esa /oLr dj fn, x, FksA lksfo;r
dkuwufon vkSj jktuhfrd leFkZd rdZ nsrs gSa fd yksdra= dk ik'pkR; Lo:i ,d
/kks[kk rFkk ik[k.M gS] D;ksafd ;gk¡ ,d ,slk vkfFkZd ra=-iwathokn dk;e gS tks /kuh
yksxksa dk i{k ysrk gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ ik'pkR; mnkjoknh yksdra= ds izeq[k y{k.k D;k gSa\
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36
2½ yksdra= ds xS+j ik'pkR; Lo:iksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ lektoknh yks d ra =
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23
23-- 5 lektoknh yksdra=
if'pe esa tgk¡ iwathokn izpyu esa gS ;g lektoknh fl)kar ds lkFk lkeatL; fcBkus
Øe'k gokl vuqdwyu dk Lo:i ys ysrk gSA ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd lektokn D;k gSA
vU; fopkj/kkjkvksa dh ladYiukvksa dks lkFk ysus ij lektokn dk nwgjk lanHkZ gSA ,d
rjQ ;g mu vkn'kks±] ewY;ksa] xq.kksa dk gokyk nsrk gS ftUgsa izk;% lektoknh n'kZu dk
uke fn;k tkrk gSA ;g lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ds mu vuqHkotU; y{k.kksa
dk gokyk nsrk gS] tksfd lektoknh yksdra= ds & fot+u (vision) dks vfHkO;Dr djrs
gSaA nwljh rjQ] ewY;ksa ds Lrj ij egÙoiw.kZ gSa Lora=rk] lekurk] leqnk;] HkkbZpkjk]
lkekftd U;k;] oxZghu lekt] lg;ksx izxfr] 'kkfUr] le`f)] izpqjrk vkSj izlUurk]
dHkh-dHkh ewyrRo udkjkRed :i esa is'k fd, tkrs gSa] lektoknh dyg] ;q)] vU;k;]
xjhch] raxgkyh vkSj vekuohdj.k dk izfrokn djrs gSaA laLFkkvksa ds Lrj ij vuq;k;h
vkSj fojks/kh leku :i ls dgsaxs fd lektokn iwathoknh futh m|e iz.kkyh dk
fojks/kh gS( ftls og /ku vkSj laifÙk ds Åij fu;a=.k rFkk vkfFkZd fØ;k dyki ds
lkekftd i;Zos{k.k dh iz.kkyh }kjk foLFkkiu dh ek¡x djrk gSA bl lw= esa bldk lkj
gS ;kfu] fd mRiknu lk/kuksa dk leku vFkok lkoZtfud LokfeRoA
jktuhfrd okÙkkZyki esa uke Lo;eso le;-le; ij vLFkk;h jgs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
tkWu jfLdu vius dks xkSjo ds lkFk lkE;oknh dgrs Fks] tc mUgksaus lektokn]
x.kra=okn vkSj yksdra= dk [kaMu fd;kA ,p-,e- fgUMeSu ds fy, lektokn 'kCn
bZlkbZ-mnkjrk] lkSe;rk dk izrhd Fkk] tcfd lkekftd yksdra= 'kCn dk vFkZ muds
fy, vkØked ekDlZokn FkkA okLro esa] vkt fLFkfr blds izfrdwy gksxhA ;g
izkÅ/ku Fkk] ufd ekDlZ vkSj ,fUxYl ftUgksaus loZizFke vius fl)kar dks ôSKkfud
lektokn* dk uke fn;kA ,d ckj cdwfuu us ,d laxBu cuk;k ftls lektoknh
yksdra= ds fy, xBca/ku iqdkjk x;kA ekDlZ us Lo;eso viuh ;qokoLFkk esa lkE;okn
dks ;g dgdj [kkfjt dj fn;k Fkk fd ;g ^^lektokn dh viw.kZ izkfIr** ek= Fkk
rRi'pkr ekDlZoknh iz;ksx vf/kd O;ofLFkr gks x,] ;|fi os dHkh Hkh lafnX/krk ls
iw.kZ:is.k eqDr ugha FksA
23
23-- 6 lektokn dh pkj ewyHkwr izÑfr;k¡ % lektoknh
yksdra= dk lkj
bl bdkbZ esa mu izo`fÙk;ksa dks vkSj vf/kd ;kstukc) :ijs[kk iznku djus dk iz;kl
fd;k x;k gS] tks lkFk-lkFk lektoknh yksdra= dh /kkj.kk esa izfrfcfEcr lektoknh
fopkj/kkjk dks iw.kZrk iznku djrh gSA lekurkokn izFke izo`fÙk gS tks lektokn dk
mRÑ"V fl)kar gSA lekurk dh izcy /kkj.kk leqnk; dh] ,d ladYiuk esa ijkdk"Bk dks
izkIr gksrh gSA jktuhfrd rkSj ij lekurkokn Li"V :i ls iw.kZ yksdra= dh ek¡x djrk
gS] ijUrq yksdra= vius lgt] mRÑ"V] ,dkRed vFkZ esa fcuk fdlh LFkk;h ny foHkktu
37
okyk gksrk gSA
yks d ra = uSfrdrkokn] tks vxyh izo`fÙk gS] lektokn ds bZlkbZ fl)kar dks n'kkZrk gS( vFkkZr ;g
mPp vkn'kks± ij cy nsrk gS tks ikjLifjd lgk;rk ls 'k=qrk ds LFkku ij U;k;fiz;
fLFkfr dk;e djus] rFkk ekuoksa ds chp Hkkròr I;kj vkSj le> dks c<+kok nsus dh ek¡x
djrs gSaA uSfrdrkoknh ewY;ksa ds lkFk lokZf/kd rkyesy okyk jktuhfrd Lo:i] ,d
ckj fQj yksdra= gS] tksfd isf=dokn ls laHkor;k dqN gn rd izHkkfor gksrk gS vkSj
tks fuf'pr rkSj ij O;fDxr fl)karksa ls ujerk vkSj ftEesnkjh dh vis{kk djrk gSA
ogqeroknh iz.kkyh }kjk 'kflr y?kq rFkk fo'kky leqnk; uSfrdokn vkn'kZ dks izkIr djus
ds fy, leqfpr ;a= gSaA
rkfdZdokn rhljh izo`fÙk gS tks foosd ds fl)kar dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ;gk¡] izeq[k
ewY; gSa O;f"Vxr izlUurk] foosd'khyrk] Kku] mRiknu esa n{krk vkSj izxfr ds fgr esa
ekuo lekt dk rdZiw.kZ mn~ns';ijd laxBuA rkfdZdokn ls vfHkizsfjr jktuhfrd
Lo:i Hkh yksdra= gS] D;ksafd ;g izo`fÙk ekuo ek= dh lekurk dks vaxhdkj djus ds
fy, vxzlj gksrh gS rFkk O;f"Vxr ekuo foosd dh Lor% lUrqf"V esa fo'okl djrh gSA
rFkkfi bldk ,slk fo'okl gS fd yksdra= ;ksX;rkokn] fuiq.k oSKkfudksa] rduhf'k;uksa
vkSj cqf)eku yksxksa }kjk lrr funsZ'ku ls izHkkfor gksuk pkfg,] tks lkekU; tu dh
izlUurk ds izksRlkgu ds fy, fo'oLr gSaA
bPNkLokra=~;okn ftls lektokn ds LoPNan fl)kar dk uke fn;k tk ldrk gS]

ewyHkwr izÑfr;ksa esa bl vFkZ esa vfUre gS fd ;g lektoknh fl)karksa esa mRÑ"V rFkk
ifjorZuoknh gSA ;g vkn'kZ Lora=rk ij dsfUnzr gS] fu;a=.k dh lEiw.kZ vuq-ifjFkfr ds
vFkZ esa pkgs vkarfjd vFkok ckg~;A ;gk¡ vuqdwy jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa ckr
djuk dfBu gksxk] D;ksafd ;g izo`fÙk dqy feykdj jktuhfr dk ifjR;kx djrk gSA
vjktdrkckn blds vkn'kZ ds fudVre gS( ijUrq iqu% bPNkLokra=~;okn ekSfyd vFkZ esa
lekurk dh LohÑfr dks vaxhdkj djrk gSA bPNkLokra=~;okn lokZf/kd lkSE; rFkk
lfg".kq lektoknh izo`fÙk gSA
lektokn dh ;g pkj izo`fÙk;k¡ gSa] tks lektoknh yksdra= ds lkj dk fu:i.k djrh
gSaA rFkkfi] izR;sd izo`fÙk dk lkis{k lkj ,d ekeys ls nwljs ekeys esa cny tkrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ge ik,axs fd ,d ;k vU; izo`fÙk iznÙk ns'k] fl)kar] vkUnksyu vFkok
,sfrgkfld voufr ds ekeys esa nwljs ds Åij opZLo dk;e djrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS
ik'pkR; uohu okeokn esa bPNkLokra=~;okn dk opZLo lkekftd yksdra= dh c<+rh gqbZ
ujerk vkSj ,dhdj.k dh otg ls gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ lektoknh yksdra= ds izeq[k y{k.k D;k gSa\
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38
2½ bPNkLokra=~;okn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ lektoknh yks d ra =
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23
23-- 6 - 1 yksdrkaf=d rduhdsa vkSj lektokn
;wjksi esa QkflLVokn ds mRFkku vkSj HkwriwoZ lksfo;r la?k esa dE;wfuLV ikVhZ dh
rkuk'kkgh ds tkjh jgus ls rhlosa n'kd ds nkSjku ,sls Hkh lektoknh gq, ftUgksaus ,d
lewgoknh 'kklu ds v/khu yksdra= dh rduhdksa dh vksj vf/kdkfjd /;ku fn;kA
tcfd lkekU;r% lektoknh vkUnksyu dbZ o"kks± rd bl ckr ij dk;e jgk fd
yksdra= ds fcuk lewgokn lektokn dh nwj dh fpYykgV Fkh vkSj ;g fd ns'k ds
vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd laLFkkvksa esa iw.kZ:is.k viukbZ tkus okyh yksdrkaf=d
fØ;kfof/k;ksa ds lg;ksx ds fcuk dksbZ lektokn ugha gks ldrk Fkk] ,sls cgqr Fks ftUgksaus
rhlosa n'kd ls igys dh ;g fLFkfr vaxhdkj dh fd tks dqN Hkh fd;k tkuk vko';d
Fkk] og ek= ;g Fkk fd futh m|ksx dks yksd LokfeRo dk m|ksx cuk ;k tk, vkSj
yksdra= Lo;eso LFkkfir gks tk,xkA jkT; ds LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=.k esa iz;ksx us
lkE;oknh vkSj QkflLV ns'kksa ,oa yksdra= ds Lo:i okys ns'kksa esa Hkh] ;q) rFkk 'kkfUr
nksuksa dkyksa esa] vkUnksyu ds bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks txk;k vkSj m|ksx dh ,d lg;ksxh
O;oLFkk ds v/khu yksdrkaf=d izfØ;k dh j{kk djus vkSj mls etcwr cukus ds mik;ksa
ds ek/;eksa ds ckjs esa lkspus ds fy, ck/; fd;kA bl ijh{k.k us muls fuEu ckrksa ij
tksj Myok;k%
1½ tula[;k ds yksdrkaf=d cyksa dks vkjf{kr vkSj etcwr djus dh vko';drk] tSls
O;kid vkSj vkS|ksfxd &la?k vkUnksyu] miHkksDrkvksa vkSj mRikndksa dh lgdkjh
laLFkk,a] etnwjoxZ] lektoknh vkSj izxfr'khy jktuhfrd ny] tu leqnk; ds
'kSf{kf.kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd vkUnksyu rFkk bu vkUnksyuksa dks iw.kZ:is.k yksdrkaf=d
cukus ds fy, iz;klA
2½ vkS|ksfxd dfeZ;ksa] rFkkdfFkr e/;oxZ] Ñf"kdk;Z esa yxs yksxksa ds chp csgrj
lkekftd izca/ku ds fy, fudV lg;ksx LFkkfir djus dh vko';drkA
3½ LFkkuh;] jkT; vkSj la?kh; ljdkjksa ij izHkkoh yksdrkaf=d rduhdksa djs ykxw djus
dh vko';drk] ftlls yksxksa dh bPNk ds vuq:i iw.kZ:is.k mn~nhiu'khy
(responsive) cuk;h tk ldsaA
4½ m|ksx dh lgdkjh iz.kkyh ds rgr LoSfPNd lgdkjh m|eksa ds ,d O;kid ra=

ds izksRlkgu dh vko';drk] tks fo'ks"k :i ls Ñf"k] vkcaVuh; O;kikj vkSj
lkaLÑfrd fØ;kdyki esa yksd LokfeRo okys m|ksxksa ds iwjd ds :i esa gksA
5½ izR;sd m|ksx ds Hkhrj fØ;kfof/k;ksa dh izfr"Bkiuk dh vko';drk rkfd miHkksDrk]
et+nwj oxZ rFkk rduhdh vkSj iz'kklfud ny] uhfr;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa i;kZIr :i
ls izfrfuf/kRo dj ldsaA
39
yks d ra = 6½ v)Z-Lok;Ùk Lo:i okys tu LokfeRo ds fuxe ds lkFk ijh{k.k rFkk yksd LokfeRo
ds fu;a=.k vkSj iz'kklu dk fodsUnzhdj.k] ftlls og lkeatL; fcBkus okyk rFkk
lkekftd n`f"V ls n{k izrhr gksA
7½ flfoy lsok] lkoZtfud ys[kkadu] lkewfgd ysunsu] O;fDrxr laca/k vkfn ds Bksl
ra= ds ek/;e ls n{k] bZekunkj vkSj yksdrkaf=d iz'kklu ds izfr funsf'kr
iz'kklfud fØ;kfof/k;ksa dks fodflr djus dh vko';drkA mRÑ"V dk;Z ds fy,
iqjLdkjksa dh mfpr iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls vkS|ksfxd izksRlkguksa dks c<+kok nsus ds
fy, rduhdksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
8½ miHkksDrk dh #fp dh Lora=rk dh vko';drkA
9½ tkfr] /keZ] jax] vFkok jk"Vªh; ewy ds dkj.k tula[;k ds fdlh Hkh oxZ ds izfr
foHksndkjh izFkkvksa dks jksdus vkSj ukxfjd Lora=rk dks vkjf{kr djus dh
vko';drkA
10½ vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk lg;ksx dh vko';drk] ftlls ;q) ds dkj.kksa dks de fd;k
tk lds] lkezkT;oknh fu;a=.kksa dk mUewyu gks lds rFkk fo'oHkj esa thou Lrj
dks mBk;k tk ldsA
23
23-- 6 - 2 yksdrkaf=d lektokn ds izfr #>ku
yksdrkaf=d lektokn ds mn~ns';ksa esa ,d ckr lnSo leku jgh gS fd lekt ds
jktuhfrd {ks=ksa ls xSj-jktuhfrd {ks=ksa esa yksdrkaf=d fl)kaUrksa ds vuqiz;ksx dks O;kid
cukdj yksdra= dks vkSj vf/kd okLrfodrk iznku dh tk,A iwtk dh Lora=rk vkSj
jktuhfrd la?kksa dh Lora=rk vkt Hkh yksdra= ds lokZf/kd vko';d vk/kkj gSaA
lektoknh ^yksdra= ds bu mRÑ"V eqn~nksa* dh izksUufr ij /;ku dsfUnzr djrs gSaA blds
izfrdwy] lektoknh nyksa us ,d dfBu yM+kbZ yM+h gS vkSj lkekU;r% mu jk"Vªksa esa ,d
gkjk gqvk la?k"kZ yksdra= tgka ,d izk.kh ek= ugha gS] vfirq ,slh izsj.kk] vk'kk o fopkj
gS ftls vHkh izkIr fd;k tkuk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ ,slk teZuh] bVyh vkSj Ýkal esa gqvk FkkA
23
23-- 6 - 3 baXySM esa yksdrkaf=d lektokn
bXyS.M us lalnh; laLFkk,a fodflr dh tks lektokn ds fodkl dh izsjd FkhaA bXyS.M
le; ds lkFk pyk vkSj mlus yksdra= vkSj lektokn ds chp lkeatL; LFkkfir fd;kA
lektokn dks 'kfUriw.kZ <ax ls mHkkjk x;k] ftlls [kwuh Økafr dh vko';drk u iM+sA
yksdra= us lkekftd fl)karksa ds mRFkku dks lgu fd;kA
fczVsu esa] et+nwjksa dks ljdkj ds fo#) fo'kky iSekus ij fonzksg dh vko';drk ugha Fkh]
D;ksafd ljdkj us muds fgrksa dh izksUufr ds fy, Lo;eso vko';d dne mBk,A fczfV'k
Hkwfe yksdrkaf=d lektokn ds fodkl ds fy, mi;qDr Fkh] tcfd nwljh rjQ :l vkSj
phu esa] okrkoj.k vuqdwy ugha Fkk D;ksafd ljdkj us xjhcksa ds fgrksa dh vuns[kh dh vkSj
mUgsa nckus dh dksf'k'k dhA ifj.kkeLo:i] Økafrdkjh lektokn dk mn; gqvk vkSj
bldh ygj us ljdkj ds iSj m[kkM+ fn,A
yksdrkaf=d lektokn esa ,dnyh; lkE;okn dh rjg dksbZ iknjh ugha gSA b/kj ekDlZ
vFkok ysfuu Hkh ugha gSaA baXyS.M esa lokZf/kd izHkko'khy lektoknh fopkjd izk;% fdlh
ljdkjh in ij ugha jgs gSaA mudk izHkko muds uSfrd izkf/kdkj vkSj ljy lkfgfR;d
'kSyh ds dkj.k jgk gSA
40
;g vkUnksyu jkWcVZ vkWosu] flMuh rFkk fcvfVZªl osc] vkj-,p- VkWuh] th-Mh-,p- dksy] lektoknh yks d ra =
gSjkWYM yLdh rFkk dbZ vU; ds fopkjksa ds izfr vf/kd _.kh gSA ijUrq n'kZu vHkh Hkh
vifjHkkf"kr gSA HkDroRlye ds vuqlkj ^^yksdrkaf=d lektokn dk Lo:i vkSj mlds
?kVd fdlh Hkh ek/;e ls ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd, tk ldrs gSaA ;g ,d O;kid ÝseodZ
gS ftlesa gesa viuh jktuhfrd i`“BHkwfe vkSj lkaLÑfrd rFkk vk/;kfRed fojklr ds
vuq:i pyrs gq, yksdra= vkSj lekt ds vius fopkjksa dks mi;qDr LFkku nsuk iM+rk
gSA** vr% yksdrkaf=d lektokn dk dksbZ fuf'pr Lo:i ugha gSA ;g fofHkUu ns'kksa esa
mudh vko';drkvksa vkSj vU; 'krks± ds vuqlkj vyx vyx gks tkrk gSA rFkkfi]
yksdrkaf=d lektokn ds dfri; O;kid fl)karksa dh vksj ge b'kkjk dj ldrs gSaA
Ckks/k iz'u 4
1½ yksdra= ds lektokn ds lkFk feyku djus ds fy, dqN rduhdksa dh ppkZ djsaA
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2½ baXyS.M esa yksdrkaf=d lektokn dk fodkl fdl izdkj gqvk\
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23
23-- 7 O;kid fl)kar
yksdrkaf=d lektokn ladh.kZ vkSj LokFkZiw.kZ O;f"Vxr fgrksa dh ctk, laiw.kZ lekt ds
vf/kdka'k fgrksa ds egÙo ij Hkkjh cy nsrk gSA ;g O;f"V;ksa vFkok vgLr{ksi uhfr ds
fo#) gS] ;g lkeqnkf;d dY;k.k dk ,d fl)kar gSA ;g izfrLi/kkZ dh ctk, lg;ksx
dks c<+kok nsrk gS rFkk fu;ksDrk vkSj deZpkjh ds chp izfr}afnrk dks nwj djrk gSA
lektokn vkfFkZd lekurk ds fl)kar dk leFkZu djrk gSA jkT; dks dqN O;fDr;ksa ds
gkFkksa esa /ku ds laxzg.k ij jksd yxkuh pkfg, ftlls vehj vkSj xjhc ds chp [kk;h
u c<+sA rFkkfi] yksdrkaf=d lektokn fujis{k] (absolute) lekurk ds LFkkiu dks viuk 41
yks d ra = y{; ugha ekurk D;ksafd ,slk vlaHko gSA bldk mn~ns'; vehjksa ij mÙkjksÙkj djk/kku
ykxw djds /ku dh c<+rh gqbZ vlekurk dks nwj djuk gSA ;g lHkh ds fy, U;k; laxr
voljksa dk leFkZu djrk gSA
yksdrkaf=d lektokn mRiknu ds egÙoiw.kZ lk/kuksa ds lkoZtfud LokfeRo dk Hkh

leFkZu djrk gS ftUgsa lHkh ds dY;k.k ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g
iw.kZ:is.k ukxfjd] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd vf/kdkjksa dks LohÑr fd, tkus ds i{k esa
gSA O;f"V vius thou;kiu ds fy, Lora= gS] ogk¡ dksbZ O;o/kku ugha gksuk pkfg,A ;g
jktuhfrd {ks=ksa ls ysdj vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd {ks=ksa rd yksdra= ds foLrkj dk
leFkZd gSA bl izdkj] yksdra= dk vk/kkj c<+k, tkus dh ek¡x dh tkrh gSA blds
vuqlkj] ;fn yksdra= dks okLro esa ykuk gS rks bls jktuhfr dh lhekvksa ls dkQh ijs
tkuk gksxk rFkk vkfFkZd {ks= esa izfo"V gksuk iM+sxkA
;g leqnk; dh dher ij dqNsd }kjk Hkwfe] dkj[kkuksa vkSj mRiknu ds vU; lekuksa ds
LokfeRo ds fo#) gSA ;g Li"V rkSj ij /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd yksdrkaf=d
lektokn lHkh izdkj dh futh laifÙk ds fo#) ugha gS] vfirq] ;g dsoy ml futh
laifÙk ds fo#) gS tks 'kks"k.k dk ek/;e curh gSA ;g NksVs-NksVs Hkw[kaM] x`gksa vkSj vU;
lhfer laifÙk dh vuqefr nsrh gS] D;ksafd bUgsa lekt fojk/kh dk;ks± esa iz;ksx ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA laf{kIr esa] ge dg ldrs gSa fd yksdrkaf=d lektokn u rks ek= iwathokn
dk fojks/kh gS vkSj u jkT; fu;a=.kokn dkA ts-ih- ukjk;.k ds vuqlkj ^êkuo }kjk ekuo
dks dksbZ 'kks"k.k u gks] dksbZ vU;k; gks] dksbZ mRihM+u u gks vFkok fdlh dks voljksa dh
eukgh u gksA**
fczVsu esa yksdrkaf=d lektokn dh thr dk ,d mYys[kuh; ifj.kke ;g Fkk fd fczfV'k

jktuhfr esa egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd ds :i esa lkE;okn dk mUewyu gqvkA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa
Hkh yksdrkaf=d lektokn lekuksa dk vko';d lkekftd-vkfFkZd fu:i.k djds
lkE;okn vkSj iwathokn dh vfroknh fLFkfr dk fodYi eqgS;k djkrk gSA
23
23-- 8 uohu okeokn % lksfo;r ekDlZokn ij geyk
uohu okeokn esa viuk ,d fof'k"V izdkj dk y{k.k gSA ;g lektokn esa fo'okl djrk
gS] rFkkfi ekuork dks c<+kok nsus vkSj mlds laj{k.k ds fy, la?k"kZ djrk gS tks iwoZorhZ
lksfo;r la?k dh lektoknh iz.kkyh esa cfy dk cdjk cudj jg x;k FkkA vFkkZr~ tgk¡
lektokn dh miyfC/k;k¡ ijaijkxr okeokn dh vk/kkjf'kyk gSa] ogha yksdra= vkSj
lektokn ls ,dhÑr lektokn] lkekU;r% uohu okeokn ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
uohu okeokn dks iqjkus okeokn ls tks vyx djrk gS] og gS bldk ldkjkRed
lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus ij izcy t+ksjA ;g Lora=rk vkSj
yksdra= esa fo'okl djrk gS rFkk bu vkn'kks± ds fy, la?k"kZjr jgrk gSA
uohu okeokn f}rh; fo'o;q) ds ckn dh vof/k dk mRikn gSA bldk fodkl rhu
?kVdksa ds dkj.k gSa % iwoZorhZ lksfo;r la?k ds egku dkWejsMksa }kjk iznÙk ljdkjh
ekDlZokn ds fo:i.k (version) ds izfr dM+h izfrfØ;k] izxfr'khy ik'pkR; ns'kksa dh
izprj lef"V;ksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd rkSj ij xBu ds izfr izcy
fojks/k rFkk ekuo dh ;ksX;rk vkSj izfr"B ij vfr izcy t+ksjA vFkkZr ;g vkUnksyu
cgqLrjh; fojks/k dk ifj.kke Fkk & LVSfyuokfn;ksa dh T+;knfÙk;ksa ds fo#)] lksfo;r
usrkvksa }kjk ;Fkk iznÙk ekDlZokn ds lS)kafrd vkSj dkjhxj laca/kh fo:i.k ds fo#)]
42
dk;Z djus ds dsUnzhÑr vkSj vyksdrkaf=d rjhdksa ds fo#) rFkk mRihM+u ds ekuork lektoknh yks d ra =
fojks/kh] ykyQhrk'kkgh vkSj :f<+oknh lekt ds fo#) fojks/kA
vkt dh lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk gS] uohu okeokn dk iqujksRFkku ftls
ûohu lektokn* dk uke fn;k tk ldrk gSA ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa ds fy, vesfjdh uhxzksa
dk la?k"kZ] 'kS{kf.kd iz.kkyh esa ifjorZu dh ek¡x djus okyk Ýkal dk Nk= vkUnksyu]
jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ds yksdra=hdj.k ds fy, Lisu esa et+nwj oxZ dk la?k"kZ ,slh egÙoiw.kZ
?kVuk,a gSa ftUgsa os uohu okeoknh fopkjdksa dks ;g dgus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k fd
;kSouiw.kZ ?kVd visf{kr jkT;dk;ks± dks izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA ifjorZu vko';d gS %
okLrfod yksdra= ds fy, ifjorZu] ftls turk ds ;qok oxZ }kjk yk;k tk ldrk gSA
,slk blhfy, D;ksafd os vdsys ,d lektoknh ra= ds gkfudkjd vk;keksa dks le>
ldrs gSa vkSj rRi'pkr~] ,d Lora=] yksdrkaf=d vkSj izfrf"Br thou dh LFkkiuk ds fy,
la?k"kZ dj ldrs gSaA
la{ksi esa] uohu okeokfn;ksa dk mn~ns'; ekDlZokn ds mu :iksa ij geyk djuk gS tks
iwoZorhZ lksfo;r la?k esa fodflr gq, FksA bldh ctk, os ekDlZokn ds O;kogkfjd vax
ij vk/kkfjr lektokn ds u, Lo:i ds 'kCnksa ds ckjs esa fopkj djrs gSaA bl izdkj dk
lektokn yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh ds ifjljksa ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg, rkfd turk dsk
Lora=rk] fodkl vkSj izlUurk dk ojnku fey ldsA
23
23-- 9 yksdrkaf=d fØ;kfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls lektokn ds
dk;kZUo;u esa pqukSfr;k¡@dfBukb;k¡
;g dguk fd yksdrkaf=d mik;ksa ls lektoknh 'kklu esa ifjorZu ykuk laHko gS]
vo';eso bl ckr dk izrhd ugha gS fd bu mik;ksa ds }kjk lektokn dks ykxw djuk
vkSj mls dk;e j[kuk Hkh laHko gSA lkE;oknh fl)kar us ges'kk n`<+rkiwoZd vfHk;ksx
yxk;k gS & vkSj bl eqn~ns ij mlus vHkh Hkh dksbZ cnyko ugha fd;k gS& fd Lora=
pquko] Hkk"k.k dh Lora=rk] laxBu dh Lora=rk vkSj LorU= cgqer ds fu.kZ;ksa dh iz.kkyh
ds rgr lektokn dks vkxs c<+kuk vlaHko gSA
lksfo;r fl)karoknh viuh bl ;qfDr ij vdsys ugha gS fd lektokn dk dk;kZUo;u

vkSj ml ij cus jguk yksdrkaf=d lk/kuksa ls vlaHko gSA fÝMfj'k gS;d tSls nf{k.kiaFkh
mnkoknh muls bl ckr ij lger gSaA oLrqr% mudk fgr blds izfrdwy gS( os yksdra=
dks dk;e j[kuk rFkk lektokn dk ifjR;kx djuk pkgrs gSaA ijUrq ;gk¡ ppkZ dks
eqn~nksa& ;g fd D;k yksdra= vkSj lektokn nksuksa dks j[kuk laHko gS & nksuksa fojks/kh
lger gSa fd ;g vlaHko gSA gS;d viuh iqLrd ^^jksM vkWQ lQZMe** esa Hkfo";ok.kh
djrs gSa fd lektokn fuf'pr rkSj ij yksdrkaf=d Lora=rkvksa dk mUewyu djsxkA
mudk ,d izeq[k rdZ ;g gS fd lektokn ds fy, dsUnzhÑr fu;kstu dh vis{kk dh

tkrh gS vkSj ;g fd ml fLFkfr esa Hkh tc lektokn ds fy, fo'kky cgqer gS] izk;%
,slk dksbZ cgqer ugha gksxk tks fo'ks"k urhtksa vkSj lk/kuksa ij lger gksus ds fy, leFkZ
gksA ,slh fLFkfr esa og dgrsa gSa fd ,d yksdrkaf=d laln ^^funsZ'ku ugha dj
ldrh gS**A
yksdra= vkSj lektokn ds chp vlaxfr ds ysfuu-gS;d fl)kar ds ewY;kadu esa gesa
muds la;qDr rdks± dks 'kfDr dks de ugha vkaduk pkfg,A os l{kerkiwoZd xaHkhj
43
yks d ra = ijs'kkfu;k¡ vkSj [krjksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA ijUrq os bl vlaHkkouk dks fl) djus
esa foQy jgrs gSaA muds vfHk;ksx mRÑ"V gksrs gq, Hkh vk/ks lp gSaA
;g ,d etcwr rdZ gS fd os tks vius fo'ks"kkf/kdkj [kks ldrs gSa] laHko gS fgalkRed
fojks/k esa mB [kM+s gksa] tc iw.kZ:is.k lektoknh oS/kkfud eqn~ns ,d yksdrkaf=d
fo/kkf;dk esa lektokn ds leFkZu esa cgqer dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA bldk 1931 dh
Lisfu'k Økafr ds ckn izHkkoh mnkgj.k feyrs gSa] tc uo-fuokZfpr laln dk yksdrkaf=d
cgqer x.kra=h; ljdkj ds leFkZu ds fy, i;kZIr ls et+cwr vius futh l'kL= cy
rS;kj djus ls igys lHkh fufgr LokFkks± & jktra=oknh] lsuk] fxfjtk?kj] cM+s tehankjksa
vkSj m|ksxifr;ksa ds fo#) bl oSKkfud fu.kZ; dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gS fd ,slk gh
fHkM+Ur esa layXu gks x;kA rFkkfi] tc yksdrkaf=d fØ;kfof/k;ksa ls lektokn dks vkxs
c<+kus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,A
bl leL;k ,d vU; izcy rdZ ;g gS] fd et+nwj oxZ ftlus lalnh; cgqer dks thrk
gS] izR;{k ykHkksa dks rhozrk ls vkSj ;qfD;qDr lhekvksa ls ijs izkIr djus dh viuh bPNk
esa v/khj gks ldrk gSA bl [krjs dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, yksxksa dks igys ls gh f'kf{kr
djuk vko';d gksxk] ftlls mUgsa cgqer dh 'kfDr;ksa ds vFkZiw.kZ iz;ksx ds fy, rS;kj
fd;k tk ldsA
vUrr% ;g ,d otunkj rdZ gS tc gS;d psrkouh nsrsa gSa fd cgqer ds VwVus dh

laHkkouk jgrh gS] tc dHkh Hkh ;kstuk ds ckjs esa izeq[k fu.kZ; vko';d gks tk,A ;fn
igys ls gh [krjs dks vPNh rjg le>fy;k tk, rks mfpr ;qfDr dk iz;ksx djds bl
ij dkcw ikuk vlaHko ugha gksxk( tSls cM+h ;kstukvksa dks v/khu pkyw vkfFkZd fu.kZ; djus
ds fy, fdlh cksMZ vFkok vk;ksx dks 'kfDr dk izR;kHkkstu djukA
bl izdkj yksdra= vkSj lektokn ds chp lkeatL; dk iz'u vHkh Hkh [kqyk gqvk gSA
;g fo'okl dk mfpr dkj.k gS fd ,dra=oknh lM+d ij pyuk vko';d gS] ;fn
cgqer dk #>ku lektokn dks fu"ikfnr djuk gks tk, ;|fi vkfFkZd fo/kh fuekZ.k vkSj
iz'kklu dh izfØ;k esa dfri; la'kks/ku vko';d gksaxsA
lektokn vkSj yksdra= ds e/; lkeatL; lac/a kh ,d foy{k.k vkSj vk'kkoknh jktuhfrd
fl)kar dh LFkkiuk mu fdlh Hkh izdkj dh izo`fÙk;ksa dks izksRlkgu iznku dj ldrk gS]
tks fd fo|eku lksfo;r :l vFkok mlds dqN vuqxkeh ns'kksa esa tUe ys ldrh gSA
blls yksdra= vkSj lektokn nksuksa rFkk nkuksa ds lgvfLrRo ds ckjs esa vUrjkZVªh;
jktuhfrd ppkZvksa esa ,d vf/kd et+cwr vkSj Li"V Hkk"kk laHko gksxhA
Ckks/k iz'u 5
1½ lektokn ds O;kid fl)kar D;k gS\
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44
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- lektoknh yks d ra =
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2½ uohu okeokn D;k gS\
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3½ yksdrkaf=d fØ;kfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls lektokn dks ykxw djus esa pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj
dfBukb;k¡ D;k gSa\
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23
23-- 10 lkjka'k
bl bdkbZ esa geus ik'pkR; mnkjoknh yksdra= vkSj lektoknh yksdra= nksuksa ds chp
erHksnksa vkSj lkFk dh muds vko';d la?kVdksa vkSj ewy rRoksa dh foLrkj ls ppkZ
dh gSA
lektoknh yksdra= dh ladYiuk ds Lo;a Hkhrj gh ,d ra= gS] tks izfrLi/kkZ dh ctk,
lg;ksx ij vk/kkfjr lekt dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA fiNys ,d n'kd ls] bVyh] Ýk¡l] iwohZ
;wjksi vkSj :l esa ,d fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa lkE;okn dh 'kfDr esa deh vkbZ gSA nwljh
rjQ] yxHkx lHkh ;wjksfi;u ns'kksa esa lkekftd yksdrkaf=d nyksa dh rkdr esa o`f) gqbZ
gSA ewyHkwr ewY;ksa tSls Lora=rk] lekurk vkSj lgp;Z ds lanHkksZa esa] lektoknh yksdra=
dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g lalk/kuksa vkSj m|eksa ij lkoZtfud fu;a=.k dh
ek¡x dk leFkZu djrk gSA lektoknh yksdra= dk lkj lektokn dh pkj ewyHkwr
izo`fr;ksa esa lfUufgr gSA ;s izo`fr;k¡ gSa % lektokn ftldk vFkZ gS] lekurk dh /kkj.kk
uSfrdokn ftldk vFkZ gS ekuo ek= ds chp Hkzkròr I;kj vkSj le>nkjh dh Hkkouk]
45
yks d ra = rkfdZdokn ftldk vFkZ gS] ;qfDr vkSj Kku tks yksdrkaf=d dk;ks± dh rjQ vxzlj djsa
vkSj bPNkLokra=~;okn tks lekurk dh LohÑfr ds lkFk vkxs c<+rk gSA
gky gh esa] yksdrkaf=d lektokn ds izfr mÙkjksÙkj izo`fÙk fodflr gqbZ gSA ;g
ladYiuk lekt ds O;kid fgrksa] lg;ksx] vkfFkZd lekurk] mRiknu dk lkoZtfud
LokfeRo] ftls lkoZtfud fgr ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk, rFkk lkE;okn dh vfrokfnrkvksa
ds ifjgkj ij t+ksj nsrh gSA Lora=rk ds ckn izFke rhu n'kdksa ds nkSjku] yksdrkaf=d
lektokn Hkkjr dh lokZf/kd izHkko'kkyh jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk esa fodflr gqvkA
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds yksdrkaf=d lektoknh /kzqohdj.k dks x.krkaf=d lafo/kku esa 1952
ls iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa vkSj lkekU;r% ?kjsyw vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh;] nksuksa izdkj ds dk;ks± esa
Hkkjr ljdkj ds lapkyu esa ltho 'kCnksa esa le>k;k x;k gSA rFkkfi Hkwe.Myhdj.k vkSj
mlds ifj.kker% vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ds eísut+j] fLFkfr esa Hkkjh ifjorZu vk;k gSA
uohu okeokn ds iqujksRFkku dks ^û;k lektokn** dk uke fn;k x;k gSA ,slk blfy,
gS D;ksfa d bldk mís'; ekDlZokn ds ml Lo:i ij geyk cksyuk Fkk tks HkwriwoZ lksfo;r
la?k esa fodflr gqvkA uohu okeokn us Lora=rk vkSj fodkl ds fy, vfHkizsr
yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh ds ifjljksa ij t+ksj fn;kA
lektokn vkSj yksdra= dh e?; lkeatL; laca/kh foy{k.k vkSj vk'kkoknh jktuhfrd
fl)kar dh LFkkiuk vkSj vf/kd yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa dh 'kq#vkr ds izfr ,d izksRlkgu
gSA vkt] ;fn lektoknh yksdra= dks vkSj vf/kd okLrfod cukuk gS] rks bls
yksdrkaf=d fl)karksa dks lekt ds jktuhfrd {ks=ksa ls ysdj x+Sj-jktuhfrd {ks=ksa rd
vuqiz;ksx dks O;kid cukdj fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dk lektokn ,d
yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh ds ifjljksa ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg,A
23
23-- 11 'kCnkoyh
dq y hu ra = % dqN O;fDr;ksa }kjk 'kkflr jkT;A
mnkjhdj.k % vR;f/kd mnkjrk vkSj Lora=rk dh fopkj/kkjkA
lkE;okn % lkekftd O;oLFkk ftlesa mRiknu ds lk/ku lkoZtfud LokfeRo okys gksAa
lerkokn % ekuork dh lekurk dk nkok djrk gSA
oke okn % okeefxZ;ksa dk jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.kA
23
vkFkZj jkWtSucxZ] MSeksØslh ,aM lks'kfyTe] yanu] th- oSy ,aM lUl fy- 1939A
ÝkfUll] MCY;w dksdj] jhlsUV ikWfyVhdy FkkWV] U;w;kdZ] 1939A
vkj-,u- odhZ] lks'kfyTe] U;w;kWdZA
lks'kfyTe % n QLVZ 100 bZ;lZ( ,suSfyLV] n lsUVj Qkj ysoj ,aM lks'ky LVMht+ bud
bVyhA
46
lektoknh yks d ra =
23
23-- 13 Ckks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 23-1 ,oa 23-2
cks/k iz'u 2
cks/k iz'u 3
cks/k iz'u 4
cks/k iz'u 5
47
ekDlZ o kn
bdkbZ 24 O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
24-0 mís ’ ;
24-1 izLrkouk
24-1-1 O;fDroknh cuke leqnk;oknh er
24-1-2 Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa izklafxdrk
24-2 O;fDrokn dk vFkZ vkSj fodkl
24-2-1 ijek.kqokn (Atomism) vkSj lqO;ofLFkr O;fDrokn (Methodological Individualism)
24-2-2 tkWu jkWYl o vU; lafonkokfn;ksa (Contractualists) ds fopkj
24-2-3 mi;ksfxrkokfn;ksa ds fopkj
24-3 LoRo dh O;fDroknh ladYiuk
24-4 jkT; dh izÑfr o izdk;Z laca/kh O;fDroknh fl)kar
24-4-1 jkT; o ljdkj ds izdk;Z
24-5 leqnk;okn % ,d ifjp;
24-6 LoRo dh O;fDroknh ladYiuk laca/kh leqnk;oknh lekykspuk
24-6-1 O;fDrokn dh nks eq[; e;kZnk,¡ (Limitations)
24-7 jkT;h; rVLFkrk dh leqnk;oknh lekykspuk
24-8 lkjka’k
24- 0 mís ’ ;
bl bdkbZ esa gekjk mís’; gS] lelkef;d jktuhfr-fl)kar esa py jgs izeq[k okn-
fooknksa esa ls ,d dks le>uk vkSj mldk ewY;kadu djuk( vFkkZr~ mnkjoknh O;fDrokn
vkSj leqnk;okn ds chp rdZ-fordZA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki bl ;ksX;
gksaxs fd %
• jkT; dh izÑfr ,oa izdk;ksZa laca/kh O;fDroknh fl)kar dks le> ldsa
• mnkjoknh O;fDokn dh leqnk;oknh lekykspuk dk o.kZu ,oa ewY;kadu dj ldsa
• O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds eq[; lS)kafrd fopkjksa dh rqyuk dj ldsa] rFkk
• lelkef;d jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj O;ogkj esa bl oknfookn dh izklafxdrk dks
le> ldsaA
24- 1 izLrkouk
bl bdkbZ esa vkidks lelkef;d jktuhfr-fl)kar esa py jgs ,d eq[; oknfookn ls
ifjfpr djk;k tk;sxk] ;kuh mnkjoknh O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;oknA
O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds chp okn-fookn mUuhl lkS vLlh ds n’kd esa ekbdy
lSaM~y dh iqLrd fyc~jfyT+e ,.M n fyfeV~l vkWQ+ tfLVl ¼1982½ ds izdk’ku ds
lkFk gh jktuhfr-fl)kar ds fy, [kkl gks x;kA bl iqLrd esa lSaMy jkWYloknh 5
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ mnkjokn dh lcls l’kDr lekykspukvksa dks vkSj vf/kd ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa] ftl
vk’k; dk dFku tkWu jkWYl dh iqLrd v fFkvjh vkWQ+ tfLVl ¼1971½ esa ik;k tkrk
gSA rHkh ls ;g cgl fdlh u fdlh :i esa jktuhfr-fl)kar ds vR;f/kd v/;;u dh
tkudkjh nsrh jgh gSA njvly] lelkef;d jktuhfr-fl)kar dh eq[; ?kVukvksa ,oa
fo"k;ksa esa ls dqN mu rdksZa ij vk/kkfjr gSa tks bl okn-fookn ls gh mRiUu gksrs gSaA
O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds chp cgl ds dsUnz esa loky gS % D;k U;k;laxr jkT;
bl n`f"Vdks.k ls cuk;k tkuk pkfg, fd yksxksa ds dY;k.k dks izksRlkgu feys vFkok
mls bl n`f"Vdks.k ls cuk;k tkuk pkfg, fd ,d vkn’kZ leqnk; dks ;FkkFkZ :i dSls
iznku djsa\ D;k jktuhfrd okLrfodrk mu O;fDr;ksa ds QSlyksa vkSj dkjZokb;ksa }kjk
vkdkj iznku dh tkrh gS] ftudks leqnk; ds ca/kuksa ls ,d nwjh j[kdj ¼vFkok vyx½
[kM+s yksxksa ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] vFkok mu lkekftd izkf.k;ksa }kjk
vkdkj iznku dh tkrh gS] ftudh igpku vkSj O;ogkj dkss mu lkekftd lewgks@ a leqnk;ksa
}kjk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS ftuls os laca/k j[krs gSa\ nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jktuhfrd
fo’ys"k.k dh ewy bdkbZ O;fDr gS ;k fQj leqnk;\
24.1.1 O;fDroknh cuke leqnk;oknh er

bl iz’u dk tokc nsus esa O;fDr;ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds fHkUu-fHkUu er gSaA tgk¡ ,d vksj]
O;fDrtu jktuhfrd okLrfodrk dks Lora= ,oa vf/kdkj/kkjd O;fDr;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ,oa
dkjZokb;ksa }kjk vkdkj iznku fd, tkus ds :i esa ns[krs gSa] nwljh vksj leqnk;oknh
tu O;fDr vkSj leqnk; ds chp laca/k ij tks+j nsrs gSa vkSj bl laca/k dks jktuhfr dk
vk/kkj ekurs gSaA rnuqlkj] bl cgl dk nks rjg ds yksxksa ds chp oknfookn ds :i
esa o.kZu fd;k tk ldrk gS & ,d rks os tks oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa o Lok;Ùkrk ds i{k esa
gSa] vkSj nwljs os tks jktuhfrd thou esa leqnk; ds ca/kuksa ij tk+sj nsrs gSaA
24.1.2 Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa izklafxdrk

O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds chp cgl fo’ks"k :i ls Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa izklafxd gSA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ikjEifjd mnkjoknh <k¡ps ds iFk ls fHkUu gS] tks fd oS;fDrd
vf/kdkjksa dh xkj.Vh nsrk gS vkSj leqnk;-lnL;rk ds vf/kdkjksa dh mis{kk djrk gSA og
oS;fDrd Lok;Ùkk vkSj leqnk;-lnL;rk ds nksgjs vkn’kks± dk vuqeksnu djrk gS vkSj
Lohdkj djrk gSA lafo/kku esa oS;fDrd ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa o Lora=rkvksa dh xkj.Vh
vkSj lHkh leqnk;ksa ds fy, leku vknj dk fl)kar] nksuksa gSAa O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn
ds chp cgl dk v/;;u] blhfy,] lelkef;d Hkkjrh; jktuhfr-fl)kar ,oa O;ogkj
esa dqN lokyksa o eqn~nksa dks le>us ds fy, Hkh t+:jh gSA
;g xkS+j djuk ennxkj lkfcr gksxk fd O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn dh fofHkUu fdLesa
gSaA bl bdkbZ esa dqN eq[; rdksZa vkSj bu lS)kafrd fopkjksa esa feyus okys izlaxksa dk
v/;;u djsaxsA
ge mnkjoknh O;fDrokn ds vFkZ vkSj mRifÙk ls 'kq#vkr djrs gSaA fQj ge O;fDroknh
ifjizs{; ds dqN eq[; rdks± dks le>rs tk;saxs] ;Fkk LoRo ¼self½ dh ladYiuk vkSj
jkT; dh izÑfr ,oa izdk;ks± dk cks/k djsaxsA blds ckn ik;saxs mnkjoknh O;fDrokn dh
leqnk;oknh lekykspuk dh HkwfedkA fQj ge O;fDr dh vo/kkj.kk rFkk jkT; dh
izÑfr ,oa izdk;ks± ij leqnk;okfn;ksa }kjk j[ks tkus okys fopkjksa ij lw{e n`f"V MkysaxsA
izLrqr bdkbZ mnkjokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds dqN [kkl ;ksxnkuksa vkSj lhekvksa ij izdk’k
6 Mkyrh gqbZ lekIr gksrh gSA
cks/k iz’u 1 ekDlZ o kn
1½ O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn esa cqfu;knh varj D;k gS\
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2½ Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds chp cgl fdl izdkj
izklafxd gS\
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24-2 O;fDrokn dk vFkZ vkSj fodkl

O;fDrokn ukxfjd rFkk jkT; o jkT;h; xfrfof/k;ksa ds mfpr dk;Z{ks= ds chp laca/k
ls tqM+s vusd fl)karksa esa ls ,d gSA bl laca/k ds vU; fl)kar] tks O;fDrokn dk
fojks/k djrs gS] os gSa & lektokn] loksZn;] Qklhokn ,oa leqnk;okn] ftudk v/;;u
ge bl bdkbZ esa ckn esa djsaxsA bu nwljs fl)karksa ls tks ckr O;fDrokn dks vyx
djrh gS] oks gS mudk jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd fl)kar esa cqfu;knh bdkbZ ds :i esa
O;fDr ij tks+j fn;k tkukA
O;fDrokn ds eq[; i{k/kjksa esa ls dqN gSa & ,sMe fLeFk] MsfoM fjdkMksZ] gcZVZ LisUlj rFkk
vHkh gky gh ds ,Q- ,- g;sd ,oa jkWcV ukWft+dA Hkkjr esa egknso xksfoUn jkukMs rFkk
Lora= ikVhZ us eq[; :i ls O;fDroknh n`f"Vdks.k dk leFkZu fd;kA
24- 2- 1 ijek.kqokn (Atomism) vkSj lqO;ofLFkr O;fDrokn

(Methodological Individualism)
O;fDrokn dh vo/kkj.kk mnkjoknh jktuhfrd fparu ds eq[;ky{k.kksa esa ls ,d gS] vU;

gSa & loZefq Drokn] lerkokn] /keZfujis{kokn] rFkk lkoZtfud o futh ds chp i`FkDdj.kA
O;fDrokn dh /kkj.kk fopkjksa] O;ogkjksa o fl)karksa dh O;kid fofo/krk dks lekfo"V
7
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ djrh gSA bu fopkjksa o fl)karksa ds dsUnz esa gSa & fdlh Hkh lewg] leqnk; vFkok lef"V
(collective) ls Åij O;fDr dks izeq[krk fn;k tkukA O;fDr dks vius vki esa ,d
lk/; ekuk tkrk gS tcfd jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd o lkekftd laLFkkvksa dks ml lk/; gsrq
egt+ lk/ku le>k tkrk gSA O;fDrokn dh bl /kkj.kk dks îjek.kqokn* dgk tkrk gS&
mu y{;ksa dh iwfrZ gsrq O;fDr;ksa }kjk LFkkfir lekt laca/kh ,d n`f"Vdks.k] tks eq[;
:i ls O;fDrijd gksrs gSa vkSj tks igys ls gh gksrs gSa vFkok lkekftd thou ds fdlh
Hkh fof’k"V :i ls iwoZ vkrs gSaA O;fDrokn fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd fl)kar vFkok
lkekftd O;k[;k ds izfr O;fDr dh dsfUnzdrk fo"k;d fl)kar dk Hkh ladsr djrk gSA
bl fl)kar dks ^lqO;ofLFkr O;fDrokn* Hkh dgk tkrk gS & ,d fl)kar tks ;g nkok
djrk gS fd lkekftd foKku vFkok bfrgkl esa ,slh dksbZ O;k[;k ugha gS tks O;fDr;ksa]
muds fo’ks"k xq.kksa] y{;ksa] fo’oklksa o dk;Zdykiksa laca/kh rF;ksa o y{k.kksa ij vk/kkfjr u
gksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lkekftd leqnk;ksa vFkok O;ogkj ds laiw.kZ izfrekuksa dh O;k[;k
ges’kk O;fDr ds laca/k esa gh dh tkuh pkfg,A
vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ :i ls] O;fDrokn dk fl)kar ysl-vWQsvW ¼laissez faire½ ds fl)kar ls

rkYyqd j[krk gS tks fd ,d ÝsUp 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gS - ^gLr{ksi u djuk* vFkok
^¼gesa½ ¼Qyka½ djus dh vuqefr nks*A ysl-vWQsvW dk fl)kar ,d vkfFkZd O;fDrokn dk
fl)kar gS vkSj jkT; o ukxfjd ds chp laca/k ds ,d O;kidrj fl)kar dk fgLlk gSA
vBkjgoha 'krkCnh ds Ýkal vkSj baXyS.M ds mu O;olkf;;ks]a lkgwdkjksa o NksVs fofuekZrkvksa
dk ;gh ;q)?kks"k Fkk] tks iSlkoknh (mercantilist) jkT; ds fu;a=.kksa ,oa fu;eksa }kjk
ckf/kr eglwl djrs FksA iSlkoknh jkT; dh fo’ks"krk Fkh - vFkZO;oLFkk esa cgqr dqN jkT;
dh n[kyankth+A bldh rqyuk esa vkfFkZd ysl-vWQsvW dk vFkZ Fkk & vkfFkZd {ks= esa jkT;
}kjk vgLr{ksi vFkok U;wure gLr{ksi dh uhfrA ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd vFkZO;oLFkk
ckt+kj dh ek¡x o vkiwfrZ ds vuqlkj ifjpkfyr gksus ds fy, NksM+ nh tkuh pkfg,A
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ysl-vWQsvW vFkok vkfFkZd O;fDrokn dk vFkZ gS & lhfer 'kklu-’kfDr
vkSj eqDr O;kikjA
24-2-2 tkWu jkWYl o vU; lafonkokfn;ksa (Contractualists) ds fopkj

O;fDrokn vfuok;Zr% ,d vk/kqfud n‘’;?kVuk gS ftlus l=goha 'krkCnh esa gkWCl ,oa
ykWd ds ys[kksa esa vkdkj ysuk 'kq: fd;kA gkWCl ,oa ykWd ds le; ls gh mnkjoknh
jktuhfr-fl)kar us O;fDr o jkT; ds chp laca/k dks vPNh rkSj ls tk¡pus dks viuk
eq[; mn~ns’; cuk fy;k FkkA vf/kdrj mnkjoknh jktuhfr-fl)karksa ds vuqlkj] lHkh
O;fDr vgLrkarj.kh; vf/kdkj j[krs gSaA 'kkld oxZ mu yksxksa dh lgefr ls gh viuh
'kfDr;k¡ O;qRiUu (derive) djrk gS] ftu ij fd 'kklu fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA ;g
lEefr 'kkflrksa ,oa 'kklu djus okyksa ds chp ,d lkekftd vuqca/k }kjk vfHkO;Dr
vkSj mlh ds vk/kkj ij fofgr gksrh gSA rFkkfi] O;fDroknh fopkj dk fof’k"V y{k.k ;g
nkok gS fd lkekftd vuqca/k gsrq i{kdkj vfuok;Zr% O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa O;ogkj djus
okys yksx gh gksa] u fd fdlh lkaLÑfrd vFkok lef"Vxr lewgksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ds :i
esa O;ogkj djus okys yksxA
gkWCl] ykWd vkSj :lks us ,sls vusd yksxksa dh ckr dh tks jkT; dk fuekZ.k ,d
lkekftd vuqca/k ds ek/;e ls djrs Fks vkSj lkQ rkSj ij O;fDr o jkT; ds chp
e/;LFk la?kksa o lewgksa dks u ykus dh ckr dgrs FksA oLrqr% :lks us n`<+rk ls dgk fd
vke bPNk ;FkkFkZ :i ls O;Dr dh tkuh gks] rks ;g t:jh gS fd jkT; ds Hkhrj dksbZ
lgk;d lewg u gksaA lafonkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds lcls uohure eq[; O;k[;krk] tkWu
8
jkWYl] blh ds vuqlkj ;g ekudj pyrs gSa fd ewy voLFkk esa i{kdkj tks U;k;-fl)karksa ekDlZ o kn
dks rS;kj djrs gSa] ,sls O;fDr gksrs gSa tks viuh [kqn dh jk; nsrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr]
ftl U;k; dh os ckr djrs gSa O;fDr;ksa ds fy, gh gksrk gSA tcfd jkWYl lkekftd oxks±
ds fy, FkksM+h fnypLih t+:j fn[kkrs gSa] oks bl iz’u dks ugha mBkrs fd D;k leqnk;@
lewgksa dks U;k;FkZ nkoksa okyh lÙkk le>k tk;s vFkok ughaA
24- 2- 3 mi;ksfxrkokfn;ksa ds fopkj

mnkjoknh jktuhfrd fparu esa O;fDr ij tks+j fn;k tkuk lkekftd lafonk igyw rd
lhfer ugha gSA vf/kd-ls-vf/kd yksxksa dh vf/kd-ls-vf/kd [kq’kgkyh dh ckr djrs gq,
tsjSeh cSaFke o ts-,l- fey tSls mi;ksfxrkokfn;ksa us Hkh O;fDr;ksa dks gh fnekx+ esa j[kk
FkkA oLrqr% viuh iqLrd vkWu fycVhZ esa fey us O;fDr dh Lora=rk ,oa futh ekeyksa
ls vyx jgus laca/kh jkT; dh vko’;drk ij cy fn;kA blh izdkj] os yksx tks
'kkflrksa dh lEefr dh ckr djrs gSa] lkekU;r;k bldks ,d Li"V /kkj.kk ds :i esa ysrs
gSa fd ;g lEefr O;fDr;ksa ls gh feyrh gSA blds vykok] yksdra= ds fl)kar ftuesa
,d O;fDr - ,d oksV - ,d ewY; rFkk cgqer 'kklu laca/kh /kkj.kk gksrh gS] Li"V :i
ls O;fDr;ksa dks gh eu esa j[krs gSaA
tSlk fd geus Åij ns[kk] O;fDrokn us vk/kqfud mnkjoknh jktuhfrd fparu dks
dkQ+h izHkkfor fd;k gSA rFkkfi] O;fDroknh fl)kar lkoZf=d :i ls LohÑr vFkok
vkykspukeqDr ugha gSA orZeku jktuhfr-fl)kar jkT; o ukxfjd ds chp laca/k ds
lkFk-lkFk jkT;h; xfrfof/k;ksa ds mfpr dk;Z{ks= ds fo"k; esa Hkh xgjs foHkkftr gSaA
vxys Hkkx esa ge mnkjoknh O;fDrokn fo"k;d dqN mu eq[; /kkj.kkvksa ij n`f"Vikr
djsaxs tks leqnk; dh vkykspuk dk f’kdkj gqbZ gSaA
cks/k iz’u 2
ii½ vius mÙkjksa ds lq>koksa ds fy;s bdkbZ dk vUr ns[ksaA
1½ îjek.kqokn* rFkk ^lqO;ofLFkr O;fDrokn* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
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2½ O;fDrokn fo"k;d lafonkokfn;ksa ds fopkjksa ij ppkZ djsaA

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9
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡
24-3 LoRo dh O;fDroknh ladYiuk
O;fDrokn ds fl)kar ds fy, eq[; ckr gS LoRo laca/kh mldh vo/kkj.kk vFkok cks/kA
oLrqr% O;fDrokn jkT; o ukxfjd ds chp laca/k ds lkFk jkT;h; xfrfof/k;ksa ds mfpr
dk;Z{ks= laca/kh Hkh viuh lksp LoRo dh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij gh rS;kj djrk gSA bl
Hkkx esa ge LoRo vFkok O;fDr laca/kh O;fDroknh vo/kkj.kk dk v/;;u djsaxsA
O;fDroknh n`f"Vdks.k ls] yksx Lora=] le>nkj ,oa vkRe-fu.kZ; esa l{ke gSaA os
le>nkj bl ckr esa gSa fd os gh vius fgrksa ds lcls vPNs ikj[kh gSaA os vkRe-fu.kZ;
esa l{ke gSa] ;kuh os mÙke thou laca/kh viuh futh /kkj.kk dks fuf’pr djus esa leFkZ
gSaA fdlh O;fDr dh mÙke thou laca/kh vo/kkj.kk mlds mu fo’oklksa ,oa ewY;ksa dk
leqPp; gksrk gS tks bl fo"k; esa gksrs gSa fd og fdl izdkj viuk thou O;rhr djs
rFkk dkSu lh ckr thou dks lkFkZd cuk,xh] yksx bl vFkZ esa Lora= gSa fd os orZeku
lkekftd izFkkvksa esa viuh Hkkxhnkjh dk loky mBkus rFkk bu izFkkvksa ds vf/kd
mi;ksx esa u jgus ij mUgsa NksM+ nsus dk lkeF;Z vkSj vf/kdkj] nksuksa j[krs gSaA
O;fDrtu] nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fdlh Hkh lkekftd laca/k-fo’ks"k ij iz’u djus vkSj mls
fujLr djus vFkok la’kksf/kr djus ds fy, Lora= gSaA O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa ge fdlh Hkh
lkekftd izFkk-fo’ks"k ls ukrk rksM+us vFkok ihNs gVus rFkk ;g iz’u djus dh {kerk
j[krs gSa fd ge mldk vuqxeu tk+jh j[ksa vFkok ughaA dksbZ Hkh dfBu dk;Z-fo’ks"k
vFkok y{; gekjs fy, lekt }kjk r; ugha fd;k tkrk( dksbZ Hkh y{; gekjs Lo;a }kjk
laHkkfor la’kks/ku vFkok vLohdj.k ls NwV izkIr ugha gSA fdlh O;fDr ds iz;kl-y{;]
mn~ns’; ,oa iz;kstu lnk ,slh phtsa jgh gSa ftuls og vius vki dks tksM+uk ilan
djrk gS vkSj blhfy, muls ukrk rksM+uk HkhA rnuqlkj O;fDr bPNk-iz;ksx }kjk gh
vius iz;kstuksa] y{;ksa ls tqM+k gksrk gSA jkWYl mDr rdZ dks bl okD; esa O;Dr djrs
gSa% ^LoRo lk/;ksa ls igys gS] tks fd mlh ds }kjk iq"V fd, tkrs gSa*A
O;fDroknh n`f"Vdks.k esa Hkh] ilan dh O;fDrxr Lora=rk pkfg, gksrh gS] Bhd-Bhd
blfy, rkfd irk yxk ldsa fd thou esa ewY;oku D;k gS] vius fo’oklksa o ewY;ksa dks
cuk ldsa] tk¡p ldsa o nq#Lr dj ldsaA yksxksa ds ikl vko’;d lalk/ku rFkk nf.Mr
fd, tkus ds fcuk vius fo’oklksa ,oa ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj viuk thou thus ds fy,
vko’;d Lora=rk,¡ ¼rnuqlkj] ukxfjd ,oa oS;fDrd Lora=rk,¡½ vo’; gksuh pkfg,A
mUgsa mÙke thou fo"k;d fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djus gsrq rFkk bu
n`f"Vdks.kksa dh cqf)ekuhiwoZd tk¡p djus dh ;ksX;rk izkIr djus gsrq lkaLÑfrd
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ Hkh miyC/k gksuh pkfg, ¼rnuqlkj] f’k{kk rFkk vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk gsrq
lanHkZ½A
Lora=] le>nkj ,oa vkRe-fu.kZ;u~ esa l{ke ds :i esa O;fDr dh ladYiuk ds vk/kkj
ij gh O;fDroknh tu ukxfjd o jkT; ds chp laca/k fo"k;d rFkk jkT; dh izÑfr ,oa
izdk;ks± laca/kh vius fl)kar dks vkSj vf/kd ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA
cks/k iz’u 3
1½ LoRo laca/kh O;fDroknh ladYiuk ij ppkZ djsaA
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24-4 jkT; dh izÑfr o izdk;Z laca/kh O;fDroknh fl)kar

jkT; dh izÑfr ,oa izdk;ks± laca/kh O;fDroknh fl)kar Lora=] le>nkj ,oa vkRe-
fuekZ.kdkjh ds :i esa LoRo dh ladYiuk ij vk/kkfjr gSA O;fDrokn ds vuqlkj] pw¡fd
O;fDrtu Lora=] le>nkj ,oa vkRe-fu.kZ;u~ l{ke gSa] muds fgrksa dks bl ckr ls
csgrj c<+kok feyrk gS fd mUgsa Lo;a pquusa ns fd os fdl izdkj dk thou O;rhr djuk
pkgrs gSaA mÙke thou laca/kh fdlh n`f"Vdks.k-fo’ks"k dks ykxw fd, tkus gsrq jkT; }kjk
fd, tkus okys iz;klksa ls oS;fDrd fgrksa dks uqdlku igq¡prk gSA O;fDroknh n`f"Vdks.k
esa Lora=] le>nkj ,oa vkRefu.kZ;dkjh ds :i esa LoRo dh ladYiuk dks jkT; dh
ladYiuk rVLFk ,oa U;wureoknh gks] ,slh vis{kk gksrh gSA O;fDrokn ds fy, jktuhfrd
O;oLFkk esa vfxze ewY; rc jkT; dh mnklhurk gh gksuk pkfg,A oLrqr% mnkjoknh
O;fDrokn dk ,d fo’ks"k y{k.k gS & ,d rVLFk ,oa U;wure jktuhfrd lÙkk ds :i
esa jkT; ij mldk tks+j fn;k tkukA
,d rVLFk jkT; dks ,d ,sls jkT; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fgr
laca/kh fdlh Hkh oS;fDrd ladYiuk-fo’ks"k dk i{k ugha ysrk] u gh mldks laj{k.k nsrk
gS] u gh c<+kok nsrk gS vFkok foijhrr% mlds fo#) HksnHkko djrk gS vFkok mls
dkuwuu n.Muh; cukrk gSA cfYd bl izdkj dk jkT; ,d ,slk rVLFk <k¡pk iznku
djrk gS ftlds Hkhrj fgr laca/kh fofHkUu ,oa laHkkO;r% ijLij-fojks/kh ladYiukvksa dh
[kkst dh tk ldrh gSA og vius ukxfjdksa }kjk eu esa j[ks tkus okys mÙke thou
laca/kh fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ,oa ladYiukvksa dks fcuk fojks/k lgus ds izfr opuc) gksrk
gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] rVLFk jkT; mÙke thou laca/kh fdlh ladYiuk-fo’ks"k dks ugha
FkksirkA bldh ctk; og viuk thou O;rhr djus ds lcls vPNs rjhds ds fo"k; esa
yksxksa ds QSlyksa ls nwj gh jgrk gS] ftlls og fgr vFkok thou-jhfr laca/kh viuh
ladYiuk ds vuq’khyu gsrq izR;sd O;fDr Lora= ¼,d ;FkklaHko lhek rd½ gks tkrk gSA
24.4.1 jkT; o ljdkj ds izdk;Z

rc] O;fDrokn ds vuqlkj] jkT; o ljdkj ds vkSfpR;iw.kZ dk;Z D;k gSa\ O;fDroknh
n`f"Vdks.k esa yksx viuh izkÑfrd vFkok iwoZ-jktuhfrd Lora=rk ls lEiUu gSaA 'kklu
'kkflrksa dh lEefr ls gh mRiUu gksrk gSA jkT; dksbZ izkÑfrd lÙkk ugha( cfYd ;g
,d Ñf=e ijUrq vko’;d jpuk gSA jkT; dks njvly ,d vfuok;Z cqjkbZ ds :i esa
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA pw¡fd jkT; ,d vko’;d cqjkbZ gS] lcls de 'kklu djus
okyh ljdkj dks gh lcls vPNh ljdkj ekuk tkrk gSA jkT; ds izdk;Z ,oa Hkwfedk
blh dkj.k oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa ,oa Lora=rk dh xkj.Vh ,oa laj{k.k fn, tkus rd gh
11
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ lhfer gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jkT; dh Hkwfedk vYire gS vkSj dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk cuk;s
j[kus o vius ukxfjdksa dh lqj{kk laca/kh izca/k ,oa rS;kjh djus rd gh lhfer gS] vkxs
mUgsa Lora= NksM+ fn;k tkuk pkfg,A jkT; dks ukxfjdksa dh vktk+nh esa n[kyankth+
dsoy rHkh djuh pkfg,] tc mls nwljksa dh vktk+nh esa vuko’;d :i ls gLr{ksi
djus ls fdlh O;fDr dks jksduk gksA
rVLFk vkSj vYire ds :i esa jkT; dks fy;k tkuk Åij pfpZr ysl-vWQsvW fl)kar ls
rkYyqd j[krk gS] tks fd O;fDr dks vR;f/kd ,oa vuqfpr jkT; gLr{ksi ,oa fu;a=.k
ls eqDr NksM+ fn, tkus gsrq nyhy nsrk gSA O;fDroknh n`f"Vdks.k ls] ,d jkT; tks
vius drZO;ksa dks oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk ,oa laj{k.k iznku djus ls ijs ifjHkkf"kr
djrk gS] vius ukxfjdksa dh Lora=rk ,oa vkRe-n`<+rk dks izfrcaf/kr djrk gSA
O;fDrokn] rnuqlkj] jkT;h; xfrfof/k;ksa ds foLrkj ,oa oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa o Lora=rk

ds {ks= ifjo/kZu (enlargement) ds chp ,d izfrykse (inverse) laca/k ns[krk gSA
LoRo laca/kh O;fDroknh ladYiuk dh] jkT; ,oa ukxfjd ds chp laca/k ls tqM+h viuh
le> vkSj jkT;h; xfrfof/k;ksa ds mfpr dk;Z{ks= dh vusd lS)kafrd igyqvksa ls
vkykspuk dh xbZ gS] ftuesa ls dqN gSa & Qklhokn] loksZn;] lkE;okn rFkk ukjhoknA
rFkkfi] O;fDroknh ifjizs{; dh lokZf/kd xaHkhj vkykspuk leqnk;okn ds fl)kar esa ik;h
tkrh gSA vkxs ge O;fDrokn dh leqnk;oknh vkykspuk ij n`f"Vikr djsaxsA
cks/k iz’u 4
1½ O;fDroknh fl)kar esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk@mlds izdk;ks± ij ppkZ djsaA

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24- 5 leqnk;okn % ,d ifjp;

mUuhl lkS vLlh ds n’kd ls mnkjoknh-O;fDrokn fl)kar dks viuh lcls Hksndkjh
,oa dM+h pqukSrh vkSj vkykspuk dk lkeuk djuk iM+k] ml ckr esa ftls ^^leqnk;okn**
uke fn;k tkrk gSA tSlk fd igys mYys[k fd;k x;k] leqnk;okn ¼communitarian½
'kCn lcls igys ekbdy lS.My }kjk mudh iqLrd fyc~jfyT+e ,.M n fyfeV~l vkWQ
tfLVl ¼1982½ esa izdk’k esa yk;k x;k] ftlesa mUgksaus tkWu jkWYl ds mnkjoknh U;k;
12
lac/a kh fl)kar dh mnkjoknh O;fDroknh cqfu;knksa dh vkykspuk dks vkSj vf/kd ifjHkkf"kr ekDlZ o kn
fd;kA mnkjoknh O;fDrokn ds dqN mU; leqnk;oknh vkykspd gSa% ,sfylM~;Sj eSdbaVj]
ekbdy okWYt+j rFkk pkYlZ VsyjA ;s leqnk;oknh fpard gsxsy vkSj :lks ls cgqr
vf/kd izsfjr gSaA
leqnk;oknh tu loZizFke ,oa lcls egÙoiw.kZ :i ls leqnk; ls laca/k j[krs gSaA nks ;k
mlls vf/kd yksx ,d leqnk; dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa tc os fgr laca/kh fdlh vke
vo/kkj.kk esa Hkkxhnkj gksrs gSa vkSj bl fgr dks viuh igpku vFkok LoRoksa ds va’kr%
fuekZ.kdkjh ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA bl izdkj dk ^^fuekZ.kdkjh leqnk;** dksbZ ?kfu"V
fe=rk] ikfjokfjd laca/k] iM+ksl vFkok dksbZ foLr`r jktuhfrd leqnk; gks ldrk gSA
leqnk;oknh tu bl ckr ij tks+j nsrs gSa fd O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa geesa ls izR;sd O;fDr
thou esa viuh igpku] izÑfriznÙk ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa O;olk; dks flQ+Z ,d leqnk; ds
izlax esa gh fodflr djsA ge LoHkkor% lkekftd izk.kh gSaA pw¡fd leqnk; gh oS;fDrd
LoHkko dks fuf’pr vkSj vkdkj iznku djrk gS] jktuhfrd thou leqnk; ls laca/k
j[krs gq, gh vkjEHk gksuk pkfg, u fd O;fDr lsA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vkn’kZ vkSj U;k;laxr
ij fopkj djrs gq, lS)kafrd fparu dk dsUnz leqnk; gh gksuk pkfg,] u fd O;fDrA
leqnk;oknh fpardksa ds vuqlkj mnkjoknh O;fDrokn dk eq[; nks"k rc ;g gS fd og

Hkze-tfur :i ls vkSj vizfrdk;Z :i ls O;fDroknh gSA O;fDr vkSj jkT; ds chp
laca/k dh mnkjoknh ladYiuk] leqnk;okn ds vuqlkj] vuqfpr :i ls lhfer gS vkSj
lkFk gh lekt dh ;FkkFkZ izÑfr dh feF;k izfrfuf/k HkhA leqnk;oknh n`f"Vdks.k esa]
fdlh f}-Lrjh; laca/k ds fygkt ls ,d Lrj ij O;fDr ds lkFk lkspuk vkSj nwljs Lrj
ij jkT; ds lkFk] bruk gh dkQh ugha gSA lewg o leqnk; O;fDr o jkT; ds chp ,d
e/;orhZ fLFkfr esa gSa vkSj mUgsa bl izdkj ds vf/kdkj- ,oa dÙkOZ;-/kkjd bdkb;ksa esa
fxuk tkuk pkfg, ftuds vUrl±ca/kksa dh xos"k.kk djuh gksA leqnk;okfn;ksa ds
vuqlkj] lekt ls Åij O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa ,oa vkt+knh ij t+ksj nsdj] mnkjoknh
O;fDrokn lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd thou gsrq leqnk;-lnL;rk ,oa igpku ds egÙo
dks vuns[kk djrk gSA og ml foLrkj{ks= ij /;ku ugha nsrk tgk¡ rd fd og
lekt@leqnk; ftlesa yksx jgrs gSa] os tks gSa dks fu:fir djrk gS vkSj mu ewY;ksa dks
Hkh] tks os j[krs gSaA
;|fi leqnk;oknh vkykspdx.k mnkjoknh O;fDrokn ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij /;ku

dsfUnzr djrs gSa] muesa ls dqN eq[; izlaxksa o rdks± dks igpkuuk laHko gS( tSlk fd
LoRo laca/kh mnkjoknh-O;fDrokn vo/kkj.kk dh lekykspuk rFkk jkT; dh izÑfr ,oa
izdk;ks± laca/kh mldh le>A vkxs ge bu rdks± ds lanHkZ esa mnkjoknh O;fDrokn dh
leqnk;oknh leh{kk dk v/;;u djsaxsA
cks/k iz’u 5
1½ leqnk;okn D;k gS\ Li"V djsaA

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13
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24- 6 LoRo dh O;fDroknh ladYiuk laca/kh leqnk;oknh

lekyks p uk
vf/kdrj leqnk;oknh fparu us [kqn dks Lo;a laca/kh ,d Li"V lanHkZ vkSj ,d
O;fDroknh ladYiuk ds ifjR;kx dh Hkk"kk esa izLrqr fd;k gSA bl leqnk;oknh nkos dk
lkekU; :i ;g gS fd O;fDroknh jktuhfr-fl)kar gesa ¼O;fDr;ksa ds :i esa½ bl rjhds
ls vius lkekftd iz;kstuksa o fgr-ladYiukvksa ls nwj & vyx ys tkrk gS fd tks ml
rjhds ls esy [kkus esa lgt gh vlQy jgrk gS ftlls ge oLrqr% bu iz;kstuksa ls
laca/k j[krs gSaA
24-6-1 O;fDrokn dh nks eq[; e;kZnk,¡ (Limitations)

leqnk;oknh tu lkekftd iz;kstuksa ls foeq[k ,oa i`Fkd~ :i ls LoRo laca/kh mnkjoknh
O;fDroknh cks/k dh nks eq[; lhekc)rkvksa dh vksj ladsr djrs gSa % izFke] og leqnk;
ds egÙo dk voewY;u djrh gS] mldks ux.; ekurh gS vkSj mls inksUur djrh gS(
vkSj nwljs] og LoRo o mlds iz;kstuksa ds chp laca/k dh ,d =qfV;qDr ladYiuk dks
igys ls gh ekudj pyrh gSA
igyh lekykspuk esa] leqnk;okn leqnk; ds egÙo dks de djus o mls ux.; ekuus
ds fy, vkSj vf/kd fo’ks"k :i ls mldh ml lhek rd mis{kk djus ds fy, mnkjoknh
O;fDrokn dk fojks/k djrk gS( tgk¡ rd fd ;gh og lekt ;k leqnk; gS ftlesa yksx
jgrs gSa] tks bl ckr dks bfPNr :i iznku djrk gS fd os D;k gSa vkSj dkSu ls ewY;
viukrs gSaA
tSlk fd geus Åij ns[kk] O;fDrokn ;g le>rk gS fd lekt ls ckgj yksx vkRe-
fuHkZj gSa vkSj vkRe-fu’p; gsrq viuh {kerkvksa dks fodflr o iz;ksx djus ds fy, mUgsa
fdlh leqnk; izdj.k dh vko’;drk ugha gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] O;fDrokn O;fDr ds fy,
,d mÙke thou dks dk;Z:i nsus esa leqnk;-lnL;rk ds egÙo dks ekU;rk ugha nsrkA
leqnk;okn ds vuqlkj] rFkkfi] leqnk; O;fDr ds mÙke thou gsrq ,d vk/kkjHkwr vkSj
vizfrLFkkI; ?kVd gSaA yksx fdrus Hkh ykspnkj vkSj LokoyEch gksa] lkekftd ,oa
leqnkf;d thou ls ckgj ekuo dk vfLrRo lkspk Hkh ugha tk ldrkA yksx]
leqnk;okfn;ksa ds vuqlkj jkWfcUlu Øwlks ugha gSa tks iwjh rjg ls vkSj LFkk;h ,dkdhiu
esa jg ysaA cfYd yksx rks ml leqnk; }kjk laxfBr vkSj viuh igpku cuk;s gq, gSa]
ftlls os laca/k j[krs gSaA euq";ksa ds :i esa ge vfuok;Zr% fdlh ifjokj] /keZ] tutkfr]
iztkfr o jk"Vª ds lnL; gSaA bl izdkj] lkekftd ,oa lkeqnkf;d iz;kstuksa o ewY;ksa
ls nwj gksus dh ctk;] gekjk ,d bfrgkl gS vkSj fof’k"V lkekftd ifjLFkfr;ksa esa
14
gekjk LFkku fufnZ"V gSA bl lkeqnkf;d lnL;rk ls tqM+ko vkSj uSfrd ifj;qfDr;k¡ gh ekDlZ o kn
^^ge tks gSa** dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSa vkSj ^^ge tks ewY; j[krs gSa** dks fuf’pr :i iznku
djrh gSaA leqnk;oknh tu] rnuqlkj] ml LoRo laca/kh ,d fo’ks"k ifjdYiuk dks tUe
nsus ds fy, mnkjoknh O;fDrokn dh vkykspuk djrs gSa] tks ml lkekftd lPpkbZ ls
i`FkDr gS] tks mldks LFkkfir djrh gSA
nwljh lekykspuk ds vuqlkj] leqnk;okn oS;fDrd LoRo vkSj mlds iz;kstuksa ds chp
laca/k dh ,d Hkze-tfur vFkok feF;k le> j[kus ds fy, O;fDrokn dh vkykspuk
djrk gSA tSlk fd Åij ppkZ dh x;h] O;fDrokn bl vFkZ esa ^LoRo dks mlds lk/;ksa
ls igys* le>rk gS fd O;fDr;ksa ds ikl mÙke thou dh izÑfr fo"k;d lcls xaHkhj
:i ls yh tkus okyh ekU;rkvksa dks] ;fn os vkSj vf/kd ikyu ;ksX; u ik;h tk;sa rks]
vkyksfpr djus] la’kksf/kr djus o fujLr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA
leqnk;okn ds vuqlkj] LoRo laca/kh bl /kkj.kk dks Lohdkj djuk O;fDr }kjk Lo;a dks
nsg-eqDr] m_.k vkSj lkekftd y{;ksa o tqM+koksa ds lkFk ,d LoSfPNd laca/k fuHkkrs
O;fDr ds :i esa ns[kuk gSA os O;fDrokn }kjk LohÑr LoRo vkSj mlds lk/;ksa ds chp
laca/k dh bl LosPNkoknh rLohj dk fojks/k djrs gSaA muds muqlkj] ;g rLohj ml
jhfr dks vuns[kk djrh gS ftlls ge lkekftd Hkwfedkvksa o leqnk;-lnL;rk }kjk
f?kjs gSa ;k muesa vofLFkr (embedded) gSa vkSj va’kr% la?kfVr HkhA
LoRo laca/kh O;fDroknh ladYiuk dh vkykspuk djrs gq,] leqnk;oknh tu ;g iwNrs

gSa fd D;k ge mu [kkl ewY;ksa ls okd+bZ ihNs gV ldrs gSa tks ge viukrs gSa] vkSj mUgsa
u, ewY; viukus ds fy, cny ldrs gSa] ;k fQj bldh ctk; gesa loZFkk ,sls yksx cuk
fn;k tkrk gS tks fd mUgha ewY;ksa ls tkus tkrs gSa ftUgsa ge ldkjrs gSa rkfd tqM+ko dh
xqatkb’k jgs\ euq"; tu] mudk rdZ gS] vfuok;Zr% lkekftd izk.kh gSaA bl izdkj] ge
u rks vius lkekftd o lkeqnkf;d y{;ksa vkSj yxkoksa dks pqurs gSa] u gh mUgsa
vLohdkj djrs gSa( cfYd ge mUgsa eglwl djrs gSaA ge u rks vius lkekftd ,oa
lkeqnkf;d y{;ksa ls eqDr gSa] u gh muls nwj [kM+s gSa( cfYd ge Lo;a dks muesa
LFkkfir@vofLFkr ikrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ge viuk ifjokj] tkfr vFkok /keZ
pqurs ugha gSa( ge muesa Lo;a dks LFkkfir ikrs gSaA fQj ge ,d ifjokj] /keZ vkSj jk"Vª
esa vius LFkku] in vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj vius dY;k.k laca/kh vo/kkj.kk vkSj y{;ksa
dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA leqnk;okn ds vuqlkj] ge lkjh lkekftd Hkwfedkvksa o
lkeqnkf;d igpkuksa ls dHkh eqDr ugha gksrsA lkekftd lewgksa o leqnk;ksa dh gekjh
lnL;rk gh mÙke thou laca/kh gekjh igpku vkSj le> dks fu/kkZfjr o LFkkfir djrh
gSA ge ges’kk gh lkekftd laca/kksa o leqnk;-lnL;rk ls ihNs ugha gV ldrs gSa vkSj
u gh muls ckgj jguk ilan dj ldrs gSaA gekjs lkekftd laca/k vkSj Hkwfedk,¡]
;FkkiznÙk gh Lohdkj dh tkuh pkfg,A tSlk fd lS.My fy[krs gSa % ^êSa mu Hkwfedkvksa
ds vFkZ dh O;k[;k dj ldrk gw¡ ftuesa eSa Lo;a dks ikrk gw¡] ijUrq mu Hkwfedkvksa dks
gh] vFkok muls vUrtkZr y{;ksa dks csdkj crkdj] fujLr ugha dj ldrkA pw¡fd ,d
O;fDr ds :i esa esjs fy, ;s y{; fuekZ.kdkjh gSa] mUgsa ^vius thou esa eSa D;k d:¡*
fu/kkZfjr djus esa ;FkkiznÙk Lohdkj djuk iM+sxk( esjs thou esa dY;k.k dk iz’u ,d
,slk iz’u gh gks ldrk fd muds vFkZ dh loksZÙke O;k[;k dSls dh tk,A ;g dguk
fujFkZd gksxk fd mudk esjs fy, dksbZ egÙo ugha] D;ksafd muds ihNs [kM+s jgus esa êSa*
dk dksbZ vfLrRo ugha] muds iz;kstuksa vFkok fuekZ.kdkjh yxkoksa ls Åij dksbZ LoRo
ugha**A
15
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ bl izdkj] leqnk;oknh tu O;fDrokn esa ik;h tkus okyh O;fDr laca/kh iwoZdkyhu
vlkekftd o vewrZ ladYiuk dh HkRlZuk djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj] ;g ladYiuk ml
jhfr dks vuns[kk djrh gS ftlesa fd bl izdkj dk lekt fo|eku gS ftlesa os yksx
jgrs gSa tks nksuksa gh fygkt+ ls viuh le> dk eeZ Li’kZ djrs gSa & Lo;a laca/kh Hkh vkSj
os viuk thou;kiu dSls djsa laca/kh HkhA ,d ewY;oku thou] mudk rdZ gS] oks gS tks
cpuc)rkvksa vkSj laca/kksa ls Hkjiwj gksA vkSj mUgsa tks opuc) cukrk gS] lVhd :i ls
;g gS fd os bl izdkj dh ckrsa ugha gSa ftuds fo"k; esa yksx vk;s fnu loky djsaA
cks/k iz’u 6
1½ LoRo laca/kh O;fDroknh ladYiuk dh leqnk;oknh lekykspuk ij ppkZ djsaA

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24- 7 jkT;h; rVLFkrk dh leqnk;oknh lekykspuk

mnkjoknh O;fDrokn lekykspuk dk nwljk eq[; dsUnz gS] jkT; dh izÑfr ,oa izdk;ks±
laca/kh mldh le>A tSlk fd Åij ppkZ dh x;h] mnkjoknh O;fDroknh tu jkT; dks
,d vYire vkSj mnklhu jktuhfrd lÙkk ds :i esa ysrs gSa] ftlds izdk;Z oS;fDrd
vf/kdkjksa ds j{k.k rFkk dkuwu ,oa O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus rd gh lhfer gSaA pw¡fd
O;fDrtu Lora=] le>nkj vkSj vkRe-fu.kZ;u~ esa l{ke gSa] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa
vk/kkjHkwr ewY;] O;fDrokn ds vuqlkj] jkT; dh i{kikr’kwU;rk gh gksuk pkfg,A tSlk
fd Åij mYys[k fd;k] ,d i{kikr’kwU; jkT; oks gksrk gS tks dY;k.k laca/kh fdlh
ladYiuk-fo’ks"k ds izfr opuc) ugha gksrk] vkSj dY;k.k laca/kh lHkh ladYiukvksa ls
lenwjLFk vkSj muds izfr lfg".kq jgrk gSA
leqnk;oknh tu oS;fDrd vkRe-fu.kZ;u~ vkSj jkT;h; i{kikr’kwU;rk ds chp bl

laca/k dk fojks/k djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj] ;g n`f"Vdks.k fd jkT; ewY;-rVLFk gksuk
pkfg, vkSj O;fDrtu vius fodYi pquus ds fy, Lora= gksus pkfg,] ,d ijek.kqoknh
fopkj ls mRiUu gksrk gS fd Lok;Ùkrk dh j{kk rHkh gks ldrh gS tc mÙke thou
fo"k;d QSlys jktuhfrd dk;Z{ks= ls ckgj j[ks tk;sa vkSj ,d oS;fDrd vk/kkj ij
fd, tk;saA bl izdkj ds ^îjek.kqokn** dks Bqdjkrs gq,] leqnk;okfn;ksa dk rdZ gS fd]
;FkkFkZr% oS;fDrd QSlyksa dks vuqHkoksa dks ck¡Vs tkus] lkewfgd lykg-e’kfojk fy,-fn,
16
tkus vkSj lgHkkfxr O;ogkjksa ds lkewfgd ewY;kadu dh vis{kk gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
mÙke thou fo"k;d oS;fDrd fodYiksa dk iz;ksx dsoy fdlh [kkl rjg ds leqnk; ekDlZ o kn
esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gS] u fd Lora=rk o rVLFkrk }kjk izsfjr fdlh laLÑfr ds pkSd
esa] ftldh fd mnkjoknh O;fDrokn }kjk xkj.Vh nh tkrh gSA
leqnk;oknh n`f"Vdks.k] blhfy,] tu-dY;k.k laca/kh jktuhfr ds i{k esa mnkjoknh

i{kikr’kwU;rk dk ifjR;kx fd, tkus gsrq rdZ nsrs gSaA leqnk;oknh tu tu-dY;k.k
dks mÙke thou dh ,d lkj;qDr ladYiuk ds :i esa ysrs gSa tks fd thou ds leqnk;
lk/ku dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSA mÙke thou laca/kh fofHkUu oS;fDrd ladYiukvksa ds
izfr mnklhu jgus dh ctk;] tu-dY;k.k ,sls ekud iznku djrk gS ftuds }kjk
oS;fDrd fodYiksa o ewY;ksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tu-dY;k.k
ml vk/kkj dk fuekZ.k djrk gS ftl ij dY;k.k laca/kh oS;fDrd ladYiukvksa dks
Js.khc) fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj fdlh O;fDr dh ladYiuk dks fn;k tkus okyk egÙo bl
ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og tu-dY;k.k ds fdrus vuq:i gS vFkok mlesa fdruk
;ksxnku nsrh gSA
leqnk;oknh n`f"Vdks.k esa] ,d fu"i{k jkT; oks ugha tks dY;k.k laca/kh lHkh oS;fDrd
ladYiuk dh vksj ls rVLFk jgrk gSA cfYd ,d fu"i{k jkT; og gksrk gS] tks vius
ukxfjdksa dks bl ckr ds fy, izsfjr djrk gS fd os dY;k.k laca/kh ,slh ladYiuk,¡
viuk;sa tks vke HkykbZ ds ekfQd gksa] tcfd blds f[kykQ+ tkus okyh dY;k.k
laca/kh ladYiukvksa dks ukilan djrk gSA leqnk;okn ds vuqlkj] jkT; dh izÑfr
i{kikr’kwU; vFkok vYire ugha gksuh pkfg,( cfYd mls ,d mÙke thou dh vksj
vxzlj gksus esa vius ukxfjdksa ds fn’kk-funsZ’ku esa fdlh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk
pkfg,A bl izdkj] tcfd mnkjoknh O;fDrokn gj O;fDr dks bl ckr ds fy,
izsfjr djrk gS fd og vius Lo;a ds ^^dY;k.k** dks ifjHkkf"kr djs vkSj mlds fy,
iz;kl djs] leqnk;okn dk fo’okl gS fd ^^dY;k.k** dks ifjHkkf"kr djus vkSj mlds
izkfIr-iz;kl esa yksxksa dh enn djus esa fdlh jktuhfrd lajpuk dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ
Hkwfedk gksrh gSA
blds vykok] leqnk;okfn;ksa dk rdZ gS fd tu-dY;k.k dh vko’;drk u flQZ yksxksa

ds mÙke thou fo"k;d QSlyksa ds fn’kk-funsZ’ku esa gksrh gS] cfYd ,d U;k;laxr vkSj
fof/klaxr jktuhfrd leqnk; dh LFkkiuk esa Hkh gksrh gSA VsyWj ds vuqlkj] tu-dY;k.k
laca/kh /kkj.kk j[kus dh t+:jr gS rkfd ukxfjdtu ,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; }kjk
visf{kr U;k; lac/a kh ek¡xksa dks Lohdkj dj ldsAa ,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; esa U;k;&fl)kar
ds vUrLFky esa ;g rdZ gS fd ykHkkafor tu dks nwljksa ¼vykHkkaforksa½ dh [kkfrj vius
vf/kdkjksa o iqjLdkjksa ds dqN va’k dk ifjR;kx djuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d
mnkjoknh iw¡thoknh lekt esa] lEifÙk-lEiUu oxks± ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os viuh
lEifÙk esa ls dqN dk ¼djksa ds :i esa mxkg;k tkus okyk½ ifjR;kx dj nsa rkfd
lEifÙk-foiUu yksxksa dks ykHk igq¡ps vkSj ,d U;k;laxr lekt dks dk;e j[kk tk ldsA
VsyWj ds vuqlkj] rFkkfi] bl izdkj ds ifjR;kx gsrq ekax ,d O;fDroknh lekt esa
vuqfpr yxsxh D;ksafd ukxfjdksa ls vius vf/kdkjksa dk ifjR;kx ,sls yksxksa dh [kkfrj
fd, tkus dh vis{kk jgsxh ftuds lkFk os dksbZ lkeqnkf;d igpku vFkok loZekU;
thou-jhfr dk ikyu ugha djrsA ;fn ge fdlh leqnk; vFkok lgHkkfxr thou-jhfr
ls nwj jgrs gSa] rks fu’p; gh ge mnkjoknh U;k; ds cks> dks da/kk nsus ds vfuPNqd
gksaxsA leqnk;oknh n`f"Vdks.k esa blhfy,] U;k; ,d ,sls leqnk; esa gh tM+ tekrk gS
ftldk eq[; tksM+ vkneh vkSj leqnk;] nksuksa dh dY;k.k laca/kh lgHkkfxr le>
(shared understanding) gSA
17
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ cks/k iz’u 7
1½ jkT;h; rVLFkrk dh /kkj.kk laca/kh leqnk;oknh lekykspuk dk ijh{k.k djsaA

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24- 8 lkjka ’ k
Åij] geus O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds chp okn-fookn laca/kh eq[; /kkj.kkvksa ij
lw{e n`f"V MkyhA vc ge bl bdkbZ dk lekiu O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds dqN
;ksxnkuksa ,oa lhekca/kuksa dh vksj ladsr djds djsaxsA
tSls fd igys gh ppkZ dh tk pqdh gS] O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds chp cgl ,sls
yksxksa ds chp cgl gS tks oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa ,oa Lok;Ùkrk dk leFkZu djrs gSa vkSj tks
lkeqnkf;d ca/kuksa ,oa lkekftd yxkoksa ij t+ksj nsrs gSaA tcfd O;fDrokn jktuhfrd
;FkkFkZ dks Lora= ,oa vf/kdkj-lEiUu O;fDr;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ,oa dk;ks± }kjk lkdkj fd,
tkus ds :i esa ns[krk gS] leqnk;oknh tu O;fDr ,oa leqnk; ds chp laca/k ij tks+j
nsrs gSa vkSj bl laca/k dks gh jktuhfr dk vk/kkj ekurs gSaA bl fojks/k ds ckoT+kwn]
O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn nksuksa us gh jktuhfr ds fl)kar ,oa O;ogkj esa cM+k ;ksxnku
fn;k gSA
,sfrgkfld :i ls] O;fDroknh fopkjksa ,oa uhfr;ksa us laxfBr /keks±] lkekftd Øe-
O;oLFkkvksa rFkk fujadq’k jkT; ds fo#) ,d m)kjd vkUnksyu dks tUe fn;kA blus
jkT; dh fujadq’krk ds f[kykQ+ O;fDr dh ;ksX;rk] izfr"Bk ,oa Lora=rk dk nkok
fd;kA blds cnys esa mlus lkewfgd fu.kZ; dk yksdra=hdj.k djok fn;kA rFkkfi]
O;fDroknh fl)kar dh dqN lhekc)rk,¡ Hkh gSaA ysl-vWQsvW O;fDrokn dh eq[; ekU;rk]
fd og vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj lkekftd lkeUtL; dks c<+kok nsxk] lQy ugha gqbZA
bldh ctk; O;fDr dh Lora=rk] tks fd fujadq’k jkT; ls igys gh izkIr gks pqdh Fkh]
,d eqDr-ckt+kj vFkZO;oLFkk iz.kkyh }kjk lEifÙk-foiUu oxZ ls ckn esa Nhu yh xbZA
,slh fLFkfr esa] oafpr tu us leFkZudkjh gLr{ksi vFkok dY;k.k gsrq jkT; dk eq¡g
rkdkA bl izdkj] mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa] ysl-vWQsvW vFkok vkfFkZd O;fDrokn ds fopkj
us dY;k.kdkjh mnkjokn dk jkLrk fn[kk;kA vkt] ,d ckj fQj dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds
LFkku ij ysl-vWQsvW fl)kar dks ykdj O;fDr dh Lora=rk fQj ls iquizkZIr djus ds
18
i{k esa rdZ fn, tk jgs gSaA ;g nyhy [kkldj bPNk-Lokra=~;oknhtu vFkok uo- ekDlZ o kn
mnkjoknh tu nsrs gSaA
mnkjoknh ifjis{z ; us ukxfjdksa ds mÙke thou dks fu/kkZfjr djus esa lkekftd@lkeqnkf;d
lnL;rk vkSj ewY;ksa ds egÙo ij mfpr :i ls t+ksj nsdj jktuhfr ds v/;;u esa
;ksxnku fn;k gSA blds vfrfjDr] Hkkjr tSls lektksa esa] tks fd ewy :i ls leqnk;ksa
ls feydj cus gSa] fofHkUu leqnkf;d ewY;ksa o igpkuksa dks ekU;rk vkSj lEeku nsuk
vfuok;Z gSA rFkkfi] leqnk;okn] ;fn oS;fDrd vf/kdkjksa dk lgk;d ugha gqvk] rks
Hkfo"; esa dHkh :f<+oknh vkSj neudkjh lEi`DrkFkZ xzg.k dj ldrk gS D;ksafd og
orZeku leqnk;ksa o mudh ijEijkvksa dh j{kk fd, tkus dk lEeku djrk gSA ;g ckr
,sls dqN lewgksa ds cfg"dj.k esa ifj.kr gks ldrh gS ftudh thou-jhfr tu-dY;k.k
vFkok lgHkkfxr thou-jhfr ds vuq:i u gksA
lelkef;d jktuhfr-fl)kar esa] O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds chp lEiwjdrk ij

t+ksj fn, tkus ds iz;kl gks jgs gSaA dqN jktuhfrd fl)karh tu ftUgksaus bl izdkj
ds iz;kl fd,] os gSa & foy fdefydk] fHkD[kq ikjs[k vkSj pkYlZ VsyWjA ;s fl)karh tu
,d ,sls mnkoknh fopkj dh laHkkouk dks ja[kkafdr djrs gSa ftldk muls dksbZ fookn
u gks vkSj tks fd 'kk;n leqnk;okfn;ksa }kjk is’k fd, tkus okys rdks± dks leFkZu nsrk
gSA O;fDrokn vkSj leqnk;okn ds chp lEiwjdrk ryk’kus gsrq bl izdkj ds iz;kl
lelkef;d jktuhfr-fl)kar vkSj O;ogkj esa dqN eq[; fooknksa dks fuiVkus gsrq
vko’;d gSaA

,scSULVhu] fofy;e] xzsV iWfyfVdWy fFkadlZ % IysVks Vq n izsts+UV] vkWDlQksMZ] U;w;kdZ o
vkbZ-ch-,p-] 1969
gSEiVu] thu] iWfyfVdWy fQ+yWlWfQ+] vkWDlQksMZ] fnYyh] 1998
fdfEydk] foy] dWUVSEiWjSjh iWfyfVdWy fQ+yWlWfQ+ % ,su b.VªkM
s D’ku] DysjSUMu] vkWDlQksMZ]
1990
eYgky ,oa fLo¶+V] fyc~jYl ,.M dWE;qfuVsfj;Ul] CySdoSy] vkWDlQksMZ] 1992

gsoqM] ,UMª;w] iWfyfVdWy vkbfM;kt+ ,.M dWUlSIV~l % ,su b.VªksMD’ku] eSdfeyu] yanu]
1994

cks/k iz’u 1
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 24-2 vkSj [kkldj miHkkx 24-2-1
cks/k iz’u 2
19
cks/k iz’u 4
cks/k iz’u 5
cks/k iz’u 6
cks/k iz’u 7
20
ekDlZ o kn
bdkbZ 25 QkflT+e
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
25-0 mís ’ ;
25-1 izLrkouk
25-2 QkflT+e ds lkekU; Li"Vhdj.k ,oa y{k.k
25-3 QkflT+e ds fopkjkRed lw= (Strands)
25-4 QkflT+e ds lkekftd vk/kkj
25-4-1 ;q)] dwVuhfr vkSj jk"Vªokn
25-4-2 1929dk vkfFkZd ladV
25-4-3 QkflT+e gsrq jktuhfrd la?kVu
25-4-4 vkf/kiR; vkSj voihM+u dk iz’u
25-5 QkflT+e ds v/khu jkT; vkSj lekt
25-6 lkjka’k
25-7 'kCnkoyh
25- 0 mís ’ ;
izLrqr bdkbZ dk ewy mís’; gS & vkidks Qklhoknh fopkjksa ;kuh lkE;okn-fojks/kh
vkUnksyu rFkk pje nf{k.kiaFkh jktuhfrd la?kVu ds :i esa jkT;ksa ds fodkl dk
cks/k djkukA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks le> ldsaxs %
• QkflT+e ds dqN lkekU; y{k.k rFkk vf/kuk;dh; mn~ns’;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq la?kVu
dh izÑfr(
• ,dkf/kd lS)kafrd fopkj ftUgksaus Qklhoknh jkT; vkSj mldh laxBukRed 'kSyh ds
Øefodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;k(
• lkekftd-vkfFkZd 'kfDr;k¡ tks fd QkflT+e ds mn~xeu gsrq mÙkjnk;h jgha( rFkk
• Qklhoknh 'kklu-iz.kkfy;ksa ds v/khu jkT; vkSj lektA
25- 1 izLrkouk
Kkuksn; dh ;kstuk us nSoh LohÑfr dh /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr lekt vkSj jkT; dh
iqjkru O;oLFkk ds le{k ,d xaHkhj pqukSrh j[k nhA 18oha 'krkCnh rd] izfrfuf/kRo vkSj
pqus gq, izfrfuf/k;ksa ds bnZ-fxnZ gh laxfBr jkT; laca/kh /kkj.kk tM+ idM+ pqdh FkhA
blus ,d fof’k"V jktuSfrd mn~ns’; dh izkfIr gsrq vk/kqfud jktuhfr vFkok fdlh
fof’k"V /kkj.kk vFkok uhfr ds bnZ-fxnZ gh yksxksa ds la?kVu dk ladsr fn;kA bl
vk/kqfud jktuhfr ds laLFkkxr :i Fks & pquko] jktuhfrd ny rFkk vk/kqfud
jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds lHkh izrhdksa ,oa Hkw"kk okys vk/kqfud lekpkj-i=] ftUgksaus ,d
vke txg cuk;hA bl ckr us mUgsa bl lkoZtfud LFky ij vkus ds fy, miyC/k
jktuSfrd fodYiksa rFkk ,d nwljs ds lkFk izfrLi/kkZ djus laca/kh lewps foLrkj dh vksj
21
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ izo`Ùk fd;kA 19oha 'krkCnh ds var rd blus ;wjksi ds f=i{kh; oSpkfjd foHkktu esa
lqLi"V vkSj fu;r vkdkj ys fy;kA vUr;qZ) dky ds nkSjku vusd ;wjksih; ns’kksa esa mxz
nf{k.kiaFkh laxBuksa vFkok QkflT+e dks lÙkk esa ykus okyh jktuhfrd la?kVu izfØ;kvksa
dks le>us ds fy, mDr dFku dks euksxr djuk vR;ko’;d gSA 1870 ds n’kd
i’pkr~ ,dkf/kdkj iw¡thokn vkSj ifj.kkeh izp.M lkezkT;oknh izfr}afnrkvksa us gh mxz
jk"Vªoknh fopkj/kkjkvksa ,oa ;q)fiz;rk dks mn~nhIr fd;kA u, jktuSfrd izlax esa]
jktuhfrd leFkZu gsrq vihy mu ubZ] Hknzksfpr brj-oxZ (non-class) igpkuksa ds
vk/kkj ij nh xbZ] tks fd fo’ks"k :i ls dk;ZLFky ls ckgj FkhaA ifj.kker%] foy{k.k
tu-fuokZpd oxks± dk tUe gqvk( tSls & ^^;q)kuqHkoh lSfud**] ^^djnkrk**] ^^[ksy-
’kkSdhu**] vFkok egt ^^jk"Vªh;-ukxfjd**A bu izNUu lkekftd erHksnksa ds [kqys la?k"kZ
esa dk;kUrj.k dks izFke fo’o;q)ksijkar ;wjksi esa nf{k.kiaFkh Qklhoknh rkuk’kkgh dh
c<+okj gsrq vko’;d i`"BHkwfe ds :i esa Hkh vo’; ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A ;g bdkbZ
QkflT+e ds dqN lkekU; y{k.kksa ls vkjEHk gksrh gS vkSj fQj QkflT+e ds lS)kafrd ,oa
lkekftd vk/kkjksa dk fooj.k izLrqr djrh gSA
25- 2 QkflT+e ds lkekU; Li"Vhdj.k ,oa y{k.k

QkflT+e dh O;k[;k cgqfo/k rjhdksa ls dh xbZ gSA ,d ilanhnk ekDlZoknh ut+fj;k gS
bldh O;k[;k ,dkf/kdkj foÙk iw¡th (monopoly finance capital) ds ,d mxz] fujadq’k
lk/ku ds :i esa djuk] tks fd oxZ-la?k"kZ ds rhozhdj.k dky vkSj iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk
esa rh{.k ladVdky esa Jfed vf/kdkjksa ij fueZe izgkj ds :i esa mHkjkA ,d vU;
O;k[;k QkflT+e dks izFke fo’o;q) dh ccZjrk vkSj vlH; voLFkk ds ifj.kkeksa esa
lkaLÑfrd ,oa uSfrd vfHkHko ds mRiknu ds :i esa ns[krh gSA dkyZ iksySU;h Ñr n xzsV
VªkaLQkWesZ’ku ds vuqlkj] izFke fo’o;q) us 19oha 'krkCnh ;wjksi dh cqfu;knksa dks /oLr
dj fn;k vkSj ;q)-la?kVu] lqfo/kkghurk vkSj foLFkkiu }kjk bafxr ,d nh?kZ ladVdky
dks mUeqDr fd;kA vkWLokWYM LiSaxyj us viuh fMDykbu vkWQ n oSLV dh jpuk 1918
esa dh vkSj fl) fd;k fd ik’pkR; lH;rk] tks fd m|ksxokn }kjk vfHkyf{kr gS] 20oha
'krkCnh esa iru ds dxkj ij igq¡p pqdh FkhA LiSaxyj us ,d fodYi ds :i esa ^thou-
n’kZu* dk izpkj djus ds fy, vk/kqfudrk laca/kh rdZ.kkijd izo`fÙk;ksa dh rh[kh
vkykspuk dhA foygSe jh’k] ,d uo-euksfo’ys"kd viuh êkl-lkbdWyWft vkWQ+ Q+SflT+e*
esa Qklhokn dks furkar Luk;q-laca/kh vFkok jksxkRed vkosxksa ds ifj.kke ds :i esa Li"V
djrs gSa] tks fd fir`lÙkkRed ifjokj O;oLFkk esa izLrqr voLFkk esa jgrs gSaA ,d vU;
mnkjoknh O;k[;k Qklhokn dks tu lekt ds ,d mRikn ds :i lkeus j[krh gS tgk¡
ukrsnkjh] /keZ] O;olk; ;k Js.kh ,oa vkokl ij vk/kkfjr ijaijkxr vlyh igpkusa [kRe
gks tkrh gSa vkSj ,d u, vkdkjghu tu-lekt dk tUe gksrk gSA dqN vU; tu bls
,dkf/kdkj O;kikj-x`gksa ds ykHk-mn~ns’; ds fo#) e/;oxhZ; vfrokn dh ,d vuks[kh
vfHkO;fDr ls tksM+rs gSaA vUrr%] bldks fdUgha fo’ks"k oxZ-fgrksa vFkok oxZ-izHkqRo ls
Lora= fdlh dfj’ekbZ usrk ds usr`Ro esa ,d izdkj ds ckWukikfVZT+e (Bonapartism)
vFkok ,d Lok;Ùk lÙkkoknh jkT; ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA
Qklhokn mnkjokn] yksdra= ,oa ekDlZoknh lektokn ds ifjR;tu ij vk/kkfjr ,d

Økafrd vkUnksyu ds :i esa lkeus vk;kA rFkkfi] ;g :f<+oknh lÙkkoknh lewgksa ls
fHkUu FkkA :f<+oknh nf{k.k-iaFk us ikjaifjd oS/krkvksa dk vkàku fd;k tks fd ppZ]
jktra=] ukrsnkjh vkfn ij fuHkZj Fkha] tcfd Qklhoknh ,d Økafrd lkaLFkkfud ifjorZu
pkgrs Fks vkSj yksxksa dks vkafxd jk"Vªokn (Organic Nationalism) ds uke ij laxfBr
22
djrs Fks] tks fd vU; lHkh izdkj dh ekuo-igpkuksa ls Åij fo’ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr jk"Vª dh ekDlZ o kn
lqlaxr lkewfgdrk esa ,d fo’okl gSA tSlk fd ekuo-’kjhj esa gksrk gS] 'kjhj ds fofHkUu
vo;oksa vFkok vaxksa dk ,d nwljs ls lajpukRed laca/k flQ+Z mudh Hkwfedkvksa dks
ifjHkkf"kr djus vkSj lhek-fu/kkZj.k djus dk mn~ns’; iwjk djrk gS] vr% Qklhoknh
jkT; ds vkafxd n`f"Vdks.k esa] jkT; jk"Vªh; lkdkj :i esa O;fDrtuksa dh igpkuksa vkSj
vf/kdkjksa ij iwooZ frZrk dk;e djsxkA ;g n`f"Vdks.k vUrjjk"Vªh;okn vkSj vUrjjk"Vªh;okn
ij vk/kkfjr vkUnksyuksa] tSls & lkE;okn] ÝheSlujh ¼eqDr jktxhjh½] yhx vkWQ
us’kUt+ rFkk cgqjk"Vªh; ;gwnh leqnk;] ds izfr QkflT+e dh iDdh 'k=qrk gsrq Hkh
ft+Eesnkj gSA vkerkSj ij] QkflT+e Kkuksn; o mlds fopkjks]a tSls & gsrqoknh HkkSfrdokn]
O;fDrokn vkSj cgqokn dk fl)kar] ls fojklr esa feyh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds
ifjR;tu dk izrhd gSA yksdrkaf=d-cqtqZvkbZ laLFkkvksa ,oa ewY;ksa ds izfr Qklhoknh
fojks/k-izn’kZu us jktuhfr ds O;kid] laoS/kkfud rFkk tuer-laxzg vkfn :iksa ds iz;ksx
dks oftZr ugha fd;k] vfirq mUgksaus bu yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa dk iz;ksx dsoy mUgsa
vUnj gh vUnj u"V djus vkSj mudh egÙkk dks xqIr :i ls {kfr igq¡pkus ds fy,
fd;kA QkflT+e vius lHkh :iksa esa cgqyokn] oS;fDrd Lok;Ùkrk rFkk ukxfjd o
jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa dk lEeku fd, tkus ij vk/kkfjr yksdra= dh /kkj.kk dk
fojks/k djrk FkkA
Qklhokfn;ksa dk tu-la?kVu jktuhfr ds lSU;dj.k izfreku ij vk/kkfjr FkkA mUgksaus

vius la?kVu esa lSU; izrhd vkSj ifjHkkf"kdh dk iz;ksx fd;kA ftl izdkj lSU;-laxBu
vf/kdkj o vkns’k ds cgqRo vHkko vkSj gkbZdeku ds izfr lkekU; lSfud leqnk; ds
iw.kZ v/khuhdj.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] mlh izdkj QkflT+eh laxBu Hkh ifo=izk;
izfrewfrZ Lo:i viuk usrk j[krs Fks & bVyh esa M~;wl (Duce) vkSj teZuh esa ¶+;wjj
(Fuhrer) ftldh bPNk lHkh ekeyksa esa loksZPp gksrh FkhA
jk"Vªokn dh Hkkouk dks et+cwr djus ds fy, vkSj viuh rkuk’kkfg;ksa ds fojks/k dks iwjh
rjg lekIr dj nsus ds fy, ,d ikVhZ lgk;d lsuk dk izk;% iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA
QkflT+eh fopkj/kkjk esa iq#"kksfpr fl)kar] vFkkZr~ iq#"k-iz/kkurk vkSj ;qokvksa ds mRd"kZ.k
ij vR;f/kd t+ksj fn;k tkuk Hkh jktuhfr ds blh lSU;dj.k ls lacaf/kr FkkA
QkflT+e dk ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ y{k.k Fkk & ,d izdkj ds fu;fer] oxZ-lg;ksxoknh]

,dhÑr jk"Vªh;-vkfFkZd izk/kkj dk laxBuA ,d oxZ-la?k"kZ ls eqDr tu-leqnk; ds :i
esa lef"Vokn (Corporatism) dh /kkj.kk O;fDrokn dh c<+okj vkSj u, fljs ls dsUnzÑr
gksrs jkT;ksa ds izfr vuqfØ;k Lo:i gh mHkjhA ;g futh nkf;Roksa ds fuxw<+ (mystical)
^lekf/kdkj* laca/kh lkefUrd fopkj/kkjk dk ,d vof’k"Vka’k (residue) FkkA ijUrq
/khjs-/khjs blus ,d vk/kqfud] oxZ-lg;ksxoknh :i vf[+r;kj dj fy;kA lkekftd
lef"Vokn dh fopkj/kkjk uxj-fuxeksa@ikfydkvksa dks iw.kZ Lok;Ùkrk fn, tkus esa
fo’okl djrh Fkh] ijUrq Qklhoknh fopkj/kkjk jkT; dh vko’;drkvksa ,oa vis{kkvksa ds
izfr uxj-fuxeksa@ ikfydkvksa ds laiw.kZ v/khuhdj.k ij t+ksj nsrh FkhA
cks/k iz’u 1
1½ os dkSu ls fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k gSa tks fd QkflT+e dks le>us ls lEcfU/kr gSa\
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jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2½ QkflT+e vkSj :f<+oknh nf{k.k iaFkh vf/kuk;dokn ds e/; Hksn dhft;sA

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25- 3 QkflT+e ds fopkjkRed lw= (Strands)

oSpkfjd Lrj ij] ,slk dksbZ ,d ,dhdkjh fopkj ugha Fkk ftlus Qklhoknh vkUnksyu
vkSj jkT; dks fufnZ"V fd;k gksA Qklhokn fofHkUu fopkjksa ls fotkrh; _.knkuksa ls
mRiUu gqvkA Qklhokn dk ewy vo;o] tSlk fd geus Åij ns[kk] ,d izdkj dh
lko;o (organic) jk"Vªokn vkSj ekDlZokn-fojks/kh fopkjksa dk la’ys"k.k (synthesis)
FkkA lgtcks/k] dk;Z’kfDr ,oa thou’kfDr ij vk/kkfjr dkjZokbZ laca/kh lksjsy ds
fl)kar dk izHkko Hkh Qklhoknh tu-la?kVu ds izfreku esa le>us ;ksX; FkkA Qklhokfn;ksa
us lekt ds fodkl gsrq MkfoZu ds fopkjksa dks Hkh ykxw djus dk iz;kl fd;kA mudk
fo’okl Fkk fd lekt esa yksx mÙkjthfork ds fy, izfrLi/kkZ djrs gSa vkSj dsoy
Js"Brj O;fDrtu] lewg ,oa iztkfr;k¡ gh lQy gksrh gSaA bl /kkj.kk us ;gwnh-fo#)
jktuhfr vFkok lkehokn (Semitism) -fojks/k dk izR;{k iks"k.k fd;k] tks eq[; :i ls
teZu Qklhokn] cfYd vkSj txg Hkh] viuk;k tkrk FkkA lkekftd {ks= esa MkfoZu ds
fopkjksa dk ,slk iz;ksx ^lkekftd-MkfoZuokn* dgykus yxkA esu dkEi ¼1924½ esa
fgVyj ds vkReo`ÙkkRed dFku us bl izdkj ds lkekftd-MkfoZuoknh iztkrh; fopkjksa
ds O;ogkj gsrq lqLi"V mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;kA bl iqLrd esa fgVyj us lalnh;
yksdra= dks ikideZ crk;k] tks fd îzÑfr ds ewy vfHktkrh; fl)kar* ds fo#) gS vkSj
lexz ekuo laLÑfr dk o.kZu jpukRed vk;Z iztkfr ds vuU; mRikn ds :i esa fd;k
vkSj fuÑ"V ,oa jpukRedrk dk vHkkoxzLr crkdj ;gwnh leqnk; dh fuank dhA teZuh
esa ukt+h fopkj/kkjk ds bl ikxyiu ls yk[kksa ;gwfn;ksa dk tulagkj tUek] ;gk¡ ,d
fuÑ"V vekuq"k tkfr ds :i esa oxhZÑr turk ds iwjh rjg uSO;ZfDrd vf/kdkjhra=h;
24
^fuewZyu* (impersonal bureaucratic extermination) dks O;ogkj esa yk;k x;kA
jktuhfr fl)kUrh dkyZ f’er us 1920 ds n’kd esa lalnh; yksdra= laca/kh viuh ekDlZ o kn
vkykspukvksa esa ,d tuer laxzgh rkuk’kkgh gsrq rdZ fn;kA nk’kZfud ekfVZu ghMSxj us
viuh izkS|ksfxd fgalk gsrq vkSj vfLrRo dh voekuuk gsrq vk/kqfudrk dh dM+h
vkykspuk dhA vusd rjhdksa ls] nf{k.k iaFk ds fl)kar 1930 ds n’kd esa Qklhoknh vkSj
ukt+h {ks= ds fy, vkSfpR; lk/ku cu x,A
bVyh esa QkflT+e rhu fofHkUu izo`fÙk;ksa dh vksj c<+us ds dkj.k mRiUu gqvkA ;q) esa
bVyh dh Hkkxhnkjh ds eqn~ns ij 1914 esa Jfed la?kksa dk mxz Jfedla?koknh ifjla?k
esa foHkktu gks x;kA Jfed-la?kokfn;ksa dk dkj[kkuk Lrj ij fofu;eu ds ek/;e ls
^mRikndksa* dh ^vkRe-eqfDr* esa fo’okl FkkA fdlh equkflc oD+r ij Jfed la?k vFkok
et+nwj ;wfu;usa jkT; dk LFkku ys ysaxh vkSj os gh Lo-’kklu ds lk/kuksa ds :i esa dke
djsaxhA vc nf{k.k-iaFkh Jfedla?koknh tu mxz jk"Vªokn dh vksj py iM+sA mUgksaus
jk"Vªksa dk o.kZu oxks± ds :i esa fd;k] ;Fkk ^/kfudra=h;* vFkok mifuos’k j[kus okys ;k
fQj ^loZgkjk oxZ* vFkok mifuos’k u j[kus okys ^foiUu* jk"Vªksa ds :i esaA bVyh dks
,d Jethoh jk"Vª crk;k x;kA Hkfo";okfn;ksa us ftUgksaus ijaijkxr izfrekuksa ,oa
fo|eku laLFkkvksa dks vLohdkj dj fn;k vkSj ^fgalk* dks c<+kok fn;k] vkSj tks xfr]
'kfDr] eksVjksa o e’khuksa vFkok lHkh vk/kqfud izkS|ksfxdh; laHkkoukvksa ds o’khHkwr Fks] ,d
nwljs cM+s oSpkfjd dkjd dk ;ksxnku fn;kA ^jk"Vªh; Økafr* ij eqlksfyuh dk ^lektoknh*
n`f"Vdks.k ,oa fopkj brkoyh Qklhokn dk rhljk cM+k lw= FkkA LFkkuh; jktuhfrd
vfuok;Z vko’;drkvksa ds lkFk-lkFk fopkj dh ;g fo"ketkrh;rk gh Qklhokn ds :i
esa fHkUurkvksa ds fy, ft+Eesnkj Fkh] ;Fkk vkUnksyu vkSj jkT;A
25- 4 QkflT+e ds lkekftd vk/kkj

vkxkeh Hkkxksa esa ge jktuhfrd o lkaLFkkfud cyksa ds ml Lo:i ij ppkZ djsaxs ftlesa
Qklhoknh vkUnksyu vkSj jkT; ds fodkl esa enn dh vkSj mls dk;e j[kkA
25- 4- 1 ;q)] dwVuhfr vkSj jk"Vªokn

izFke fo’o;q) us QkflT+eh jkT; ds Li"V vkSj fu;r vkdkj ysus gsrq lekt’kkL=h;
vkSj euksoSKkfud n’kk,¡ iznku dhaA mlus tu-la?kVu vkSj vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa esa
jk"Vªokn dh {kerk dks mn~?kkfVr fd;kA blds vykok mlus vk/kqfud jkT; dh lsok
esa vkns’k dh] izkf/kdkj dh vfHkUurk] rFkk uSfrd la?kVu o izpkj ds egÙo dks Hkh
n’kkZ;kA ;q) ds i’pkr~] QkflT+e ,d lalDr ,oa iqul±xfBr tu-lkekftd n`f"Vdks.k
ds :i esa mHkjk] tks fd 'kkjhfjd cy] fgalk o Øwjrk dh iwtk dks mtkxj djrs gq,
xhrksa dh ,d lexz lkEiznkf;d mikluk iqfLrdk vkSj e’kky-tqywl ds vk/kkj ij
la?kfVr FkkA
oSjlk;h esa fot;h lgc) (Allied) 'kfDr;ksa us teZuh ls gkj dh 'krks± dks yknus dk
iz;kl fd;kA teZuh ij dBksj {kfriwfrZ;k¡ Fkksih xb±A teZuh dh lsuk esa ek= ,d yk[k
lSfud jg x,A teZuh dks vius vf/kdkj okys lhek{ks=ksa ds fygkt ls Hkh uqdlku gqvk
ftuesa muds mifuos’k gkFk ls fudy tkuk Hkh 'kkfey FkkA uofufeZr lhekvksa ij fe=
jk"Vªksa dh 'kkfUr 'krks± dh dBksjrk ij vlarks"k rFkk fooknksa vkSj VaVksa us Hkkoh la?k"kks± ds
cht cks fn,A izfr}a}h ds nkoksa ij QSlyk lqukus vkSj fooknksa dks gy djus gsrq
dk;Ziz.kkyh gh vfLrRo esa ugha FkhA jk"Vªla?k ds ikl 'kkfUriw.kZ lek/kku ykxw djus gsrq
dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ksa dk vHkko FkkA fgVyj vkWfLVª;k ds lkFk ,d gksus vkSj teZu turk
25
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ ds fy, i;kZIr ^fuokZg LFkku* ¼fycsulkSe½ izkIr djus ds fy, lSU; cy iz;ksx djus dks
rS;kj FkkA brkyoh QkflT+e us ,d ^loZgkjk* bVyh gsrq mifuos’kksa dk nkok fd;kA
tkikuh lSU;okfn;ksa us ^fo’o lalk/kuksa ds U;k;laxr forj.k* dh ek¡x dh vkSj os vius
y{; dh izkfIr gsrq lSU; dkjZokbZ fd, tkus dk i{k fy, tkus dh bPNk j[krs FksA
jk"Vªokn] ;q) vkSj dwVuhfr us jk"Vªh; lhekvksa ds Hkhrj O;fDr;ksa ,oa tulewgksa ij
ncko Mkyk fd viuk i{k fu/kkZfjr dj ysaA blus tu yksdrkaf=d LFkku dks lhekc)
fd, tkus dh laHkkouk Hkh iSnk dj nhA fdlh Hkh O;fDr vFkok lewg dks ^jk"Vªh; 'k=q*
vFkok ^ns’knzksgh* ds :i esa igpkuk tk ldrk Fkk vkSj Qklhoknh ^jk"Vªh;* jkT; gsrq
jktHkfDr vFkok fu"Bk u j[kus ds fy, lekIr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA blls iwoZ ijkt;
dk nks"k Qklhoknh izpkj esa bUgha rÙoksa ds fo’okl?kkr dks fn;k tkrk FkkA
25- 4- 2 1929 dk vkfFkZd ladV

izFke fo’o;q) HkkSfrd ,oa ekuoh; nksuksa lalk/kuksa vkSj bl izdkj mlesa 'kkfey lektksa
dh mRiknu {kerkvksa ds O;kid fo/oal esa ifj.kr gqvkA ;q)ksijkar ;wjksi esa iqufuZekZ.k
vkSj îqu#)kj* ds fy, foÙk vesfjdk ls feys _.kksa ls tqVk;k x;kA ;g izfØ;k Ñf"k
ewY;ksa esa rst+h ls fxjkoV ij vesfjdk esa ladV 'kq: gksus rd lgt :i ls pyrh jghA
tSls gh fo’o Ñf"k mRiknu ;wjksi esa îqu#)kj* ds lkFk c<+us yxk] mÙkj vesfjdk ij
ewY;ksa esa rst+ fxjkoV ls ekj iM+h vkSj dbZ yksx fnokfy;k gks x,A 'kh?kz gh] vDrwcj
1929 esa] vesfjdk esa 'ks;j ckt+kj izHkkfor gq,A ckt+kjksa ds Hkwe.Myh; ,dhdj.k ds
ifj.kkeLo:i gqbZ bl rckgh us lHkh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks izHkkfor fd;kA
yk[kksa yksxksa dks ukSdfj;ksa ls fudkydj vkSj mRiknu dks jksd dj ckx+ku] QkeZ vkSj
dkj[kkus can dj fn, x,A m|ksxifr ftUgksaus cSadksa vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ls vfxze jkf’k
vFkok _.k fy, gq, Fks] pqdkus esa fnDdr eglwl dhA vusd cSad vkSj foÙkh; laLFkk,¡
fnokfy,iu ds dxkj ij vk xb±A yk[kksa yksxksa ds ukSdfj;ksa vkSj dkj[kkuksa ls fudky
fn, tkus ls eky vkSj lsokvksa gsrq dksbZ ek¡x gh u jgh] D;ksafd yksxksa dh Ø;-’kfDr esa
fxjkoV vk xbZ FkhA bu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa us iqu#)kj ds dksbZ vklkj ugha n’kkZ,A ,slh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Qklhoknh usrkvksa }kjk vuqeksfnr iqulSZU;hdj.k us u flQ+Z lsukvksa esa]
cfYd vk;q/k m|ksxksa esa Hkh jkst+xkj volj iSnk fd,A pw¡fd blls eky vkSj lsokvksa ds
fy, ek¡x esa rst+h vk;h] Qklhoknh dk;ZØe us ladVksa ls f?kjs yksxksa ls vihy dh &
[kkldj tc mlus muds ^jk"Vªh; xkSjo* dk Hkh fo’okl fnyk;kA
25- 4- 3 QkflT+e gsrq jktuhfrd la?kVu

bVyh esa Qklhokfn;ksa dk vkjafHkd dk;ZØe tks Qklh nh dkWEcSfVeS.Vks ¼1919½ ds :i
esa 'kq: fd;k x;k] esa ,d x.kra= dh LFkkiuk gsrq vkg~oku fd;k x;k vkSj vkewy
yksdrkaf=d o lektokn laca/kh lq/kkjksa gsrq ek¡xksa dks izdV fd;k x;k] ftuesa 'kkfey
Fks & iw¡thifr;ksa ds c`gn~ ;q)dky ykHkksa dk ljdkjhdj.k] cM+h la;qDr-’ks;j dEifu;ksa
dk xksiu vkSj Hkwfeghu fdlkuksa ds fy, t+ehuA dk;ZØe ds ;s okeiaFkh rÙo 1920 esa
NksM+ fn, x, vkSj dsoy rh{.k ns’kHkfDr] ;q)-leFkZu] jk"Vªh; egkurk dks egÙo vkSj
lektoknh ikVhZ ds izfr foeq[krk dk ,d HkkoksÙkstd feJ.k gh dk;e j[kk x;kA
ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj lsuk ds leFkZu vkSj xqIr lg;ksx ds lkFk Qklhoknh xqVksa dk
tUe ysuk okeiaFk dh okLrfod vFkok dkYifud lq[kizn ?kVukvksa ls lh/ks tqM+k FkkA
lsuk vf/kdkfj;ksa] n¶rj’kkgksa vkSj O;olkf;;ksa tSls ijaijkxr :f<+oknh vkfHktkR;ksa ds
leFkZu dk ykHk mBk;k x;k vkSj Qklhoknh ikVhZ vkSj jkT; ij mldh Nki NksM+h xbZA
,d O;kid tu-la?kVu ykus ds fy, Q+kSth <ax dh ukxfjd lsuk] v/kZ-lSfud er-
26
izpkj <ax ds laxBu rFkk nyksa esa laxfBr Qklhoknh Jethoh la?kksa dks Hkh tUe fn;k ekDlZ o kn
x;kA bl ikVhZ vkSj mldh eq[; ifj"kn~ us bu lHkh laxBuksa dk fu;a=.k vius gkFk
esa ys fy;kA
blh izdkj] teZuh esa vfrjk"Vªoknh euksHkko vkSj tuoknh Økafrd ek¡xksa dk O;kid
jktuSfrd vk/kkj izkIr djus ds fy, fgVyj ds Qklhoknh laxBu teZu uS’kuy
lks’kfyLV odZlZ ikVhZ (NSDAP) }kjk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA blus ,d o`gÙkj teZuh dk
vkg~oku fd;k ftlds ikl Hkw-izns’k o mifuos’k gksa] lkFk gh] oSjlkb-laf/k dk vfHk’kwU;u
(annulment) gks] cM+s ,dkf/kdkj O;olk;ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k gks] cM+s m|ksxksa esa ykHk dh
fgLlsnkjh gks] vuftZr vk;ksa dk mUewyu gks vkSj Ñf"kd lq/kkj gksaA teZu Qklhokn us
1929 ds egkvolkn vkSj teZu vFkZO;oLFkk ij mlds izHkko }kjk c<+rh O;kdqyrk dk
ykHk mBk;kA mUgksaus okbej x.kra= dh jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk dk Hkh ykHk mBk;k]
ftldk viuk gh lafo/kku mls vUnj ls efV;kesV dj nsus ds lk/ku :i esa iz;ksx fd;k
x;kA bu lc dkjdksa us ukt+h ikVhZ ds mn; gsrq ifjfLFkfr;k¡ iSnk dj nha] tks fd teZu
Qklhokn dk laxBu FkkA blesa mu ns’kHkDr teZuokfn;ksa ds fy, ,d fo’ks"k vkd"kZ.k
Fkk] ftuds jk"Vªh; xkSjo dks izFke fo’o;q) esa teZuh dh gkj vkSj ojlkb esa rnUrj
ekuenZu }kjk {kfr igq¡ph FkhA
25- 4- 4 vkf/kiR; vkSj voihM+u dk iz’u

¶+;qjj vMkWYQ fgVyj ls tqM+s teZu Qklhoknh jkT; us vius vki gh lokZf/kd ccZj
vkSj fo/oaldkjh 'kklu gksus dh fof’k"Vrk izkIr dj yh Fkh] ftlus ;kstukc) O;kid
gR;kvksa vkSj ujlagkj ds vatke nsus ds fy, vkS|ksfxd rduhdsa viuk;haA xqIr jkT;
iqfyl dk;kZy; ;Fkk xSLVSiks] tSlk fd mls teZuh esa iqdkjk x;k] dk tUe 1933 esa
izf’;u Lons’kh ea=ky; ds rÙoko/kku esa gqvk] vkSj mlus 'kh?kz gh izkarh; ljdkj ls
Lok;Ùkrk izkIr dj yhA 1934 ls gkbufj’k fgeyj vkrad ds bl jk"Vª-O;kih Qklhoknh
vax ds izeq[k cu x,A blds izf’;u [k.M ds izeq[k Fks jkbugkMZ gsfMªp] tks fd
Hk;dkjh ,l-,l- (SS) ls lEc) ,d ikVhZ xqIrpj laxBu ,l-Mh- (SD) ds izHkkjh Hkh
FksA eq[kfcjksa ds ,d jk"Vª-O;kih tky ds lkFk ;g teZu Qklhoknh jkT; dk vkUrfjd
vuq’kkfld vf/k’kklh cu x;kA vkrad ds bl izdkj ds laxBuksa dks izR;sd teZuoklh
dh ft+anxh vkSj ekSr dk lEiw.kZ vf/kdkj izkIr gks x;k FkkA Qklhoknh jkT; ds fdlh
Hkh fojks/k dks fu"Bqjrk ls nck fn;k tkrk FkkA ije lÙkk ¶+;qjj ds gkFkksa esa ladsfUnzr
FkhA ut+jcanh f’kfojksa ds ek/;e ls datjksa] ;gwfn;ksa vkSj jktuhfrd fojksf/k;ksa dks iwjh
rjg feVk Mkyus ds fy, ;qfDr;qDr n¶+rj’kkg dk;Zra= dk iz;ksx Qklhoknh jkT; dk
,d lqfofnr igyw gSA ;s lc ckrsa jkT; lÙkk ds neudkjh ra= ij Qklhoknh jkT; dh
vR;f/kd fuHkZjrk dh vksj b’kkjk djrh gSaA blh izdkj] bVyh] Lisu o vU; Qklhoknh
'kklu-iz.kkfy;ksa esa ukxfjd lekt dh yksdrkaf=d laLFkkuksa dks /oLr djus vkSj muds
LFkku ij rkuk’kkgksa ds futh vkns’k ij vk/kkfjr lkaLFkkuhÑr vf/kuk;dRo LFkkfir
djus dk gj laHko iz;kl fd;k x;kA bu lc ckrksa us ukxfjd lekt dks vf/kdkf/kd
vuq’kkflr fd;k tkuk vko’;d cuk fn;kA dqN fo}ku rks QkflT+e dks ^loZlÙkkRed
jkT;* vFkok ,d ,slk jkT; rd crkrs gSa] tks vius ukxfjdksa ds thou ij fnu-
izfrfnu fu;a=.k j[krk gSA ijUrq vkf/kuk;dh; 'kklu ds ckoT+kwn QkflT+e us dqN
lEefr-fuekZ.k ijh{k.kksa dk mi;ksx fd;kA oSpkfjd Lrj ij] jk"Vªoknh Hkkoukvksa vkSj
lkehokn-fojks/k iz;ksx dks Hkh mlds ihNs yksxksa dh LohÑfr izkIr FkhA
27
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ blds vykok] dqN u, rjhds Hkh iz;ksx fd, x,A 1925 esa] bVyh esa Qklhoknh jkT;
us vkWisjk ukt+hukys Mksiksykoksjks dh LFkkiuk dhA bldk eq[; mn~ns’; Fkk dkexkj
yksxksa ds fy, Qqjlr dk le; vk;ksftr djukA mlus LFkkuh; Dycksa vkSj iqLrdky;ksa]
e|’kkykvksa] fcfy;MZ d{kksa o ØhM+k-izkax.k okyh euksjatukRed lqfo/kkvksa dk fo’kky
tky QSyk j[kk FkkA Mksiksykoksjks lekt laxhr xksf"B;ksa] ukVdksa] fQYe 'kks] vkfn dh
O;oLFkk djrs Fks vkSj cPPkksa ds fy, fidfud o lLrh xfeZ;ksa dh NqfV~V;k¡ vk;ksftr
djrs FksA rhl ds n’kd rd bVyh esa ,sls yxHkx 20]000 lekt cu pqds FksA
blds vfrfjDr] ;|fi 1926 dk Jfedla?kh; dkuwu ¼flafMdy ykW½ Jfedksa dks
mRiknu ds fgr esa jkT; ds fu;a=.k esa ys vk;k vkSj mlus fu;ksDrkvksa ds lkFk eksyHkko
ds vius ,dkf/kdkj esa Qklhoknh Jethoh la?kksa dk vuqeksnu fd;k o gM+rkyksa ij
izfrca/k yxk fn;k( Qklhoknh jkT; us rhl ds gh n’kd esa Jethfo;ksa ds fy, dqN
dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,¡ Hkh 'kq: dhaA 1934 esa ifjokj HkÙks fn, x,] tks fd vkerkSj ij
40 ?k.Vs dk lIrkg ykxw fd, tkus ls gksus okyh vk; dh {kfr dh HkjikbZ ds fy, FkkA
chekjh vkSj nq?kZVuk gsrq chek osru le>kSrs esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k vkSj rnksijkar
blh n’kd esa fØlel cksul vkSj vodk’k osru Hkh 'kq: fd, x,A bl izdkj ds lHkh
dneksa dk vfHkizk; Fkk] jkT; dh oS/krk dks LFkkfir djuk ftlus fd ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa
o yksdrkaf=d vf/kdkjksa dk mUewyu dj fn;k FkkA bVyh ds eqdkcys] ukt+h-’kklu ds
rgr teZu Jfed dgha vf/kd l[rh ls vuq’kkflr FksA
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ O;k[;k djsa QkflT+e ds fodkl esa fdu oSpkfjd lw=ksa dk ;ksxnku jgkA
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2½ brkyoh QkflT+e teZu QkflT+e ls fdl izdkj fHkUu Fkk\

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28
ekDlZ o kn
25- 5 QkflT+e ds v/khu jkT; vkSj lekt
Qklhoknh jkT; oS;fDrd rkuk’kkgh ds lkaLFkkuhdj.k ds :i esa mfnr gqvkA bVyh esa]
vDrwcj 1926 esa lHkh foi{kh nyksa vkSj laxBuksa ij izfrca/k yxk fn;k x;kA tu lqj{kk
dkuwu ¼1926½ us jkT; dh lqj{kk dks O;fDrxr vf/kdkjksa ls Åij j[kkA QkflLV ikVhZ
dks Lo;a gh vf/kdkjhra=h; cuk fn;k vkSj Jfedla?koknh fopkjksa dks ikVhZ ds Hkhrj gh
nck fn;k x;kA mÙkjh bVyh ds vusd m|ksxifr;ksa us ftuesa fQ,V dEiuh] ftvksokuh
vksbu;sy Hkh 'kkfey Fks] eqlksfyuh ds Qklhoknh laxBu dks [kwc iSlk fn;kA futh iw¡th
Jfedksa ds Qklhoknh fu;a=.k dh ykHkxzkgh gksrh FkhA ^^fuxfer jkT;** dh LFkkiuk
1934 esa fu;ksDrkvksa o deZpkfj;ksa ds 22 la;qDr fuxeksa dks ysdj dh xbZ] ijUrq muds
ikl vkfFkZd fu.kZ; fy, tkus dh okLrfod 'kfDr dk vHkko FkkA brkyoh jk"Vª ds
vkfFkZd thou esa jkT; gLr{ksi Qklhoknh 'kklu ds 'kq#vkrh fgLls esa mikfUrd gh
FkkA egkvolkn vkSj viuh vkØked jk"Vªoknh-lSU;oknh ifj;kstuk gsrq lkezkT;oknh
egÙokdka{kkvksa dks iwjk djus dh vko’;drk us fo’ks"k :i ls Hkwe/; lkxj vkSj vÝhdk
esa vkfFkZd thou esa jkT; gLr{ksi dks c<+kus dh vksj izo`Ùk fd;kA 1930 esa vkS|ksfxd
iqufuZekZ.k laLFkku~ (IRI) vkSj baLR;wrks ekWfcfy,j brkfy;kuks (IMI) dh LFkkiuk us vk/
kqfud ;q)dk;Z lsok esa vkfFkZd fu;eu dks izdV fd;kA rFkkfi] 1940 esa Hkh vkS|ksfxd
iqufuZekZ.k laLFkku~ ds ikl brkyoh m|ksx dh dqy iw¡thxr ifjlEifÙk;ksa dk yxHkx
17-8% gh FkkA jkT; us [kklrkSj ij jklk;fud] fo|qr~ ,oa ;a= m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij
/;ku fn;k vkSj jsyiFk rFkk nwjok.kh o vkdk’kok.kh m|ksx ds oS|qrhdj.k ds ek/;e ls
vk/kqfudhdj.k dks izksRlkgu fn;kA rFkkfi] teZuh ds eqdkcys] bVyh ds ^^;q) dk ,d
LFkk;h jkT;** gksus laca/kh 'kklu ds 'kCnkMEcj ds ckoT+kwn lSU;-mRiknu esa fuos’k de
gh FkkA blds vfrfjDr] ,dkf/kdkj iw¡thoknh oxZ ds iwoZ mxz nks"kkjksi.kksa ds ckoT+kwn]
Qklhoknh jkT; us mRiknd la?khdj.k vkSj U;klhdj.k] ;Fkk o`gn~ la?kksa ds fuekZ.k esa
enn dhA
eqlksfyuh us ppZ dks Hkh [kq’k djus dk iz;kl fd;kA ;q) ls {kfrxzLr fxjtk?kjksa dh
ejEer ds fy, cM+h-cM+h vkfFkZd lgk;rk;sa nh xb±A 1923 esa lHkh ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa
esa /kkfeZd f’k{kk vfuok;Z dj nh xbZA jkse dh leL;k vUrr% 1929 esa gy gks xbZA ppZ
ds lkFk ySVju le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj fd, x,] ftlds ek/;e ls /kkfeZd f’k{kk dk
okLrfod fu;a=.k ppZ ds gkFkksa esa lkSai fn;k x;k vkSj oSfVdu ij 'kklukFkZ iksi ds
vf/kdkj dks ekU;rk nh xbZA ppZ ds izeq[k v;ktdh; laxBu & dSFkWfyd ,sD’ku dks
vkt+knh ns nh xbZ] c’krsZ og jktuhfr ls nwj jgsA
oS;fDrd fujadq’krk vkSj lkekftd thou ij ikVhZ dk fu;a=.k teZuh esa vkSj vf/kd
l[r FkkA bVyh esa] cM+s dkjksckj] m|ksx] foÙk] lsuk ,oa O;kolkf;d vf/kdkjhra= us
dkQ+h gn rd Lok;Ùkrk vius ikl gh j[kh vkSj QkflT+e bu LFkkfir laLFkkvksa o
vfHktkr oxks± ds lkFk ,d vudgs le>kSrs ds vk/kkj ij lÙkk esa vk;kA teZuh esa
'kfDrnk;h vf/kfu;e ¼busfCyax ,DV] ekpZ 1933½ fgVyj dh rkuk’kkgh gsrq dkuwuh
vk/kkj cu x;kA fo/kk;h vf/kdkj dk;Zdkfj.kh dks gLrkarfjr dj fn, x,A vf/kdkjh
ra= dks jktuhfrd :i ls vokafNr vkSj ^vu-vk;Z* rÙoksa ls eqDr dj fn;k x;kA jkT;
ds la?kh; Lo:i dks u"V dj fn;k x;kA ewy laoS/kkfud vf/kdkjksa ij izfrca/k yxk
fn;k x;kA ^^dkuwu dk 'kklu** ^ûsrk dk 'kklu** esa rCnhy gks x;kA ¶+;qjj ftlds
fy, vf/kdkjh oxZ vkSj lsuk us ^fcuk 'krZ vkKkikyu* dh 'kiFk yh Fkh] ds brj-dkuwuh
|ksru (extra-legal notion) us iz’kklfud dk;Zdyki esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk /kkj.k dj yh
29
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ vkSj lafo/kkuokn dks nQ+u dj fn, tkus dk ladsr fn;kA usrk dh bPNk gh dkuwu dh
oS/krk dk vk/kkj gks x;hA U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk iwjh rjg /oLr gks xbZA blds
vfrfjDr] izSl ij iwjh rjg fu;a=.k gks x;kA mnkjoknh vkSj ;gwfn;ksa ds LokfeRo okys
lekpkj-i=ksa vkSj lks’kfyLV izSl dks can djus ds fy, ncko Mkyk x;kA Qklhoknh
vo/kkj.kk ds izfr fojks/kkRed ik;s tkus okys fdlh Hkh lkfgR; vFkok dyk ij
izfrca/k yxk fn;k x;kA izpkj vkSj f’k{kk ds ek/;e ls ukxfjdksa ds lkaLÑfrd thou
ij fu;a=.k ukt+h 'kklu-iz.kkyh ds eq[; y{;ksa esa ls ,d cu x;kA iwjh f’k{kk-iz.kkyh
Qklhoknh vkn’kks± ds vuqlkj dk;karfjr gks x;hA ikB~;-iqLrdsa nksckjk fy[kh xb±A
;gwfn;ksa }kjk v/;kiu dk;Z fuf"k) dj fn;k x;k vkSj ^vk;Zu~-teZu* izeq[k-tkfr
loksZPprk laca/kh iztkrh; fl)kar ikB~;Øeksa dk fgLlk cu x,A
teZuh esa Qklhoknh jkT; us Jfedksa dks lEiw.kZ :i ls vuq’kkflr djus dk Hkh iz;kl
fd;kA ekfydksa }kjk fu;qDr ^Û;kfl;ksa** us osru r; dj fn,A vDVwcj 1934 esa ,d
Jfed ekspkZ cuk;k x;kA ;g fdlh et+nwj la?k dh Hkk¡fr ugha] cfYd ,d izpkj e’khu
ds ekfQ+d dke djrk Fkk] vkSj lnL;ksa ds :i esa fu;ksDrkvksa vkSj O;olkf;;ksa dks
'kkfey djrk FkkA efgykvksa ds izfr Qklhoknh jkT; dk joS;k vfr-:f<+oknh fir`lÙkkRed
Hkkoukvksa ij vk/kkfjr FkkA efgykvksa dh lkekftd Hkwfedk dks ^^fdM~l] fdfpu ,.M
ppZ** vFkkZr~ ^^cPps] jlksbZ vkSj fxjtk?kj** vkfn ukjksa ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;kA
teZuh esa Qklhoknh dk lokZf/kd neudkjh igyw ;gwfn;ksa dk ,d ;kstukc) mRihM+u

jgkA teZuh esa ukt+h ikVhZ dh fopkj/kkjk dk |ksru ;gwfn;ksa ds izfr rhoz ?k`.kk vkSj
teZu izeq[k tkfr dks fo’kq) vk;Z cuk, j[kus laca/kh rhoz lud }kjk gqvkA ;gwnhtu
teZuh ds fuÑ"V] iztkrh; :i ls v’kq) vkSj lHkh cqjkb;ksa dh tM+ ds :i esa :f<+c)
FksA ukxfjdrk] fo’ofo|ky;ksa o iz’kklu esa LFkku] vkfn ls mUgsa oafpr dj fn;k x;k
FkkA muds dkjksckjksa ij geys Hkh fd, x,A os lHkh izdkj ds viwoZ HksnHkko ds v/khu
FksA rnksijkar] f}rh; fo’o;q) ds nkSjku muesa ls yk[kksa dks ut+jcanh f’kfojksa esa Hkst
fn;k x;k vkSj d+Rysvke dj fn;k x;kA de ls de 1937 rd rks brkyoh QkflT+e
esa iztkrh; lkehokn-fojks/k laca/kh fdlh Hkh ;kstukc) uhfr dk gh vHkko jgkA rFkkfi]
uoEcj 1938 esa] bVyh esa ukft+;ksa ds izHkkok/khu] iztkrh; ;gwnh-fo#) dkuwu Hkh ikl
fd, x,A
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ Qklhoknh jkT; vkSj lekt ds izeq[k y{k.kksa dk o.kZu djsaA

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30
ekDlZ o kn
25- 6 lkjka ’ k
bl bdkbZ esa geus Qklhoknh vkUnksyu vkSj jkT; ds ewy y{k.kksa] QkflT+e ds mn; gsrq
ifjfLFkfr;k¡ rS;kj djus esa ;q) dh Hkwfedk vkSj mu ewyHkwr oSpkfjd lw=ksa dks tkuk
ftUgksaus QkflT+e vkSj mldh laxBukRed 'kSfy;ksa esa ;ksxnku fn;kA gesa QkflT+e dks
:f<+oknh nf{k.kiaFkh vkUnksyuksa ls fHkUu] lekt o mldh laLFkkvksa ds iquxZBu gsrq
nf{k.kiaFkh igyw ds :i esa ysuk pkfg,A mifuos’k izkIr djus ds fy, lkezkfT;d
vfHk;kstukvksa ij pje jk"Vªokn ls tqM+ko] U;k;ikfydk] izSl] Jfed-laxBuksa tSlh
laLFkkvksa dk lEiw.kZ v/khuhdj.k rFkk lHkh dk;Zdkjh] fo/kk;h ,oa U;kf;d 'kfDr;ksa dk
rkuk’kkgksa ds gkFkksa esa ladsUnz.k] vkSj yksdrkaf=d vf/kdkjksa ds izfr xgjs tM+sa tek,
'k=qrk] vkfn Qklhoknh jkT;ksa ds dqN eq[; rÙo FksA rFkkfi] LFkkuh; fof’k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa
dh otg ls Qklhoknh izFkkvksa ds Hkhrj lw{e fHkUurk,¡ FkhaA QkflT+e dksbZ ltkrh;
vkUnksyu ugha FkkA blds vfrfjDr] ;|fi jkT; ds neudkjh ra= dk iz;ksx lHkh
jktuhfrd fojks/kksa dks nwj djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk] QkflT+eh jkT; rkuk’kkg
'kklu-iz.kkfy;ksa dh oS/krk dks d+k;e j[kus ds fy, dqN fuf’pr dne Hkh mBkrs Fks]
cs’kd ;g oS/krk mxz jk"Vªoknh vkSj tuoknh iztkrh; laosnukvksa ij vk/kkfjr jgh gksA
25- 7 'kCnkoyh
lkehokn -fojks / k@fo#) % ;gwfn;ksa ds fo#) i{k?kkr
lef"Vokn % ,d v/kZ-lewgoknh iaFk ftlus deZpkfj;ksa ,oa
fu;ksDrkvksa dks ,d loZekU; laxBu esa vkc)
dj muds chp lkeatL;iw.kZ laca/k cukus dk
iz;kl fd;kA
ukxfjd lsuk % ,d v/kZ-lSfud laxBu
la ? kVu % fdlh /kkj.kk fo’ks"k ds bnZ-fxnZ dkjZokbZ gsrq
yksxksa dks rS;kj j[kukA
lkekftd -MkfoZ u okn % lekt ds fodklkFkZ MkfoZu ds fopkjksa dk
vuqi;z ksx( ;g fo’okl fd lekt esa yksx vfLrRo
ds fy, izfrLi/kkZ djrs gSa vkSj dsoy loksZRÑ"V
O;fDr] lewg vFkok iztkfr;k¡ gh thrrh gSaA
Jfed la?kokn % Jethoh la?kksa vFkok laLFkkvksa }kjk dkj[kkuk
Lrj ij fofu;eu ds ek/;e ls mRikndksa ds
vkReks)kj esa fo’oklA

gsoqM] ,] dh dalsiV~l bu ikWfyfVDl] cWflaxLVksd % eSfDeyu] 2000
VkSDvj] MCY;w ¼laikfnr½] QkflT+e % , jhMjt+ xkbM] gke±M~loFkZ % iSafXou] CdZys] lh ,
% dSfyQksfuZ;k izSl] 1979
xksYM gsxus ] Mh-th-] fgVyjt+ fofyax ,sDt+hD;w’ujt+ % vkWfMZujh teuZt+ ,aM n gksyksdkLV%
jSaMe gkÅt+] 1996
gst+] ikWy] QkflT+e] ,ysu ,aM vufou] 1973
oScj] ;wxsu] oSjkbfVt+ vkWQ QkflT+e] cSu-oSLV jSaM jsugksYM] 1964
31
25- 9 Ckks/k iz’uksa ds mÙkj
cks/k iz’u 1

cks/k iz’u 2
2½ Hkkx 25-3, 25-4 vkSj 25-5 ns[ksa

cks/k iz’u 3
32
ekDlZ o kn
bdkbZ 26 ekDlZokn
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
26-0 mís ’ ;
26-1 izLrkouk
26-2 ekDlZokn D;k gS\
26-2-1 dkYifud (Utopian) vkSj oSKkfud lektokn
26-2-2 fodkloknh vkSj Økafroknh lektokn
26-3 ekDlZokn ds cqfu;knh fl)kar
26-3-1 }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn
26-3-2 ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn
26-3-3 vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar
26-3-4 oxZ-la?k"kZ
26-3-5 Økafr
26-3-6 loZgkjk oxZ dk vf/kuk;dRo
26-3-7 lkE;okn
26-4 vyxko dk fl)kar
26-5 Lora=rk dk fl)kar
26-6 vkykspukRed leh{kk vkSj voyksdu
26-7 lkjka’k
26- 0 mís ’ ;
bl bdkbZ esa vki dkyZ ekDlZ rFkk vU; }kjk izfrikfnr ekDlZokn ds fl)kar vkSj
O;ogkj ds ckjs esa tku ik,¡xsA n’kZu ds cqfu;knh rÙoksa] }U}kRed vkSj ,sfrgkfld
HkkSfrdokn] vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar] oxZ-la?k"kZ] Økafr] loZgkjk oxZ dk vf/kuk;dRo
vkSj lkE;okn dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %
• lektokn ds iwoZ-ekDlZokn ds lw=] tSls fd dkYifud lektokn dh ppkZ dj
ik,¡xs(
• ekDlZokn ds cqfu;knh ifjdYiukvksa dk vkadyu] o.kZu rFkk ppkZ dj ldsaxs(
• ekDlZoknh fl)kar ds nwljs izeq[k vaxksa tSls vyxko vkSj Lora=rk ds fl)kar dh
foospuk dj ik,¡xs vkSj varr%( rFkk
• ekDlZokn dh leh{kk vkSj bldh ledkyhu izklafxdrk dh foospuk dj ik,¡xsA
26- 1 izLrkouk
bl bdkbZ dk mís’; ekDlZokn ds fl)karksa dk ijh{k.k vkSj O;k[;k djuk gS] tksfd
gekjs ;qx dh lcls Økafrdkjh fopkj/kkjk gSA mnkjokn ds lkFk ekDlZokn gekjs le;
ds lcls izeq[k n’kZu dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA mnkjokn] vkn’kZokn vkSj ekDlZokn jktuhfr
foKku ds rhu egÙoiw.kZ fl)kar gSaA lh-,y- osij us jkT; laca/kh fofHkUu fopkj/kkjkvksa 33
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gS] tSls e’khujh ds :i esa] ;kaf=d :i esa vkSj oxZ ds :i esaA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jkT; dh tSfod fopkj/kkjk] jkT; dh ;kaf=d fopkj/kkjk vkSj jkT; dh
oxZ laca/kh fopkj/kkjkA tSfod fopkj/kkjk vkn’kZokn gS] ;kaf=d fopkj/kkjk mnkjokn gS
vkSj oxZ dh fopkj/kkjk ekDlZokn gSA
bl bdkbZ dks ekDlZokn dh ifjHkk"kk] dkYifud vkSj oSKkfud lektokn] Økafrdkjh

vkSj fodkloknh lektokn] ekDlZokn ds eq[; fl)karksa] leh{kk rFkk fu"d"kZ ds :i esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ekDlZokn ds lkr izeq[k fl)kar gSa] tSls }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn]
,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn] vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar] oxZ la?k"kZ] Økafr] loZgkjk oxZ dk
vf/kuk;dRo vkSj lkE;oknA vyxko vkSj Lora=rk dh vo/kkj.kk tksfd lkeU;r;k
;qok ekDlZ ls lacaf/kr gSa ;k ekDlZokn ds ekuoh; eq[kkSVk dh Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
26- 2 ekDlZokn D;k gS\

ekDlZokn lkekU;r;k teZu nk’kZfud dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkjksa dks n’kkZrk gS] ysfdu
ekDlZokn dk vFkZ flQZ ekDlZ ds fopkj ugha gSaA ekDlZokn fopkjksa ds ml Hkkx dks
izdV djrk gS] tks eq[; :i ls dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkjksa dks lekfgr djrs gSaA blds
varxZr ekDlZ] fÝMfj’k ,axsYt+ vkSj muds leFkZdksa ds fopkj 'kkfey gSa] tks vius vki
dks ekDlZokfn;ksa ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSaA ekDlZokn ,d thou n’kZu gSA ekDlZokn
fopkjd yxkrkj ekDlZoknh n’kZu dks viuk ;ksxnku nsrs jgs gSaA bl izdkj ;g dgk
tkrk gS fd ekDlZ ej x;s gSa] ijUrq ekDlZokn vHkh Hkh thfor gSA
ekDlZoknh n’kZu dky ekDlZ ds tUe ds igys Hkh vfLrRo esa FkkA blh dkj.k ls MsfoM
eSDysyu us ekDlZokn ij rhu iqLrdksa dks fy[kk gS( ekdZflT+e fcQksj ekDlZ] FkkWV vkWQ
ekDlZ vkSj ekdZflT+e vk¶Vj ekDlZA mlh izdkj iksfy’k fopkj yslt+sd dksykdksLdh
us ekDlZokn ij rhu iqLrdksa dks fy[kk gSA ;g ckr fQj mBrh gS fd ekDlZokn dk vFkZ
ek= dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkj ugha gSaA
26- 2- 1 dkYifud (Utopian) vkSj oSKkfud lektokn

tSlk fd igys dgk tk pqdk gS] ekDlZokn dk vfLrRo ekDlZ ls igys ls FkkA ;s igys
ds lektoknh fopkjdksa ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA dkyZ ekDlZ mUgsa dkYifud lektoknh
iqdkjrs gSaA os dkYifud Fks] D;ksafd mudh lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dh igpku lgh Fkh]
ysfdu mudk funku xyr FkkA ;g vO;ogkfjd Fkk] vr% os dkYifud dgs tkrs FksA
tgk¡ dksbZ 'kks"k.k ugha Fkk vkSj yksx [kq’k FksA ;wVksfi;k 'kCn dh mRifÙk FkkWel ewj dh
;wVksfi;k uked miU;kl ls gqbZA ;wVksfi;k 'kCn ,d dkYifud }hi dks lwfpr djrk
gS] tgk¡ ,d nks"kjfgr lkekftd-vkfFkZd-jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dk vfLrRo Fkk( dqN izeq[k
dkYifud lektoknh fopkjd gSa jkWcVZ vksosu] pkYlZ Qwfj;j] yqbl Cyka] lsaV lkbeu]
flleksaM+h vkSj izkÅ/kkSuA
26- 2- 2 fodkloknh vkSj Økafroknh lektokn

lektokn vkxs fodkloknh vkSj Økafrdkjh lektokn esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gSA
fodkloknh lektokn Økafr esa fo’okl ugha djrk gS vkSj lektokn dks 'kkafrfiz;
rjhds ls izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA fodkloknh lektokfn;ksa dk fo’okl lalnh; iztkra=
esa gS vkSj os lkekftd ifjorZu ernku ds ek/;e ls ykuk pkgrs gSaA os fgalk dks R;kxrs
gSa vkSj bl izdkj fgalk;qDr Økafr ds fojks/kh gSaA os loZgkjk oxZ ds vf/kuk;dRo dks Hkh
34
ugha Lohdkjrs gSa vkSj oxZ;qDr lekt ls oxZfoghu lekt rd dks 'kkafrfiz; iztkrkaf=d ekDlZ o kn
ifjorZu ls ykuk pkgrs gSaA Qsfc;u lektokn] ftrM+ (Guild) lektokn vkSj
iztkrkaf=d lektokn fodkloknh lektokn ds fofHkUu izdkj gSaA
nwljh rjQ Økafrdkjh lektokn oxZ-la?k"kZ] Økafr rFkk loZgkjk oxZ ds vf/kuk;dRo esa
fo’okl djrk gSA mlds vuqlkj lkekftd ifjorZu 'kkafrfiz; <ax ls ugha gks ldrk gS]
bls fgalkRed gksuk pkfg,A 'kkafrfiz; Økafr vius vki esa fojks/kkHkkl iSnk djrh gSA
Økafr lkekftd ifjorZu dh nkbZ gS vkSj bl Økafr dks voge fgalkRed gksuk pkfg,A
Økafrdkjh ekDlZokn] dkyZ ekDlZ ds oSKkfud lektokn ds led{k] lkekU;r;k le>k
tkrk gSA Jfed la?kokn Hkh Økafrdkjh lektokn dk ,d :i gSA
fodkloknh lektokn Hkh dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYt+ dh fopkj/kkjkvksa esa vius ewy dks
<¡w<+rs gSaA mUgksaus jkT; ds vius vki lekIr gksus dh ckrsa dh gSaA fodkloknh lektokn
ds izfrikndksa us jkT; ds Lor% fou"Vrk ds fl)kar dk izfriknu fd;k gS vkSj rdZ
fn;k gS fd 'kkafrfiz; ek/;e ls /khjs-/khjs lkekftd ifjorZu dks izHkkfor fd;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj 'kks"k.kfoghu vkSj oxZfoghu lekt dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA fQj
Hkh fodkloknh lektokn ds vkykspd bl /kkj.kk dks Lohdkj ugha djrs gSa vkSj rdZ
nsrs gSa fd jkT; ds Lor% fouk’k dh fopkj/kkjk flQZ lektoknh jkT; ;k loZgkjk oxZ
ds vf/kuk;dRo ij ykxw gksrh gS vkSj iw¡thoknh jkT; ij ughaA ;g Lor% fou"V ugha
gksxkA bls fgalkRed Økafr ds }kjk u"V fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vr% fodkloknh lektokn
ds rdZ esa deh gSA
cks/k iz’u 1
1½ dkYifud vkSj oSKkfud lektokn ds chp varj Li"V djsaA

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2½ fodkloknh vkSj Økafrdkjh lektokn ds varj Li"V djsaA

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35
26- 3 ekDlZokn ds cqfu;knh fl)kar
ekDlZokn ds cqfu;knh fl)kar bl izdkj gSa % }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn] ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn]
vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar] oxZ la?k"kZ] Økafr] loZgkjk oxZ dk vf/kuk;dRo vkSj
lkE;oknA vc] bu fl)karksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh tk,xhA
26- 3- 1 }U}kRed HkkS f rdokn

}U}kRed HkkSfrdokn bfrgkl dh O;k[;k ds fy, ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYt+ }kjk fodflr
oSKkfud fof/k gSA ;gk¡ ekDlZ iwoZorhZ fopkjdksa] fo’ks"kr;k] teZu nk’kZfud gsxsy ls iwjh
rjg izHkkfor gSaA }U}kRed (Dialectics) ,d cgqr iqjkuh fof/k gS] fojks/kh fopkjus ds
la?k"kZ ds ek/;e ls fojks/kkHkklksa dks O;Dr djrs gq, lR; dks tkuus ds fy, bldk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA gsxsy us laokn (Thesis)] izfr-laokn (Anti-thesis) rFkk la’ys"k.k
(Synthesis) ds rhuksa :iksa dks fodflr djds bls is’k fd;k gSA }U}kRed f=xq.k
(Dialectical Triad) ds uke ls eq[; :i ls bls tkuk tkrk gSaA izxfr ;k fodkl
}U}kRed izfØ;k ls gksrk gSA fodkl dh izR;sd voLFkk esa] ;g fojks/kkHkklksa }kjk
oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fojks/kkHkkl vkus okys ifjorZu] izxfr vkSj fodkl dks izsfjr
djrs gSaA laokn dks blds izfr&laokn ds }kjk pqukrh nh tkrh gSA nksuksa esa lPpkbZ vkSj
vlR;rk {k.kHkaxqj gksrh gSA laokn vkSj izfr-laokn ds la?k"kZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i] lPpkbZ
cjdjkj jgrh gS] ysfdu vlR; rÙo u"V gks tkrs gSaA ;s vlR; rÙo fojks/kkHkklksa dks
tUe nsrs gSaA laokn vkSj izfr-laokn ds lPps rÙo la’ys"k.k esa ,d lkFk feyk fn;s tkrs
gSaA ;g fodflr la’ys"k.k le; ds varjky esa laokn cu tkrk gS vkSj bl izdkj ;g
iqu% vius fojks/kh izfr-laokn }kjk pqukSrh izkIr djrk gS] tks iqu% la’ys"k.k esa cny
tkrk gSA ;g laokn] izfr-laokn vkSj la’ys"k.k dh izfØ;k rc rd pyrh gS] tc rd
;g iw.kZrk dh voLFkk rd ugha igq¡p tkrh gSA bl fodkloknh izfØ;k esa u;h voLFkk
vk,xh] tc dksbZ vlR; rÙo ugha gksxkA ;s fodkl ds fofHkUu voLFkkvksa esa u"V gks
tk,¡xsA varr% flQZ lR; gh cprk gS] D;ksafd ;g dHkh Hkh u"V ugha gksrk gSA ;g iw.kZ
voLFkk dks tUe nsxk vkSj dksbZ fojks/kkHkkl ugha gksxk vkSj bl izdkj vkxs dksbZ fodkl
ugha gksxkA }U}kRed izfØ;k dk var iw.kZ lR; ij igq¡pus ds ckn gks tk,xkA ;g
fojks/kkHkkl gS] tks }U}kRed izfØ;k dks c<+krs gSa vkSj fojks/kkHkkl dk iwjk fouk’k vius
vki ls }U}kRed izfØ;k ds var dks lwfpr djrk gSA
HkkSfrdokn ds fy, ekDlZ HkkSfrdokn ds Ýsap fo|kihB] eq[;r;k Ýsap HkkSfrdoknh

fopkjd yqMfox ¶;qjcSd ds iwjh rjg ls _.kh gSaA ;g inkFkZ gS] tks vkf[kjdkj esa
okLrfodrk gS u fd fopkjA ckn okyk igys dk izfrfcEc gSA ge dSls viuh jksVh
dekrs gSa] ;g gekjs fopkjksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA ;g O;fDr;ksa dh psruk ugha gksrh
gS] tks muds vfLrRo dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gSA blds foijhr] ;g mudk lkekftd
vfLrRo gksrk gS] tks muds psru dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA ekDlZ us fVIi.kh dh gS fd
^^gsxsy dk }U}kRed vius flj ds cy [kM+k Fkk vkSj eSaus mls iSjksa ij [kM+k fd;k gS**A
gsxsy us }U}kRed vkn’kZokn dk fodkl fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj ;s fopkj gSa] tks varr%
inkFkZ gksrs gSaA fopkj vk/kkj ;k mi-lajpuk esa fughr gksrk gS] tks Js"B lajpuk esa lHkh
pht+ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA lekt] jktuhfr vkSj vFkZ O;oLFkk bl Js"B lajpuk ds
varxZr gSa] ftls ml le; ds izpfyr izHkkjh fopkjksa }kjk vkdkj iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
varr% ;gh fopkj gSa] tks inkFkZ ds lkFk LFkkukarfjr gksrs gSaA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] HkkSfrd
;k vkfFkZd cy mi-lajpuk ds varxZr vkrs gSa vkSj fopkj Js"B lajpuk dk ,d vax gSaA
fopkj HkkSfrd cyksa dk izfrfcEc gSaA vkfFkZd cy fopkj dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS vkSj u
36
fd nksuksa dksA bl izdkj ekDlZ us fopkj vkSj inkFkZ dh fLFkfr dks iyV fn;k gSA ;gh ekDlZ o kn
dkj.k gS fd os nkok djrs gSa fd ^^gsxsy dk fopkj uhps dh vksj >qdk gqvk Fkk vkSj eSaus
mls Bhd fd;k gS**A
vk/kkj ;k mi-lajpuk ds varxZr mRiknu dk rjhdk vkSj mRiknu ds laca/k fufgr gksrs
gSaA ;s nksuksa feydj mRiknu ds :i dks tUe nsrs gSaA mRiknu ds rjhds esa ifjorZu
rduhdh fodkl ds dkj.k gksrk gS] ;g mRiknu ds laca/kksa esa ifjorZu ykrk gSA bl
izdkj mRiknu ds :i ds ifjorZu Js"B lajpuk esa vuqdwy ifjorZu ykrs gSaA lekt]
jktuhfr] /keZ] uSfrdrk] ewY;ksa] vkn’kks± bR;kfn Js"B lajpuk ds vax gSa vkSj mRiknu ds
:i }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSaA
26- 3- 2 ,s f rgkfld HkkS f rdokn
,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn }UnkRed HkkSfrdokn ds iz;ksx esa bfrgkl dh O;k[;k djrk gSA
;g }UnkRed HkkSfrdokn dh ekDlZoknh fof/k dks ykxw djus esa fo’o bfrgkl dh
vkfFkZd O;k[;k djrk gSA fo’o bfrgkl dks pkj voLFkkvksa esa ckaVk x;k gS % izkjfEHkd
lkE;okn] nkl izFkk] lkearokn vkSj iw¡thoknA
izkjfEHkd lkE;okn] ekuo bfrgkl ds lcls izkjfEHkd dky dks lwfpr djrk gSA ;g
dky lEifÙkfoghu] 'kks"k.kfoghu] oxZfoghu vkSj ^jkT;foghu lekt FkkA mRiknu ds
lk/ku fiNM+s gqvs Fks] D;ksafd rduhdh vfodflr FkhA leqnk; mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dk
Lokeh FkkA os futh LokehrRo ds varxZr ugha Fks vkSj dksbZ 'kks"k.k ugha FkkA f’kdkj ds
fy;s iRFkj ds gfFk;kj] eNyh Qalkus ds tky vkSj vadqM+h (hooks) mRiknu ds lk/
ku FksA lewpk leqnk; budk Lokeh FkkA mRiknu lhfer Fkk vkSj Lo-[kir ds fy,
fd;k tkrk FkkA dksbZ vfrfjDr mRiknu ugha Fkk] rks dksbZ 'kks"k.k ugha FkkA tc dksbZ
'kks"k.k ugha Fkk rks dksbZ oxZ foHkktu ugha FkkA tc dksbZ oxZ foHkktu ugha Fkk] rks dksbZ
oxZ la?k"kZ ugha Fkk] rks dksbZ jkT; ugha FkkA bl izdkj ;g lkE;oknh lekt Fkk] ysfdu
vfndkyhu izdkj dk FkkA fQj Hkh ft+Unxh dfBu FkhA bls 'kks"k.k] dyg vkSj la?k"kZ
ds vHkko ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk FkkA
rduhd fLFkj ugha gS( ;g yxkrkj fodflr gksrh gSA rduhdh fodkl mRiknu esa lq/
kkj ds fy, gksrk gSA ftlls vfrfjDr mRiknu gksrk gS] tks O;fDrxr~ lEifÙk dk
vkfoZHkko djrk gSA vc mRiknu ds lk/ku leqnk; ds varxZr ugh gksrs gSa] cfYd futh
LokfeRo ds varxZr vk tkrs gSA bl izdkj lekt lEifÙkokyksa vkSj lEifÙkfoghu oxks±
esa caV tkrk gSA mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij LokfeRo gksus dh otg ls lEifÙk okys oxZ
lEifÙkfoghu oxZ dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSaA pw¡fd la?k"kZ gksrk gS] izHkkoh oxZ] ;kfu dh lEifÙk
okyk oxZ jkT; uke dh ,d neudkjh laLFkk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] tksfd v/kkZuLFk dh
;kfu fd lEifÙkghu oxZ ds fojks/k dks dqpyrk gSA bl izdkj jkT; ,d oxZ ;a= vkSj
neudkjh laLFkk gSA ;g vius fuekZrk ds fgrksa dh j{kk djrk gS] tks lEifÙkokys oxZ gSaA
izkjEHk esa bl lekt dks Lokeh vkSj xqyke ds :i esa ckaVk x;k gSA Lokeh lEifÙkokys
(the haves) gSa vkSj xqyke lEifÙkfoghu (the have nots) gSaA xqyke mRiknu ds lkjs
dk;Z dks djrs gSaA Lokeh xqykeksa dh esgur ij thrs gSaA os xqykeksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa
vkSj tc dHkh xqyke fojks/k djrs gSa] rc jkT; Lokeh ds cpko esa vkrk gSA bl izdkj]
jkT; Lokeh oxZ ds fgrksa dh j{kk djrk gSA ;g viuh neudkjh 'kfDr;ksa ls xqykeksa dh
vkokt+ dks nckrk gSA
37
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ nkl izFkk dk lkearokn vuqxkeh cu tkrk gSA rduhdh fodkl mRiknu ds lk/ku esa
ifjorZu ykrk gS vkSj ;g mRiknu vkSj Js"B lajpuk ds laca/k esa vuqdwy ifjorZu ykrk
gSA nkl izFkk mRiknu ds lkearh <+kaps esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS vkSj ;g lekt] jktuhfr]
uSfrdrk vkSj ewY; iz.kkyh esa >ydrk gSA lekt dk lkearksa vkSj fdlkuksa esa foHkktu
lkearokn dks n’kkZrk gSA lkearksa dk mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij vf/kiR; gksrk gS] ;g Hkwfe
gS] ysfdu fdlku mRiknu dk;Z djrk gSA Hkwfe/; dk LokfeRo gksus ds dkj.k] lkear
fcuk dqN fd;s mRiknu dk cM+k fgLlk izkIr djrk gSA bl izdkj lkear ijthoh
(parasite) ds lkeku gksrk gS] tks fdlkuksa dh esgur ij laiUu gksrk gSaA lkear fdlkuksa
dk 'kks"k.k djrk gS vkSj ;fn fdlku dHkh vius 'kks"k.k dk fojks/k djrk gS] rks mlds
fojks/k dks jkT; funZ;rk ls dqpy nsrk gS] D;ksafd jkT; lkearks ds fgrksa dh j{kk vkSj
mudh lsok djrk gSA tgk¡ fdlku vkfJr vkSj 'kksf"kr oxZ gksrk gS] ogha Lokeh izHkkoh
vkSj 'kks"kd oxZ gksrk gSA
iw¡thokn lkearokn dk vuqxkeh gksrk gSA rduhdh fodkl tkjh jgrk gS] blfy,
mRiknu dh f’kfDr;ksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gS] tks mRiknu dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj mRiknu ds
laca/kksa ds chp csesy gks tkrk gS] ftldk lek/kku e/; oxZ (bourgeois) dh Økafr ls
gksrk gSA bl izdkj mRiknu dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj mRiknu dk lkearh <k¡pk iw¡thoknh <k¡ps
esa cny tkrk gSA lekt dk e/; oxZ vkSj loZgkjk oxZ esa foHkktu iw¡thokn dks n’kkZrk
gSA e/; oxZ dk mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij vf/kdkj gksrk gS] ysfdu loZgkjk oxZ mRiknu
djrk gSA loZgkjk yksx vkS|ksfxd Jfed gksrs gSa( os de osru ds cnys viuk Je csprs
gSaA ;g O;ogkjr% vkthfodk ds fy, osru gksrk gS] ftlls Je 'kfDr dks vckf/kr
vkiwfrZ dks cjdjkj j[kk tk ldrk gSA mRiknu Lo;a ds [kir ds fy, ugha gksrk gS]
cfYd equkQs ds fy, gksrk gSA vf/kdre equkQs dh bPNk osru esa deh vkSj
dk;Zfof/k esa c<+ksÙkjh djrh gSA ;g vkxs Jfed oxZ dh fLFkfr dks fcxkM+rk gS] tks varr%
mUgsa bl fLFkfr esa igq¡pk nsrk gSa] tgk¡ [kksus ds fy, dqN ugha gksrk gSA ;g loZgkjk
Økafr ds fy, ekxZ iz’kLr djrk gSA
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ }UnkRed HkkSfrdokn ds vFkZ dks vius 'kCnksa esa O;Dr djsaA

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38
2½ izkjfEHkd lkE;okn ;k lkearokn ds eq[; fo’ks"krkvksa dh x.kuk vkSj o.kZu djsaA ekDlZ o kn
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26- 3- 3 vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar

ekDlZ us iw¡thoknh lekt esa 'kks"k.k dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, vfrfjDr ewY; ds fl)kar
dks fodflr fd;k gSA ;gk¡ ekDlZ oxhZ; vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa ds fl)karksa ls izHkkfor FksA os
ewY; ds Je fl)kar ls lger FksA lkeku dk ewY; blds mRiknu esa yxs Je dh ek=k
ls vkadk tkrk gSA Je Hkh ,d lkeku gSA bls nwljs lkekuksa dh rjg [kjhnk vkSj cspk
tk ldrk gSA mRiknu ds pkj dkjdksa esa Je lcls loksZPp gSA blds vHkko esa mRiknu
ds nwljs dkjd csdkj gSaA Hkwfe iw¡th vkSj laxBu mRiknu ds vU; nwljs dkjd csdkj
gSaA Hkwfe i¡wth vkSj laxBu mRiknu ds vU; nwljs dkjd gSaA mRiknu ds bu dkjdksa ds
fy, Je dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tks mUgsa mRiknd cukrk gSA Je ds vHkko esa os catj gksrs
gSaA
;fn osru Jfed }kjk mRiUu dh x;h jde ds vuqikr esa fn;k tkrk gS] rks dksbZ 'kks"k.k
ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu ;g voLFkk iw¡thokn esa u;h gksrh gSaA Je bl vFkZ esa vuks[kk gksrk
gS fd ;g vius j[k-j[kko ls T+;knk ewY; mRiUu djrk gSA Jfed }kjk mRiUu fd;s
x;s ewY; rFkk Jfedksa dks osru ds :i esa fn, x, ewY; esa varj gksrk gS] ftlls
vfrfjDr ewY; mRiUu rFkk iw¡thifr dks equkQk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] ;fn dksbZ
Jfed ,d eghus esa 25]000 #i;s ewY; mRiUu djrk gS vkSj mls osru ds :i esa
15]000 #i;s fn;s tkrs gSa] rks cps gq, 10]000 #i;s iw¡thoknh dk ykHk gksxkA bl
izdkj Jfed lnSo vf/kd ewY; iSnk djrs gSa] ftruk mls okLro esa feyrk gSA Jfed
}kjk mRiUu ;g vfrfjDr ewY; e/;oxZ (bourgeois) dk ykHk gksrk gS] ftldk cpko
oxhZ; vFkZ’kkL=h djrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g laifÙk laxzg djrk gS] ftls vkxs u;s m|ksxksa rFkk
miØeksa esa yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj ftlls fodkl vkSj [kq’kgkyh vkrh gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa ds
vuqlkj] ;g Jfedksa dk 'kks"k.k gSa] ftls lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
i¡wthokn ds fodkl vkSj izfr;ksfxrk esa c<+ksrjh gksus ls Jfedksa ds osru esa yxkrkj
fxjkoV vkrh gS vkSj vkthfodk Lrj dh voLFkk vk tkrh gSA vkthfodk osru jgus
vkSj Je 'kfDr ds LFkk;hdj.k ds fy, U;wure osru gksrk gSA bl izdkj iw¡thokn esa
xgu izfr;ksfxrk loZgkjk dh vfr {kfr dk lwpd gksrk gSA ;g oxZ la?k"kZ dks c<+kok
nsrk gS vkSj varr% Økafr dks ykrk gSA
26- 3- 4 oxZ -la ? k"kZ

ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] vHkh rd ds lHkh lektksa dk bfrgkl oxZ la?k"kZ dk bfrgkl jgk gSA
flok; izkjfEHkd lkE;oknh voLFkk dks NksM+dj lHkh ,sfrgkfld dkyksa esa izHkkoh vkSj
vkfJr oxks± ;k lEifÙk okys vkSj lEifÙkfoghu ds chp lfØ; fojks/k jgk gSA ;g lfØ;
39
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ fojks/k oxZ fojks/kkHkklksa ls iSnk gksrk gS( ;g lEifÙkfoghu oxZ dk lEifÙk okys oxZ }kjk
'kks"k.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i gksrk gSA iwjs bfrgkl esa izR;sd ;qx esa nks fojks/kh oxZ jgs gSaA
nkl izFkk esa Lokeh vkSj nkl] lkearoknh izFkk esa lkear vkSj e/; oxZ mRiknu ds lk/
kuksa ds Lokeh gSaA nkl] fdlku vkSj loZgkjk mRiknu djrs gSa] ysfdu muds mRikn dks
muds 'kks"kdksa ds }kjk ys fy;k tkrk gS vkSj cnys esa mUgsa flQZ+ nSfud xqt+kjs ds fy,
osru nsrs gSaA mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij LokfeRo gksus ds dkj.k lEifÙk okys oxZ
lEifÙkfoghu dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSaA ;gh oxZ la?k"kZ dk eq[; lzksr vkSj dkj.k gSaA fojks/kh
oxks± ds chp dksbZ le>kSrk ;k esy laHko ugha gSA izR;sd ;qx esa fojks/kh oxks± ds
vUrfuZfgr fojks/kkHkklksa dks flQZ+ 'kksf"kr oxks± ds loZuk’k ls lqy>k;k tk ldrk gSA
26- 3- 5 Øka f r
oxZ la?k"kZ Økafr ds fy, ekxZ iz’kLr djrk gSA oxZ la?k"kZ vrhafnz; (imperaceptible)
gksrk gS] ysfdu Økafr vuqHkoxE; (perceptible) gksrh gSA oxZ la?k"kZ dh rhozrk Økafr ds
fy, vk/kkj dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA oxZ la?k"kZ yEcs le; rd pyus okyh xfrfof/k gS]
ysfdu Økafr FkksM+s le; ds fy, rst+h ls vkSj fgalkRld gksrh gSA ekDlZ ds 'kCnksa esa
^^Økafr lkekftd ifjorZu dh vko’;d nkbZ gksrh gS**A lkearh Økafr us nkl izFkk dks
[kRe dj fn;k] e/;oxhZ; Økafr us lkearokn dks [kRe fd;k vkSj loZgkjk Økafr
iw¡thokn dk var djsxhA bl izdkj fdlh Hkh ;qx esa lkekftd ifjorZu lnSo Økafr ds
}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
Økafr gksrh gS] tc mRiknu dh 'kfDr;ksa ;k lk/kuksa vkSj mRiknu ds laca/kksa ds chp
vlkeatL; gksrk gSA bl vlekatL; dk lkek/kku djus ds fy, Økafr gksrh gS] tks
mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ;k 'kfDr;ksa ds lkFk lkeatL; ykus ds fy, mRiknu ds laca/kksa vkSj
Js"B ljapuk esa vuqdwy ifjorZu ykrh gSA rduhdh fodkl mRiknu ds lk/kuksa esa
ifjorZu ykrk gSA gLrf’kYi vkidks lkearh lekt iznku djrs gSa vkSj vkipkfyr
(steam) fey] vkS|ksfxd iw¡thoknh lekt nsrs gSA
loZgkjk Økafr bfrgkl ds okf"kZdh o`Ùkkar esa vafre Økafr gksxhA Økafr fojks/kkHkklksa ds
lek/kku ds fy, gksrh gSA blfy, Økafr ugha gksxh] ;fn lekt esa dksbZ fojks/kkHkkl ugha
gksxkA loZgkjk Økafr ds ckn] vkxs dksbZ Økafr ugha gksxh] D;ksafd dksbZ fojks/kkHkkl ugha
gksxk fQj Hkh] Økafr rc gksxh] dsoy tc mRiknu dh 'kfDr;ka iwjh rjg ifjiDo gks
tk;saxh vkSj mRiknu ds laca/kksa ls esy ugha [kk;saxhA Økafr bl csesy dk var djrh gSA
lkekftd fodkl ds Øe vkSj fn’kk dks ifjofÙkZr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA dksbZ Hkh
voLFkk nwljh voLFkk dks ut+jvankt+ ugha dj ldrh gSA dksbZ Hkh voLFkk NksVh-
ifjf/k okyh ugh gks ldrh gSA izkjfEHkd lkE;okn ls nkl izFkk] nkl izFkk ls lkearokn
vkSj lkearokn ls iw¡thokn loZgkjk dk vf/kuk;dRo ;k lektokn iw¡thokn ij fot;
izkIr djsxk] tks lkekftd fodkl dh vafre ls igyh voLFkk gksrh gSA loZgkjk dk
vf/kuk;dRo varr% lkE;okn dh LFkkiuk djsxkA loZgkjk Økafr ds lkFk] Økafr dk Lor%
var gks tk,xkA
26- 3- 6 loZgkjk oxZ dk vf/kuk;dRo

loZgkjk Økafr loZgkjk ds vf/kuk;dRo dh LFkkiuk djsxhA ;g lektoknh jkT; ds uke
ls Hkh tkuh tkrh gSA e/;oxZ }kjk mRiUu jkT; ds vax] loZgkjk ds nckus okyksa dks]
loZgkjk e/; oxZ ds fo#) jkT; ds ;a= dk bLrseky djsxkA e/; oxZ iqjkuh O;oLFkk
40
dks iqu% izkIr djus ds fy, fojks/kh-Økafr djus dh dksf’k’k djsxk vkSj bl izdkj jkT; ekDlZ o kn
dh neudkjh laLFkkvksa }kjk e/; oxZ dks fu;af=r djus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
jkT; lnSo neu dk lk/ku jgk gSA izHkkoh oxZ us vkfJr oxZ ij neu djus ds fy,
jkT; dh mRifÙk dh gSA ;g ,d oxZ lk/ku gSA jkT; j{kk djrk gS vkSj vius fuekZrk
ds fgrksa dk [;ky djrk gS] tks lEifÙk laiUu oxZ gksrk gSA ;g oxZ lnSo vYila[;d
jgk gS] pkgs og Lokeh ;k lkear ;k iw¡thifr gksA bl izdkj vYila[;d cgqla[;d dk
'kks"k.k djrs jgs gSa] tSls xqykeksa ;k fdlkuksa ;k loZgkjk dk jkT; ds neudkjh vaxksa
}kjkA loZgkjk ds vf/kuk;dRo ds varxZr] igyh ckj jkT; cgqla[;d ds fu;a=.k esa
vkrk gSA vc igyh ckj jkT; ds neudkjh ;a= dk mi;ksx cgqla[;d ds fo#)
vYila[;d }kjk gksrk gSA
ekDlZ ds vuqlkj lHkh jkT;ksa dk vf/kuk;dRo jgk gSA vr% lektoknh jkT; dksbZ
viokn ugha gSA ;g Hkh ,d vf/kuk;dRo gSA jkT; dk bLrseky lnSo ,d oxZ dk nwljs
oxZ dks nckus ds fy, fd;k tkrk jgk gSA lektoknh jkT; esa loZgkjk oxZ jkT; ds
neudkjh vaxksa tSls lsuk] iqfyl] tsy] U;kf;d iz.kkyh bR;kfn dk iz;ksx e/; oxZ ds
fo#) djsxkA ekDlZ rdZ nsrs gSa fd ;fn iztkra= dk vFkZ cgqla[;d dk 'kklu gksrk
gS] rks loZgkjk jkT; lcls iztkrkaf=d jkT; gS D;ksafd igyh ckj bfrgkl ds okf"kZdh
esa lÙkk cgqla[;d ds gkFkksa esa vkrh gSA loZgkjk jkT; ds igys] lÙkk cgqla[;d ds gkFkksa
esa vkrh gSA loZgkjk jkT; ds igys] lÙkk lnSo vYila[;dksa ds gkFkksa esa jgh gSA blfy,
;fn cgqer dk 'kklu ekinaM gSa] rks ek= loZgkjk jkT; gh iztkrkaf=d jkT; dgk tk
ldrk gSA
26- 3- 7 lkE;okn
loZgkjk ds vf/kuk;dRo dh thfor ns[kHkky ds varxZr] lektoknh jkT; lkE;okn ds
:i esa mHkjsxkA lektokn dk {k.kHkaxqj voLFkk gSA ;g lkE;okn ls laHkkfor mn~Hko dk
jkLrk iz’kLr djsxk] tks fLFkj vkSj LFkk;h gksrk gSA ;g lkekftd fodkl dk dky
gksxkA lkE;okn dh LFkkiuk ds ckn vkxs dksbZ lkekftd ifjorZu ugha gksxkA }UnkRed
izfØ;k dk var gks tk,xkA ,d iw.kZ] foosd’khy lkekftd iz.kkyh dh LFkkiuk gksxh tks
fd 'k=qvksa vkSj fojks/kkHkklksa ls eqDr gksxhA dksbZ oxZ fojks/kkHkkl ugha gksxk] blfy, dksbZ
oxZ la?k"kZ ugha gksxkA okLro esa lkE;okn oxZfoghu] futh lEifÙkfoghu vkSj 'kks"k.kfoghu
lekt gksxkA
lkE;okn lekt esa mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds futh LokfeRo ds :i esa dksbZ futh lEifÙk
ugha gksxhA mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij leqnk; dk LokfeRo gksxkA lg;ksx u fd izfr;ksfxrk
lkE;oknh lekt dk vk/kkj gksxkA mRiknu [kir ds fy, gksxk u fd equkQk dekus ds
fy,( equkQs dh izo`fÙk lkekftd vko’;drkvksa esa cny tk,xhA tc dksbZ futh lEifÙk
ugha gksxh] rks dksbZ 'kks"k.k ugha gksxkA tc dksbZ 'kks"k.k ugh gksxk] rks dksbZ oxZ foHkktu]
dksbZ lEifÙk lEiUu vkSj lEifÙkfoghu oxZ] ;k dksbZ izHkkoh vkSj vkfJr oxZ ugha gksxkA
tc dksbZ oxZ foHkktu ugha gksrk gS] rks dksbZ oxZ la?k"kZ ugha gksrk gS] blfy, jkT; dh
vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA bl dkj.k ls lkE;oknh lekt oxZfoghu vkSj jkT;foghu
lekt gksxkA
jkT; 'kks"k.k dk ea= gksrk gS] ;g oxZ ;a= gksrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i lekt esa oxZ foHkktu
gksrk gSA lkE;okn esa Jfedksa dk ek= ,d oxZ gksrk gS] dksbZ nwljk oxZ nckus vkSj neu
djus ds fy, ugha gksrk gS] vr% jkT; dh dksbZ vko’;drk ugha gksxhA ;g lkE;oknh
41
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ lekt esa Qkyrw cu tk,xkA bls laxzkgky; dks lkSai fn;k tk,xkA jkT; fQj Hkh [kRe
ugha gksxkA ;g /khjs-/khjs foyhu gks tk,xkA
lkE;oknh lekt yqbZl Cyka (Louise Blanc) ds fl)kar & îzR;sd viuh {kerk ds
vuqlkj dk;Z djsaxsa vkSj izR;sd dh viuh vko’;drk ds vuqlkj izkIr gksxk]* & ds
vuqlkj 'kkflr gksxkA ijthfo;ksa ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gksxkA tks dke ugha djsxk]
og [kk;sxk ughaA flQZ Jfedksa dk ,d oxZ gksxkA lewpk lekt Jfed oxZ esa cny
tk;sxkA 'kks"k.k dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksxkA ;g lerkoknh lekt gksxkA yksxksa ds chp
ln~Hkkoiw.kZ laca/k gksxkA
cks/k iz’u 3
1½ vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar D;k gSa\

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2½ oxZ la?k"kZ dh vo/kkj.kk dh ppkZ dhft,A

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3½ lkE;oknh lekt dh izeq[k fo’ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu rFkk ewY;kadu djsaA

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42
ekDlZ o kn
26- 4 vyxko dk fl)kar
ekDlZoknh n’kZu esa nks fof’k"V dky jgs gSaA 1844 dk bDukWfed ,.M fQykWlkWfQd
eSU;qfLØIVl ekDlZokn ds ekuoh; psgjs dks mtkxj djrk gSA blesa fcuk oxZ 'k=qrk]
oxZ la?k"kZ rFkk fgalkRed Økafr ds lanHkZ ds iw¡thokn dks fo’ysf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡
iw¡thokn ds cqjs izHkkoksa dh vyxko] igpku vkSj Lora=rk ds [kksus ds vk/kkj ij O;k[;k
dh x;h gSA ekDlZ ds bu n`f"Vdks.kksa dks ;qok ekDlZ ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSaA 1848 ds
lkE;oknh dE;qfuLV eSfuQSLVks esa ekDlZ ds n’kZu esa ,d cnyko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
ckn dk ekDlZ ifjiDo ekDlZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] ftUgksaus oSKkfud lektokn
ds fl)kar dh LFkkiuk dhA ekDlZ ds izkjfEHkd fopkjksa dks flQZ 1932 esa izdk’ku ds
lkFk gh tkuk x;k FkkA
vyxko dk fl)kar ,d ekDlZoknh vo/kkj.kk gSA gaxsfj;u ekDlZoknh tktZ yqdkl us

1932 ds izdk’ku ds igys gh iwjh rjg ls vius cycwrs vyxko ds fl)kar dks fodflr
fd;k gSA fQj Hkh vyxko dh vo/kkj.kk eSU;qfLØIVl izdk’ku ds ckn gh yksdfiz; cuhA
ekDlZ us vyxko ds pkj Lrjksa dk ft+Ø fd;k gSA loZizFke euq"; vius mRikn vkSj
dk; izfØ;k ls vyx-Fkyx iM+ tkrk gS] D;ksafd Jfed dh dSls mRiknu djsA f}rh;
O;fDr izÑfr ls vyx gks tkrk gSA mldk dk;Z mls ,d jpukRed Jfed ds :i esa
larks"k iznku ugha djrk gSA ;kaf=dhdj.k ds vUrxZr] dk;Z rst+h ls le;c) vkSj
mckusokyk curk tk jgk gSA rhljs] O;fDr nwljs O;fDr ls vyx ls gks tkrk gSA
iw¡thoknh iz.kkyh dk izfr;ksxh pfj= izR;sd dks vU; ds [kpZ ij thus dks etcwj dj
,d nwljs ls vyx dj nsrk gSA vkf[kjdkj O;fDr Lo;a ls dV tkrk gSA vko’;drk
dk {ks= mlds thou dks dkcw djrk gS vkSj lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds fy, dksbZ le; ugha
gksrk gSA iw¡thoknh iz.kkyh iw¡th vkSj lEifÙk ds futh LokfeRo ds }kjk mRiUu voLFkkvksa
dks lHkh ekuoh; ladk;ksa vkSj {kerkvksa esa v/khuLFkr djrh gSA iw¡thifr vius vki esa
Jfed ls de ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu iSls ds fujadq’k 'kklu dk xqyke cu tkrk gSA
26- 5 Lora=rk dk fl)kar

ekuooknh n’kZu ds :i esa ekDlZokn eq[;r;k ekuo LorU=rk dk n’kZu gSA LorU=rk
u flQZ ekuoh; vko’;drkvksa dh HkkSfrd lar`"Vrk gS] cfYd vekuoh;dj.k] laca/k
foPNsn vkSj vyxko dh voLFkkvksa dks nwj djuk Hkh gSA iw¡thoknh iz.kkyh vko’;drk
dks Lora=rk ds fojks/kh ds :i esa oxhZÑr djrh gSA vko’;drk mu voLFkkvksa dks
lwfpr djrh gS] ftlds varxZr izÑfr ds vfuok;Z fu;e O;fDr ds thou dks 'kkflr
djrs gSaA izÑfr ds bu fu;eksa esa ekuo bPNk dh Lora=rk fufgr gksrh gSA O;fDr bu
fu;eksa ds oSKkfud Kku dks izkIr dj ldrk gS] ysfdu mUgsa viuh bPNk ls cny ugha
ldrk gSA Lora=rk vko’;drk ls vyx gV ugha ldrh gSA LorU=rk izÑfr ds bu
fu;eksa ds Kku esa fufgr gksrh gS vkSj bu fu;eksa dks {kerk iznku djus tks ekuo lekt
ds LorU=rk ds fuf’pr y{; dh vksj dk;Z djrk gSA
bl izdkj iw¡thoknh iz.kkyh dks pykus okyh mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa dk Bksl Kku vkSj ,d
dk;ZØe] vko’;drk dh jkt/kkuh ls LorU=rk dh jkt/kkuh rd ekuoh; ifjorZu dks
fu"iknu djsxkA ekuo lekt dh Lora=rk vkSj lPph LorU=rk dk vuqHko flQZ
iw¡thokn ds fouk’k vkSj lkE;okn dh LFkkiuk ls gh laHko gksrk gSA
43
1½ vki vyxko ds fl)kar ;k LorU=rk ds fl)kar dk o.kZu djsaA

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26- 6 vkykspukRed leh{kk vkSj voyksdu

ekDlZokn dBksj vkykspuk dk fo"k; jgk gSA blus lekt dks nks oxks±] ftuds ikl dqN
(the haves) vkSj ftuds ikl dqN ugha gS (the have-nots) esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA ;g
okLrfodrk ls nwj gSA lekt cgqr tfVy gksrk gS vkSj dqbZ lewgksa esa caVk gksrk gSA tSls
fd ekDlZokn dh ifjdYiuk gS] oSlk dksbZ Li"V oxks± dk foHkktu ugha gksrk gSA
T;knkrj] blesa fo’kky e/; oxZ gksrk gSA ekDlZoknh fopkjdksa us Hkfo";ok.kh dh Fkh fd
iw¡thokn ds fodkl ds lkFk] e/; oxZ foyhu gks tk,xk vkSj loZgkjk oxZ ds lkFk fey
tk,xk ysfdu vHkh rd ,slk ugha gqvk gS vkSj ,slk gksus dh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha gSA
okLro esa blds foijhr gqvk gS( e/; oxZ us viuh fLFkfr dks etcwr fd;k gS vkSj vius
vkdkj dks c<+k;k gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa us iw¡thifr oxZ ds fleVus dh ckrsa dh FkhaA ;gk¡ iqu%
Bhd blds foijhr gqvk gSA fleVus ds cnys iw¡thifr oxZ dk vk/kkj foLr`r gqvk gSA
ekDlZ us iw¡th laxzg dh ckr dh Fkh] ysfdu iw¡th dk fc[kjko gks x;k gSA loZgkjk oxZ
dh fLFkfr oSlh ugha fcxM+h gS] tSls fd ekDlZ us Hkfo";ok.kh dh FkhA bl izdkj] iw¡thokn
dh okLrfod dk;Zdkjh iz.kkyh us oxks± ds ekDlZoknh fl)kar dks xyr lkfcr fd;k gSA
ekDlZokfn;ksa us Hkfo";ok.kh dh Fkh fd iw¡thokn vUrfoZjks/k ds dkj.k fc[kj tk,xkA

ysfdu] vHkh rd ,slk ?kfVr ugha gqvk gSA dksbZ fodflr i¡wthoknh O;oLFkk /oLr ugha
gqbZ gSA iw¡thokn us vius yphysiu dks lkfcr fd;k gSA nwljh vksj] lektoknh O;oLFkk]
nqfu;k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa /oLr gks x;h gSA iw¡thokn ds ikl lkeatL; fcBkus dh vikj
'kfDr gSA ;gh blds thoar gksus dk eq[; dkj.k gSA ekDlZ i¡wthokn dk lgh vkadyu
djus esa vlQy jgs gSaA
ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] loZgkjk Økafr rHkh gksxh] tc iw¡thokn ifjiDo gks tk;sxkA fiNM+s
lkearoknh lekt esa loZgkjk Økafr ds ?kfVr vkSj lQy gksus dk volj ugha gksrk gSA
ysfdu okLro esa ;gh ?kfVr gqvk gSA Økafr flQZ lkearoknh lektksa tSls :l] phu]
fo;ruke] D;wck bR;kfn ns’kksa esa gqbZ gSaA ;g :lh ekDlZokfn;ksa ds nks xqVksa] IyS[kukWo
(Plekhnov) ds usr`Ro esa eSa’ksfoDl (Mensheviks) vkSj ysfuu ds usr`Ro esa ckWy’ksfoDl
(Bolsheviks) ds chp fookn dk eq[; eqn~nk FkkA varr% ckWy’ksfoDl dk eSu’ksfoDl ds
44
Åij opZLo jgk] ysfdu os ekDlZ ds fopkjksa ds vf/kd ut+nhd FksA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] ekDlZ o kn
muds fopkj lkekftd fodkl ds tUe dh osnuk dks de dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu fdlh
Hkh voLFkk dks ut+jvankt ugha dj ldrsA fQj Hkh ysfuu vkSj V~kWVLdh us :l esa vkSj
ekvks us phu esa iw¡thokn dh LFkkiuk dh izfØ;k ls xqt+js fcuk lkearoknh lekt esa
lkE;okn dh LFkkiuk dhA bl izR;{k fojks/kkHkkl ds lek/kku ds fy, V~kWVLdh us F;ksjh
vkWQ ijekusaV fjokWY;q’ku] dks fodflr fd;kA mUgksaus vius fl)kar esa e/;oxZ dh Økafr
dks loZgkjk dh Økafr ds lkFk feyk fn;kA ;s nksuksa Økafr;ka V~kWVLdh dh n`f"V esa lkFk-
lkFk ?kV ldrh gSaA ;|fi ;g vf/kd O;ogkfjd fopkj izrhr gksrk gS] ;g ekDlZokn
ds cqfu;knh fl)karksa dks ugha Lohdkj djrk gSA
vkfFkZd fu/kkZjdokn ds ekDlZoknh fl)kar dh dBksj vkykspuk dh x;h gSA ;g flQZ

vkfFkZd dkjd gh ugha gksrk gS] cfYd nwljs dkjd Hkh lkekftd ifjorZu ykus esa leku
:i ls egÙoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfr] lekt] uSfrdrk] ewY; iz.kkyh
bR;kfn dks fu/kkZ f jr djrh gS ] rc vFkZ O ;oLFkk Hkh vius vki buds }kjk
fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA ;g nks rjQk izfØ;k gSA vkfFkZd 'kfDr;k¡ jktuhfr] lekt] laLÑfr]
/keZ] ewY;ksa] vkn’kks± bR;kfn ds izHkkoksa ls vNwrh ugha gSA ;fn vk/kkj ;k uhao vf/kjpuk
dks vkdkj nsrs gSa] rks vf/kjpuk Hkh uhao dks vkdkj nsrh gSA bl izdkj vkfFkZd
fu/kkZjdokn ds fl)kar dks Lohdkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA ckn ds ekDlZoknh fopkjdksa]
tSls fd xzkelh us vf/kjpuk dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks Lohdkj fd;kA
loZgkjk dk vf/kuk;dRo vkSj lkE;okn dh ekDlZoknh vo/kkj.kkvksa] esa dbZ dfe;k¡ gSaA
loZgkjk Økafr ds ckn loZgkjk e/; oxZ ls jkT; dh e’khujh dks Nhu ysxkA lkE;okn
dh LFkkiuk ds ckn jkT; Qkyrw gks tk,xk vkSj /khjs-/khjs foyhu gks tk,xkA ;g ?kfVr
ugha gqvk gSA lektoknh lekt esa jkT; okLro esa loZ-’kfDreku cu x;kA det+ksj
gksus ds cnys jkT; us viuh fLFkfr n`<+ cuk yh gS vkSj blds eqj>kus dh dksbZ laHkkouk
ugha gSA jkT; lektoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh lekt esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgsxk vkSj
bls laxzgky; dks dHkh Hkh lkSais tkus dh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha gSA
lektoknh lekt dh tgk¡ dgha Hkh LFkkiuk dh x;ha gS] ;k rks mls mrkj Qsadk x;k
;k ut+jvankt fd;k x;k gSA tgk¡ dgha Hkh ;g vHkh Hkh thfor gS] bls cgqr lkjs
ifjoÙkZu djus ds fy, etcwj gksuk iM+k gS] tks oxhZ; ekDlZokn dh fopkj/kkjk ls esy
ugha [kkrk gSA iwohZ ;wjksi esa lke;okn dh vlQyrk] :l esa fc[kjko vkSj phu esa
vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa us Ýkafll Qqdq;kek ljh[ks fopkjdksa dks ekDlZokn dh vkWfcV;qjh
(obituary) fy[kus dks ck/; fd;k gSA Qqdq;kek us viuh izfl) iqLrd ,.M vkWQ
fgLVªh esa 'khreqnzk dkyhu lalkj (post-coldwar) esa lkE;okn ds Åij iw¡thokn dh
fot; dk nkok fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj iw¡thokn dh lkE;okn ij fot;] bfrgkl ds
var dks n’kkZrk gSA ;gk¡ Qqdq;kek gsxsy ds vFkZ esa bfrgkl dh ckr djrs gSaA iw¡thokn
ds ckn vkxs dksbZ vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fodkl ugha gksxkA iw¡thokn lcls foosd’khy
vkSj iw.kZ iz.kkyh gSA ;g lcls iw.kZ fopkj/kkjk vkSj n’kZu gSA blfy,] oSpkfjd vkSj
nk’kZfud fodkl dk var iw¡thokn ds mn~Hko ds lkFk gh gks tkrk gSA bldk eq[;
pqukSrhdÙkkZ lkE;okn ijkftr gks x;k gS vkSj ;g vkxs vius nkoksa dks lkfcr djrk gS
fd ;g ekuork }kjk dHkh Hkh fodflr iz.kkfy;ksa esa ls lcls mÙke lkekftd] vkfFkZd
vkSj jktuhfrd iz.kkyh gSA
Qqdq;kek ds }kjk fn, x, fl)kar dks Lohdkj djuk cgqr gh dfBu gSA ekDlZokn dh
izeq[krk nks {ks=ksa esa fufgr gSA loZizFke] bls lkekftd fo’ys"k.k dk ,d dkjd cuk;k
45
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ x;k gSA f}rh;] ;g vkokt+foghu dks vkokt+ nsrk gSA ;g xjhcksa] mRihfM+r vkSj nfer
yksxksa dk n’kZu gSaA ;fn ekDlZokn dh nsu dk fo’ys"k.k bu nksuksa {ks=ksa ds lanHkZ esa fd;k
tk;s rks] ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡psaxs fd ;g vHkh Hkh izklafxd gS vkSj fQtwy ugha gS]
tSlk fd mnkjoknh vkykspdksa }kjk nkok fd;k tkrk gSA lkekftd fo’ys"k.k ds ,d
vk;ke ds :i esa ekDlZokn vkt Hkh izklafxd gS] tSlk fd ;g igys FkkA lkekftd
fo’ys"k.k dh ,d fof/k ds :i esa bldk egÙo dHkh Hkh lekIr ugha gksxk] pkgs
lkektoknh jkT; thfor jgrk gS ;k lekIr gks tkrk gSA
ekDlZokn ,d fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa viuh Js"Brk fuf’p;r;k [kks pqdk gS] ysfdu ;g
iwjh rjg ls Qkyrw ugha gSA tc rd 'kks"k.k jgsxk] yksxksa dk neu vkSj mRihM+u gksrk
jgsxk] ekDlZokn izklafxd cuk jgsxkA ekDlZokn] 'kksf"kr vkSj mRihfM+r ds n’kZu ds :i
esa mudh eqfDr ds fy, turk dks izsfjr djrk jgsxkA blfy,] bldh ijkt; vkSj
vizklafxdrk dk iz’u ugha gSA okLro esa] iz.kkfy;k¡ tks fc[kj pqdh gSa] os oxhZ;
ekDlZoknh fl)karksa ij laxfBr ugha FkhA os ekDlZoknh-ysfuuokn vkSj LVkfyuokn ls
vyx FkhaA blfy, ;g ysfuuoknh-LVkfyuoknh iz.kkfy;k¡ gS] tks ;wjksi vkSj tgk¡ dgha
Hkh os gSa] fc[kj pqdh gSa vkSj tks oxhZ; ekDlZokn ugha gSA
ekDlZokn ,d vk;ke ds :i esa lkekftd fo’ys"k.k ds fy, fo}kuksa ds }kjk mi;ksx

fd;k tkrk jgsxk vkSj 'kksf"kr-nfer yksx viuh eqfDr ds fy, ekDlZoknh n’kZu dk
leFkZu djrs jgsaxsaA ;gk¡ ekDlZokn dHkh Hkh vizklafxd ugha cusxkA ;g lnSo mnkjokn
dk oSdfYid n’kZu cuk jgsxkA ekDlZokn mnkjokn ds vR;kpkjksa ij izHkkodkjh jksd
ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djsxkA ;g iw¡thoknh iz.kkyh dh dBksjrk dks de djsxkA
cks/k iz’u 4
1½ ekDlZoknh fl)kar ij izgkj ds izeq[k vk/kkjksa dh foospuk djsaA

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2½ ekDlZokn dh ledkyhu izklafxdrk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A

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46
ekDlZ o kn
26- 7 lkjka ’ k
bl bdkbZ esa geus fofHkUu izdkj ds lektokn tSls dkYifud vkSj oSKkfud lektokn]
fodkloknh rFkk Økafrdkjh lektokn dh ppkZ dh gSA ekDlZokn ds cqfu;knh fl)karksa
tSls }UnkRed HkkSfrdokn] ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn] vfrfjDr ewY;] oxZ la?k"kZ] Økafr]
loZgkjk dk vf/kuk;dRo vkSj lkE;okn dh foLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh nh x;h gSA ;s
fl)kar oSKkfud vkSj Økafrdkjh lektokn ds vk/kkj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ekDlZokn
ek= oxZ fo}s"k] oxZ la?k"kZ] oxZ fojks/k vkSj fgalkRed Økafr dk n’kZu ugha gSA ;g
cqfu;knh rkSj ij ekuork vkSj LorU=rk dk n’kZu gSA iw¡thoknh lekt us laca/k-foPNsn]
foyxko vkSj igpku vkSj Lora=rk ds fouk’k dks c<+kok fn;k gSA ge ekDlZ ds ekuoh;
psgjs dks muds izkjfEHkd ys[kksa es]a fo’ks"kdj muds bDukWfed ,.M fQykWlkWfQd eSU;wfLØiV~l
vkWQ 1844 esa ikrs gSaA foyxko vkSj LoraU=rk ds fl)kar esa] ge ekuooknh ekDlZ dks
ikrs gSaA lkE;oknh ?kks"k.kk i= vkSj nkl dSfiVy esa] tks fd muds ckn ds ys[ku gSa]
mlesa ge ,d ifjiDo vkSj Økafrdkjh ekDlZ dks ikrs gSaA bl izdkj ;qok vkSj ekuoknh
ekDlZ vkSj ifjiDo vkSj Økafrdkjh] nks ekDlZ gSaA fQj Hkh] nksuksa ds chp dksbZ foHkktu
ugha gSaA nksuksa ds e/; fopkjksa dk izokg gS] vkSj blfy, dksbZ Hkh fHkUurk fNNksyh gSA
ekDlZokn ,d thoar n’kZu gSA ekDlZ ds ckn bls ysfuu] V~kWVLdh] LVSfyu] jkstk+
yXtaecxZ] xzkElh] yqdkl] ,syFkwt+Sj] ekvks vkfn fopkjdksa us le`) fd;k gSA fopkj/kkjk
vkSj bfrgkl ds var ds izfrikndksa us ekDlZokn ds] mYys[k [kRe gksus dk fd;k gSA
ysfdu ekDlZokn lkekftd fo’ys"k.k ds ,d vk;ke vkSj mRihfM+r oxZ ds n’kZu ds :i
esa izklafxd jgsxkA ;g tuekul dks mudh eqfDr ds fy, la?k"kZ gsrq izsfjr djsxkA
ekDlZokn ,d Økafrdkjh n’kZu gSA ;g ,d lkekftd ifjorZu dk n’kZu gSA ekDlZ ds
'kCnksa esa] nk’kZfudksa us fo’o dh O;k[;k dk iz;kl fd;k gS] ij loky gS bls cnyus dk
bldk mn~ns’; ,d oxZ }kjk nwljs oxZ ds 'kks"k.k ls eqDr lerkoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk
djuk gSA flQZ ekDlZokn ds ek/;e ls] 'kk;n ekuork vko’;drk ds {ks= ls LorU=rk
ds {ks= rd c<+sxhA

,sfousjh] 'ykseksa] n lks’ky ,.M ikWfyfVdy FkkWV vkWQ dkyZ ekDlZ] dSfEczt] dSfEczt
;wfuoflZVh izsl] 1971
cfyZu] bt+kb;k] dkyZ ekDlZ % fgt+ ykbZQ ,.M ,suokbjeSaV] U;w ;kWdZ] vkWDlQksMZ
Qqdq;kek] Ýkafll] nh ,.M vkWQ fgLVªh ,.M n ykLV eSu] U;w ;kdZ] Ýh izsl] 1992
Vdj] jkWcVZ] fQykWLQh ,.M feFk vkWQ dkyZ ekDlZ] dSfEczt] dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh
izsl 1961
eSdDysySaM+] ts-,l-] , fgLVªh vkWQ oSLVuZ ikWfyfVdy FkkWV] yanu] jkÅVyst] 1996
47
cks/k iz’u 1
1½ mi-Hkkx 26-3-1 vkSj 26-32 ns[ksa
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ mi-Hkkx 26-4-1 ns[ksa
cks/k iz’u 3
cks/k iz’u 4
1½ Hkkx 26-5 vkSj 26-6 ns[ksa
cks/k iz’u 5
48
ekDlZ o kn
bdkbZ 26 ekDlZokn
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
26-0 mís ’ ;
26-1 izLrkouk
26-2 ekDlZokn D;k gS\
26-2-1 dkYifud (Utopian) vkSj oSKkfud lektokn
26-2-2 fodkloknh vkSj Økafroknh lektokn
26-3 ekDlZokn ds cqfu;knh fl)kar
26-3-1 }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn
26-3-2 ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn
26-3-3 vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar
26-3-4 oxZ-la?k"kZ
26-3-5 Økafr
26-3-6 loZgkjk oxZ dk vf/kuk;dRo
26-3-7 lkE;okn
26-4 vyxko dk fl)kar
26-5 Lora=rk dk fl)kar
26-6 vkykspukRed leh{kk vkSj voyksdu
26-7 lkjka’k
26- 0 mís ’ ;
bl bdkbZ esa vki dkyZ ekDlZ rFkk vU; }kjk izfrikfnr ekDlZokn ds fl)kar vkSj
O;ogkj ds ckjs esa tku ik,¡xsA n’kZu ds cqfu;knh rÙoksa] }U}kRed vkSj ,sfrgkfld
HkkSfrdokn] vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar] oxZ-la?k"kZ] Økafr] loZgkjk oxZ dk vf/kuk;dRo
vkSj lkE;okn dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %
• lektokn ds iwoZ-ekDlZokn ds lw=] tSls fd dkYifud lektokn dh ppkZ dj
ik,¡xs(
• ekDlZokn ds cqfu;knh ifjdYiukvksa dk vkadyu] o.kZu rFkk ppkZ dj ldsaxs(
• ekDlZoknh fl)kar ds nwljs izeq[k vaxksa tSls vyxko vkSj Lora=rk ds fl)kar dh
foospuk dj ik,¡xs vkSj varr%( rFkk
• ekDlZokn dh leh{kk vkSj bldh ledkyhu izklafxdrk dh foospuk dj ik,¡xsA
26- 1 izLrkouk
bl bdkbZ dk mís’; ekDlZokn ds fl)karksa dk ijh{k.k vkSj O;k[;k djuk gS] tksfd
gekjs ;qx dh lcls Økafrdkjh fopkj/kkjk gSA mnkjokn ds lkFk ekDlZokn gekjs le;
ds lcls izeq[k n’kZu dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA mnkjokn] vkn’kZokn vkSj ekDlZokn jktuhfr
foKku ds rhu egÙoiw.kZ fl)kar gSaA lh-,y- osij us jkT; laca/kh fofHkUu fopkj/kkjkvksa 33
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ dks rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gS] tSls e’khujh ds :i esa] ;kaf=d :i esa vkSj oxZ ds :i esaA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jkT; dh tSfod fopkj/kkjk] jkT; dh ;kaf=d fopkj/kkjk vkSj jkT; dh
oxZ laca/kh fopkj/kkjkA tSfod fopkj/kkjk vkn’kZokn gS] ;kaf=d fopkj/kkjk mnkjokn gS
vkSj oxZ dh fopkj/kkjk ekDlZokn gSA
bl bdkbZ dks ekDlZokn dh ifjHkk"kk] dkYifud vkSj oSKkfud lektokn] Økafrdkjh

vkSj fodkloknh lektokn] ekDlZokn ds eq[; fl)karksa] leh{kk rFkk fu"d"kZ ds :i esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ekDlZokn ds lkr izeq[k fl)kar gSa] tSls }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn]
,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn] vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar] oxZ la?k"kZ] Økafr] loZgkjk oxZ dk
vf/kuk;dRo vkSj lkE;oknA vyxko vkSj Lora=rk dh vo/kkj.kk tksfd lkeU;r;k
;qok ekDlZ ls lacaf/kr gSa ;k ekDlZokn ds ekuoh; eq[kkSVk dh Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
26- 2 ekDlZokn D;k gS\

ekDlZokn lkekU;r;k teZu nk’kZfud dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkjksa dks n’kkZrk gS] ysfdu
ekDlZokn dk vFkZ flQZ ekDlZ ds fopkj ugha gSaA ekDlZokn fopkjksa ds ml Hkkx dks
izdV djrk gS] tks eq[; :i ls dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkjksa dks lekfgr djrs gSaA blds
varxZr ekDlZ] fÝMfj’k ,axsYt+ vkSj muds leFkZdksa ds fopkj 'kkfey gSa] tks vius vki
dks ekDlZokfn;ksa ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSaA ekDlZokn ,d thou n’kZu gSA ekDlZokn
fopkjd yxkrkj ekDlZoknh n’kZu dks viuk ;ksxnku nsrs jgs gSaA bl izdkj ;g dgk
tkrk gS fd ekDlZ ej x;s gSa] ijUrq ekDlZokn vHkh Hkh thfor gSA
ekDlZoknh n’kZu dky ekDlZ ds tUe ds igys Hkh vfLrRo esa FkkA blh dkj.k ls MsfoM
eSDysyu us ekDlZokn ij rhu iqLrdksa dks fy[kk gS( ekdZflT+e fcQksj ekDlZ] FkkWV vkWQ
ekDlZ vkSj ekdZflT+e vk¶Vj ekDlZA mlh izdkj iksfy’k fopkj yslt+sd dksykdksLdh
us ekDlZokn ij rhu iqLrdksa dks fy[kk gSA ;g ckr fQj mBrh gS fd ekDlZokn dk vFkZ
ek= dkyZ ekDlZ ds fopkj ugha gSaA
26- 2- 1 dkYifud (Utopian) vkSj oSKkfud lektokn

tSlk fd igys dgk tk pqdk gS] ekDlZokn dk vfLrRo ekDlZ ls igys ls FkkA ;s igys
ds lektoknh fopkjdksa ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA dkyZ ekDlZ mUgsa dkYifud lektoknh
iqdkjrs gSaA os dkYifud Fks] D;ksafd mudh lkekftd cqjkb;ksa dh igpku lgh Fkh]
ysfdu mudk funku xyr FkkA ;g vO;ogkfjd Fkk] vr% os dkYifud dgs tkrs FksA
tgk¡ dksbZ 'kks"k.k ugha Fkk vkSj yksx [kq’k FksA ;wVksfi;k 'kCn dh mRifÙk FkkWel ewj dh
;wVksfi;k uked miU;kl ls gqbZA ;wVksfi;k 'kCn ,d dkYifud }hi dks lwfpr djrk
gS] tgk¡ ,d nks"kjfgr lkekftd-vkfFkZd-jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dk vfLrRo Fkk( dqN izeq[k
dkYifud lektoknh fopkjd gSa jkWcVZ vksosu] pkYlZ Qwfj;j] yqbl Cyka] lsaV lkbeu]
flleksaM+h vkSj izkÅ/kkSuA
26- 2- 2 fodkloknh vkSj Økafroknh lektokn

lektokn vkxs fodkloknh vkSj Økafrdkjh lektokn esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gSA
fodkloknh lektokn Økafr esa fo’okl ugha djrk gS vkSj lektokn dks 'kkafrfiz;
rjhds ls izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA fodkloknh lektokfn;ksa dk fo’okl lalnh; iztkra=
esa gS vkSj os lkekftd ifjorZu ernku ds ek/;e ls ykuk pkgrs gSaA os fgalk dks R;kxrs
gSa vkSj bl izdkj fgalk;qDr Økafr ds fojks/kh gSaA os loZgkjk oxZ ds vf/kuk;dRo dks Hkh
34
ugha Lohdkjrs gSa vkSj oxZ;qDr lekt ls oxZfoghu lekt rd dks 'kkafrfiz; iztkrkaf=d ekDlZ o kn
ifjorZu ls ykuk pkgrs gSaA Qsfc;u lektokn] ftrM+ (Guild) lektokn vkSj
iztkrkaf=d lektokn fodkloknh lektokn ds fofHkUu izdkj gSaA
nwljh rjQ Økafrdkjh lektokn oxZ-la?k"kZ] Økafr rFkk loZgkjk oxZ ds vf/kuk;dRo esa
fo’okl djrk gSA mlds vuqlkj lkekftd ifjorZu 'kkafrfiz; <ax ls ugha gks ldrk gS]
bls fgalkRed gksuk pkfg,A 'kkafrfiz; Økafr vius vki esa fojks/kkHkkl iSnk djrh gSA
Økafr lkekftd ifjorZu dh nkbZ gS vkSj bl Økafr dks voge fgalkRed gksuk pkfg,A
Økafrdkjh ekDlZokn] dkyZ ekDlZ ds oSKkfud lektokn ds led{k] lkekU;r;k le>k
tkrk gSA Jfed la?kokn Hkh Økafrdkjh lektokn dk ,d :i gSA
fodkloknh lektokn Hkh dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYt+ dh fopkj/kkjkvksa esa vius ewy dks
<¡w<+rs gSaA mUgksaus jkT; ds vius vki lekIr gksus dh ckrsa dh gSaA fodkloknh lektokn
ds izfrikndksa us jkT; ds Lor% fou"Vrk ds fl)kar dk izfriknu fd;k gS vkSj rdZ
fn;k gS fd 'kkafrfiz; ek/;e ls /khjs-/khjs lkekftd ifjorZu dks izHkkfor fd;k tk
ldrk gS vkSj 'kks"k.kfoghu vkSj oxZfoghu lekt dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA fQj
Hkh fodkloknh lektokn ds vkykspd bl /kkj.kk dks Lohdkj ugha djrs gSa vkSj rdZ
nsrs gSa fd jkT; ds Lor% fouk’k dh fopkj/kkjk flQZ lektoknh jkT; ;k loZgkjk oxZ
ds vf/kuk;dRo ij ykxw gksrh gS vkSj iw¡thoknh jkT; ij ughaA ;g Lor% fou"V ugha
gksxkA bls fgalkRed Økafr ds }kjk u"V fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vr% fodkloknh lektokn
ds rdZ esa deh gSA
cks/k iz’u 1
1½ dkYifud vkSj oSKkfud lektokn ds chp varj Li"V djsaA

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2½ fodkloknh vkSj Økafrdkjh lektokn ds varj Li"V djsaA

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35
26- 3 ekDlZokn ds cqfu;knh fl)kar
ekDlZokn ds cqfu;knh fl)kar bl izdkj gSa % }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn] ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn]
vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar] oxZ la?k"kZ] Økafr] loZgkjk oxZ dk vf/kuk;dRo vkSj
lkE;oknA vc] bu fl)karksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh tk,xhA
26- 3- 1 }U}kRed HkkS f rdokn

}U}kRed HkkSfrdokn bfrgkl dh O;k[;k ds fy, ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYt+ }kjk fodflr
oSKkfud fof/k gSA ;gk¡ ekDlZ iwoZorhZ fopkjdksa] fo’ks"kr;k] teZu nk’kZfud gsxsy ls iwjh
rjg izHkkfor gSaA }U}kRed (Dialectics) ,d cgqr iqjkuh fof/k gS] fojks/kh fopkjus ds
la?k"kZ ds ek/;e ls fojks/kkHkklksa dks O;Dr djrs gq, lR; dks tkuus ds fy, bldk
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA gsxsy us laokn (Thesis)] izfr-laokn (Anti-thesis) rFkk la’ys"k.k
(Synthesis) ds rhuksa :iksa dks fodflr djds bls is’k fd;k gSA }U}kRed f=xq.k
(Dialectical Triad) ds uke ls eq[; :i ls bls tkuk tkrk gSaA izxfr ;k fodkl
}U}kRed izfØ;k ls gksrk gSA fodkl dh izR;sd voLFkk esa] ;g fojks/kkHkklksa }kjk
oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fojks/kkHkkl vkus okys ifjorZu] izxfr vkSj fodkl dks izsfjr
djrs gSaA laokn dks blds izfr&laokn ds }kjk pqukrh nh tkrh gSA nksuksa esa lPpkbZ vkSj
vlR;rk {k.kHkaxqj gksrh gSA laokn vkSj izfr-laokn ds la?k"kZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i] lPpkbZ
cjdjkj jgrh gS] ysfdu vlR; rÙo u"V gks tkrs gSaA ;s vlR; rÙo fojks/kkHkklksa dks
tUe nsrs gSaA laokn vkSj izfr-laokn ds lPps rÙo la’ys"k.k esa ,d lkFk feyk fn;s tkrs
gSaA ;g fodflr la’ys"k.k le; ds varjky esa laokn cu tkrk gS vkSj bl izdkj ;g
iqu% vius fojks/kh izfr-laokn }kjk pqukSrh izkIr djrk gS] tks iqu% la’ys"k.k esa cny
tkrk gSA ;g laokn] izfr-laokn vkSj la’ys"k.k dh izfØ;k rc rd pyrh gS] tc rd
;g iw.kZrk dh voLFkk rd ugha igq¡p tkrh gSA bl fodkloknh izfØ;k esa u;h voLFkk
vk,xh] tc dksbZ vlR; rÙo ugha gksxkA ;s fodkl ds fofHkUu voLFkkvksa esa u"V gks
tk,¡xsA varr% flQZ lR; gh cprk gS] D;ksafd ;g dHkh Hkh u"V ugha gksrk gSA ;g iw.kZ
voLFkk dks tUe nsxk vkSj dksbZ fojks/kkHkkl ugha gksxk vkSj bl izdkj vkxs dksbZ fodkl
ugha gksxkA }U}kRed izfØ;k dk var iw.kZ lR; ij igq¡pus ds ckn gks tk,xkA ;g
fojks/kkHkkl gS] tks }U}kRed izfØ;k dks c<+krs gSa vkSj fojks/kkHkkl dk iwjk fouk’k vius
vki ls }U}kRed izfØ;k ds var dks lwfpr djrk gSA
HkkSfrdokn ds fy, ekDlZ HkkSfrdokn ds Ýsap fo|kihB] eq[;r;k Ýsap HkkSfrdoknh

fopkjd yqMfox ¶;qjcSd ds iwjh rjg ls _.kh gSaA ;g inkFkZ gS] tks vkf[kjdkj esa
okLrfodrk gS u fd fopkjA ckn okyk igys dk izfrfcEc gSA ge dSls viuh jksVh
dekrs gSa] ;g gekjs fopkjksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA ;g O;fDr;ksa dh psruk ugha gksrh
gS] tks muds vfLrRo dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gSA blds foijhr] ;g mudk lkekftd
vfLrRo gksrk gS] tks muds psru dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA ekDlZ us fVIi.kh dh gS fd
^^gsxsy dk }U}kRed vius flj ds cy [kM+k Fkk vkSj eSaus mls iSjksa ij [kM+k fd;k gS**A
gsxsy us }U}kRed vkn’kZokn dk fodkl fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj ;s fopkj gSa] tks varr%
inkFkZ gksrs gSaA fopkj vk/kkj ;k mi-lajpuk esa fughr gksrk gS] tks Js"B lajpuk esa lHkh
pht+ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA lekt] jktuhfr vkSj vFkZ O;oLFkk bl Js"B lajpuk ds
varxZr gSa] ftls ml le; ds izpfyr izHkkjh fopkjksa }kjk vkdkj iznku fd;k tkrk gSA
varr% ;gh fopkj gSa] tks inkFkZ ds lkFk LFkkukarfjr gksrs gSaA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] HkkSfrd
;k vkfFkZd cy mi-lajpuk ds varxZr vkrs gSa vkSj fopkj Js"B lajpuk dk ,d vax gSaA
fopkj HkkSfrd cyksa dk izfrfcEc gSaA vkfFkZd cy fopkj dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS vkSj u
36
fd nksuksa dksA bl izdkj ekDlZ us fopkj vkSj inkFkZ dh fLFkfr dks iyV fn;k gSA ;gh ekDlZ o kn
dkj.k gS fd os nkok djrs gSa fd ^^gsxsy dk fopkj uhps dh vksj >qdk gqvk Fkk vkSj eSaus
mls Bhd fd;k gS**A
vk/kkj ;k mi-lajpuk ds varxZr mRiknu dk rjhdk vkSj mRiknu ds laca/k fufgr gksrs
gSaA ;s nksuksa feydj mRiknu ds :i dks tUe nsrs gSaA mRiknu ds rjhds esa ifjorZu
rduhdh fodkl ds dkj.k gksrk gS] ;g mRiknu ds laca/kksa esa ifjorZu ykrk gSA bl
izdkj mRiknu ds :i ds ifjorZu Js"B lajpuk esa vuqdwy ifjorZu ykrs gSaA lekt]
jktuhfr] /keZ] uSfrdrk] ewY;ksa] vkn’kks± bR;kfn Js"B lajpuk ds vax gSa vkSj mRiknu ds
:i }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSaA
26- 3- 2 ,s f rgkfld HkkS f rdokn
,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn }UnkRed HkkSfrdokn ds iz;ksx esa bfrgkl dh O;k[;k djrk gSA
;g }UnkRed HkkSfrdokn dh ekDlZoknh fof/k dks ykxw djus esa fo’o bfrgkl dh
vkfFkZd O;k[;k djrk gSA fo’o bfrgkl dks pkj voLFkkvksa esa ckaVk x;k gS % izkjfEHkd
lkE;okn] nkl izFkk] lkearokn vkSj iw¡thoknA
izkjfEHkd lkE;okn] ekuo bfrgkl ds lcls izkjfEHkd dky dks lwfpr djrk gSA ;g
dky lEifÙkfoghu] 'kks"k.kfoghu] oxZfoghu vkSj ^jkT;foghu lekt FkkA mRiknu ds
lk/ku fiNM+s gqvs Fks] D;ksafd rduhdh vfodflr FkhA leqnk; mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dk
Lokeh FkkA os futh LokehrRo ds varxZr ugha Fks vkSj dksbZ 'kks"k.k ugha FkkA f’kdkj ds
fy;s iRFkj ds gfFk;kj] eNyh Qalkus ds tky vkSj vadqM+h (hooks) mRiknu ds lk/
ku FksA lewpk leqnk; budk Lokeh FkkA mRiknu lhfer Fkk vkSj Lo-[kir ds fy,
fd;k tkrk FkkA dksbZ vfrfjDr mRiknu ugha Fkk] rks dksbZ 'kks"k.k ugha FkkA tc dksbZ
'kks"k.k ugha Fkk rks dksbZ oxZ foHkktu ugha FkkA tc dksbZ oxZ foHkktu ugha Fkk] rks dksbZ
oxZ la?k"kZ ugha Fkk] rks dksbZ jkT; ugha FkkA bl izdkj ;g lkE;oknh lekt Fkk] ysfdu
vfndkyhu izdkj dk FkkA fQj Hkh ft+Unxh dfBu FkhA bls 'kks"k.k] dyg vkSj la?k"kZ
ds vHkko ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk FkkA
rduhd fLFkj ugha gS( ;g yxkrkj fodflr gksrh gSA rduhdh fodkl mRiknu esa lq/
kkj ds fy, gksrk gSA ftlls vfrfjDr mRiknu gksrk gS] tks O;fDrxr~ lEifÙk dk
vkfoZHkko djrk gSA vc mRiknu ds lk/ku leqnk; ds varxZr ugh gksrs gSa] cfYd futh
LokfeRo ds varxZr vk tkrs gSA bl izdkj lekt lEifÙkokyksa vkSj lEifÙkfoghu oxks±
esa caV tkrk gSA mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij LokfeRo gksus dh otg ls lEifÙk okys oxZ
lEifÙkfoghu oxZ dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSaA pw¡fd la?k"kZ gksrk gS] izHkkoh oxZ] ;kfu dh lEifÙk
okyk oxZ jkT; uke dh ,d neudkjh laLFkk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] tksfd v/kkZuLFk dh
;kfu fd lEifÙkghu oxZ ds fojks/k dks dqpyrk gSA bl izdkj jkT; ,d oxZ ;a= vkSj
neudkjh laLFkk gSA ;g vius fuekZrk ds fgrksa dh j{kk djrk gS] tks lEifÙkokys oxZ gSaA
izkjEHk esa bl lekt dks Lokeh vkSj xqyke ds :i esa ckaVk x;k gSA Lokeh lEifÙkokys
(the haves) gSa vkSj xqyke lEifÙkfoghu (the have nots) gSaA xqyke mRiknu ds lkjs
dk;Z dks djrs gSaA Lokeh xqykeksa dh esgur ij thrs gSaA os xqykeksa dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSa
vkSj tc dHkh xqyke fojks/k djrs gSa] rc jkT; Lokeh ds cpko esa vkrk gSA bl izdkj]
jkT; Lokeh oxZ ds fgrksa dh j{kk djrk gSA ;g viuh neudkjh 'kfDr;ksa ls xqykeksa dh
vkokt+ dks nckrk gSA
37
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ nkl izFkk dk lkearokn vuqxkeh cu tkrk gSA rduhdh fodkl mRiknu ds lk/ku esa
ifjorZu ykrk gS vkSj ;g mRiknu vkSj Js"B lajpuk ds laca/k esa vuqdwy ifjorZu ykrk
gSA nkl izFkk mRiknu ds lkearh <+kaps esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gS vkSj ;g lekt] jktuhfr]
uSfrdrk vkSj ewY; iz.kkyh esa >ydrk gSA lekt dk lkearksa vkSj fdlkuksa esa foHkktu
lkearokn dks n’kkZrk gSA lkearksa dk mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij vf/kiR; gksrk gS] ;g Hkwfe
gS] ysfdu fdlku mRiknu dk;Z djrk gSA Hkwfe/; dk LokfeRo gksus ds dkj.k] lkear
fcuk dqN fd;s mRiknu dk cM+k fgLlk izkIr djrk gSA bl izdkj lkear ijthoh
(parasite) ds lkeku gksrk gS] tks fdlkuksa dh esgur ij laiUu gksrk gSaA lkear fdlkuksa
dk 'kks"k.k djrk gS vkSj ;fn fdlku dHkh vius 'kks"k.k dk fojks/k djrk gS] rks mlds
fojks/k dks jkT; funZ;rk ls dqpy nsrk gS] D;ksafd jkT; lkearks ds fgrksa dh j{kk vkSj
mudh lsok djrk gSA tgk¡ fdlku vkfJr vkSj 'kksf"kr oxZ gksrk gS] ogha Lokeh izHkkoh
vkSj 'kks"kd oxZ gksrk gSA
iw¡thokn lkearokn dk vuqxkeh gksrk gSA rduhdh fodkl tkjh jgrk gS] blfy,
mRiknu dh f’kfDr;ksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gS] tks mRiknu dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj mRiknu ds
laca/kksa ds chp csesy gks tkrk gS] ftldk lek/kku e/; oxZ (bourgeois) dh Økafr ls
gksrk gSA bl izdkj mRiknu dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj mRiknu dk lkearh <k¡pk iw¡thoknh <k¡ps
esa cny tkrk gSA lekt dk e/; oxZ vkSj loZgkjk oxZ esa foHkktu iw¡thokn dks n’kkZrk
gSA e/; oxZ dk mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij vf/kdkj gksrk gS] ysfdu loZgkjk oxZ mRiknu
djrk gSA loZgkjk yksx vkS|ksfxd Jfed gksrs gSa( os de osru ds cnys viuk Je csprs
gSaA ;g O;ogkjr% vkthfodk ds fy, osru gksrk gS] ftlls Je 'kfDr dks vckf/kr
vkiwfrZ dks cjdjkj j[kk tk ldrk gSA mRiknu Lo;a ds [kir ds fy, ugha gksrk gS]
cfYd equkQs ds fy, gksrk gSA vf/kdre equkQs dh bPNk osru esa deh vkSj
dk;Zfof/k esa c<+ksÙkjh djrh gSA ;g vkxs Jfed oxZ dh fLFkfr dks fcxkM+rk gS] tks varr%
mUgsa bl fLFkfr esa igq¡pk nsrk gSa] tgk¡ [kksus ds fy, dqN ugha gksrk gSA ;g loZgkjk
Økafr ds fy, ekxZ iz’kLr djrk gSA
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ }UnkRed HkkSfrdokn ds vFkZ dks vius 'kCnksa esa O;Dr djsaA

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38
2½ izkjfEHkd lkE;okn ;k lkearokn ds eq[; fo’ks"krkvksa dh x.kuk vkSj o.kZu djsaA ekDlZ o kn
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26- 3- 3 vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar

ekDlZ us iw¡thoknh lekt esa 'kks"k.k dh O;k[;k djus ds fy, vfrfjDr ewY; ds fl)kar
dks fodflr fd;k gSA ;gk¡ ekDlZ oxhZ; vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa ds fl)karksa ls izHkkfor FksA os
ewY; ds Je fl)kar ls lger FksA lkeku dk ewY; blds mRiknu esa yxs Je dh ek=k
ls vkadk tkrk gSA Je Hkh ,d lkeku gSA bls nwljs lkekuksa dh rjg [kjhnk vkSj cspk
tk ldrk gSA mRiknu ds pkj dkjdksa esa Je lcls loksZPp gSA blds vHkko esa mRiknu
ds nwljs dkjd csdkj gSaA Hkwfe iw¡th vkSj laxBu mRiknu ds vU; nwljs dkjd csdkj
gSaA Hkwfe i¡wth vkSj laxBu mRiknu ds vU; nwljs dkjd gSaA mRiknu ds bu dkjdksa ds
fy, Je dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tks mUgsa mRiknd cukrk gSA Je ds vHkko esa os catj gksrs
gSaA
;fn osru Jfed }kjk mRiUu dh x;h jde ds vuqikr esa fn;k tkrk gS] rks dksbZ 'kks"k.k
ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu ;g voLFkk iw¡thokn esa u;h gksrh gSaA Je bl vFkZ esa vuks[kk gksrk
gS fd ;g vius j[k-j[kko ls T+;knk ewY; mRiUu djrk gSA Jfed }kjk mRiUu fd;s
x;s ewY; rFkk Jfedksa dks osru ds :i esa fn, x, ewY; esa varj gksrk gS] ftlls
vfrfjDr ewY; mRiUu rFkk iw¡thifr dks equkQk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] ;fn dksbZ
Jfed ,d eghus esa 25]000 #i;s ewY; mRiUu djrk gS vkSj mls osru ds :i esa
15]000 #i;s fn;s tkrs gSa] rks cps gq, 10]000 #i;s iw¡thoknh dk ykHk gksxkA bl
izdkj Jfed lnSo vf/kd ewY; iSnk djrs gSa] ftruk mls okLro esa feyrk gSA Jfed
}kjk mRiUu ;g vfrfjDr ewY; e/;oxZ (bourgeois) dk ykHk gksrk gS] ftldk cpko
oxhZ; vFkZ’kkL=h djrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g laifÙk laxzg djrk gS] ftls vkxs u;s m|ksxksa rFkk
miØeksa esa yxk;k tkrk gS vkSj ftlls fodkl vkSj [kq’kgkyh vkrh gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa ds
vuqlkj] ;g Jfedksa dk 'kks"k.k gSa] ftls lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
i¡wthokn ds fodkl vkSj izfr;ksfxrk esa c<+ksrjh gksus ls Jfedksa ds osru esa yxkrkj
fxjkoV vkrh gS vkSj vkthfodk Lrj dh voLFkk vk tkrh gSA vkthfodk osru jgus
vkSj Je 'kfDr ds LFkk;hdj.k ds fy, U;wure osru gksrk gSA bl izdkj iw¡thokn esa
xgu izfr;ksfxrk loZgkjk dh vfr {kfr dk lwpd gksrk gSA ;g oxZ la?k"kZ dks c<+kok
nsrk gS vkSj varr% Økafr dks ykrk gSA
26- 3- 4 oxZ -la ? k"kZ

ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] vHkh rd ds lHkh lektksa dk bfrgkl oxZ la?k"kZ dk bfrgkl jgk gSA
flok; izkjfEHkd lkE;oknh voLFkk dks NksM+dj lHkh ,sfrgkfld dkyksa esa izHkkoh vkSj
vkfJr oxks± ;k lEifÙk okys vkSj lEifÙkfoghu ds chp lfØ; fojks/k jgk gSA ;g lfØ;
39
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ fojks/k oxZ fojks/kkHkklksa ls iSnk gksrk gS( ;g lEifÙkfoghu oxZ dk lEifÙk okys oxZ }kjk
'kks"k.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i gksrk gSA iwjs bfrgkl esa izR;sd ;qx esa nks fojks/kh oxZ jgs gSaA
nkl izFkk esa Lokeh vkSj nkl] lkearoknh izFkk esa lkear vkSj e/; oxZ mRiknu ds lk/
kuksa ds Lokeh gSaA nkl] fdlku vkSj loZgkjk mRiknu djrs gSa] ysfdu muds mRikn dks
muds 'kks"kdksa ds }kjk ys fy;k tkrk gS vkSj cnys esa mUgsa flQZ+ nSfud xqt+kjs ds fy,
osru nsrs gSaA mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij LokfeRo gksus ds dkj.k lEifÙk okys oxZ
lEifÙkfoghu dk 'kks"k.k djrs gSaA ;gh oxZ la?k"kZ dk eq[; lzksr vkSj dkj.k gSaA fojks/kh
oxks± ds chp dksbZ le>kSrk ;k esy laHko ugha gSA izR;sd ;qx esa fojks/kh oxks± ds
vUrfuZfgr fojks/kkHkklksa dks flQZ+ 'kksf"kr oxks± ds loZuk’k ls lqy>k;k tk ldrk gSA
26- 3- 5 Øka f r
oxZ la?k"kZ Økafr ds fy, ekxZ iz’kLr djrk gSA oxZ la?k"kZ vrhafnz; (imperaceptible)
gksrk gS] ysfdu Økafr vuqHkoxE; (perceptible) gksrh gSA oxZ la?k"kZ dh rhozrk Økafr ds
fy, vk/kkj dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA oxZ la?k"kZ yEcs le; rd pyus okyh xfrfof/k gS]
ysfdu Økafr FkksM+s le; ds fy, rst+h ls vkSj fgalkRld gksrh gSA ekDlZ ds 'kCnksa esa
^^Økafr lkekftd ifjorZu dh vko’;d nkbZ gksrh gS**A lkearh Økafr us nkl izFkk dks
[kRe dj fn;k] e/;oxhZ; Økafr us lkearokn dks [kRe fd;k vkSj loZgkjk Økafr
iw¡thokn dk var djsxhA bl izdkj fdlh Hkh ;qx esa lkekftd ifjorZu lnSo Økafr ds
}kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
Økafr gksrh gS] tc mRiknu dh 'kfDr;ksa ;k lk/kuksa vkSj mRiknu ds laca/kksa ds chp
vlkeatL; gksrk gSA bl vlekatL; dk lkek/kku djus ds fy, Økafr gksrh gS] tks
mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ;k 'kfDr;ksa ds lkFk lkeatL; ykus ds fy, mRiknu ds laca/kksa vkSj
Js"B ljapuk esa vuqdwy ifjorZu ykrh gSA rduhdh fodkl mRiknu ds lk/kuksa esa
ifjorZu ykrk gSA gLrf’kYi vkidks lkearh lekt iznku djrs gSa vkSj vkipkfyr
(steam) fey] vkS|ksfxd iw¡thoknh lekt nsrs gSA
loZgkjk Økafr bfrgkl ds okf"kZdh o`Ùkkar esa vafre Økafr gksxhA Økafr fojks/kkHkklksa ds
lek/kku ds fy, gksrh gSA blfy, Økafr ugha gksxh] ;fn lekt esa dksbZ fojks/kkHkkl ugha
gksxkA loZgkjk Økafr ds ckn] vkxs dksbZ Økafr ugha gksxh] D;ksafd dksbZ fojks/kkHkkl ugha
gksxk fQj Hkh] Økafr rc gksxh] dsoy tc mRiknu dh 'kfDr;ka iwjh rjg ifjiDo gks
tk;saxh vkSj mRiknu ds laca/kksa ls esy ugha [kk;saxhA Økafr bl csesy dk var djrh gSA
lkekftd fodkl ds Øe vkSj fn’kk dks ifjofÙkZr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA dksbZ Hkh
voLFkk nwljh voLFkk dks ut+jvankt+ ugha dj ldrh gSA dksbZ Hkh voLFkk NksVh-
ifjf/k okyh ugh gks ldrh gSA izkjfEHkd lkE;okn ls nkl izFkk] nkl izFkk ls lkearokn
vkSj lkearokn ls iw¡thokn loZgkjk dk vf/kuk;dRo ;k lektokn iw¡thokn ij fot;
izkIr djsxk] tks lkekftd fodkl dh vafre ls igyh voLFkk gksrh gSA loZgkjk dk
vf/kuk;dRo varr% lkE;okn dh LFkkiuk djsxkA loZgkjk Økafr ds lkFk] Økafr dk Lor%
var gks tk,xkA
26- 3- 6 loZgkjk oxZ dk vf/kuk;dRo

loZgkjk Økafr loZgkjk ds vf/kuk;dRo dh LFkkiuk djsxhA ;g lektoknh jkT; ds uke
ls Hkh tkuh tkrh gSA e/;oxZ }kjk mRiUu jkT; ds vax] loZgkjk ds nckus okyksa dks]
loZgkjk e/; oxZ ds fo#) jkT; ds ;a= dk bLrseky djsxkA e/; oxZ iqjkuh O;oLFkk
40
dks iqu% izkIr djus ds fy, fojks/kh-Økafr djus dh dksf’k’k djsxk vkSj bl izdkj jkT; ekDlZ o kn
dh neudkjh laLFkkvksa }kjk e/; oxZ dks fu;af=r djus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
jkT; lnSo neu dk lk/ku jgk gSA izHkkoh oxZ us vkfJr oxZ ij neu djus ds fy,
jkT; dh mRifÙk dh gSA ;g ,d oxZ lk/ku gSA jkT; j{kk djrk gS vkSj vius fuekZrk
ds fgrksa dk [;ky djrk gS] tks lEifÙk laiUu oxZ gksrk gSA ;g oxZ lnSo vYila[;d
jgk gS] pkgs og Lokeh ;k lkear ;k iw¡thifr gksA bl izdkj vYila[;d cgqla[;d dk
'kks"k.k djrs jgs gSa] tSls xqykeksa ;k fdlkuksa ;k loZgkjk dk jkT; ds neudkjh vaxksa
}kjkA loZgkjk ds vf/kuk;dRo ds varxZr] igyh ckj jkT; cgqla[;d ds fu;a=.k esa
vkrk gSA vc igyh ckj jkT; ds neudkjh ;a= dk mi;ksx cgqla[;d ds fo#)
vYila[;d }kjk gksrk gSA
ekDlZ ds vuqlkj lHkh jkT;ksa dk vf/kuk;dRo jgk gSA vr% lektoknh jkT; dksbZ
viokn ugha gSA ;g Hkh ,d vf/kuk;dRo gSA jkT; dk bLrseky lnSo ,d oxZ dk nwljs
oxZ dks nckus ds fy, fd;k tkrk jgk gSA lektoknh jkT; esa loZgkjk oxZ jkT; ds
neudkjh vaxksa tSls lsuk] iqfyl] tsy] U;kf;d iz.kkyh bR;kfn dk iz;ksx e/; oxZ ds
fo#) djsxkA ekDlZ rdZ nsrs gSa fd ;fn iztkra= dk vFkZ cgqla[;d dk 'kklu gksrk
gS] rks loZgkjk jkT; lcls iztkrkaf=d jkT; gS D;ksafd igyh ckj bfrgkl ds okf"kZdh
esa lÙkk cgqla[;d ds gkFkksa esa vkrh gSA loZgkjk jkT; ds igys] lÙkk cgqla[;d ds gkFkksa
esa vkrh gSA loZgkjk jkT; ds igys] lÙkk lnSo vYila[;dksa ds gkFkksa esa jgh gSA blfy,
;fn cgqer dk 'kklu ekinaM gSa] rks ek= loZgkjk jkT; gh iztkrkaf=d jkT; dgk tk
ldrk gSA
26- 3- 7 lkE;okn
loZgkjk ds vf/kuk;dRo dh thfor ns[kHkky ds varxZr] lektoknh jkT; lkE;okn ds
:i esa mHkjsxkA lektokn dk {k.kHkaxqj voLFkk gSA ;g lkE;okn ls laHkkfor mn~Hko dk
jkLrk iz’kLr djsxk] tks fLFkj vkSj LFkk;h gksrk gSA ;g lkekftd fodkl dk dky
gksxkA lkE;okn dh LFkkiuk ds ckn vkxs dksbZ lkekftd ifjorZu ugha gksxkA }UnkRed
izfØ;k dk var gks tk,xkA ,d iw.kZ] foosd’khy lkekftd iz.kkyh dh LFkkiuk gksxh tks
fd 'k=qvksa vkSj fojks/kkHkklksa ls eqDr gksxhA dksbZ oxZ fojks/kkHkkl ugha gksxk] blfy, dksbZ
oxZ la?k"kZ ugha gksxkA okLro esa lkE;okn oxZfoghu] futh lEifÙkfoghu vkSj 'kks"k.kfoghu
lekt gksxkA
lkE;okn lekt esa mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds futh LokfeRo ds :i esa dksbZ futh lEifÙk
ugha gksxhA mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ij leqnk; dk LokfeRo gksxkA lg;ksx u fd izfr;ksfxrk
lkE;oknh lekt dk vk/kkj gksxkA mRiknu [kir ds fy, gksxk u fd equkQk dekus ds
fy,( equkQs dh izo`fÙk lkekftd vko’;drkvksa esa cny tk,xhA tc dksbZ futh lEifÙk
ugha gksxh] rks dksbZ 'kks"k.k ugha gksxkA tc dksbZ 'kks"k.k ugh gksxk] rks dksbZ oxZ foHkktu]
dksbZ lEifÙk lEiUu vkSj lEifÙkfoghu oxZ] ;k dksbZ izHkkoh vkSj vkfJr oxZ ugha gksxkA
tc dksbZ oxZ foHkktu ugha gksrk gS] rks dksbZ oxZ la?k"kZ ugha gksrk gS] blfy, jkT; dh
vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSA bl dkj.k ls lkE;oknh lekt oxZfoghu vkSj jkT;foghu
lekt gksxkA
jkT; 'kks"k.k dk ea= gksrk gS] ;g oxZ ;a= gksrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i lekt esa oxZ foHkktu
gksrk gSA lkE;okn esa Jfedksa dk ek= ,d oxZ gksrk gS] dksbZ nwljk oxZ nckus vkSj neu
djus ds fy, ugha gksrk gS] vr% jkT; dh dksbZ vko’;drk ugha gksxhA ;g lkE;oknh
41
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ lekt esa Qkyrw cu tk,xkA bls laxzkgky; dks lkSai fn;k tk,xkA jkT; fQj Hkh [kRe
ugha gksxkA ;g /khjs-/khjs foyhu gks tk,xkA
lkE;oknh lekt yqbZl Cyka (Louise Blanc) ds fl)kar & îzR;sd viuh {kerk ds
vuqlkj dk;Z djsaxsa vkSj izR;sd dh viuh vko’;drk ds vuqlkj izkIr gksxk]* & ds
vuqlkj 'kkflr gksxkA ijthfo;ksa ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha gksxkA tks dke ugha djsxk]
og [kk;sxk ughaA flQZ Jfedksa dk ,d oxZ gksxkA lewpk lekt Jfed oxZ esa cny
tk;sxkA 'kks"k.k dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksxkA ;g lerkoknh lekt gksxkA yksxksa ds chp
ln~Hkkoiw.kZ laca/k gksxkA
cks/k iz’u 3
1½ vfrfjDr ewY; dk fl)kar D;k gSa\

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2½ oxZ la?k"kZ dh vo/kkj.kk dh ppkZ dhft,A

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3½ lkE;oknh lekt dh izeq[k fo’ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu rFkk ewY;kadu djsaA

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42
ekDlZ o kn
26- 4 vyxko dk fl)kar
ekDlZoknh n’kZu esa nks fof’k"V dky jgs gSaA 1844 dk bDukWfed ,.M fQykWlkWfQd
eSU;qfLØIVl ekDlZokn ds ekuoh; psgjs dks mtkxj djrk gSA blesa fcuk oxZ 'k=qrk]
oxZ la?k"kZ rFkk fgalkRed Økafr ds lanHkZ ds iw¡thokn dks fo’ysf"kr fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡
iw¡thokn ds cqjs izHkkoksa dh vyxko] igpku vkSj Lora=rk ds [kksus ds vk/kkj ij O;k[;k
dh x;h gSA ekDlZ ds bu n`f"Vdks.kksa dks ;qok ekDlZ ds lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSaA 1848 ds
lkE;oknh dE;qfuLV eSfuQSLVks esa ekDlZ ds n’kZu esa ,d cnyko ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
ckn dk ekDlZ ifjiDo ekDlZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] ftUgksaus oSKkfud lektokn
ds fl)kar dh LFkkiuk dhA ekDlZ ds izkjfEHkd fopkjksa dks flQZ 1932 esa izdk’ku ds
lkFk gh tkuk x;k FkkA
vyxko dk fl)kar ,d ekDlZoknh vo/kkj.kk gSA gaxsfj;u ekDlZoknh tktZ yqdkl us

1932 ds izdk’ku ds igys gh iwjh rjg ls vius cycwrs vyxko ds fl)kar dks fodflr
fd;k gSA fQj Hkh vyxko dh vo/kkj.kk eSU;qfLØIVl izdk’ku ds ckn gh yksdfiz; cuhA
ekDlZ us vyxko ds pkj Lrjksa dk ft+Ø fd;k gSA loZizFke euq"; vius mRikn vkSj
dk; izfØ;k ls vyx-Fkyx iM+ tkrk gS] D;ksafd Jfed dh dSls mRiknu djsA f}rh;
O;fDr izÑfr ls vyx gks tkrk gSA mldk dk;Z mls ,d jpukRed Jfed ds :i esa
larks"k iznku ugha djrk gSA ;kaf=dhdj.k ds vUrxZr] dk;Z rst+h ls le;c) vkSj
mckusokyk curk tk jgk gSA rhljs] O;fDr nwljs O;fDr ls vyx ls gks tkrk gSA
iw¡thoknh iz.kkyh dk izfr;ksxh pfj= izR;sd dks vU; ds [kpZ ij thus dks etcwj dj
,d nwljs ls vyx dj nsrk gSA vkf[kjdkj O;fDr Lo;a ls dV tkrk gSA vko’;drk
dk {ks= mlds thou dks dkcw djrk gS vkSj lkaLÑfrd fojklr ds fy, dksbZ le; ugha
gksrk gSA iw¡thoknh iz.kkyh iw¡th vkSj lEifÙk ds futh LokfeRo ds }kjk mRiUu voLFkkvksa
dks lHkh ekuoh; ladk;ksa vkSj {kerkvksa esa v/khuLFkr djrh gSA iw¡thifr vius vki esa
Jfed ls de ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu iSls ds fujadq’k 'kklu dk xqyke cu tkrk gSA
26- 5 Lora=rk dk fl)kar

ekuooknh n’kZu ds :i esa ekDlZokn eq[;r;k ekuo LorU=rk dk n’kZu gSA LorU=rk
u flQZ ekuoh; vko’;drkvksa dh HkkSfrd lar`"Vrk gS] cfYd vekuoh;dj.k] laca/k
foPNsn vkSj vyxko dh voLFkkvksa dks nwj djuk Hkh gSA iw¡thoknh iz.kkyh vko’;drk
dks Lora=rk ds fojks/kh ds :i esa oxhZÑr djrh gSA vko’;drk mu voLFkkvksa dks
lwfpr djrh gS] ftlds varxZr izÑfr ds vfuok;Z fu;e O;fDr ds thou dks 'kkflr
djrs gSaA izÑfr ds bu fu;eksa esa ekuo bPNk dh Lora=rk fufgr gksrh gSA O;fDr bu
fu;eksa ds oSKkfud Kku dks izkIr dj ldrk gS] ysfdu mUgsa viuh bPNk ls cny ugha
ldrk gSA Lora=rk vko’;drk ls vyx gV ugha ldrh gSA LorU=rk izÑfr ds bu
fu;eksa ds Kku esa fufgr gksrh gS vkSj bu fu;eksa dks {kerk iznku djus tks ekuo lekt
ds LorU=rk ds fuf’pr y{; dh vksj dk;Z djrk gSA
bl izdkj iw¡thoknh iz.kkyh dks pykus okyh mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa dk Bksl Kku vkSj ,d
dk;ZØe] vko’;drk dh jkt/kkuh ls LorU=rk dh jkt/kkuh rd ekuoh; ifjorZu dks
fu"iknu djsxkA ekuo lekt dh Lora=rk vkSj lPph LorU=rk dk vuqHko flQZ
iw¡thokn ds fouk’k vkSj lkE;okn dh LFkkiuk ls gh laHko gksrk gSA
43
1½ vki vyxko ds fl)kar ;k LorU=rk ds fl)kar dk o.kZu djsaA

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26- 6 vkykspukRed leh{kk vkSj voyksdu

ekDlZokn dBksj vkykspuk dk fo"k; jgk gSA blus lekt dks nks oxks±] ftuds ikl dqN
(the haves) vkSj ftuds ikl dqN ugha gS (the have-nots) esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA ;g
okLrfodrk ls nwj gSA lekt cgqr tfVy gksrk gS vkSj dqbZ lewgksa esa caVk gksrk gSA tSls
fd ekDlZokn dh ifjdYiuk gS] oSlk dksbZ Li"V oxks± dk foHkktu ugha gksrk gSA
T;knkrj] blesa fo’kky e/; oxZ gksrk gSA ekDlZoknh fopkjdksa us Hkfo";ok.kh dh Fkh fd
iw¡thokn ds fodkl ds lkFk] e/; oxZ foyhu gks tk,xk vkSj loZgkjk oxZ ds lkFk fey
tk,xk ysfdu vHkh rd ,slk ugha gqvk gS vkSj ,slk gksus dh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha gSA
okLro esa blds foijhr gqvk gS( e/; oxZ us viuh fLFkfr dks etcwr fd;k gS vkSj vius
vkdkj dks c<+k;k gSA ekDlZokfn;ksa us iw¡thifr oxZ ds fleVus dh ckrsa dh FkhaA ;gk¡ iqu%
Bhd blds foijhr gqvk gSA fleVus ds cnys iw¡thifr oxZ dk vk/kkj foLr`r gqvk gSA
ekDlZ us iw¡th laxzg dh ckr dh Fkh] ysfdu iw¡th dk fc[kjko gks x;k gSA loZgkjk oxZ
dh fLFkfr oSlh ugha fcxM+h gS] tSls fd ekDlZ us Hkfo";ok.kh dh FkhA bl izdkj] iw¡thokn
dh okLrfod dk;Zdkjh iz.kkyh us oxks± ds ekDlZoknh fl)kar dks xyr lkfcr fd;k gSA
ekDlZokfn;ksa us Hkfo";ok.kh dh Fkh fd iw¡thokn vUrfoZjks/k ds dkj.k fc[kj tk,xkA

ysfdu] vHkh rd ,slk ?kfVr ugha gqvk gSA dksbZ fodflr i¡wthoknh O;oLFkk /oLr ugha
gqbZ gSA iw¡thokn us vius yphysiu dks lkfcr fd;k gSA nwljh vksj] lektoknh O;oLFkk]
nqfu;k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa /oLr gks x;h gSA iw¡thokn ds ikl lkeatL; fcBkus dh vikj
'kfDr gSA ;gh blds thoar gksus dk eq[; dkj.k gSA ekDlZ i¡wthokn dk lgh vkadyu
djus esa vlQy jgs gSaA
ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] loZgkjk Økafr rHkh gksxh] tc iw¡thokn ifjiDo gks tk;sxkA fiNM+s
lkearoknh lekt esa loZgkjk Økafr ds ?kfVr vkSj lQy gksus dk volj ugha gksrk gSA
ysfdu okLro esa ;gh ?kfVr gqvk gSA Økafr flQZ lkearoknh lektksa tSls :l] phu]
fo;ruke] D;wck bR;kfn ns’kksa esa gqbZ gSaA ;g :lh ekDlZokfn;ksa ds nks xqVksa] IyS[kukWo
(Plekhnov) ds usr`Ro esa eSa’ksfoDl (Mensheviks) vkSj ysfuu ds usr`Ro esa ckWy’ksfoDl
(Bolsheviks) ds chp fookn dk eq[; eqn~nk FkkA varr% ckWy’ksfoDl dk eSu’ksfoDl ds
44
Åij opZLo jgk] ysfdu os ekDlZ ds fopkjksa ds vf/kd ut+nhd FksA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] ekDlZ o kn
muds fopkj lkekftd fodkl ds tUe dh osnuk dks de dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu fdlh
Hkh voLFkk dks ut+jvankt ugha dj ldrsA fQj Hkh ysfuu vkSj V~kWVLdh us :l esa vkSj
ekvks us phu esa iw¡thokn dh LFkkiuk dh izfØ;k ls xqt+js fcuk lkearoknh lekt esa
lkE;okn dh LFkkiuk dhA bl izR;{k fojks/kkHkkl ds lek/kku ds fy, V~kWVLdh us F;ksjh
vkWQ ijekusaV fjokWY;q’ku] dks fodflr fd;kA mUgksaus vius fl)kar esa e/;oxZ dh Økafr
dks loZgkjk dh Økafr ds lkFk feyk fn;kA ;s nksuksa Økafr;ka V~kWVLdh dh n`f"V esa lkFk-
lkFk ?kV ldrh gSaA ;|fi ;g vf/kd O;ogkfjd fopkj izrhr gksrk gS] ;g ekDlZokn
ds cqfu;knh fl)karksa dks ugha Lohdkj djrk gSA
vkfFkZd fu/kkZjdokn ds ekDlZoknh fl)kar dh dBksj vkykspuk dh x;h gSA ;g flQZ

vkfFkZd dkjd gh ugha gksrk gS] cfYd nwljs dkjd Hkh lkekftd ifjorZu ykus esa leku
:i ls egÙoiw.kZ gksrs gSaA ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfr] lekt] uSfrdrk] ewY; iz.kkyh
bR;kfn dks fu/kkZ f jr djrh gS ] rc vFkZ O ;oLFkk Hkh vius vki buds }kjk
fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA ;g nks rjQk izfØ;k gSA vkfFkZd 'kfDr;k¡ jktuhfr] lekt] laLÑfr]
/keZ] ewY;ksa] vkn’kks± bR;kfn ds izHkkoksa ls vNwrh ugha gSA ;fn vk/kkj ;k uhao vf/kjpuk
dks vkdkj nsrs gSa] rks vf/kjpuk Hkh uhao dks vkdkj nsrh gSA bl izdkj vkfFkZd
fu/kkZjdokn ds fl)kar dks Lohdkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA ckn ds ekDlZoknh fopkjdksa]
tSls fd xzkelh us vf/kjpuk dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks Lohdkj fd;kA
loZgkjk dk vf/kuk;dRo vkSj lkE;okn dh ekDlZoknh vo/kkj.kkvksa] esa dbZ dfe;k¡ gSaA
loZgkjk Økafr ds ckn loZgkjk e/; oxZ ls jkT; dh e’khujh dks Nhu ysxkA lkE;okn
dh LFkkiuk ds ckn jkT; Qkyrw gks tk,xk vkSj /khjs-/khjs foyhu gks tk,xkA ;g ?kfVr
ugha gqvk gSA lektoknh lekt esa jkT; okLro esa loZ-’kfDreku cu x;kA det+ksj
gksus ds cnys jkT; us viuh fLFkfr n`<+ cuk yh gS vkSj blds eqj>kus dh dksbZ laHkkouk
ugha gSA jkT; lektoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh lekt esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgsxk vkSj
bls laxzgky; dks dHkh Hkh lkSais tkus dh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha gSA
lektoknh lekt dh tgk¡ dgha Hkh LFkkiuk dh x;ha gS] ;k rks mls mrkj Qsadk x;k
;k ut+jvankt fd;k x;k gSA tgk¡ dgha Hkh ;g vHkh Hkh thfor gS] bls cgqr lkjs
ifjoÙkZu djus ds fy, etcwj gksuk iM+k gS] tks oxhZ; ekDlZokn dh fopkj/kkjk ls esy
ugha [kkrk gSA iwohZ ;wjksi esa lke;okn dh vlQyrk] :l esa fc[kjko vkSj phu esa
vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa us Ýkafll Qqdq;kek ljh[ks fopkjdksa dks ekDlZokn dh vkWfcV;qjh
(obituary) fy[kus dks ck/; fd;k gSA Qqdq;kek us viuh izfl) iqLrd ,.M vkWQ
fgLVªh esa 'khreqnzk dkyhu lalkj (post-coldwar) esa lkE;okn ds Åij iw¡thokn dh
fot; dk nkok fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj iw¡thokn dh lkE;okn ij fot;] bfrgkl ds
var dks n’kkZrk gSA ;gk¡ Qqdq;kek gsxsy ds vFkZ esa bfrgkl dh ckr djrs gSaA iw¡thokn
ds ckn vkxs dksbZ vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fodkl ugha gksxkA iw¡thokn lcls foosd’khy
vkSj iw.kZ iz.kkyh gSA ;g lcls iw.kZ fopkj/kkjk vkSj n’kZu gSA blfy,] oSpkfjd vkSj
nk’kZfud fodkl dk var iw¡thokn ds mn~Hko ds lkFk gh gks tkrk gSA bldk eq[;
pqukSrhdÙkkZ lkE;okn ijkftr gks x;k gS vkSj ;g vkxs vius nkoksa dks lkfcr djrk gS
fd ;g ekuork }kjk dHkh Hkh fodflr iz.kkfy;ksa esa ls lcls mÙke lkekftd] vkfFkZd
vkSj jktuhfrd iz.kkyh gSA
Qqdq;kek ds }kjk fn, x, fl)kar dks Lohdkj djuk cgqr gh dfBu gSA ekDlZokn dh
izeq[krk nks {ks=ksa esa fufgr gSA loZizFke] bls lkekftd fo’ys"k.k dk ,d dkjd cuk;k
45
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ x;k gSA f}rh;] ;g vkokt+foghu dks vkokt+ nsrk gSA ;g xjhcksa] mRihfM+r vkSj nfer
yksxksa dk n’kZu gSaA ;fn ekDlZokn dh nsu dk fo’ys"k.k bu nksuksa {ks=ksa ds lanHkZ esa fd;k
tk;s rks] ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡psaxs fd ;g vHkh Hkh izklafxd gS vkSj fQtwy ugha gS]
tSlk fd mnkjoknh vkykspdksa }kjk nkok fd;k tkrk gSA lkekftd fo’ys"k.k ds ,d
vk;ke ds :i esa ekDlZokn vkt Hkh izklafxd gS] tSlk fd ;g igys FkkA lkekftd
fo’ys"k.k dh ,d fof/k ds :i esa bldk egÙo dHkh Hkh lekIr ugha gksxk] pkgs
lkektoknh jkT; thfor jgrk gS ;k lekIr gks tkrk gSA
ekDlZokn ,d fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa viuh Js"Brk fuf’p;r;k [kks pqdk gS] ysfdu ;g
iwjh rjg ls Qkyrw ugha gSA tc rd 'kks"k.k jgsxk] yksxksa dk neu vkSj mRihM+u gksrk
jgsxk] ekDlZokn izklafxd cuk jgsxkA ekDlZokn] 'kksf"kr vkSj mRihfM+r ds n’kZu ds :i
esa mudh eqfDr ds fy, turk dks izsfjr djrk jgsxkA blfy,] bldh ijkt; vkSj
vizklafxdrk dk iz’u ugha gSA okLro esa] iz.kkfy;k¡ tks fc[kj pqdh gSa] os oxhZ;
ekDlZoknh fl)karksa ij laxfBr ugha FkhA os ekDlZoknh-ysfuuokn vkSj LVkfyuokn ls
vyx FkhaA blfy, ;g ysfuuoknh-LVkfyuoknh iz.kkfy;k¡ gS] tks ;wjksi vkSj tgk¡ dgha
Hkh os gSa] fc[kj pqdh gSa vkSj tks oxhZ; ekDlZokn ugha gSA
ekDlZokn ,d vk;ke ds :i esa lkekftd fo’ys"k.k ds fy, fo}kuksa ds }kjk mi;ksx

fd;k tkrk jgsxk vkSj 'kksf"kr-nfer yksx viuh eqfDr ds fy, ekDlZoknh n’kZu dk
leFkZu djrs jgsaxsaA ;gk¡ ekDlZokn dHkh Hkh vizklafxd ugha cusxkA ;g lnSo mnkjokn
dk oSdfYid n’kZu cuk jgsxkA ekDlZokn mnkjokn ds vR;kpkjksa ij izHkkodkjh jksd
ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z djsxkA ;g iw¡thoknh iz.kkyh dh dBksjrk dks de djsxkA
cks/k iz’u 4
1½ ekDlZoknh fl)kar ij izgkj ds izeq[k vk/kkjksa dh foospuk djsaA

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2½ ekDlZokn dh ledkyhu izklafxdrk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A

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46
ekDlZ o kn
26- 7 lkjka ’ k
bl bdkbZ esa geus fofHkUu izdkj ds lektokn tSls dkYifud vkSj oSKkfud lektokn]
fodkloknh rFkk Økafrdkjh lektokn dh ppkZ dh gSA ekDlZokn ds cqfu;knh fl)karksa
tSls }UnkRed HkkSfrdokn] ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn] vfrfjDr ewY;] oxZ la?k"kZ] Økafr]
loZgkjk dk vf/kuk;dRo vkSj lkE;okn dh foLrkjiwoZd tkudkjh nh x;h gSA ;s
fl)kar oSKkfud vkSj Økafrdkjh lektokn ds vk/kkj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ekDlZokn
ek= oxZ fo}s"k] oxZ la?k"kZ] oxZ fojks/k vkSj fgalkRed Økafr dk n’kZu ugha gSA ;g
cqfu;knh rkSj ij ekuork vkSj LorU=rk dk n’kZu gSA iw¡thoknh lekt us laca/k-foPNsn]
foyxko vkSj igpku vkSj Lora=rk ds fouk’k dks c<+kok fn;k gSA ge ekDlZ ds ekuoh;
psgjs dks muds izkjfEHkd ys[kksa es]a fo’ks"kdj muds bDukWfed ,.M fQykWlkWfQd eSU;wfLØiV~l
vkWQ 1844 esa ikrs gSaA foyxko vkSj LoraU=rk ds fl)kar esa] ge ekuooknh ekDlZ dks
ikrs gSaA lkE;oknh ?kks"k.kk i= vkSj nkl dSfiVy esa] tks fd muds ckn ds ys[ku gSa]
mlesa ge ,d ifjiDo vkSj Økafrdkjh ekDlZ dks ikrs gSaA bl izdkj ;qok vkSj ekuoknh
ekDlZ vkSj ifjiDo vkSj Økafrdkjh] nks ekDlZ gSaA fQj Hkh] nksuksa ds chp dksbZ foHkktu
ugha gSaA nksuksa ds e/; fopkjksa dk izokg gS] vkSj blfy, dksbZ Hkh fHkUurk fNNksyh gSA
ekDlZokn ,d thoar n’kZu gSA ekDlZ ds ckn bls ysfuu] V~kWVLdh] LVSfyu] jkstk+
yXtaecxZ] xzkElh] yqdkl] ,syFkwt+Sj] ekvks vkfn fopkjdksa us le`) fd;k gSA fopkj/kkjk
vkSj bfrgkl ds var ds izfrikndksa us ekDlZokn ds] mYys[k [kRe gksus dk fd;k gSA
ysfdu ekDlZokn lkekftd fo’ys"k.k ds ,d vk;ke vkSj mRihfM+r oxZ ds n’kZu ds :i
esa izklafxd jgsxkA ;g tuekul dks mudh eqfDr ds fy, la?k"kZ gsrq izsfjr djsxkA
ekDlZokn ,d Økafrdkjh n’kZu gSA ;g ,d lkekftd ifjorZu dk n’kZu gSA ekDlZ ds
'kCnksa esa] nk’kZfudksa us fo’o dh O;k[;k dk iz;kl fd;k gS] ij loky gS bls cnyus dk
bldk mn~ns’; ,d oxZ }kjk nwljs oxZ ds 'kks"k.k ls eqDr lerkoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk
djuk gSA flQZ ekDlZokn ds ek/;e ls] 'kk;n ekuork vko’;drk ds {ks= ls LorU=rk
ds {ks= rd c<+sxhA

,sfousjh] 'ykseksa] n lks’ky ,.M ikWfyfVdy FkkWV vkWQ dkyZ ekDlZ] dSfEczt] dSfEczt
cfyZu] bt+kb;k] dkyZ ekDlZ % fgt+ ykbZQ ,.M ,suokbjeSaV] U;w ;kWdZ] vkWDlQksMZ
Qqdq;kek] Ýkafll] nh ,.M vkWQ fgLVªh ,.M n ykLV eSu] U;w ;kdZ] Ýh izsl] 1992
Vdj] jkWcVZ] fQykWLQh ,.M feFk vkWQ dkyZ ekDlZ] dSfEczt] dSfEczt ;wfuoflZVh
izsl 1961
eSdDysySaM+] ts-,l-] , fgLVªh vkWQ oSLVuZ ikWfyfVdy FkkWV] yanu] jkÅVyst] 1996
47
cks/k iz’u 1
1½ mi-Hkkx 26-3-1 vkSj 26-32 ns[ksa
cks/k iz’u 2
cks/k iz’u 3
cks/k iz’u 4
1½ Hkkx 26-5 vkSj 26-6 ns[ksa
cks/k iz’u 5
48
ekDlZ o kn
bdkbZ 27 xk¡/khokn ¼/keZ] Lojkt] loksZn; vkSj
lR;kxz g ½
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
27-0 mís ’ ;
27-1 ifjp; % xk¡/kh ds ys[k
27-2 dqN izHkko ftUgksaus xk¡/kh ds jktuhfrd fparu dks ewÙkZ :i fn;k
27-3 Lojkt % vkUrfjd Lora=rk vkSj ckg~; Lora=rk
27-4 Lora=rk vkSj lalnh; Lojkt
27-4-1 lalnh; Lojkt ds dqN y{k.k
27-5 loksZn; % lkekftd lsok ds }kjk vkRekuqHkwfr (Self-Realisation) ds :i esa
Lojkt
27-6 lR;kxzg cuke 'kkfUriw.kZ fojks/k
27-6-1 lR;kxzg ds fl)kar vkSj i)fr;k¡
27-6-2 lR;kxzg ij dqN ewY;kRed fVIif.k;k¡
27-7 lkjka’k
27- 0 mís ’ ;
bl bdkbZ esa] gekjk mís’; eksgunkl djepan xk¡/kh ¼1869-1948½ tks lgh vFkks± esa
egkRek ds :i esa J)s; gSa] ds uSfrd-jktuhfrd fl)kar ds vFkZ vkSj egÙo dh
izlx
a kfJr cks/kxE;rk (contextual understanding) izkIr djuk gSA muds eq[; jktuhfrd
fopkjksa esa Lojkt] loksZn; vkSj lR;kxzg 'kkfey gSaA bu jktuhfrd fopkjksa ds
lEcU/k esa ge fuEu iz’u mBkrs gSa] ftuds mÙkj bl bdkbZ esa ryk’k djsaxs %
xk¡/khoknh Lojkt dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ek= jktuhfrd Lora=rk vFkok jktuhfrd
vkt+knh dh rqyuk esa ;g fdl izdkj csgrj gSA lalnh; iztkra=] vkRe-
fu;a=.k] vkRe-vuqHkwfr vkfn ls ;g fdl izdkj tqM+k gqvk gSA
xk¡/kh ds vuqlkj] loksZn; dk D;k vFkZ gS\ muds vuqlkj] loksZn; vkSj vkRe-vuqHkwfr
ds chp D;k lEcU/k gS\ loksZn; mi;ksfxrkokn vkSj lkE;okn ds jktuhfrd fl)kar ls
fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\
jktuhfrd fojks/k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu ds lR;kxzg ekxZ ds fof’k"V fl)kar vkSj
rjhds D;k gSa\ lR;kxzg fdl izdkj 'kkafriw.kZ fojks/k ls fHkUu gS\
27- 1 ifjp; % xk¡/kh ds ys[k

xk¡/kh ds uSfrd-jktuhfrd fopkj mudh mu fdrkcksa vkSj pkj lkIrkfgd i=@
if=dkvksa esa muds mu ys[kksa] i=ksa vkSj lEikndh; ls izkIr gks ldrs gSa] tks mUgksaus
nf{k.k vÝhdk vkSj Hkkjr esa vius lkoZtfud thou ds nkSjku fHkUu-fHkUu le; ij
49
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ lEikfnr fd, vFkok izdkf’kr fd,A ;s lkIrkfgd i=@if=dk,¡ gSa% bafM;u vksihfu;u]
;ax bafM;k] gfjtu vkSj uothouA xk¡/kh dh dqN iqLrdsa ftUgsa mudh if=dkvksa esa
igyh ckj lhfj;y ds :i esa fn;k x;k] Fkha % fgUn Lojkt] lR;kxzg bu lkmFk
vÝhdk] n LVksjh vkWQ ekbZ ,DliSjhesaV~l fon V~#Fk] vkJe vkCt+osZUl bu ,D’ku] ,
xkbM Vw gSYFk] fMldkslsZt+ vkWu xhrk ,aM dUlVªfDVo izksxzkeA xk¡/kh us IySVks dh
,sikSyksth] MCY;w- lkYVj dh ,Fkhdy fjyhtu] tkWu jfLdu dh vuVw fnl ykLV]
gSujh MSfoM Fkksj: dh fizalhiYl vkWQ flfoy fMlvkschfM,Ul rFkk fy;ks VkWyLVk; dh
ySVj Vw , fgUnw iqLrdksa ds Hkkokuqokn vkSj@ vFkok vuqokn ¼xqtjkrh esa½ Hkh fy[ks rFkk
izdkf’kr fd,A xk¡/kh ds yxHkx lHkh ys[k dysDVsM oDlZ vkWQ egkRek xk¡/kh ¼izdk’ku
iz[k.M] Hkkjr ljdkj½ ds 100 [k.Mksa esa ik, tk ldrs gSaA buesa muds vusd Hkk"k.k]
lk{kkRdkj vkSj i= O;ogkj 'kkfey gSaA
xk¡/kh ds ys[k fdlh vdknfed rjhds ls izLrqr ugha fd, x, Fks] vfirq os tkfr Hksn]
mifuos’kokn] vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k] vLi`’;rk vkSj lkE;okn ds fo#) fo’kky tuleqnk;
}kjk okLrfod jktuhfrd la?k"kZ ds e/; izdV gq, FksA xk¡/kh us nf{k.k vÝhdk ¼1893-
1914½ vkSj Hkkjr ¼1915-1948½ esa bu la?k"kks± dk usr`Ro fd;k FkkA mUgksaus baXyS.M dh
vusd ;k=kvksa ds nkSjku muds fy, eqfge Hkh pykbZ FkhA la;ksxo’k mUgksaus baXyS.M esa
v/;;u fd;k vkSj odkyr dh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dhA vius dqN ys[k mUgksaus vius ekSuozr
vkSj miokl ds fnuksa esa rFkk nf{k.k vÝhdk vkSj Hkkjr esa dbZ ckj dkjkokl ds nkSjku
fy[ksA mldh izfl) iqLrd] fgUn Lojkt] uoEcj 1909 esa baXyS.M ls nf{k.k vÝhdk
dks okilh ;k=k ds nkSjku fdYMksuu dSfly tgkt ij fy[kh xbZ FkhA
27- 2 dqN izHkko ftUgksaus xk¡/kh ds jktuhfrd fparu dks ewÙkZ

:i fn;k
xk¡/kh ds uSfrd-jktuhfrd fl)kar dh ,sfrgkfld-izlaxkfJr tkudkjh ds fy, ;g
/;ku esa j[kuk vko’;d gS fd o"kZ 1905 ls 1918 ds nkSjku fczfV’k lkezkT; i)fr ds
izfr mudk n`f"Vdks.k ifjorZu dh /kheh izfØ;k ls xqtjkA igys mudk 'kkgh leFkZu
ls eksgHkax gqvk tks ckn esa iw.kZ fojks/k esa cny x;kA dqN ,slh ?kVuk,¡ ftUgksaus xk¡/kh
dh jktuhfrd lksp esa ;g ifjorZu fd;k] Fkha % caxky dk foHkktu] nf{k.k vÝhdk esa
Hkkjrh;ksa ds izfr tkfr Hksn] jkWyV dkuwu] tfy;k¡okyk ckx dk fo’kky gR;kdkaM vkSj
f[kykQr eqíkA
ml vof/k ds nkSjku xk¡/kh ds jktuhfrd fopkjksa esa ;g ifjorZu uhps nh ubZ iqLrdksa
ds }kjk Hkh gqvk] ftudk mUgksaus v/;;u fd;k FkkA
i) vk/kqfud lH;rk ij vkykspukRed ys[k ¼ftuesa dqN iqLrdsa x+Sj-uSf"Bd

bZlkb;r ij 'kkfey gSa½
bl vof/k ds nkSjku xk¡/kh us VkWyLVk;] jfLdu] dkjis.Vj] eSVySaM] lkYVj] vkj-
ih- nÙk] nknkHkkbZ ukjksth vkfn dh jpukvksa dk v/;;u fd;kA buesa ls fy;ks
VkWyLVk; dh iqLrd fdaxMe vkWQ xkWM fofnu ;w* ,oe~ xkSLisy bu czhQ vkSj
tkWu jfLdu dh vuVw fnl ykLV us xk¡/kh ij xgjk izHkko NksM+kA Fks vkSj dqN
lhek rd vU; ys[kdksa ds ys[ku us vk/kqfud ik’pkR; lH;rk ls muds eksgHkax esa
;ksxnku fd;kA bu ys[kuksa ls] xk¡/kh us O;f"Voknh] mi;ksfxrkoknh vkSj lÙkkoknh
fl)karksa ftu ij lkezkT;oknh@mifuos’kh ljdkj dk;e Fkh] ds fodYi ds dqN
50
fu;ked fopkj Hkh izkIr fd,A Lojkt vkSj loksZn; ds xk¡/kh ds fopkj ¼uhps ns[ksa½ ekDlZ o kn
ftudk vFkZ Fkk] nwljksa dh lsok ls vkRe-vuqHkwfr] VkWyLVk; vkSj jfLdu }kjk Hkkjh
izHkkfor gq, FksA
ii) fgUnw /kkfeZd n’kZu% xk¡/kh us Hkkxor~ xhrk vkSj fgUnw /keZ dh vusd ifo= iqLrdksa
dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k] ftuesa ls dqN muds tSuh ijke’kZnkrk] jktpUn esgrk] ftUgsa
jk;pUnHkkbZ ds uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk Fkk] us i<+us ds fy, flQkfj’k dh FkhA ;s
fdrkcsa ;ksx] vkfnosrk osnkUr] tSu /keZ] ckS) /keZ] lka[; vkfn ij FkhaA bu iqLrdksa
us xk¡/kh dks /kkfeZd izsj.kk nsus okys fu;eksa vFkok O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd vkpj.k
ds fl)karksa tSls] lR;] vfgalk] vifjxzg vkSj leHkko ds ewY;ksa dks xzg.k djus ds
fy, izsfjr fd;kA xk¡/kh us muesa O;f"Vokn] mi;ksfxrkokn vkSj fgalk ds izcy]
vk/kqfud@ ik’pkR; ewY;ksa vFkok fl)karksa dk oSdfYid vFkok la’kks/kukRed :i
ns[kkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] mUgksaus Hkkxor xhrk esa ,d ^^voS/k vkpj.k iFk izn’kZd** ik;kA
iUnzgoha 'krkCnh ds ,d lar dfo ujflag esgrk ds Hktuksa us Hkh blesa nwljksa] fo’ks"k
:i ls xjhc vkSj t:jrean] dh lsok ds ewY; dks iwjh rjg Hkj fn;k FkkA
bu v/;;uksa vkSj mijksDr ?kVukvksa us xk¡/kh dks 1919-20 esa lkezkT;oknh@ mifuos’kh
ljdkj dk iw.kZ fojks/kh cuk fn;kA 1920 esa dydÙkk esa vk;ksftr Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;
dkaxzsl ds ,d fo’ks"k l= esa xk¡/kh us dgk fd Hkkjr dk y{; Lojkt ls de dqN ugha
gSA
muds thou esa bl fu.kZ;kRed pj.k ds nkSjku muds fopkjksa vkSj dk;ks± esa cnyko dh
bl izfØ;k ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus vius uSfrd-jktuhfrd fl)kar vkSj lR;kxzg] Lojkt
vkSj loksZn; ds vH;kl dk fodkl fd;kA blh ds lkFk] buls mUgsa ,slk izrhr gksrk
Fkk ekuks mUgsa mifuos’kh@lkezkT;oknh vk/kqfudrk ds jktuhfrd fl)kar dk ,d
eqfDrnkrk fodYi miyC/k gks jgk gSA mudk ;g Hkh fo’okl Fkk fd Lojkt vkSj
loksnZ ; dk mudk lan’kZ (conception) vuqnkjd ijEijkxr ekU;rkvksa dk ,d eqfDrdkjh
fodYi gSA
cks/k iz’u 1
1½ dqN egÙoiw.kZ ys[kuks@ ys[kdksa dks crk,¡ ftUgksaus eksgunkl deZpUn xk¡/kh dks
izHkkfor fd;kA
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51
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ 2½ laf{kIr esa mu izHkkoksa dk mYys[k djsa ftUgksaus xk¡/kh dh lkekftd vkfFkZd lksp dks
ewÙkZ :i fn;kA
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27- 3 Lojkt % vkUrfjd Lora=rk vkSj ckg~; Lora=rk

Lojkt ls xk¡/kh dk rkRi;Z ckg~; vFkok jktuhfrd Lora=rk rFkk vkUrfjd vFkok
vk/;kfRed Lora=rk] nksuksa ls FkkA ^^ckg~; Lora=rk** esa mUgksaus jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd
Lora=rk vkSj lalnh; Lojkt dks 'kkfey fd;k FkkA ckg~; Lora=rk ds :i os gSa] ftuesa
os yksxksa dks ckgjh fu;a=.k vFkok nwljksa ds 'kklu ls eqDr djkuk pkgrs gSa] Hkys gh os
fons’kh gksa vFkok vius futh ns’k ds oklh gksaA
^^vkUrfjd Lora=rk** ls mudk rkRi;Z mu vUrLFk (inner) ck/kkvksa ls Lora=rk Fkh tSls
vKku] Hkzkafr;k¡] LokFkZ] ykyp] vlfg".kqrk vkSj ?k`.kkA xk¡/kh ds vuqlkj] ;s O;f"V dh Lo-
vuqHkwfr vkSj eks{k izkfIr vFkkZr~ czg~e vFkok ijekRek ds lkFk vkRek dh viuh igpku
dh vuqHkwfr esa ck/kk Mkyrh gSaA bl izdkj] mUgksaus fy[kk gS] ^^Lo;a ij 'kklu lPpk
Lojkt gS] ;g eks{k vFkok eqfDr ds lerqY; gSA** xk¡/kh us bu nksuksa izdkj ds Lojkt ds
lanHkZ esa] lS)kafrd vkSj O;kogkfjd] bu nksuksa rjg ls ekSfyd ;ksxnku fd;kA muds
Lojkt dk vkn’kZ ,d oxZ ds :i esa Fkk] ftldh pkj vfo;ksT; (inseparable) Hkqtk,¡
gksrh gSa% i) jktuhfrd Lora=rk( ii) vkfFkZd Lora=rk( iii) nwljksa ds izfr lkekftd
lEcU/kksa vkSj uSfrd vfuok;Zrkvksa esa vfgalk] vkSj iv) /keZ ds :i esa lR;A xk¡/kh dk
o.kZu fuEu m)j.k ls izekf.kr gksrk gS %
Lojkt dh esjh /kkj.kk ds ckjs esa dksbZ x+yrh ugha gksuh pkfg,A ;g fons’kh
fu;a=.k ls iw.kZ Lora=rk rFkk iw.kZ vkfFkZd Lora=rk gSA bl izdkj ,d rjQ
vki jktuhfrd :i ls Lora= gksa rFkk nwljh vksj vkfFkZd :i lsA blds nks
vU; i{k Hkh gSaA muesa ls ,d uSfrd vkSj lkekftd gS] rnuq:i i{k /keZ gS
vFkkZr~ mRÑ"V fLFkfr dk /keZA blesa fgUnw /keZ] bLyke] bZlkb;r vkfn 'kkfey
gSa] ijUrq ;g mu lcls Js"B gSA vki bls lR; ds uke ls tku ldrs gSa] tks
loZO;kIr gS vkSj ;g lEiw.kZ fouk’k vkSj lEiw.kZ ifjorZu ds ckn Hkh cuk jgsxkA
uSfrd vkSj lkekftd mRFkku dh ml 'kCn ls ekU;rk nh tkuh pkfg,] ftls
ge iz;ksx djrs jgs gSa] vFkkZr~ vfgalkA ge bls Lojkt dk oxZ dg ldrs gSaA
bl oxZ dh cukoV foÑr gks tk,xh] ;fn bldk ,d Hkh dks.k vlR; gksA
dkaxzsl dh Hkk"kk esa] ge] lR; vkSj vfgalk ds fcuk] lgh vFkks± esa ijekRek ij
fo’okl fd, fcuk jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd Lora=rk izkIr ugha dj ldrs gSa
vkSj bl izdkj uSfrd vkSj lkekftd mRFkku gksrk gSA
52
ekDlZ o kn
27- 4 Lora=rk vkSj lalnh; Lojkt
xk¡/kh dh ckg~; Lora=rk ds :i esa Lojkt dh /kkj.kk dk izFke ?kVd jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd
Lora=rk gSA mUgksaus fdlh vU; ,dek= O;f"V dh rqyuk esa jktuhfrd lÙkk ds
lkezkT;oknh ljdkj ls Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; usr`Ro dks gLrkarj.k esa egku ;ksxnku fn;kA
mUgsa lgh vFkks± esa ^^jk"Vªfirk** dgk tkrk gSA
bl ckr ij dk;e jgrs gq, fd jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd Lora=rk Lojkt dh mudh /kkj.kk
dk ,d vfuok;Z vFkZ Fkh] xk¡/kh dk rdZ Fkk fd ;g mldk ek= ,d vkaf’kd vFkok
viw.kZ vFkZ vFkok la?kVd gSA muds n`f"Vdks.k esa] Lojkt dk vf/kd iw.kZ vkSj xgjh /
kkj.kk ^^vuUrr% vf/kd egku gS vkSj mlesa Lora=rk 'kkfey gSA** Lojkt dh vf/kd iw.kZ
/kkj.kk esa jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd Lora=rk ds vykok] fuEufyf[kr vfrfjDr ?kVd 'kkfey
gSaA ,d ^^lalnh; vFkok yksdrkaf=d Lojkt** rFkk ^^nwljksa dh lsok ls vkRe-vuqHkwfr ds
:i esa Lojkt**A O;kid Lojkt ds bu nks vfrfjDr ?kVdksa esa ls bl [kaM esa igys
?kVd dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS rFkk nwljs ?kVd ij vxys [kaM esa ppkZ gksxhA
1931 esa] xk¡/kh us ?kks"k.kk dh fd og ^îzkS<+ erkf/kdkj ls la;ksftr FksA** ,d vU; volj
ij mUgksaus dgk] ^^yksd Lojkt dk vFkZ gS O;f"V;ksa dk lexz Lojkt ¼Lo-’kklu½A**
mUgksaus fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa bldk o.kZu fd;k %
Lojkt ls esjk rkRi;Z gS yksxksa dh lgefr ls Hkkjr dh ljdkj tSlk Hkh izkS<+
tula[;k] iq#"k vFkok efgyk] ewy fuoklh vFkok vf/koklh ds vf/kdka’k }kjk
vfHkfuf’pr dh tk,---- ¼ok½Lrfod Lojkt dqN yksxksa }kjk lÙkk izkIr djus ls
ugha vk,xk] vfirq ;g lHkh ds }kjk ml {kerk ds izkIr djus ij vk,xk
ftlls ml lÙkk dk fojks/k fd;k tk lds tc bldk nq#i;ksx gks jgk gksA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] Lojkt tuleqnk; dks bl izdkj f’kf{kr djds izkIr fd;k
tkuk pkfg, ftlls mls lÙkk ds fofu;eu vkSj fu;a=.k djus dh viuh {kerk
dk cks/k gksA
mijksDr ifjPNsn esa ml vkn’kZ dks laizsf"kr fd;k x;k gS ftls xk¡/kh us ^^lalnh; vFkok
yksdrkaf=d Lojkt** dgdj iqdkjk vkSj ftldh izkfIr ds fy, mUgksaus vius jktuhfrd
thou dk vf/kdka’k vfiZr dj fn;kA
fgUn Lojkt ¼1990½ esa] xk¡/kh us vk/kqfud lH;rk uker% laln] dkuwu-vnkyrsa] iqfyl]
lsuk] e’khujh] vLirky] jsyos vkfn] ds izfr"Bkuksa ds ewY; vFkok Hkwfedk dk vR;f/kd
udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k fy;k FkkA mUgksaus dgk fd vk/kqfud lH;rk ds ;s izfr"Bku
uSfrdrk ls nwj pys x, Fks] tcfd blds foijhr] ^^Hkkjrh; lH;rk dh izo`fÙk uSfrdrk
ds mRFkku dh gSA** rnuqlkj] vk/kqfud ik’pkR; lH;rk ds izfr"Bkuksa ds LFkku ij
mUgksaus lR; vkSj vfgalk ds vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj O;f"V;ksa }kjk ^ôkLrfod
Lo’kklu----- ¼uker%½ Lo;a ij 'kklu vkSj Lo;a ij fu;a=.k** dk ,d oSdfYid vkn’kZ
izLrqr fd;kA
rFkkfi] Hkkjrh; tuleqnk; dks Lora=rk la?k"kZ esa xfr’khy cukus esa vius lfØ;
;ksxnku ds ,d o"kZ ds vUnj xk¡/kh us vk/kqfud lH;rk ds vius vkjafHkd fopkjksa esa
vkaf’kd la’kks/ku fd;kA ;g la’kks/ku muds Lora=rk la?k"kZ esa ek= lfØ; Hkkx ysus ds
dkj.k gh ugha Fkk] vfirq bl lekykspuk ds dkj.k Hkh Fkk ftls vusd jktuhfrd
53
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ fopkjdksa vkSj jktuhfrd usrkvksa us xk¡/kh dh iqLrd esa fy[kk ns[kkA fdlh Hkh rjg
1915 esa nf{k.k vÝhdk ls Hkkjr esa viuh vafre okilh ds yxHkx ,d o"kZ ds vanj]
xk¡/kh us vk/kqfud thou ds izfr"Bkuksa ds izfr vis{kkÑr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k viuk;kA
bu izfr"Bkuksa esa laln] dkuwu-vnkyrsa] e’khujh] jsyos vkSj vLirky 'kkfey gSA vius
fgUn Lojkt esa crk, vuqlkj] mUgsa izR;{k rkSj ij [kkfjt djus dh ctk, vc mUgksaus
mUgsa vfuPNkiwoZd mlesa 'kkfey dj fy;k] ftls mUgksaus ^^lalnh; Lojkt dh izkfIr ds
fy, {kE; dk;ZØe** dgk FkkA
mUgksaus dgk fd mudk fgUn Lojkt vU/kdkje; vutkus ;qxksa dh rjQ okil tkus ds
iz;kl ds :i esa ugha fy;k tkuk pkfg,] vfirq mls ^^lnkpkj ds iSekus esa** ^^vk/kqfud
lH;rk dh tk¡p ds fy, iz;kl ds :i esa fy;k tkuk pkfg,A mUgksaus ?kks"k.kk dh fd
vius vkn’kZ Lojkt ds uke ij og LoIu ugha ns[ksaxs tSlk djus dk mu ij vkjksi Fkk]
^^dksbZ jsyos ugha] dksbZ e’khujh ugha] dksbZ lsuk ugha] dksbZ dkuwu ugha vkSj dksbZ vnkyr
ugha**A vfirq og mudk iquxZBu djsaxs] ftlls os ^^yksxksa ds dY;k.k ds fy,** dk;Z dj
ldsa] u fd vktdy dh rjg os tuleqnk; dks ijs’kku j[ksaA vc mUgksaus ^^lalnh;**
vFkkZr~ ^^yksdrkaf=d Lojkt** dks ,d O;kid Lojkt dh viuh /kkj.kk ds ,d cgqr
vko’;d vkSj ewY;oku ?kVd ds :i esa ns[kkA mUgksaus 1920 esa fy[kk Fkk] ^^tgk¡ rd
eSa ns[krk gw¡] Lojkt yksxksa }kjk pquh gqbZ ,d ,slh laln gksxh ftldk foÙk] iqfyl] Fky
lsuk] ty lsuk] vnkyrksa vkSj f’k{k.k laLFkkuksa ij iw.kZ vf/kdkj gksxkA**
^^lalnh; Lojkt** ds laxBukRed y{k.kksa ds ckjs esa xk¡/kh us bls xzkE; vk/kkfjr]
fodsUnzhÑr <k¡ps ds :i esa izkFkfedrk nh] ftlesa lHkh vfirq ljdkj dks fuEure Lrj
mlds rRdky fuEurj Lrj }kjk vizR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr gksA ;g fodsfUnzr] xzkE;
vk/kkfjr lalnh;@ yksdrkaf=d Lojkt dk uewuk og uewuk ugha Fkk] ftldk dkaxzsl
}kjk i{k fy;k x;k Fkk vkSj ftls Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk viuk;k x;kA rFkkfi]
lafo/kku esa dqN rFkkdfFkr xk¡/khoknh izfr"Bku 'kkfey fd, x, gSa] tSls xzke-iapk;rA
iqu’p] O;fDrxr vkSj ukxfjd Lora=rk rFkk lafo/kku ds mnkjoknh-yksdrkaf=d
jktuhfrd n’kZu ds yksdrkaf=d vkf/kdkfjd ?kVd xk¡/kh ds futh uSfrd-jktuhfrd
n’kZu ds ekSfyd :i esa gSaA
27- 4- 1 lalnh; Lojkt ds dqN y{k.k

lalnh; Lojkt dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vius O;kogkfjd vkSj lS)kfUrd dk;ks± esa xk¡/kh us
bls pkj y{k.kksa ls lEiUu djus ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;k % lkoZHkkSfed izkS<+ erkf/kdkj]
ukxfjd vlSfud Lora=rk] vYila[;d vf/kdkj rFkk xjhc vkSj 'kksf"kr oxZ ds fy,
U;k; ds izfr izkFkfed opuc)rkA mudk fo’okl Fkk fd ;s lalnh; Lojkt ds
vko’;d ?kVd gSaA
xk¡/kh us O;fDrxr vkSj ukxfjd Lora=rkvksa dks lalnh; Lojkt dh ^cqfu;kn* vkSj
^lk¡l* dh laKk nhA flrEcj 1940 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl lfefr ds le{k ,d
Hkk"k.k esa mUgksaus dgk] ^^Hkk"k.k vkSj dye dh Lora=rk Lojkt dh cqfu;kn gSA** mUgksaus
vkxs crk;k fd vfgalkRed rjhds ls Lojkt izkIr djus dk ^^;gh ,dek= mik; gSA**
ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ij dkaxl

sz dk izfl) djkph ladYi ¼1931½ ftldk elkSnk tokgjyky
usg: }kjk xk¡/kh ds ijke’kZ ls rS;kj fd;k x;k Fkk] Lo;a xk¡/kh }kjk viuk, tkus ds
fy, is’k fd;k x;k FkkA blesa xk¡/kh }kjk fn, x, dbZ lq>ko vkSj la’kks/ku 'kkfey FksA
oLrqr%] xk¡/kh gh bl ladYi ds izoÙkZd FksA ladYi esa O;fDrxr rFkk ukxfjd
54
Lora=rkvksa vkSj yksdrkaf=d] jktuhfrd vf/kdkjksa dh ,d lokZf/kd izHkko’kkyh lwph ekDlZ o kn
'kkfey FkhA
O;fDrxr vkSj ukxfjd Lora=rkvksa dh izeq[krk ij fpUrk O;Dr djrs gq,]

xk¡/kh us fy[kk Fkk %
vfgalk ds vuqikyu ds vuq:i ukxfjd Lora=rk Lojkt ds izfr igyk dne

gSA ;g Lora=rk dh cqfu;kn gSA blesa f’kfFkyrk vFkok le>kSrs dh dksbZ
xqatkb’k ugha gSA ;g thou dk ty gSA eSaus dHkh ty dks iryk fd, tkus
ds ckjs esa ugha lquk gSA
vc] gesa lalnh; Lojkt dh xk¡/khoknh /kkj.kk ds vYila[;d vf/kdkjksa ds ?kVd ij

fopkj djuk pkfg,A xk¡/kh lalnh; yksdra= ds bl [krjs ls iwjh rjg vkxkg Fks fd
vYila[;d lewg vFkok leqnk; cgqer dh u`’kalrk] vFkok vlfg".kqrk dk f’kdkj gks
ldrs gSaA tgk¡ og yksdrkaf=d ljdkj ds fØ;kfof/kd] cgqer 'kklu ds fl)karksa ds
izfr n`<+fuf’pr Fks] ogha og blds nwljs nqgjs vkSj vfoHkkT; fl)kar uker% vYila[;d
leqnk;ksa ds ekSfyd] lkaLÑfrd vFkok /kkfeZd vf/kdkjksa dh izfrHkwfr vFkok muds
laj{k.k ds izfr leku :i ls opuc) FksA 1931 esa] mUgksaus dgk Fkk %
;g crk;k x;k gS fd Hkkjrh; Lojkt cgqer okys leqnk; vFkkZr~ fgUnqvksa dk

'kklu gksxkA blls cM+h dksbZ xyrh ugha gks ldrhA ;fn ;g lR; gS] rks eSa
fdlh ds fy, Hkh bls Lojkt dgykuk ilan ugha d:¡xk vkSj viuh lEiw.kZ
'kfDr ds lkFk blls la?k"kZ d:¡xk] D;ksafd esjs fy, fgUn Lojkt lHkh yksxksa dk
'kklu gS] U;k; dk 'kklu gSA Hkys gh bl 'kklu esa eaf=x.k fgUnw gksa vFkok
eqlyeku vFkok fl[k vkSj Hkys gh fo/kkf;dk,¡ O;kid rkSj ij fgUnqvksa vFkok
eqlyekuksa vFkok fdlh vU; leqnk; ls Hkjh tk,¡] mUgsa lcdks leku U;k;
nsuk iM+sxkA vkSj Hkkjr esa--- fdlh Hkh leqnk; dks Lojkt ij fdlh vU; }kjk
,dkf/kdkj fd, tkus dh fdlh vk’kadk dh vko’;drk ugha gSA----
xk¡/kh bl ckr ij dk;e jgs fd vYila[;d leqnk;ksa ds /kkfeZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd thou
ds ^îzFke dksfV ds egÙo ds ekeyksa** dks cgqer 'kklu ds yksdrkaf=d] fØ;kfof/kd
fl)kUr ds nk;js ls ckgj j[kk tk,xkA xgu vUrjn`f"V dk ifjp; nsrs gq, mUgksaus
fy[kk Fkk %
yksdra= ,slk jkT; ugha gS] tgk¡ yksx HksM+ dh rjg dk;Z djsaA yksdra= esa]
fopkj vkSj dk;Z dh O;f"Vxr Lora=rk dks fo'ks"k laj{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA vr%
esjk fo’okl gS fd vYila[;d dks cgqla[;d ls fHkUu O;ogkj@ dk;Z djus
dk iwjk vf/kdkj gSA
;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd ge lc ,d tSlk ugha lkspsaxs] vkpj.k dk lqugjh

fu;e----- ikjLifjd lfg".kqrk gS vkSj ge lR; dks VqdM+ksa esa vkSj n’kZu ds
fofHkUu ut+fj, ls ns[krs gSaA psrurk lHkh ds fy, leku ugha gksrhA blhfy,
tc ;g O;f"Vxr vkpj.k ds fy, ,d vPNh iFk izn’kZd gS] mls lHkh ij ykxw
fd;k tkuk izR;sd ds foosd dh Lora=rk esa vlg~; gLr{ksi djuk gksxkA
xk¡/kh ds lalnh;@ yksdrkaf=d Lojkt dh ladYiuk dk cgqr gh fo’ks"k y{k.k bldh

ekSfyd laLFkkvksa ds izfr U;k;laxr O;ogkj gS] tks xjhc vkSj t+:jreanksa ds fgrksa dks
55
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ izeq[krk nsrs gq, lHkh ds dY;k.k dks izksUur djus dh ekax djrk gSA mUgksaus dgk Fkk]
^^’kklu dh vfgalkRed i)fr Li"V rkSj ij ml le; rd ,d vlaHko fLFkfr gS] tc
rd vehj vkSj djksM+ksa xjhcksa ds chp fo’kky [kkbZ dks Hkjk ugha tkrk**A iqu% mudk
m)j.k gS %
vkfFkZd Lora=rk---- vfgalkRed Lora=rk dh loZ-dqath gSA---- bldk rkRi;Z gS]

,d rjQ mu vehjksa ftuds gkFkksa esa jk"Vª dh vf/kdka’k lEink dsfUnzr gS] dks
uhps Lrj ij ykuk rFkk nwljh rjQ] djksM+ksa v)Z-Hkw[ks uaxksa dk thouLrj
mBk;k tkukA 'kklu dh vfgalkRed i)fr Li"V rkSj ij rc rd vlaHko gS]
tc rd vehj vkSj djksM+ksa Hkw[kksa ds chp O;kid [kkbZ cuh jgsxhA
xk¡/kh izk;% vius vkn’kZ Lojkt dks ^^^xjhc vkneh dk Lojkt** dgrs FksA 1947 esa]
vkt+knh ds volj ij] mUgksaus vius ns’kokfl;ksa dks lykg nh fd xjhcksa ds izfr ek=
yksd uhfr Lrj ij gh vf/kekU; vfHkxeu (preferential approach) u iznku fd;k
tk,] vfirq bls O;fDrxr Lrj ij Hkh viuk;k tk,A mUgksaus dgk Fkk %
eSa vkidks ,d j{kk dop nw¡xkA tc dHkh vki la’k; esa gksa] vFkok LokfHkeku@
vge~ vki ij cqjh rjg gkoh gks ml le; fuEu ijh{k.k dks viuk,A ,sls
lcls xjhc vkSj lcls detksj vkneh dk psgjk ;kn djsa ftls vkius ns[kk gS]
vkSj Lo;a ls iz’u djsa fd vkids }kjk mBk, x, dne ls mldk dksbZ mi;ksx
gksxkA D;k mls blls dksbZ ykHk feysxk\ D;k ;g mlds futh thou vkSj
HkkX; ij fu;a=.k dk;e dj ik,xk\ nwljs 'kCnksa esa] D;k ;g Hkw[ks vkSj
vk/;kfRed :i ls Hkw[ks ej jgs djksM+ksa yksxksa dks LojkT; fnyk ik,xk\
xk¡/kh ds LokHkkfod@ foHkkT; U;k; dh ladYiuk muds lEifÙk esa U;kflrk ds fl)kar
esa fufgr gS] ftldk os vDlj ^^vkfFkZd lekurk** ds lanHkZ esa gokyk fn;k djrs FksA
mudk fo’okl Fkk fd lkafof/kd U;kflrk vkfFkZd thou dks laxfBr djus dk ,d
rjhdk gS] tks vf/kd mRikndrk ds fy, O;f"V;ksa dks muds fof/klEer izksRlkguksa ls
oafpr fd, fcuk rFkk lekt dks lEifÙk esa o`f) ls oafpr fd, fcuk lEifÙk dk ,d
vfgald] U;k;ksfpr forj.k iznku djrk gSA
ekpZ 1946 esa] xk¡/kh us fy[kk Fkk] ^êku yhft, dy Hkkjr ,d Lora= ns’k cu tkrk
gS] lHkh iw¡thokfn;ksa dks lkafof/kd U;klh cuus dk ,d volj izkIr gksxkA** mUgksaus vkxs
dgk Fkk %
tgk¡ rd lEifÙk ds fo|eku ekfydksa dk lEcU/k gS] mUgsa oxZ-la?k"kZ ds chp

viuh izkFkfedrk,¡ pquuh gksaxh rFkk LosPNk ls Lo;a dks viuh lEifÙk dk
U;klh gksuk iM+sxkA mUgsa viuh /ku nkSyr dk laj{kd cus jgus rFkk viuh
izfrHkk dks lEifÙk dh o`f) ds fy, mi;ksx djus dh vuqefr nh tk;xhA os
viuh izfrHkk dk mi;ksx Lo;a ds fy, djus dh ctk, jk"Vª ds dY;k.k ds fy,
rFkk dksbZ 'kks"k.k fd, fcuk djsaxsA jkT; muds deh’ku dh nj fofu;fer
djsxk ftls os viuh iznÙk lsok vkSj lekt ds fy, mlds ewY; ds vuq:i
izkIr djsaxsA muds cPps mlds laj{kd rHkh cusaxs ;fn os Lo;a dks mlds ;ksX;
fl) djrs gSa ¼gfjtu 31-3-1946½A
^F;kSjh vkWQ VªLVhf’ki* 'kh"kZd ls fy[ks x, ,d ys[k esa ¼gfjtu] 16 fnlEcj] 1939½]
56
^êq>s ;g ekuus esa ladksp ugha gS fd dbZ iw¡thoknh esjs fe=or~ gSa vkSj eq>ls ekDlZ o kn
vk’kafdr ugha gSA os tkurs gSa fd eSa iw¡thokn dks iwjh rjg lekIr djuk pkgrk
gw¡ vkSj ;fn ;g iwjh rjg laHko ugha gks] rks tgk¡ rd laHko gks lokZf/kd
izxfr’khy lektokfn;ksa vkSj lkE;okfn;ksa dks Hkh lekIr djuk pkgw¡xkA ijUrq
gekjs rjhds vyx gSa] gekjh Hkk"kk,¡ vyx gSaA esjs Û;kflrk* ds fl)kUr esa dksbZ
cnyko ugha gS] fuf’pr :i ls dksbZ Nn~ekoj.k (camouflage) ugha gSA esjk
fo’okl gS fd ;g lHkh fl)karksa ds ckn Hkh dk;e jgsxkA blds ihNs n’kZu vkSj
/keZ dh laLohÑfr gSA
cks/k iz’u 2
1½ xk¡/kh ds Lojkt ds pkj ewy ?kVd D;k gSa\

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2½ vk/kqfud ik’pkR; lH;rk ij xk¡/kh dh lekykspuk ij ppkZ djsaA

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27- 5 loksZn; % lkekftd lsok ds }kjk vkRekuqHkwfr (Self-

Realisation) ds :i esa Lojkt
bl [kaM dks ge ;g mYys[k djrs gq, vkjaHk djsaxs fd tgk¡ Lojkt xk¡/kh dh Lora=rk
ds fopkj dk lwpd gS] ogha loksZn; ¼lHkh ds dY;k.k½ muds lekurk ds fopkj dks
laizsf"kr djrk gSA ge ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs fd loksZn; dk xk¡/kh dk fl)kar ¼ftls izk;%
vfgald lektokn ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gS½ mi;ksfxrkokn] lkE;okn vkSj mu fl)karksa
57
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ dk ,d la’kksf/kr :i gS tks tkfr] iztkfr] jax vkSj fyax ds vk/kkj ij vlekurkvksa vkSj
viotZuksa (exclusions) dks U;k;fu.khZr Bgjkrs gSaA
^^loksZn;** og 'kh"kZd gS tks xk¡/kh us tkWu jfLdu dh ^^vuVw fnl ykLV** ds vius
Hkkokuqokn dks fn;k FkkA ml iqLrd esa] jfLdu us vkRe-fgr dh jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk
ds foKku dh ,d uSfrd lekykspuk dhA mUgksaus gekjs thou esa ^^lkekftd vuqjkx**
dh Hkwfedk izLrqr dhA jfLdu ds v/;;u us xk¡/kh ds thou dk ^^,d rkRdkfyd vkSj
O;kogkfjd fo:i.k** fd;kA mUgksaus jfLdu dh iqLrd ls rhu ikB ;kn fd,] ftlds
uke gSa (i) lHkh dh HkykbZ esa O;f"V dh HkykbZ gS( (ii) odhy ds dk;Z dk Hkh mruk gh
ewY; gS ftruk ,d ukbZ ds dk;Z dk( D;ksafd lHkh dks vius dk;Z ls thfodk dekus dk
leku gd gS( vkSj (iii) ,d Jfed dk thou vFkkZr~ Hkwfe ds Ñf"kd vkSj gLrdykfn
dk thou] thus ;ksX; thou gSA
bu rhu fl)karksa esa ls izFke fl)kar loksZn; ¼lHkh dk fgr½ izeq[k fl)kar gSA vU; nksuksa
fl)karksa dk ;g lzksr Hkh gSA xk¡/kh us Li"V fd;k fd og jfLdu dh iqLrd i<+us ls
igys Hkh izFke fl)kar ds ckjs esa tkurs FksA jfLdu dh iqLrd us bldh iqf"V dh vkSj
bls vk/kqfud dysoj iznku fd;kA tSlk fd ge uhps ns[ksaxs] Lojkt ds ekeys dh rjg
loksZn; ij xk¡/kh ds fopkjksa dk vf/kdka’k fgUnw /keZ dh ifo= iqLrdksa ls fy;k x;k FkkA
lokZn; ¼loZfgr½ ij xk¡/kh th dh lksp ds ihNs dbZ igyw gSaA os bl izdkj gSa %
1) thou esa gekjk mís’; vkRekuqHkwfr vFkok eks{k gSA
2) vkRekuqHkwfr vFkok eks{k dk vFkZ gS] czg~e ijekRek ds lkFk Lo;a vFkok vkRek dh
igpkuA blds fy, vuq’kklu vFkok vkRe’kqf) ds ;ksx dh vko’;drk gSA
3) czg~e ds lkFk viuh igpku dh vuqHkwfr dk ekxZ vFkok nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ijekRek dks
izkIr djus dk ekxZ mldh lEiw.kZ jpuk vFkok fo’o esa ijekRek dk n’kZu djuk
gSA
4) lcls I;kj vkSj lcdh lsok bl fo’o esa vkRekuqHkwfr vFkok eks{k dk ekxZ gSA
bu fopkjksa dks laizsf"kr djrs gq, xk¡/kh us fuEuor fy[kk Fkk %
• ekuo dk vfUre mís’; ijekRek dh izkfIr gS] vkSj lHkh dks vius jktuhfrd]
lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd fØ;kdykiksa dks ijekRek ds n’kZu ds vfUre mís’; }kjk
fn’kk funsZf’kr djuk gksrk gSA lHkh ekuo izkf.k;ksa dh rRdky lsok bl iz;kl dk
lkekU;r% blfy, vko’;d vax cu tkrk gS] D;ksafd ijekRek dks ryk’k djus dk
,dek= ekxZ mldk mldh jpuk esa n’kZu djrk gS vkSj mlds lkFk ,d:i gks
tkuk gSA bls lHkh dh lsok ds }kjk izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• bl fo|eku egÙoiw.kZ thou esa eks{k izkIr djus ds fy, eSa Lo;a dh vuqHkwfr ds fy,
v/khj gw¡A esjh jk"Vªh; lsok viuh vkRek dks ekal ds cU/ku ls eqDr djus ds fy,
esjs izf’k{k.k dk vax gSA bl izdkj ekurs gq, esjh lsok dks iw.kZr% LokFkZo’k ekuk
tk,A esjs fy,] eqfDr dk ekxZ vius ns’k vkSj mlds ek/;e ls ekuork dh lsok esa
lrr esgur esa lfUufgr gSA
xk¡/kh us buesa ls dbZ fopkj fgUnw /keZ dh ifo= iqLrdksa ls izkIr fd,A muesa] mUgksaus
^^vkUrfjd vuq’kklu** ftls mUgksaus Lojkt dk êwy vFkZ* le>k] ds ewY; dks Li"V rkSj
ij izkIr fd;kA mUgksaus fy[kk Fkk %
58
Lojkt dk ewy vFkZ Lo’kklu gSA bl izdkj dk Lojkt vkUrfjd :i ls ekDlZ o kn
vuq’kkflr 'kklu ds :i esa ekuk tk ldrk gSA Lora=rk dh dqN lhek gSA
Lora=rk dk vFkZ gS] ,slk ykblsal tks pkgs lks djksA Lojkt ldkjkRed gSA
Lora=rk udkjkRed gS----A Lojkt 'kCn ,d ifo= 'kCn gS] oSfnd 'kCn gS
ftldk vFkZ Lo-’kklu vkSj Lor%-fuxzg gS] u fd mu lHkh ck/kkvksa ls eqfDr
ftldk vFkZ izk;% ^Lora=rk* gksrk gSA
xk¡/kh us ;q) vkSj fgalk dh O;FkZrk dk fu:i.k djus okyh Hkxor~ xhrk dk foospu
fd;kA vfgalk vkSj lR; ds vfrfjDr] uSfrdrk ds vU; fl)kar xk¡/kh ds vuqlkj
ftudk xhrk mins’k nsrh gS % ri] nku vkSj ;K gSaA mUgksaus Hkxor~ xhrk ds rhljs v/
;k; esa ^lsok dk mins’k* izkIr fd;kA blls mls nwljksa ds fgr dh bPNk djuk
fl[kk;kA xhrk ij vius mins’kksa esa mUgksaus crk;k Fkk fd ijekRek vFkok czg~e lHkh
izkf.k;ksa esa jgrk gS] ftuesa ^^yaxM+k] iaxq vkSj lrk, gq,** Hkh 'kkfey gSaA
lcdh lsok ds fopkj ij] xk¡/kh vius ekrk-firk] oS".ko lUr-dfo;ksa] fo’ks"k :i ls
ujflag esgrk ds mins’kksa] rFkk jfLdu ds ys[kksa rFkk x+Sj-uSf"Bd bZlkb;ksa] fo’ks"k :i ls
fy;ks VkWyLVk; ls Hkh xgu :i ls izHkkfor gq;sA
xk¡/kh dk fo’okl Fkk fd vkRe-fuxzg vSj vkRe-’kqf) ds fcuk] ge nwljksa dks eks{kksUeq[k
lsok iznku ugha dj ldrs gSaA bl vfHk;ksx dks fd ;s laU;kfl;ksa ds vkn’kZ gSa] dks
vLohdkj djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk fd os ^^lkekU;r% ekuork }kjk vaxhdj.k** ds fy,
vfHkizsr gSaA mUgksaus fy[kk Fkk %
dksbZ Hkh dk;ZdÙkkZ ftlus viuh bPNkvksa ij dkcw ugha ik;k gS] gfjtuksa]
lkEiznkf;d ,drk] [kknh] xkS-j{kk vkSj xk¡o ds iquxZBu ds fy, dksbZ mfpr
lsok iznku djus dh vk’kk ugha dj ldrk gSA bu tSls egku~ dkj.kksa dks ek=
ckSf)d ;a= ls izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA muds fy, vk/;kfRed iz;kl
vFkok vkRecy dh vko’;drk gSA
xk¡/kh ds vuqlkj] og {ks= ftl ij fdlh dh eks{k-izkfIr vFkok lHkh dh fuLokFkZ lsok
ds chp lEcU/k curs gSa] jktuhfr dk {ks= gS uker% ^êsjs ns’k dh lsok esa dM+h esgur
vkSj mlds ek/;e ls ekuork dh lsok** dk {ks=A eks{k-izkfIr vkSj lsok dsfUnzr jktuhfr
ds chp lEcU/k xk¡/kh ds ys[ku vkSj lkoZtfud dk;ks± esa ,d lrr izdj.k FkkA lgh
vFkks± esa] mUgksaus viuh vkRedFkk fuEu dFku ds lkFk lEiUu dh %
czg~ek.M vkSj loZ-O;kIr lR; dh vkRek dks vkeus-lkeus ns[kus ds fy,] gesa
lalkj ds fuÑ"Vre izk.kh ds lkFk ,d :i gksdj izse djus ds fy, l{ke gksuk
pkfg,A vkSj ,slk ekuo tks mlds i’pkr~ egÙokdka{kh cuk jgrk gS] thou ds
fdlh Hkh {ks= ls ckgj ugha jg ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lR; ds izfr esjh
fu"Bk us eq>s jktuhfr ds {ks= dh rjQ vkdf"kZr fd;k( vkSj eSa tjk lh f>>d
ds fcuk vkSj ml ij Hkh iw.kZ fouezrk ds lkFk dg ldrk gw¡ fd os tks ;g dgrs
gSa fd /keZ dks jktuhfr ls dksbZ ysuk-nsuk ugha gS] ugha tkurs fd /keZ dk vFkZ
D;k gSA vkRe-’kqf) ds fcuk thfor jgus okys izR;sd izk.kh ds lkFk igpku
vlEHko gS( vkRecqf) ds fcuk] vfgalk ds fu;e dk vuqikyu ,d LoIu ik=
cuk jgsxkA
mUgksaus xks[kys ds Hkk"k.kksa ij vkeq[k esa fy[kkA xk¡/kh us lk/kqvksa] _f"k;ksa] eqfu;ksa]
ekSyfo;ksa vkSj iqtkfj;ksa ls jktuhfrd laU;klh cuus ds fy, vkxzg fd;kA mUgksaus
jktuhfrd dk;ksdÙkkZvksa ls Hkh vk/;kfRed vkSj uSfrd :i ls layXu jgus ds fy,
59
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ eqykdkr dhA vius ^^ykLV foy ,.M VsLVkesaV** esa] mUgksaus fo|eku dkaxzsl laxBu dks
fo?kfVr djus vkSj bls ,d yksd lsod la?k ds :i esa Qyus-Qwyus dh flQkfj’k dhA
mudh bPNk Fkh fd mlds lnL; mlds }kjk Lo;a dks Lojkt vkSj loksZn; dk;ZØe
ds cdk;k dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa vfiZr djsaxs] ftls mUgksaus fuEuor~ iafDrc) fd;k %
Hkkjr dks vHkh Hkh vius 'kgjksa vkSj dLcksa ls fHkUu vius lkr lkS gt+kj xk¡oksa
ds lanHkZ esa lkekftd] uSfrd rFkk vkfFkZd Lora=rk izkIr djuh gSA
xk¡/kh us ;g Hkh fu/kkZfjr fd;k fd yksd lsod vLi`’;rk dk laR;kx djsaxs vkSj mUgsa
^^vUrj-lkeqnkf;d ,drk] lHkh /keks± ds fy, cjkcj lEeku rFkk tkfr] er vkSj fyax
dh vksj /;ku fn, fcuk lHkh ds fy, voljksa vkSj izkfLFkfr dh lekurk** ds vkn’kZ esa
fo’okl djuk gksxkA
loksZn; ds ckjs esa xk¡/kh dh uSfrd-jktuhfrd ladYiuk ik’pkR; mi;ksfxrkokn vkSj
ijEijkxr tkfr izFkk dh vlekurkvksa vkSj viotZuksa (exclusions) nksuksa dk la’kksf/kr
:i gSA mi;ksfxrkokn dh mudh lekykspuk muds loksZn; dh izLrkouk esa ns[kh tk
ldrh gs] tks jfLdu dh iqLrd] vuVw fnl ykLV dk mudk HkkokUrj FkkA xk¡/kh us
fy[kk Fkk %
vkerkSj ij if'pe ds yksx ekurs gSa fd ekuo dk lEiw.kZ drZO; vf/kdka’k
ekuork dh izlUurk esa o`f) djuk gS vkSj izlUurk dk vFkZ ek= 'kkjhfjd
izlUurk vkSj vkfFkZd le`f) ls yxk;k tkrk gSA ;fn bl izlUurk ij fot;
gkfly djus esa uSfrdrk ds fu;e VwV tkrs gS rks blls cgqr vf/kd vUrj ugha
iM+rk gSA iqu%] pw¡fd vf/kdka’k dh izlUurk izkIr djuk mudk y{; gksrk gS]
if'pe okys ;g ugha fopkj djrs gSa fd ,d vYila[;d dk cfynku djds
bls izkIr djus esa dksbZ gkfu Hkh gksrh gSA bl izdkj dh fopkj/kkjk ds ifj.kke
;wjksi ds psgjs ij O;kid :i ls vafdr gSaA
1926 esa] xk¡/kh us fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls mi;ksfxrkokn vkSj loksZn; esa vUrj
Li"V fd;k %
,d vfgalk dk mikld mi;ksfxrkoknh lw= ¼vf/kla[;d dk vf/kdre fgr½
ds izfr ;ksxnku ugha dj ldrk gSA og lHkh ds vf/kdre fgr ds fy, la?k"kZ
djsxk vkSj vius vkn’kZ dks izkIr djus esa vius izk.kksa dk mRlxZ dj nsxkA og
Lo;a ejrs-ejrs Hkh 'ks"k yksxksa dh lsok djsxkA lHkh ds vf/kdre fgr esa
fujiokn :i esa vf/kla[;d dk fgr 'kkfey gksrk gS vkSj blhfy,] og vkSj
mi;ksfxrkoknh vius thou esa dbZ eqíksa ij vfHkeq[k gksaxs( ijUrq ,slk le; Hkh
vk ldrk gS tc os ,d-nwljs ls vyx gks tk,¡xs vkSj fHkUu fn’kkvksa esa dk;Z
Hkh djsaxsA mi;ksfxrkoknh rkfdZd gksus ds dkj.k dHkh Hkh Lo;a dk cfynku ugha
djsxkA fujis{koknh ¼vFkkZr~ lkoZHkkSeoknh vFkok vfgalk dk mikld½ Lo;a dk
cfynku Hkh dj nsxkA
cks/k iz’u 3
1½ xk¡/khoknh loksZn; ds vko’;d ?kVd D;k gSa\

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2½ loksZn; dh ladYiuk ij Hkxor~ xhrk ds izHkko dks mtkxj djsaA

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27- 6 lR;kxzg cuke 'kkfUriw.kZ fojks/k

fojks/k djus dh xk¡/khoknh vfgald jktuhfrd dkjZokbZ rFkk lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd
lÙkk ds vlR;iw.kZ vkSj fgald rjhdksa dks cnyus dk uke lR;kxzg gSA 1906-14 ds
nkSjku] xk¡/kh us ml tkfr-Hksn dh uhfr dk fojks/k djus ds fy, lQyrkiwoZd
jktuhfrd dkjZokbZ ds bl rjhds dk iz;ksx fd;k] ftls nf{k.k vÝhdk dh fczfV’k
mifuos’kh ljdkj }kjk Hkkjrh; izokfl;ksa ds fo#) viuk;k x;k FkkA Hkkjr esa] mUgksaus
dbZ LFkkuh; lR;kxzgksa dk usr`Ro fd;k ftuesa ls dqN mYys[kuh; Fks tSls pEikju]
vgenkckn] oS;dkWe] cjnkSyh vkSj [ksM+k esa gq, lR;kxzgA mUgksaus 1919 esa jkWyV ,DV
ds fo#) fd, x, lR;kxzg ls vkjaHk gksdj dbZ vf[ky Hkkjrh; lR;kxzg vkUnkyuksa
dk Hkh usr`Ro fd;kA
xk¡/kh us Lohdkj fd;k fd muds lR;kxzg dk fl)kar dqN lhek rd gsujh MsfoM Fkksjks
ds ys[kksa ls izHkkfor gqvk FkkA Fkksjks ds fucU/k] ^^vku n M~;Vw h vkWQ flfoy fMlvkchfM,al**
esa xk¡/kh us jkT; ds fuxzgh y{k.kksa ij vius fopkjksa dk rFkk viuh futh psrurk ds
O;f"Vxr vkHkkj ij iq"Vhdj.k ik;kA xk¡/kh us fy[kk Fkk] ^^Fkksjks vkSj jfLdu ls eSa vius
la?k"kZ ds i{k esa rdZ ryk’k dj ldrk FkkA**
xk¡/kh ds nf{k.k vÝhdk esa tkfrHksn ds fo#) vkjafHkd la?k"kks± dk ^’kkafriw.kZ fojks/k* ds
:i esa o.kZu fd;k x;k FkkA ijUrq 'kh?kz gh mUgsa vaxzstksa dh ;g 'kCnkoyh vkaf’kd :i
ls vlUrks"ktud eglwl gqbZ] D;ksafd ;g vke Hkkjrh; dh le> ls ijs Fkh vkSj va’kr%
blfy, fd ;g muds jktuhfrd la?k"kZ ds rjhds ds fo’ks"k Lo:i dks lkeus ugha yk
ik;hA blh dkj.k] 1916 esa mUgksaus viuh lkIrkfgdh ^^bafM;u vksihfu;u** ds ikBdksa
dks ,d oSdfYid uke dk lq>ko nsus ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;kA lcls Js"B lq>ko
lnkxzg izkIr gqvk ftldk vFkZ Fkk ^ûsd dk;Z esa n`<+rk**A xk¡/kh us bls cnydj
lR;kxzg dj fn;k] D;ksafd ;g muds vf/kekU; fopkj ^^lR;-cy** dks laizsf"kr djrk
FkkA mUgksaus viuh ilUn dh fuEu 'kCnksa esa O;k[;k dh %
61
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ lR; esa izse vUrfuZfgr gS rFkk vkxzg ¼n`<+rk½ ladV dh lwpd gS] vr% blhfy,
;g cy dk i;kZ;okph cu tkrk gSA bl izdkj eSaus Hkkjrh; vkUnksyu dks
^^lR;kxzg** dguk vkjaHk fd;k] ftldk vFkZ gS ,slk cy tks lR; vkSj izse
vFkok vfgalk ds fy, iSnk gqvk gS vkSj mUgksaus ^’kkafriw.kZ fojks/k* 'kCnkoyh dk
iz;ksx NksM+ fn;kA
xk¡/kh us 'kkjhfjd cy ¾ i’kq cy ¾ 'kL= cy dks vkRe cy ¾ izse cy ¾ lR;-cy
ls vyx dj fn;kA mUgksaus iwoZorhZ dks fgald rjhds ds :i esa crk;k ftls] vk/kqfud
lH;rk esa vkSj }kjk viuk;k tkrk gSA mUgksaus crk;k fd lR;kxzg vkRecy vFkok
lR; ds cy ij fo’okl djrk gS vkSj ;g Lojkt ds fy, mfpr 'kCn gSA mUgksaus fy[kk
Fkk %
lR;kxzg O;fDrxr ihM+k ds }kjk vf/kdka’k dks izkIr djus dk ,d rjhdk gS(
;g 'kL=ksa }kjk fojks/k ds izfrdwy gSA tc eSa fdlh ,sls dk;Z dks djus ls euk
djrk gw¡ tks esjh psruk ds fo#) gS] eSa vkRecy dk iz;ksx djrk gw¡A
mnkgj.kkFkZ] vkt dh ljdkj us ,d dkuwu ikfjr fd;k gS tks eq> ij ykxw
gksrk gSA eSa bls ilUn ugha djrk gw¡A ;fn eSa fgalk dk iz;ksx djds 'kklu dks
og dkuwu lekIr djus ds fy, et+cwj djrk gw¡] rks eSa 'kfDr cy dk fu;kstu
dj jgk gw¡A ;fn eSa dkuwu dk ikyu ugha djrk gw¡ vkSj mlds mYya?ku ds fy,
'kkfUr dks Lohdkj djrk gw¡] rks eSa vkRecy dk iz;ksx djrk gw¡A blds fy,
vkRe cfynku dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
xk¡/kh ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds fy, lR;kxzg O;kogkfjd :i ls
vko’;d rFkk uSfrd :i ls okaNuh; FkkA mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd pw¡fd ^^vaxzst+ izcyrk ls
l’kL= gSa**] Hkkjrh;ksa dks mudh cjkcjh dk l’kL= cuus vFkok izHkkoh <ax ls fuiVus
esa vusdkusd o"kZ yxsaxsA bl O;kogkfjd dfBukbZ ls Hkh vf/kd] xk¡/kh us fgalk ds
vuSfrd rjhds dks LohÑfr ugha nhA mudk b’kkjk Fkk fd ^^fo’kky iSekus ij Hkkjr dks
l’kL= cukuk mls ;wjksfi;u cukuk gS** vFkok] nwljs 'kCnksa esa] uSfrd :i ls nks"k;qDr
vk/kqfud ;wjksfi;u lH;rk }kjk fujUrj iFkHkz"V gksrs jguk gSA
xk¡/kh ds vuqlkj] ^’kkfUriw.kZ fojks/k* dh rqyuk esa lR;kxzg ds fof’k"V y{k.k fuEuor~ gSa%
i) tcfd 'kkfUriw.kZ fojks/kh vius foi{kh ds izfr ?k`.kk dk vkJ; ysrs gS] lR;kxzgh
vius fojksf/k;ksa ds izfr izseHkko j[krs gSaA
ii) 'kkfUrfiz; fojks/kh] lR;kxzfg;ksa ls fHkUu] vius foif{k;ksa dks ijs’kku dj ldrs gS
vkSj pksV igq¡pk ldrs gSaA
iii) lR;kxzg] 'kkafriw.kZ fojks/k ls fHkUu] vius fiz;tuksa ij Hkh ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iv) 'kkfUriw.kZ fojks/k det+ksj vFkok vlgk;ksa }kjk fd;k tkus okyk fojks/k gS vkSj
blesa fgalk ds iz;ksx dks vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk] tcfd lR;kxzg 'kfDr’kkyh
}kjk uSfrd jktuhfrd dkjZokbZ gS vkSj blesa fgalk 'kkfey ugha gSA Lo;a dks
det+ksj ekuus ds fo’okl esa 'kkfUriw.kZ fojks/kh 'kq#vkrh ekSds ij la?k"kZ dks NksM+us
ds fy, izo`Ùk gksxkA ^^nwljh rjQ** xk¡/kh us fy[kk] ^^;fn ge Lo;a dks 'kfDr’kkyh
ekurs gq, lR;kxzg dk vkJ; ysrs gSa] blds nks fuf’pr ifj.kke gksaxsA 'kfDr ds
fopkj ls izksRlkfgr gksdj ge izfrfnu vkSj vf/kd et+cwr gksrs tk,¡xsA gekjh
'kfDr esa o`f) ls] gekjk lR;kxzg Hkh vf/kd izHkkoh gksxk vkSj bls NksM+us ds fy,
ge dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh volj dh ckV ugha ns[ksaxsA**
62
27- 6- 1 lR;kxzg ds fl)kar vkSj i)fr;k¡ ekDlZ o kn
lR;kxzg lR;] vfgalk vkSj ri ds fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA xk¡/kh us 9 tuojh 1920
dks bykgkckn esa ykWMZ g.Vj dh v/;{krk esa gqbZ vO;oLFkk tk¡p lfefr (Disorders
Inquiry Committee) ds le{k vius ekSf[kd fuosnu esa bldk Li"Vhdj.k fn;k FkkA
lqlaxr iz’u vkSj muds tokc uhps ;FkkfLFkfr fn, tkrs gSa%
iz’u % xk¡/kh egksn;] eSa ;g ekurk gw¡ fd lR;kxzg vkUnksyu ds jpf;rk vki gSa\
mÙkj % gk¡] JhekuA
iz’u % vki bls laf{kIr esa le>k,¡\
mÙkj % ;g ,d ,slk vkUnksyu gS tks fgalk ds rjhdksa dks izfrLFkkfir djus ds fy,
vfHkizsr rFkk iw.kZr% lR; ij vk/kkfjr vkUnksyu gSA ;g tSlk fd eSaus dYiuk
dh gS] jktuhfrd {ks= esa ?kjsyw dkuwu dk ,d foLrkj gS vkSj vius vuqHko ls
eSa bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡pk gw¡ fd bl vkUnksyu vkSj ,dek= blh vkUnksyu ls
Hkkjr f’kdk;rksa ds fuokj.k ds fy, ns’k ds bl fljs ls ml fljs rd QSyh gqbZ
fgalk dh laHkkoukvksa ls NqVdkjk ik ldrk gSA
iz’u % fo’ks"k dkuwuksa ds U;k; vkSj vU;k; ds izfr yksxksa ds er fHkUu gksrs gSa\
mÙkj % ;gh eq[; dkj.k gS ftlls fgalk de gks ldrh gS rFkk ,d lR;kxzgh vius
fojks/kh dks Lora=rk vkSj mnkjrk ds os lHkh vf/kdkj nsrk gS] tks og Lo;a ds
fy, vkjf{kr djrk gSA og O;fDrxr rkSj ij pksVxzLr gksrs gq, la?k"kZ djsxkA
xk¡/kh dk /keZ’kkL= dh ijEijk esa fo’okl Fkk] ftlds vuqlkj /keZ tks ^?kj*
¼lqn`<+ gksuk] dk;e jguk vykok leFkZu djuk½ ls O;qRiUu gS] czg~ek.Mksa dks
fofu;fer djus okys uSfrd dkuwu dk gokyk nsrk gSA bldk lkj lR; gS
ftldh tM+sa ¼vfLrRo] okLrfodrk] vf/kdkj] tks gS vkSj tks gksxk½ lr~ gSaA
'kCn lR; lr~ 'kCn ls O;qRiUu gS] ftldk vFkZ gS gksukA vkSj lR; ds vykok
okLro esa dqN ugha gS vFkok fo|eku ugha gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lr~ vFkok
lR; ijekRek dk lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ uke gSA okLro esa ;g dguk fd ijekRek
lR; gS] dh rqyuk esa] ;g dguk vf/kd Bhd gksxk fd lR; Hkxoku gSA ;g
vuqHkwfr gks tk,xh fd lr~ vFkok lR; gh lgh gS vkSj ijekRek dk iw.kZ:is.k
lgh uke gSA
pw¡fd ^^lR; ds vykok okLro esa dqN ugha gS vFkok fo|eku ugha gS**] xk¡/kh dk dguk
gS fd O;kogkfjd-jktuhfrd {ks= Hkh blesa 'kkfey gksus pkfg,A nwljs 'kCnksa esa] xk¡/kh ds
fy, lR; vFkok uSfrdrk ls jktuhfr dks vyx djuk Lohdk;Z ugha gSA mUgksaus dgk
Fkk %
dqN nksLrksa us eq>ls dgk gS fd lR; vkSj vfgalk dk jktuhfr vFkok
lkalkfjd] fØ;kdykiksa esa dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA eSa blls lger ugha gw¡A esjs fy,
O;f"V ds m)kj ds mik; ds :i esa mudk dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gSA nSfud thou
esa mUgsa 'kkfey djuk vkSj mudk vuqiz;ksx djuk vHkh rd esjk ijh{k.k jgk
gSA
xk¡/kh dk lR;kxzg lR; vkSj vfgalk dks jktuhfrd {ks= esa 'kkfey djus dk ,d ijh{k.k
gSA
63
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ xk¡/kh ds vuqlkj] ;|fi lR; fujis{k gS] blds ckjs esa gekjk Kku vkSj vuqHko lkis{k
rFkk vkaf’kd gSA ftls ge lR; ekurs gSa og nwljksa ds fy, vlR; gks ldrk gSA oLrqr%]
lR;kxzgh ;g ekurk gS fd mlds fojks/kh vFkok ml ij tqYe djus okys Hkh lR;kxzgh
gSa tks bl vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrs gSa ftls os lR; eglwl djrs gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS
fd vfgalk lR; dh [kkst dk lk/ku gSA xk¡/kh fy[krk gS] ^êwy fl)kar ftl ij vfgalk
dk vkpj.k vkfJr gS] ;g gS fd tks fdlh ,d ds fy, fgrdkjh gksrk gS og leku
:i ls lEiw.kZ czg~ek.M ds fy, Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA lkj :i esa lEiw.kZ ekuork ,d tSlh
gSA tks dqN ,d ds fy, laHko gS] ogh izR;sd ds fy, laHko gSA** lkis{k lR; ds
vk/kkj ij dk;Z djrs gq,] lR;kxzgh ewy la?k"kZ dk fuokj.k pkgrs gSa vkSj izfr}U}h lR;
ds nkoksa dh oS/krk dks mfpr Bgjkus ds vfgald ekxZ ds ek/;e ls lkekftd rkyesy
lqfuf’pr djrs gSaA xk¡/kh us fy[kk gS %
,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd bl nSfud 'kjhj esa lR; dh iw.kZ vuqHkwfr dh vlaHkkouk
us izkphu lR; dh [kkst djus okys dks vfgalk dk iz’kald cuk fn;kA mlds
lkeus iz’u mifLFkr gqvk fd D;k og mUgsa cnkZ’r djs tks mlds fy,
ijs’kkfu;k¡ iSnk djrs gSa vFkok mUgsa u"V dj nsA bl ftKklq us eglwl fd;k
fd og tks nwljksa dks u"V djus esa yxk jgk] vkxs dk dksbZ ekxZ ugha cuk ldk
vfirq lk/kkj.kr;k ogha #dk jgk tgk¡ og Fkk] tcfd og vkneh ftlus mUgsa
cnkZ’r fd;k ftUgksaus mlds fy, ijs’kkfu;k¡ iSnk dha] vkxs c<+ x;k vkSj dbZ
ckj nwljksa dks Hkh vius lkFk ys x;k--- ftruk vf/kd mlus fgalk dh mruk gh
og lR; ls oafpr gksrk x;kA ,slk D;ksa] dfYir 'k=q ls la?k"kZ djrs le; mlus
vUnj ds 'k=q dh vksj /;ku ugha fn;kA
lR;kxzgh fojks/kh vFkok mRihM+d dks lekIr djus ds fy, ugha] vfirq lEiw.kZ
fooknxzLr vFkok mRihM+d lEcU/k dk iquxZBu djus ds fy, lR;-cy vFkok izse-cy
dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ftlls vkjafHkd la?k"kZ ds izfr nksuksa ny ,d fo’ks"k izdkj dh
ikjLifjdrk vkSj uSfrd vUrfuHkZjrk eglwl dj ldsaA lR;kxzg ds }kjk] mRihM+u ds
f’kdkj] vius fo’okl vkSj dk;ks± ls budkj djus okys vius diViw.kZ lR; ls vius
mRihM+dksa dks cU/kueqDr djus esa lgk;rk djds Lo;a dh eqfDr pkgrs gSaA xk¡/kh us fgUn
Lojkt esa fy[kk Fkk fd ^^lR;kxzg iz;ksxdÙkkZ vkSj mls ftl ij bls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
gS] dks efgekfUor djrk gSA** xk¡/kh us fy[kk gS %
vius udkjkRed Lo:i esa bl ¼vfgalk½ dk vFkZ fdlh thfor izk.kh dks] pkgs
'kjhj ls vFkok eu ls] pksV igq¡pkuk ugha gSA vr% fdlh xyr dk;Z djus okys
O;fDr dks eSa pksV ugha igq¡pk ldrk] u mlds izfr dksbZ nqHkkZouk j[k ldrk
vkSj bl izdkj mls dksbZ ekufld ihM+k Hkh ugha ns ldrkA vius ldkjkRed
Lo:i esa] vfgalk dk vFkZ vfr O;kid izse] egkure mnkjrk ls gSA ;fn eSa
vfgalk dk vuqxkeh gw¡] eSa vius nq’eu vFkok eq>ls vtuch ls oSlk gh izzse
d:¡xk tSls eSa xyr dke djus okys vius firk vFkok iq= ls d:¡xkA bl
fØ;kRed vfgalk esa vo’;eso :i ls lR; vkSj fuHkhZdrk 'kkfey gSaA
Åij vkjaHk esa tks dqN dgk x;k gS] ds ifjizs{; esa] ge fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd
xk¡/kh ds fy;s tks nwljksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkus ds fy, budkj djus esa fo’okl j[ks]
uSfrd vkSj O;kogkfjd lp dk ,d udkjkRed ijh{k.k gSA bldk ldkjkRed ijh{k.k
nwljksa dk dY;k.k djus ds fy, vfHkizsr dk;Z gSA
64
gekjh bPNkvksa vkSj mís’;ksa dks nks oxks± esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA LokFkZiw.kZ vkSj ekDlZ o kn
LokFkZjfgrA lHkh LokFkZiw.kZ bPNk,¡ vuSfrd gSa] tcfd nwljksa dk fgr djus ds
fy, Lo;a dks mRÑ"V cukus dh bPNk okLro esa uSfrd gSA lokZf/kd uSfrd
fu;e ;g gS fd gesa ekuork dh HkykbZ ds fy, vFkd :i ls dk;Z djuk
pkfg,A
vc rd geus lR;kxzg ds nks ?kVdksa] uker% lR; vkSj vfgalk ij fopkj fd;k gSA
rhljk ?kVd ri ¼Lo;a d"V mBkuk½ gSA nwljs ds izfr izse ij vk/kkfjr dkjZokbZ tSlk
geus vkjaHk esa ns[kk] ml izse dh ijh{kk gSA O;fDrxr :i ls d"V >syuk] xk¡/kh fy[krs
gSa] ^^ vfgalk dk lkj gS vkSj nwljksa ds izfr fgalk ds fy, pquk x;k ,oth (substitute)
gS**A ;g le>uk pkfg, fd lR;kxzfg;ksa }kjk Lo;a d"V >syuk mudh dk;jrk vFkok
det+ksjh ugha gS( ;g mu yksxksa dh vis{kk lkgl ds mRÑ"V Lo:i ij vk/kkfjr gS tks
fgalk dk vkJ; ysrs gSa vkSj ;g vius fojks/kh vFkok mRihM+d ds uSfrd mRFkku esa
lgk;rk ds fy, vfHkizsr gSA
la?k"kZ lek/kku dh lR;kxzgh fof/k esa] Lo;a izrkM+uk ;qfDrlaxrrk dh iwjd Hkwfedk
fuHkkrh gSA foospuk ds ek/;e ls nwljksa dks rS;kj djuk okLro esa lR;kxzg dk lkj gSA
ijUrq lR;kxzg ewyHkwr lkekftd] /kkfeZd] jktuhfrd vFkok oSpkfjd la?k"kZ] ftlesa
;qfDrlaxr le>kSrk vklkuh ls vFkok rRdky laHko ugha gksxk] ds lek/kku esa ;qfDr dh
lhekvksa dks ekU;rk iznku djrk gSA okLro esa] xk¡/kh dk vkxzg Fkk fd lR;kxzg dh
izR;{k dkjZokbZ rduhdsa fojksf/k;ksa vFkok mRihM+dksa ds lkFk foospuk dh vke izfØ;kvksa
dks ykxw djus ds ckn gh rFkk ek= mudh ;qfDrlaxr lgefr izkIr djus vFkok
ckrphr djus ds fy, ykxw dh tkuh pkfg,A mUgksaus fy[kk gS %
pw¡wfd lR;kxzg izR;{k dkjZokbZ ds lokZf/kd 'kfDr’kkyh rjhdksa esa ls ,d gS] ,d
lR;kxzgh lR;kxzg dk vkJ; ysus ls igys nwljs lHkh mik;ksa dh ijh{kk djrk
gSA blfy,] og vfopy vkSj fujUrj fuokZfpr izf/kdkjh ds ikl igq¡psxk] og
tuer dks vihy djsxk] tuer ds ckjs esa f’k{kk nsxk] 'kkfUriwoZd viuh bl
fLFkfr mu lcds le{k crk,xk tks mls /;ku ls lquuk pkgrs gSa vkSj og tc
;s lkjs iz;kl foQy gks tk,¡xs] lR;kxzg dk vkJ; ysxkA
,d lR;kxzg vfHk;ku esa] lR;kxzgh (1) foospuk vFkkZr~ vius fojksf/k;ksa dks mudh xyr
fLFkfr ds ckjs esa le>kdj vkSj lkFk-lkFk mudh izfrdwy nyhyksa ds fy, rS;kj jgdj(
vkSj (2) lR;kxzfg;ksa dh vkRe-izrkM+uk ds ek/;e ls fojksf/k;ksa dks vihy djds
fookfnr lkekftd ^Ô;oLFkk** vFkok ekun.Mksa dh lpkbZ dks oS/k cukuk pkgrs gSaA
lR;kxzg ds vusd rjhds gSa % (1) lR;kxzfg;ksa }kjk 'kqf)dkjh vFkok i’pkÙkkiiw.kZ dk;Z]
tSls ladYi ysuk] izkFkZuk,¡ djuk vkSj ozr j[kuk( (2) vlg;ksx ds dk;Z] tSls mis{kk
¼ck;dkWV½ djuk] gM+rky djuk] miokl djuk vkSj fgtjr ¼vFkkZr~ LoSfPNd izotu½(
(3) ukxfjd voKk ds dk;Z] tSls /kjuk nsuk] djksa dk Hkqxrku u djuk vkSj fof’k"V
dkuwuksa dh voKk djuk( vkSj (4) lkekftd lq/kkj vkSj lkekftd lsok dk jpukRed
dk;ZØe] tSls vUrj-leqnk; ,drk dks c<+kok nsuk] vLi`’;rk nwj djuk] izkS<+ f’k{kk]
rFkk vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd vlekurkvksa dk fujkdj.kA
lR;kxzgh] dk;ZØe ds izR;sd pj.k esa] lR; dk vkpj.k tSlk os bls ns[krs gSa] djrs
le;] vius futh nks"kksa ij fopkj djrs gSa rFkk fojksf/k;ksa dks lR;kxzgh dh fLFkfr dks
=qfViw.kZ fl) djus ds fy, izR;sd ekSdk nsrs gSaA lR;kxzg esa ^^fgalk dk iz;ksx oftZr
65
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ gS D;ksafd ekuo fujis{k lR; dks tkuus esa l{ke ugha gS vkSj blfy, naM nsus ds fy,
Hkh l{ke ugha gSA** /;ku nsus ;ksX; vkn’kZ leqnk;oknh lR; ds Lor% fofu;fer lekt
dk vkn’kZ gS] ftlesa izR;sd Lo;a ij bl rjg 'kklu djuk gS ftlls og vius iM+kSlh
ds fy, dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ijs’kkuh dk dkj.k u cusA tksu ckW.Mqjka fy[krh
gSa] ^^lR;kxzg dk nkok vfgald dkjZokbZ djds fd;k tkrk gS] ekuoh; vko’;drkvksa dh
iwfrZ }kjk ;Fkk fu.khZr lR;A ikjLifjd larqf"V vkSj lgefr ls gq, lek/kku ds Lo:i
esa foy; gks tk,xk**A bl izdkj] lR;kxzfg;ksa }kjk vuqikyuh; egÙoiw.kZ fØ;kRed
fl)kar lR;kxzfg;ksa }kjk lkis{krk] vfgalk vkSj lfg".kqrk rFkk Lo;a izrkM+uk ds :i esa
lR; dks xzg.k djuk gSA xk¡/kh us fuEu ifjPNsn esa bu fØ;kRed fl)karksa dks
U;k;laxr Bgjk;k %
lR;kxzg ds vuqiz;ksx esa eSaus ik;k fd vkjafHkd pj.kksa esa lR; ds vuqlj.k us
vius fojksf/k;ksa ds Åij dh tkus okyh fgalk dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k] vfirq mls
/kS;Z vkSj lgkuqHkwfr }kjk xyrh djus ls jksduk pkfg,A D;ksafd tks dqN ,d
dks lR; izrhr gksrk gS] nwljs dks ogh vlR; izrhr gksrk gSA
lPps fgrksa ds ckjs esa yksxksa dh /kkj.kk vkSj U;k;;qDr dkuwuksa esa vUrj gksrk gSA ;gh
eq[; dkj.k gS ftlls fgalk lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj ,d lR;kxzgh vius fojks/kh dks
Lora=rk vkSj mnkjrk dh Hkkoukvksa dks ogh vf/kdkj nsrk gS tks og Lo;a ds fy,
vkjf{kr j[krk gS vkSj og Lo;a dks O;fDrxr rkSj ij izrkfM+r djds la?k"kZ djsxkA
yksdra= dk fodkl laHko ugha gS] ;fn ge nwljs i{k dks lquus dks rS;kj u gksaA ge ml
;qfDr ds njokt+s can dj nsrs gSa] tc ge vius fojksf/k;ksa dks lquus vFkok lqus tkus ds
fy, euk dj nsrs gSa vkSj mudk et+kd cukrs gSaA ;fn vfg".kqrk vknr cu tk,] ogk¡
ge lR; ls HkVd tkus dk tksf[ke mBkrs gSaA tcfd izÑfr us gedks lhfer le>nkjh
iznku dh gS] gesa gedks fn, x, Kku ds vuqlkj fuHkZ;rkiwoZd dk;Z djuk pkfg,A gesa
ges’kk viuk fnekx [kqyk j[kuk pkfg, vkSj ;g tkuus ds fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg, fd
ftls ge lR; le>rs Fks] okLro esa og dqy feykdj vlR; FkkA fnekx dk ;g
[kqykiu gekjs vUnj lR; dks etcwr djrk gSA
cks/k iz’u 4
1½ xk¡/kh us 'kkfUriw.kZ fojks/k vkSj lR;kxzg esa fdl izdkj vUrj fd;k\
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66
2½ lR;kxzg ds rjhdksa dk laf{kIr esa o.kZu djsaA ekDlZ o kn
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27.6.2 lR;kxzg ij dqN ewY;kRed fVIif.k;k¡
lR;kxzg ds xk¡/kh ds fl)kar vkSj vH;kl ij fopkj djrs le; vusd lekykspuk,¡ cuh
jgrh gSa fd vfgalk vkSj Lor% izrkM+uk fgalk djus okyksa ds fo#) vO;ogkfjd rjhds
gSaA budk dguk gS fd xk¡/khoknh rjhdk ^^nwljs lalkj dk** rFkk ^^vekuoh; ds
izfrQy** gSA xk¡/kh us dgk Fkk fd vfgalk vkSj Lor% izrkM+uk ^vlkalkfjd ugha* vfirq
vo’;eso lkalkfjd yksxksa ds fy, gSA mUgksaus Lohdkj fd;k fd bu fl)karksa ij vey
djuk cgqr eqf’dy Fkk] ijUrq mudk vkxzg Fkk fd gesa buds vk/kkj ij vkxs c<+us
vFkok mu ij dk;e jgus dh vko’;drk gSA mUgksaus fy[kk Fkk] ^^’kjhj fuokZg djrs
le; iw.kZ vfgalk ;wfDyM ds fcUnq vFkok ljy js[kk tSlk fl)kar gSA** xk¡/kh us lgh
dgk Fkk fd ;g okaNuh; gS vkSj ,d izcy vfgald lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk laHko gSA
bl ij vHkh Hkh vkifÙk dh tk ldrh gS fd lR;kxzg lR;kxzgh ls e`R;q i;ZUr Hkh Lor%
izihM+u dh ek¡x djrk gSA ;g lR; gS fd Lor% izihM+u lR;kxzg dk ,d izeq[k ?kVd
gSA rFkkfi] izihM+u ds f[kykQ fgalkRed vkSj vfgalkRed fojks/k esa] vkRe cfynku Hkh
vUrxzZLr gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd xk¡/kh us lR;kxzg ds iz;ksx dh vuqefr ek= ml
fLFkfr esa nh] tc la?k"kZ ekSfyd eqíksa ij gks vkSj vfgalk ds lHkh vis{kkÑr lkSE; rjhds
foQy gks x, gksaA mUgksaus 1921 esa fy[kk Fkk] ^êSa ml le; xgu :i ls O;fFkr
gksÅ¡xk] ;fn izR;sd ladYiuh; volj ij ge esa izR;sd Lo;a vius Åij dkuwu cukdj
jgsxk vkSj gekjh Hkkoh jk"Vªh; lHkk dh izR;sd dkjZokbZ dh lqugjh ekinaM ls laoh{kk
djsxkA eSa vf/kdrj ekeyksa esa vius fu.kZ; dks jk"Vªh; izfrfuf/k;ksa dks vH;fiZr dj
nw¡xkA** ijUrq tc vfgald fojks/k ds lHkh lkSE; rjhds foQy gks tk,a vkSj mlds ckn
Hkh fgald mRihM+u dh fLFkfr cuh jgs] xk¡/kh dk dguk Fkk fd lR; ds fy, vfgald
;ks)k ds e`R;q i;ZUr Hkh Lo-izihM+u fgald fojks/kh dh gkj esa e`R;q dh rqyuk esa O;f"Vxr
Lora=rk ds fy, dgha csgrj fLFkfr gSA
xk¡/kh us fgald fojks/k dh rqyuk esa jktuhfrd fojks/k vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu ds ek/
;e ls lR;kxzg ds xq.k nks"kksa dh Lo;aeso dbZ ckj O;k[;k dh gSA 1924 esa] bu vQokgksa
ij izfrfØ;k djrs gq, fd mUgsa laHkor;k lksfo;r la?k tkus ds fy, fuea=.k feyus
okyk Fkk] xk¡/kh us fy[kk Fkk %
eSa lQyrk ds fy, y?kq fgalk dh ihM+k esa fo’okl ugha djrk gw¡A okWYlfud ds
mu nksLrksa ftudk /;ku eq> ij dsfUnzr gS dks eglwl djuk pkfg, fd eSa
fdrus Hkh vf/kd Js"B mís’;ksa ls lgkuqHkwfr j[kw¡ vFkok mudh iz’kalk d:¡] eSa
Js"Bre dkj.kksa ds fy, Hkh fgald rjhdksa dk ,slk fojks/kh gw¡ tks dHkh le>kSrk
ugha djrkA vr% fgalk ds fo|ky; vkSj esjs chp okLro esa dksbZ rkyesy ugha
gks ldrkA
67
jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk,¡ nks lky ckn] xk¡/kh us fgald vkSj vfgald rjhdksa ds chp fuEu Li"Vhdj.k fd;k %
esjk vfgalkRed fojks/k ,d fHkUu ;kstuk ij fØ;kRed fojks/k gSA cqjkbZ djus
okys ds vfgalkRed fojks/k dk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd fdlh Hkh izdkj dk
fojks/k u fd;k tk,] vfirq bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd cqjkbZ dk cqjkbZ ls ugha vfirq
vPNkbZ ls fojks/k fd;k tk,A bl izdkj fojks/k ,d Js"Brj vkSj fujis{kr%
izHkkoh {ks= ds fy, varfjr gSA
tSlk fd geus Åij ns[kk gS] fy;ks VkWyLVk; dh jpuk ^^n fdaxMe vkWQ xkWM bt+
fofnu ;w* us vfgald fojks/k dh vk/kqfud voLFkk ds fojks/kkRed Lo:i vkSj mlds izfr
opuc)rk ij xk¡/kh ds fopkjksa ij Hkkjh izHkko NksM+kA xk¡/kh us Lohdkj fd;k fd
VkWyLVk; dks i<+us ls mUgsa ^^lkoZHkkSfed izse dh vuUr laHkkoukvksa** dh vuqHkwfr gqbZ
vkSj mUgsa ^^vfgalk esa n`<+ fo’oklh** cuk fn;kA xk¡/kh vkSj VkWyLVk; ,d-nwljs ds
vuq:i FksA xk¡/kh dks vius vfUre i= esa] VkWyLVk; us Lohdkj fd;k fd nf{k.k vÝhdk
esa mudk lR;kxzg vkUnksyu mRihfM+r }kjk cU/kueqfDr ds la?k"kZ dk ,d u;k vkSj
lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ rjhdk FkkA
VkWyLVk; dh rjg] vkbaLVhu us Hkh xk¡/khoknh lR;kxzg dh xgu iz’kalk esa fy[kk gSA
xk¡/kh ds 70osa tUefnu ds fy, ,d vfHkuanu xzaFk (festschrift) esa izdkf’kr J)katfy
esa mUgksaus fy[kk Fkk %
jktuhfrd bfrgkl esa xk¡/kh viwoZ gSaA mUgksaus mRihfM+r yksxksa ds eqfDr la?k"kZ ds
fy, iw.kZr% ubZ vkSj ekuoh; rduhd dk vUos"k.k fd;k gS vkSj ml ij
egkure ÅtkZ vkSj leiZ.k ds lkFk vey fd;k gSA lH;rkewyd fo’o ds ek/
;e ls fopkj djus okys yksxksa ij tks uSfrd izHkko mUgksaus NksM+k gS] og izHkko
ml izHkko ls vf/kd fVdkÅ gksxk tks laHkor;k vius vR;f/kd i’kqcy ls
gekjs orZeku ;qx esa izrhr gksrk gSA jktuhfr fo’kkjnksa dk dk;Z rHkh LFkk;h
gksrk gS] ;fn os vius O;fDrxr mnkgj.k ds ek/;e ls vkSj ml izHkko ds ckjs
esa f’k{kk nsdj vius yksxksa esa uSfrd cyksa dk vkg~oku dj ik,¡ vkSj ,drk
dk;e dj ldsaA
cks/k iz’u 5
1½ lR;kxzg dh ladYiuk dk lekykspukRed fu/kkZj.k djsaA

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27- 7 lkjka ’ k
bl bdkbZ esa] vkius xk¡/khokn ds izeq[k ckSf)d ?kVdksa ds ckjs esa i<+k gS tSls /keZ]
Lojkt] loksZn; vkSj lR;kxzgA bl bdkbZ esa dqN izfl) fopkjdksa dk vkils ifjp;
djk;k x;k] ftuds fopkjksa vkSj ys[kksa us egkRek xk¡/kh dh lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd
68 lksp dks ewÙkZ :i fn;kA tSlk vkius lh[kk gS] Lojkt dh ladYiuk esa cfgeqZ[kh vkSj
vUreqZ[kh nksuksa vk;ke gSaA lalnh; Lojkt ds fopkj vkSj loksZn; ij i`Fkd~ ls foLrkj ekDlZ o kn
esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA lR;kxzg vkSj 'kkfUriw.kZ fojks/k dh ladYiuk vkSj lR;kxzg ds
fl)kar vkSj rjhdksa dh] vfUre ij U;wure ugha] O;k[;k dh xbZ gSA ;g bdkbZ lR;kxzg
ds lekykspukRed fu/kkZj.k ds lkFk lekIr gqbZ gSA vk’kk dh tkrh gS fd vc vki
xk¡/khoknh fopkjksa ds ekSfyd :i dks le>us esa vf/kd csgrj fLFkfr esa gksaxsA

vkj- v¸;j] n ekWjy ,.M ikWfyfVdy FkkWV vkWQ egkRek xk¡/kh ¼vks-;w-ih-] 2000½A
,- ts- ikjsy] ¼laik-½] xk¡/kh % fgUn Lojkt ,.M vnj jkbfVaXl ¼Qkm.Ms’ku cqDl] U;w
fnYyh] 1997½A
Hkhdw ikjs[k] dkWykWfuvfyT+e] VªsfM’ku ,.M fjQkWeZ % ,su ,uSfyfll vkWQ xk¡/kht+
ikWfyfVdy fMLdkslZ ¼U;w fnYyh % lst] 1989½A
Mh- MSYVu] xk¡/kh*t+ ikWoj ¼vks-;w-ih- 1993½A
FkkWel iUFke] ikWfyfVdy F;ksfjt+ ,.M lks’k;y fjdULVªD’ku % , fØfVdy losZ vkWQ
n fyVªspj vkWu bf.M;k ¼U;w fnYyh % lst 1995½] psIVj 4 % ^^xk¡/kh % Lojkt] loksZn;
,.M lR;kxzgA**
FkkWel iUFke] ^^gscjeklt+ izSfDVdy fMldksflZt+ ,.M xk¡/kh*t+ lR;kxzg**] bu Hkh[kw

ikjs[k ,.M FkkWel iUFke] ¼la-½ ikWfyfVdy fMLdksflZt+ % ,DlIyksjs’kUl bu bf.M;u
,.M oSLVuZ ikWfyfVdy FkkWV ¼U;w fnYyh % lst] 1987½A

cks/k iz’u 1
cks/k iz’u 2
cks/k iz’u 3
cks/k iz’u 4
cks/k iz’u 5
69
oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
bdkbZ 28 jkT; vkSj OkS'ohdj.k dk;Z
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
28-0 mís';
28-1 ifjp;
28-2 OkS'ohdj.k vkSj mldk lanHkZ
28-3 OkS'ohdj.k ds vk;ke
28-3-1 vkfFkZd OkS'ohdj.k
28-3-2 jktuhfrd OkS'ohdj.k
28-3-3 OkS'ohdj.k ,oa laLÑfr
28-4 jk"Vª-jkT; vkSj laizHkqrk
28-4-1 jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj vFkZ
28-4-2 laiHz kqrk
28-4-3 laizHkqrk dks [krjk
28-5 OkS'ohdj.k] jkT; vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe
28-6 OkS'ohdj.k] jkT; vkSj {ks=h;rk
28-7 OkS'ohdj.k vkSj }Srokn ¼Dualism½
28-7-1 fo'o dk nks dSEiksa esa foHkktu
28-8 ,d ewY;kadu
28-9 lkjka'k
28
28-- 0 mís ' ;
bl bdkbZ esa jkT;-OkS'ohdj.k vUrjlaca/k ¼interface½ dh tk¡p dh xbZ gSA bl bdkbZ ls
xqt+jus ds ckn] vki fuEu ds ckjs esa l{ke gks tk,¡xs %
• OkS'ohdj.k ds vFkZ dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk vkSj mldh foospuk djuk(
• OkS'ohdj.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ij ppkZ djuk(
• jkT; dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk vkSj OkS'ohdj.k ds n~f"Vxr bldh laizHkqrk ds [krjksa ij
ppkZ djuk(
• OkS'ohdj.k ds lanHkZ esa cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djuk( rFkk
• OkS'ohdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i jkT; ds Hkfo"; ij fVIi.kh djukA
28
28-- 1 ifjp;
OkS'ohdj.k ds lanHkZ esa] vk/kqfud jkT; Hkkjh ifjorZu ds nkSj ls xqt+j jgk gSA OkS'ohdj.k
izfØ;kvksa ls eqDr vusd cyksa us tufiz; dYiuk ds dsUnz ds :i esa jkT; dks izHkkfor
fd;k gSA jk"Vª-jkT; fofHkUu Lrjksa ij viuh turk ds lkFk vius fj'rksa dks iquHkkZf"kr
5
kef;d eqís
lkef;d djus ds fy, lkeus vk, gSaA ;|fi jkT; dh laizHkqrk vHkh Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS] ;g LFkkuh;
Lrj ij foHkktu rFkk Hkwe.Myh; Lrj ij ,dhdj.k ls cqjh rjg ladqfpr gqbZ gSA
fo'o ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa jk"Vª-jkT; ds fo:i.k ls {ks=h; fojpukvksa dh fof'k"Vrk ij

fuHkZj djrs gq, fofHkUu :i izxV gksrs gSaA bl ikB esa OkS'ohdj.k ds dbZ vFkks± vkSj izFke
Hkkx esa jk"Vª-jkT; gsrq blds fufgrkFkks± ij foospuk dh xbZ gSA ckn esa] ;g jk"Vª-jkT;
ds fo:i.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks izdV djrk gSA
28
28-- 2 OkS'ohdj.k vkSj mldk lanHkZ
gekjs Li"Vhdj.k ds fy, leku /ofu okys 'kCnksa] OkS'ohdj.k vkSj Hkwe.Myokn dks
oxhZÑr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A OkS'ohdj.k 'kCn ,d izfØ;k dk gokyk nsrk gS] tcfd
Hkwe.Myokn ,slk 'kCn gS tks fopkjksa] ewY;ksa] izFkkvksa ds ,sls lewg dk gokyk nsrk gS tks
vktdy OkS'ohdj.k ds uke ij gksus okys ifjorZuksa dh opuc)rk ds leFkZu dh ek¡x
djrk gSA laf{kIr esa] Hkwe.Myokn dk vFkZ gS] OkS'ohdj.k ds fy, ,d fopkj/kkjk vFkok
mldks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkus dk ÝseodZA
vk/kqfud ;qx ds OkS'ohdj.k dh dqN xyrQgfe;ksa dks nwj djuk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA dqN
{ks=ksa esa] OkS'ohdj.k dks blls lEcfU/kr Hkko esa bl izdkj le> ldrs gSa fd OkS'ohdj.k
vfr izkphu le; ls ,d fopkj vkSj ,d izFkk ds :i esa vfLrRo esa jgk gSA ;g
tkudkjh mfpr ,sfrgkfld vFkks± esa de tku iM+rh gS] D;ksafd ;g fo|eku lanHkZ esa
OkS'ohdj.k dh fof'k"Vrk dks ekU;rk iznku ugha djrhA OkS'ohdj.k ,d tfVy ,sfrgkfld
izfØ;k ls izdV gqvk gS] ftls iw¡thoknh foLrkj ds ihNs nyhyksa ls [k+rjk cuk gqvk gSA
;g Hkwe.Myh; Lrj ij fof'k"V izdkj ds jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd i;kZoj.k esa Qyus-
Qwyus dh ek¡x djrk gSA blls Hkwe.Myh;] jk"Vªh; vkSj {ks=h; Lrj ls ysdj LFkkuh;
Lrj rd Hkkjh ifjorZu gq, gSAa blus ,d ;k nks n'kd ds nkSjku fo'o dks iwjh rjg cny
fn;k gSA
vius vkfFkZd Lo:i esa OkS'ohdj.k mu jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds lkFk ,d lesfdr

vUrjjk"Vªh; ckt+kj dk leFkZu djrk gS tks lkeus vk jgh gSaA ;g lkaLÑfrd Lrj ij
ewY;ksa vkSj laLÑfr;ksa dk lekaxhdj.k ¼homogenisation½ pkgrk gS vkSj ;g bl 'kCn
ds jktuhfrd vFkZ esa jk"Vª-jkT; laizHkqrk lÙkk dks gkf'k, ij ykus vFkok de djus ds
fy, Hkwe.Myh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds izfr ;ksxnku djrk gSA vUrfoZjks/k ds rkSj ij]
OkS'ohdj.k LFkkuh; Lrj ij fofo/krk vkSj foHkktu dks Hkh lgh ekurk gSA ,d pkfjf=d
y{k.k ds :i esa Hkwe.Myh; Lrj ij lkoZHkkSfed vkSj LFkkuh; Lrj ij foHkktu
OkS'ohdj.k dks ftruk lekaxh cukrk gS] mruk gh fojks/kkHkklh cuk nsrk gSA
izR;{kr% nks fojks/kkHkklh izo`fÙk;k¡ gSa] ftUgsa fo|eku Hkwe.MyhÑr gksus okys fo'o es ns[kk
tk ldrk gSA izFke] jkT; {ks=h; O;kikj vkSj jktuhfrd le>kSrksa ij gLrk{kj djus
dh nkSM+ esa viuh laizHkqrk dks NksM+rs izrhr gks jgs gSaA nwljs] fo|eku jkT;ksa ds Hkhrj
Lora=rk ds dqN mik;ksa ij nÙkfpÙk gksdj fofHkUu lewg vf/kd laizHkqrk ds fy, mÙksftr
gks jgs gSaA D;k fo'o vf/kd lesfdr gks jgk gS vFkok blds vkSj vf/kd VqdM+s gks jgs
gSa\ D;k ge vkSj vf/kd vUrjjk"Vªh; vFkok vkSj vf/kd LFkkuh; gks jgs gSa\ lHkh ekeyksa
esa mÙkj Li"Vr% LohÑfr esa feysxkA mÙkj vesfjdh eqDr O;kikj djkj (NAFTA)]
,dek= ;wjksih;u ckt+kj vkSj uoksn~Hkwr cgqik'ohZ; ,tsUlh] fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO)
lHkh vkSj vf/kd lesdu ds izfr mBus okys dne gSaA Hkwe.Myokn ds izfr vUrjjk"Vªh;
6
gypy viz'kkE; gSA miHkksDrkoknh iw¡thokn ges'kk foLrkj djus okys ckt+kjksa rFkk oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
lkeku ,oa lsokvksa dk mRiknu vkSj mudk forj.k djus okys ges'kk vf/kdkf/kd n{k dk;Z
rjhdksa dh vis{kk djrk gSA laØkeh dEifu;k¡ lLrs Je vkSj dPps eky rFkk lalkf/kr
lkexzh ds fy, viuh ryk'k esa jk"Vªh; lhekvksa ds ifjxeu ds rjhds [kkstus ds fy,
vf/kdkf/kd fuiq.k gksrh tk jgh gSaA
blh izdkj] nf{k.k ,f'k;k vFkok fo'o ds vU; {ks=ksa esa iztkrh;] tkfr] oxZ] fyax]
tutkrh; vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh; lewg fo|eku jkT;ksa ds Hkhrj vf/kd Lok;Ùkrk ds fy,
la?k"kZ dj jgs gSaA LFkkuh; nkos okLro esa Hkwe.Myh; dkj.k cu pqds gSaA lkaLÑfrd rkSj
ij] O;f"V;ksa vFkok lewgksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; igpku dk fopkj iztkrh;] {ks=h;] tkfr vkSj
/kkfeZd igpku dh fdyscUnh ds i{k esa rst+h ls lekIr gksrk tk jgk gSA
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ OkS'ohdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

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28
28-- 3 OkS'ohdj.k ds vk;ke
28
28-- 3 - 1 vkfFkZd OkS'ohdj.k
vkt OkS'ohdj.k dk D;k vFkZ gS\ pkyw lanHkZ esa] vkfFkZd :i ls ckr djus ij bldk
vFkZ gS ewY;ksa] mRiknksa] osruksa] C;kt njksa vkSj ykHkksa dk lekaxhdj.k ftlls fo'o esa lHkh
cjkcj gks tk,¡A eqDr ckt+kj] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj yphysiu ds cgkus rFkkdfFkr ^^bySDVªkfS udh
gMZ** esa ns'kksa esa vkSj ns'kksa ls ckgj fo'kky iw¡th jkf'k;k¡ ik'pkR; ns'kksa ds jktuhfrd vkSj
vkfFkZd ykHk ds fy, gLrkUrfjr gksrh gSa( ftlls fons'kh iw¡th vk, rFkk vkt vkSj dy
dh izkS|ksfxdh dk ykHk fey ldsA
28
28-- 3 - 2 jktuhfrd OkS'ohdj.k
jktuhfrd 'kCnksa esa] OkS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ gS jk"Vª-jkT; dks bl rjhds ls vfHkys[kc)
¼reorder½ djuk tks Hkwe.Myh; ,drk ds vuqdwy gksA jk"Vª-jkT;ksa dh laizHkqrk dh
mEehn gh Hkwe.Myh; Lrj dh laizHkqrk ds i'pkr~ dh tkrh gSA ,d Hkwe.Myh; jkT;
O;oLFkk gh okafNr y{; ekuk tk ldrk gSA fo'o ds OkS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k esa jk"Vª-
jkT; dks gkf'k, ij j[kuk lcls cM+h pqukSrh gSA
fo'o dk OkS'ohdj.k fof/k;ksa vkSj fofu;euksa dh ,d tfVy O;oLFkk }kjk leFkZu izkIr
gSA vUrjjk"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k (IMF)] fo'o cSad vkSj vU; vUrjjk"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkk,¡ 7
kef;d eqís
lkef;d (IFIs) ds fu;ked {ks=] xSV (GATT) vkSj fo'o O;kikj laxBu (WTO) fo'oHkj esa
leku uhfr;k¡] ck/;rk,¡ vkSj izfrcU/k ykxw djus ds fy, ,d u, fo'o 'kklu ds :i
esa rst+h ls mHkj jgs gSaA ;s laLFkk,¡ bl O;oLFkk dks iw.kZ cukus esa fu.kkZ;d gSa] ftlls
O;f"V jk"Vª-jkT;ksa dks vkc) jguk gSA bl izfØ;k dk vU; egÙoiw.kZ jktuhfrd vk;ke
;g gS fd jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa ij vius dkuwuksa dks cnyus ds fy, fujUrj ncko Mkyk tk
jgk gS] ftlls os Hkwe.Myh; 'kklu dh mHkjrh O;oLFkk esa vf/kd Li)kZRed gks ldsaA
vUrjjk"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k] fo'o cSad vFkok fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSlh laLFkkvksa ds fu;ked
{ks=ksa dks det+ksj jk"Vª-jkT;ksa dh vkifÙk;ksa ls dHkh-dHkkj QdZ iM+rk gSA
28
28-- 3 - 3 OkS'ohdj.k ,oa laLÑfr
OkS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k dks le>us esa vU; eq[; {ks= laLÑfr gSA vius ekSfyd :i esa
OkS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ ewY;ksa dk lkoZHkkSehdj.k Hkh gSA ewY;ksa dk lkoZHkkSehdj.k lkoZHkkSfed
ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj cnyrs gq, fy;k tkuk pkfg,A ewY;ksa ds lkoZHkkSfedhdj.k esa iwoZdfYir
gS fd ,d fuf'pr izdkj dh Hkwe.Myh; O;oLFkk gks] ftlds izfr cnys gq, jk"Vªksa] {ks=ksa
vkSj LFkkuksa ds lHkh ewY;ksa] izFkkvksa vkSj ijEijkvksa esa cnyko fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
OkS'ohdj.k ewY;ksa vkSj laLÑfr;ksa ds fujis{k lekaxhdj.k dh ek¡x djrk gSA lkaLÑfrd
Hkwe.yhdj.k fujUrj LFkkuh; vkSj jk"Vªh; laLÑfr;ksa dks eq[;r% if'pe ds vkf/kiR;
okyh Hkwe.Myh; laLÑfr ds lkFk lesdu djus dh ek¡x djrk gSA tc ge vkfFkZd
OkS'ohdj.k ds lkFk lkaLÑfrd OkS'ohdj.k ij n`f"Vikr djrs gSa] ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd
iw¡thoknh ckt+kj dk foLrkj LFkkuh; laLÑfr;ksa ds Hkwe.Myh; cnyko dh lgwfy;r ls
LFkkuh; ckt+kjksa ds lesdu ij yVdk gqvk gS@fuHkZj gSA
,d izfl) lektoknh] ,saFkkuh fxM~MUl eglwl djrs gSa fd fo'o iw¡thokn] m|ksxhdj.k
vkSj vk/kqfud jk"Vª-jkT;ksa ds lanHkZ esa laxBukRed lewg Hkwe.Myh; usVodZ dk
lkoZHkkSehdj.k djrs gSa vkSj le;-LFkku Qklys dks Hkh c<+k nsrs gSa] ftlls LFkkuh;-
Hkwe.Myh; vUrjlaca/k ,d tfVy leL;k cu tkrk gSA ^^rc OkS'ohdj.k dks fo'oO;kih
lkekftd lEcU/kksa esa o`f) ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlls nwjLFk LFky
bl izdkj tqM+ tkrs gSa] rkfd LFkkuh; ?kVuk,¡] dbZ ehy nwj dh ?kVuk,¡ vFkok mlds
izfrdwy ut+j vk,¡**A
lkaLÑfrd vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa OkS'ohdj.k fo'o ds fldqM+us vkSj dqy feykdj lEiw.kZ
fo'o dh psruk ds foLrkj dk gokyk nsrk gSA lwpuk ;qx ds mRFkku dks Hkwe.My ds
vkjikj laLÑfrdj.k izfØ;k dh lgorhZ ?kVuk ds :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A OkS'ohdj.k
ds lHkh vk;ke i;kZIr :i ls fuEu y{k.k lEiUu gSa & ^^lkexzh vknku-iznku LFkkuh;
gksrs gSa] jktuhfrd vknku-iznku vUrjjk"Vªh; gksrs gSa rFkk lkadsfrd vknku-iznku
HkweaMyh; gksrs gSaA**
cks/k iz'u 2
ii½ vius mÙkjksa ds lq>koksa ds fy;s var esa ns[ksaA
1½ vkfFkZd vFkok jktuhfrd OkS'ohdj.k ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksaA

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8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
dk;Z
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2½ OkS'ohdj.k-laLÑfr vUrjlaca/k dh tk¡p djsaA

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28
28-- 4 jk"Vª -jkT; vkSj laizHkqrk
vk/kqfud ;qx esa jk"Vª-jkT; dh jktuhfrd 'kfDr] lEiUurk ds vk/kkj dks le>uk vkSj
mlds lkis{kr% laf{kIr bfrgkl ij ppkZ djuk egÙoiw.kZ gSA jk"Vª-jkT; dk mu
ukxfjdksa vkSj 'kklu ds :i esa o.kZu fd;k tkrk gS] tks HkkSxksfyd :i ls fof'k"V
lhekvksa ds Hkhrj dk;Z djrs gSaA bl la;kstu dks vfHkfuf'pr djus ds fy, jk"Vª-jkT;
dks vius ukxfjdksa dh rjQ ls Lor%pSrU; fo'okl dh vko';drk gS] tks lkewfgd :i
ls ns'k dh iznÙk tula[;k ds ek= <sj@fxurh dh rqyuk esa vf/kd 'kfDriw.kZ gSA jk"Vª-
jkT; ukxfjd dk izrhd gS] mls iw.kZr% la'kDrrk ds lkFk lEcfU/kr gksus dk
cks/k djkrk gSA ;g flfoy iz'kklu vkSj Lor% pSrU; ns'kHkfDr ds xBcU/ku dh vis{kk
djrk gSA jk"Vª-jkT; vius mu ukxfjdksa dh vk'kkvksa vkSj egÙokdka{kkvksa dks ewÙkZ :i
nsrk gS tks mlesa fu"Bk j[krs gSaA
28
28-- 4 - 1 jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj vFkZ
lekt'kkfL=;ksa ds chp ,d O;kid djkj gqvk gS fd jkT; dks fdl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k tk,A la;qDr ifjHkk"kk esa rhu ?kVd 'kkfey gksaxsA izFke] jkT; laLFkkvksa dk ,d
lewg gS] ftldh jkT; ds futh deZpkfj;ksa }kjk O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA jkT; dh
lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ laLFkk fgalk vkSj izihM+u ij dkcw ikus ds lk/kuksa dh laLFkk gSA nwljs]
;s laLFkk,¡ HkkSxksfyd :i ls f?kjs gq, {ks= ds e/; esa gSa] ftldk vkerkSj ij ,d lekt
ds :i esa gokyk fn;k tkrk gSA fu.kkZ;d rkSj ij] jkT; vkUrfjd :i ls vius mu
jk"Vªh; lekt rFkk ckg~; :i ls mu fo'kky lektksa dh vksj ns[krk gS ftuds chp mls
ekxZ r; djuk pkfg,( izk;% ,d {ks= esa mldk O;ogkj nwljs {ks= esa mlds fØ;kdykiksa
}kjk le>k;k tk ldrk gSA rhljs] jkT; dk vius {ks= ds Hkhrj dkuwu cukus dk
,dkf/kdkj gksrk gS] ftls ge laizHkqrk dgrs gSaA ;g lHkh ukxfjdksa }kjk lg;ksftr ,d
lk>k jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds xBu ds izfr vfHkeq[k gksrh gSA
28
28-- 4 - 2 la i z H kq r k
jkT; dk dkuwu@ fu;e cukus dk vuU; vf/kdkj izk;% laizHkqrk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk
gSA vk/kqfud fo'o vkSj lEiw.kZ 'kfDr'kkyh jk"Vª-jkT; ds fodkl esa ladYiuk dh /kkj.kk 9
kef;d eqís
lkef;d ,d izeq[k@ewy fopkj gSA vkjaHk esa] O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus ds fy, fof/kekU; fgalk djuk
Li"Vr% jkT; dk vf/kdkj FkkA ijUrq /khjs-/khjs laizHkq jk"Vª-jkT; us lkekftd U;k; tSlh
ladYiuk viuh {ks=h; lhekvksa ds Hkhrj 'kkfey djds vuU; izkf/kdkj ds Åij vkSj
vf/kd fof/kekU; nkos fd,A bl izdkj] ukxfjdksa us viuh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy,
vius jk"Vª-jkT;ksa dh {kerk ls mEehnsa fodflr dh gSaA izkf/kdkj ykxw djus esa mís';
ijdrk jk"Vª-jkT;ksa ds dk;ks± dks oS/krk iznku djrh gSA jkT; Lok;Ùk vkSj laizHkq gksrk
gS] vkSj ,d iznÙk jk"Vªh; lekt esa lkoZHkkSfed izfrfcEc izLrqr djrk gSA
28
28-- 4 - 3 laizHkqrk dks [krjk
rFkkfi] jk"Vª-jkT; chloha 'krkCnh ds var esa OkS'ohdj.k ds vkus ls ladViw.kZ fLFkfr esa
Q¡l x;k gS] D;ksafd jk"Vª-jkT; dh Lora= :i ls dk;Z djus dh {kerk dks Hkwe.Myh;
Lrj ij ckg~; cyksa }kjk rFkk LFkkuh; Lrj ij vkUrfjd cyksa }kjk {kfr igq¡pkbZ xbZ gSA
blus jk"Vª-jkT; dh rjg mlds vfLrRo ds cgq-vk;keh gksus dh oS/krk ij iz'ufpg~u
yxk fn;kA jk"Vª-jkT; Hkwe.Myh; lesdu vkSj LFkkuh; fo?kVu ds cyksa }kjk chpksa chp
Q¡lk fy, x, gSaA
yksxksa ds thou esa lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ fj'rs dh jpuk jk"Vª-jkT; ds lkFk mudk
lEcU/k gSA jk"Vª] yksx ftuds vc rd jkT;ksa ds lkFk fo'ks"kkf/kdkjiw.kZ lEcU/k Fks] ds ikl
,sls lEcU/k vc ugha jgs D;ksafd jkT; futh rkSj ij u rks Hkwe.Myh; 'kfDr;ksa ds lkFk
ckrphr djus ds fy, l{ke gS vkSj u os vius mu ukxfjdksa ds e/; ,drk dk cks/k
dk;e djus dh fLFkfr esa gSa] tks vuU; igpku cukdj jguk pkgrs gSaA r`rh; fo'o ds
ns'k bls vf/kd xaHkhjrk ls eglwl djrs gSa] D;ksafd nksuksa lhekvksa ij jkT;ksa dh ¼v½
;ksX;rk vf/kd izcy gSA ukxfjd laxBuksa ds u, Lo:i ryk'k dj jgs gSa] ftuesa fofHkUu
rjhdksa ls mudh igpku@vfLrRo ds nkos vUrxzZLr gSaA blds izHkko dbZ xqus gSaA
LFkkuh; leqnk; tks vf/kd lalk/kuksa dh ek¡x dj jgs gSa] dHkh-dHkh ns[ksaxs fd muds fgr
jk"Vª-jkT;ksa dk vkJ; ysus rFkk fdlh nwljs le; mudk fo/oa'k djus esa vUrfuZfgr gSaA
vUrjjk"Vªh; laxBu vf/kd oS/krk dh ek¡x djsaxs vkSj bls lqfuf'pr djus dk ,d
rjhdk ;g gS fd leFkZd ns'kksa dh viuh futh oS/krk gSA
fo'o f'k[kjokrkZvksa dh gky dh fLFkfr esa ;g le>kuk iM+sxk fd LFkkuh; leqnk; fdl
izdkj lhek ikj dh gfLr;k¡ cuus dh ek¡x dj jgsa gSaA ekuo vf/kdkj xzqiksa dh fo;kuk
f'k[kjokrkZ] efgyk xzqiksa dh chftax f'k[kjokrkZ] ikfjfLFkfrdh xzqiksa dh fj;ks f'k[kjokrkZ]
tkfrokn ds fo#) Mjcu f'k[kjokrkZ vFkok fo'o lekt Qksje] lHkh iztkfr] tkfr]
fyax] ikfjfLFkfrd eqíksa ds vk/kkj ij jk"Vª dh lhekvksa ls ijs LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks vius
i{k esa djus ds fy, iz;kljr gSaA os jk"Vª-jkT;ksa ds nk;js ls ijs lkekftd U;k; dk iz'u
mBkrs gSa] vkSj mUgsa Hkwe.Myh; izfØ;k ls tksM+rs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ekuo vf/kdkjksa dks
fdlh ns'k ds Hkhrj vkd"kZd fjdkWMZ fdlh m/kkj nsus okyh Hkwe.Myh; ,tsl a h vFkok nkrk
,tsalh ls _.k] lgk;rk vuqnku ysus ds ;ksX; cuus ds fy, dkQh csgrj gksuk pkfg,]
D;ksafd ekuo vf/kdkj ds fjdkWMZ vUrjjk"Vªh; m/kkjh laO;ogkjksa esa ,d fu.kkZ;d eqís ds
:i esa Nk, gq, gSaA blls irk pyrk gS fd jk"Vª-jkT; fdl izdkj ?kjsyw vkSj Hkwe.Myh;
rkdrksa nksuksa ls fdruk vf/kd ncko esa gSA
10
cks/k iz'u 3 oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
dk;Z
1½ vius futh 'kCnksa esa jkT; dh ifjHkk"kk nsaA

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2½ OkS'ohdj.k ds eísut+j jkT; laizHkqrk ds [k+rjksa ls voxr djk,¡A
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28
28-- 5 OkS'ohdj.k] jkT; vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe
mRiknu] foÙkiks"k.k vkSj okf.kT; ds {ks= esa Hkwe.Myh; ,drk lokZf/kd n`';eku gSA
jk"Vªh; lhekvksa ls ijs dk;Zjr cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe (MNCs) Hkwe.Myh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks
vkf/kdkf/kd izHkkfor dj jgs gSaA ekudrkoknh QSDVjh-ladsfUnzr mRiknu ftls jk"Vª-
jkT;ksa dh laj{k.kkRed uhfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij viuk;k x;k Fkk] ls fHkUu] fo|eku foÙkh;
fØ;kdyki ftls ekudrkokn ds ckn ds fof'k"Vxq.k ;qDr crk;k x;k gS] cgqjk"Vªh;
fuxeksa }kjk fu;af=r gSaA vkjafHkd vUrjkZ"Vªh; i)fr ds vlQy gks tkus ls rFkk
rRi'pkr~ vleatu] futhdj.k vkSj mnkjhdj.k ds vk/kkj ij ubZ-mnkjoknh lksp dh
Hkwe.Myh; LohÑfr gks tkus ls] vfUre rhu n'kdksa esa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk oLrqr%
izlkj gqvk gSA
lelkef;d nzk{kk lap;u ¼contemporary visage½ dk OkS'ohdj.k lokZf/kd n`';eku gS

vkSj bldh ehfM;k rFkk vkfFkZd ekspsZ ij ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gSA jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh
c<+rh gqbZ la[;k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vkSj o/kZeku {ks= Hkwe.Myh; cktkj esa lesfdr gks
11
kef;d eqís
lkef;d jgk gSA foÙkh; cktkj vkSj iw¡th izokg vUrjjk"Vªh; lhekvksa ds ikj tkus dh fLFkfr esa
gSa rFkk bPNkek= ls laizHkq jkT; ds fu;a=.kksa dks rksM+ ldrs gSaA vUrjjk"Vªh; O;kikj
Hkwe.Myh; mRiknu ds 20 izfr'kr ds cjkcj gS vkSj izfro"kZ yxHkx 5 [kjc MkWyj
vuqekfur gSA lhek ikj ds laO;ogkj] izR;{k fons'kh fuos'kksa (FDIs) vkSj cgqjk"Vªh;
fuxeksa dk egÙo jk"Vªksa ds vkfFkZd HkkX; dk vofu/kkZj.k djus esa mÙkjksÙkj c<+rk tk jgk
gS vkSj bldk vf/kdka'k] jkT; fu;a=.k ds vuqdwy ugha gSA
ik¡p lkS mRÑ"V vUrjjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ HkweaMyh; mRiknu ds ,d fo'kky vkSj o/kZeku
fgLls ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA o"kZ 2000 esa ik¡p lkS mRÑ"V fuxeksa ds {ks=h; forj.k ls
,d jkspd izo`fÙk dk irk pyrk gSA fuxeksa dh vf/kdka'k la[;k ¼56½ cSafdax vkSj foÙkh;
{ks=ksa ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA blls gky ds o"kks± esa vUrjjk"Vªh; cSadksa vkSj foÙkh; laLFkkvksa dh
c<+rh gqbZ la[;k vkSj foÙkh; iw¡th esa peRdkfjd o`f) dk Li"Vr% irk pyrk gSA foÙkh;
{ks= esa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds izo's k dh ;qfDrlaxrrk Li"V gS] vFkZO;oLFkk esa nh?kZdkfyd
fuos'k dh rqyuk esa Hkwe.Myh; foÙkh; ckt+kjksa esa lV~Vsckth ¼vO;ogkfjd½ fuos'kksa ls
Rofjr ykHk mBk;k tk ldrk FkkA tgk¡ rd cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dk lEcU/k gS] isVªksfy;e
'kks/ku] vkWVkseksckby] nwjlapkj] [kk| vkSj vkS"kf/k HkaMkj rFkk bysDVªkWfud m|ksx cSadksa dk
vuqlj.k djrs gSaA
cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa }kjk o/kZeku vkfFkZd vkf/kiR; us Hkwe.Myh; iSekus ij fuxfer 'kklu
dh LFkkiuk dh gSA ;|fi cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe jk"Vª-jkT; laizHkqrk dks iwjh rjg lekIr ugha
dj ldrs tSlk dqN {ks=ksa esa fopkj fd;k x;k gS] ;g fuf'pr :i ls bu jkT;ksa ds
le{k] fo'ks"kdj fodkl'khy vkSj vfodflr ns'kksa esa uhfr fodYiksa dks ewÙkZ :i ns jgs
gSaA cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe vHkh Hkh bu jk"Vªksa esa viuh izfof"V ds fy, jkT;ksa ls fu.kZ; ysus
dh vis{kk djrs gSaA jkT; dks bu jk"Vªksa esa bu cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds lqxe laO;ogkj ds
fy, lqfo/kk,a eqgS;k djkuh iM+rh gS vkSj jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkjrk
lqfuf'pr djuh iM+rh gSA futh rkSj ij] Hkwe.Myh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk vius i{k esa eksM+s
nsus ds fy, u rks muds ikl 'kfDr gS vkSj u {kerkA vfirq] cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe
lelkef;d HkweM a yh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks ewÙkZ :i nsus ds fy, jk"Vª-jkT;ksa vkSj vUrjjk"Vªh;
'kkldh; laxBuksa ds leFkZu dh ek¡x djrs gSaA
28
28-- 6 OkS'ohdj.k] jkT; vkSj {ks=h;rk
vkfFkZd mnkjokn ds izfr bl izR;{k ifjorZu ds jktuhfrd fl)kar dgha vf/kd tfVy
cu jgs gSaA ;fn 1980osa n'kd ds vfUre o"kks± esa izek.kkad ckt+kjksUeq[k Fkk] jktuhfr esa
jk"Vªoknh rukoksa dk cM+s iSekus ij rFkk fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk dks leqfpr :i ls iz;qDr o
djus esa laLFkkvksa dh det+ksjh dk iqu% izorZu gqvkA ubZ jktuhfrd lajpukvksa tks
jk"Vªh; lhekvksa ls ijs tk lds] ds xBu ds fy, dqN iz;kl fd, x, gSaA 1992 ds var
esa ;wjksih;u la?k us vius ckjg lnL; ns'kksa ds Hkhrj ,dek= ckt+kj dh LFkkiuk dhA
blds vfrfjDr ;g vkfFkZd lg;ksx ds cqfu;knh leFkZu ls ,d jktuhfrd la?k ds
xBu ds fy, la?k"kZ dj jgk gSA nwjLFk iwohZ ;wjksi dh ljdkjsa mu ;kstukvksa ij fopkj
dj jgh gSa tks] c<+rs gq, vkfFkZd xBca/ku dh rjg {ks= ds Hkhrj jktuhfrd lg;ksx esa
o`f) djsaA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ftldk dukMk vkSj esfDldks ds lkFk eqDr O;kikj
djkj LFkkfir gks pqdk gS] vc ,Q-Vh-,- ¼FTA½ dh ladYiuk dks nf{k.k vesfjdk esa ykxw
djus ds fy, rS;kj gSA
12
gky ds o"kks± esa n{ksl ns'kksa ds vuqHko ls ge ftruk tkurs gSa] nf{k.k ,f'k;k eqDr O;kikj oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
djkj (SAFTA) bu ns'kksa dh vksj ls] muds chp erHksnksa ds ckotwn vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls dk;Z
blls Hkh vf/kd] ikfdLrku vkSj Hkkjr ds chp 'k=qrk] ,d ck/;dkjh iz;ksx cu x;k gSA
nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ eqDr O;kikj djkj nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ekSfnzd la?k ls Hkh ,d dne vkxs
gSA ;g rF; fd ns'kksa ds ekSfnzd la?k dh laHkkouk ij bLykekckn esa tuojh] 2004 esa
vk;ksftr n{ksl f'k[kjokrkZ esa xaHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k x;k gS] bl ckr dk lwpd gS
fd n{ksl fdl fn'kk esa tkuk pkgrk gSA
bu O;kikfjd xBtksM+ksa dks jktuhfrd :i nsus ds fy, iz;kl fd, tk,¡xsA fodflr
vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds chp bu mnkjoknh fl)karksa dks ykxw djus ds iz;kl {ks=h;
vkfFkZd fudk;ksa dh vU;Fkk O;kfIr ¼emergence½ dks vklku cuk nsaxsA ;s {ks=h; fudk;
mÙkjksÙkj c<+rh gqbZ vkfFkZd vFkZO;oLFkk ds vuq:i cgqjk"Vªh; jktuhfrd Hkzw.k ds :i esa
ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ OkS'ohdj.k ds lanHkZ esa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk djsaA
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28
28-- 7 OkS'ohdj.k vkSj }Srokn (Dualism)
OkS'ohdj.k dk fofHkUu izdkj ds fgr j[kus okys xzqiksa }kjk bruk vf/kd izfrjks/k D;ksa gks
jgk gS\ buesa lcls vkxs i;kZoj.koknh] Jfed usrk] lkaLÑfrd ijEijkoknh] fofHkUu
vkxzgksa okys /kkfeZd usrk vkSj x+Sj-ljdkjh laxBu gSaA blls c<+rs gq, fojks/k ds ckotwn]
if'pe ds usr`Ro vkSj mldh vkfFkZd lEiUurk ds lkFk OkS'ohdj.k vlhfer xfr ls vkxs
c<+ jgk gSA
OkS'ohdj.k esa vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds ckn lkekftd-vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lEcU/kksa dk

lokZf/kd ekSfyd fodsUnzhÑr iquxZBu varx`ZLr gSA fQj Hkh bu ifjorZuksa ds xaHkhj
fufgrkFkZ 'kk;n gh dHkh xaHkhjrk ls lkoZtfud laoh{kk vFkok cgl ds fy, lkeus yk,
x, gksAa fo'o dh cM+s iSekus ij iquO;ZoLFkk ds ckotwn] u rks fo'o ds usrkvks]a u 'kS{kf.kd
laLFkkvksa vkSj u fo'kky ehfM;k us dHkh ;g tkuus ds fy, fd ftldk lw=ikr gks jgk
gS vFkok] fo'sk"k :i ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa ij blds izHkkoksa dh cgqvk;kferk dk irk
yxkus ds fy, Hkh dksbZ fo'oLr iz;kl fd, gSaA
foxr n'kd esa] ge vizR;kf'kr ?kVukvksa dh ,d Üka`[kyk ds lk{kh jgs gSa % 'khr ;q) dk
var] ckt+kj esa egÙokdka{kh lq/kkj ftUgsa igys vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds :i esa fu;ksftr fd;k
13
kef;d eqís
lkef;d x;k Fkk( vkSj if'peh ;wjksi] mÙkjh vesfjdk rFkk iwoZ ,f'k;k esa vkfFkZd lesdu dh
izfØ;k vkSj vf/kdka'k izeq[k foØsrkvksa }kjk laj{k.koknh mik;ksa ds c<+rs gq, iz;ksx ¼fo'ks"k
:i ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fo#) vkS|ksxhdj.k ds ckn izxfr'khy ns'kksa }kjk½ dh xfr
esa rhozrk ykukA
bldk ewy fl)kar izfrfuf/kd vkfFkZd o`f) dh fujis{k izkFkfedrk vkSj vfu;af=r eqDr
O;kikj ds bnZ-fxnZ ?kwerk gS] ftlls o`f) esa xfr ykus ds fy, eqDr O;kikj fd;k tk
ldsA eqDr O;kikj fu;kZr izfrLFkkiuk ds mu vojks/kksa dks gVk nsrk gS] tks vkfFkZd Lo;a-
larqf"V dh izksUufr ds fy, vfHkeq[k gksrs gSaA ;g yksd m|eksa ds Rofjr futhdj.k rFkk
miHkksDrkokn dh vkØked izksUufr okyh fu;kZr-vk;kr ewyd vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk i{k/kj
gS] tks Hkwe.Myh; fodkl ds la;ksftr fd, tkus ij ik'pkR; n'kZu dks lgh vFkks± esa
izfrfcfEcr djrk gSA blls Hkh vf/kd u, vUrjjk"Vªh; <k¡ps dk fu;ked fl)kar ;g
Hkh dYiuk djrk gS fd lHkh ns'k rFkk os ns'k Hkh ftudh laLÑfr;k¡ mruh fofo/k gSa
ftruh feJ] Hkkjr] phu] b.Mksusf'k;k] tkiku] dksfj;k] LohMu vkSj czkt+hy dh] dqN
vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk] vc viuh mHkjrh gqbZ ukSdkvksa dks ,d lkFk feydj pykrs gSaA bl
izfØ;k dk fucy ifj.kke mu 'kfDr'kkyh ns'kksa dks mUeqDr djuk gS] tks mRiknksa vkSj
lsokvksa esa ,d ik'pkR; lkaLÑfrd ,d:irk dh o`f) dks izksRlkfgr djrs gSaA vkfFkZd
OkS'ohdj.k fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa ds Åij LFkkuh; ijEijkvksa dks NksM+us ds fy, fujUrj
ncko cuk, j[ksxk rFkk vkSj vf/kd Lor% rq"V vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds fodkl ds fy, rRij
dk;ZØeksa dks fo[kafMr djsxkA
if'pe ls bl izdkj ds ncko dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k ckaXykns'k gSA ckaXykns'k esa] cSafdax
dk futhdj.k dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj ;g ns'k chek {ks= esa vc izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dh
vuqefr ns jgk gSA cSad tks vkjaHk esa t+:jrean vkSj xzkeh.k {ks= dh lgk;rk ds Li"V
iz;kstukFkZ jk"Vªh;Ñr fd, x, Fks] futhdj.k dh vksj c<+ jgs gSaA
fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, OkS'ohdj.k dks vfuf'prrk ds lkFk vkfyaxuc) djuk

ladViw.kZ gks pqdk gSA blds udkjkRed ifj.kkeksa dh ppkZ dHkh-dHkkj dh tkrh gSA
bldh ctk,] vkfFkZd fodkl esa deh ds fy, fo'ks"k izdkj ls dq'kklu] Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj
i{kikriw.kZ O;ogkj nks"kh gSA OkS'ohdj.k ds fopkj dh vU/kh LohÑfr fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds
ut+fj, ls vLohdk;Z] uSlfxZd vkSj loZFkk Hk;kud gSA
28
28-- 7 - 1 fo'o dk nks dSEiksa esa foHkktu
OkS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k fo'o ds nks dSEiksa esa foHkktu ds fy, vxzlj gSA if'pe dk rdZ
gS fd OkS'ohdj.k dk ykHk O;kid gS vkSj blls fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy] nksuksa jk"Vªksa
dks ykHk gksrk gSA fodkl'khy ns'k OkS'ohdj.k dks vf/kd lansg dh n`f"V ls ns[krs gSaA
;fn ugha] rks vuisf{kr nks"knf'kZrk cuh jgrh gSA gesa OkS'ohdj.k ij mudh lkis{k
fLFkfr;ksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A
OkS'ohdj.k ds ykHkksa gsrq if'peh nkos bl izdkj gSa % ;g ¼1½ laLFkkxr rFkk O;fDrxr
fodkl nksuksa izdkj ds fodkl ds fy, izpqj iw¡th fuos'k eqgS;k djkrk gSA ¼2½ fodkl'khy
ns'kksa ds ukxfjdksa dks jkst+xkj ds c<+s gq, volj iznku djrk gS ¼3½ f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls
tu leqnk; ds dY;k.k ds fy, lq/kkj dh ladYiukvksa esa o`f) djrk gSA ¼4½ voLFkkiuk
fodkl dks xfr iznku djrk gS tSls] lM+dsa] 'kfDr la;a= vkSj vk/kqfud bysDVªkWfud
lapkjA ¼5½ izxfr'khy jk"Vªksa }kjk fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fcuk fdlh ykxr ds izkS|ksfxdh
14
dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA bl izfØ;k ls laHkor% lkoZHkkSfed rkSj ij dk;Zdkjh 'krs±] ekud] oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
vfHko`fÙk;k¡ vkSj ewY; leku gks tk,¡xsA dk;Z
blds izfrdwy] fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk rdZ gS fd OkS'ohdj.k opuc)rk ds eqdkcys izpqjrk

ls dkQh de eqgS;k djk jgk gSA muds vuqlkj % ¼1½ OkS'ohdj.k us fodkl'khy ns'kksa
dks muds }kjk bu ns'kksa esa fd, x, fuos'k dh vis{kk ykHkksa ls vf/kd /ku fy, tkus ds
dkj.k iw¡th jfgr dj fn;k gSA ¼2½ fuos'k esa iw¡th vf/kd yxkus dh ctk,] dbZ
cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ LFkkuh; nsunkjksa ls m/kkj ysrh gSa vkSj bl izdkj mu nqyZHk iw¡th
lalk/kuksa dk {k; dj jgha gSa] ftUgsa ns'k ds dkjksckfj;k¡ }kjk mi;ksx esa yk;k tkuk
pkfg,A ¼3½ ubZ izkS|ksfxfd;ksa ls ykHkksa dh opuc)rk laHkor;k fudV Hkfo"; esa
fujk'kktud fl) gksxh] D;ksafd blds dkj.k gksus okyh fuHkZjrk ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa
uohuhdj.k vo#) gks tkrk gSA ¼4½ OkS'ohdj.k vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ls foKkiu dh
,d csgrjhu] ifj"Ñr czk.M lkeus vkrh gS tks miHkksDrkokn vkSj foykl oLrqvksa ds
vk;krhdj.k dks c<+kok nsrh gSA cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa ds foi.ku
esa lQyrk ls ?kjsyw fuos'kksa tks ?kjsyw vkfFkZd o`f) dh tku gSa] esa deh vkrh gSA ¼5½
OkS'ohdj.k es]a cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ fons'kksa esa vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsdj O;kikj ij okf.kfT;d
izfrcU/kksa dk izfrdkj dj ldrh gSaA okLro esa] ;g mUgsa O;kikj vojks/kksa ij dkcw ikus]
mRiknu tkjh j[kus vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh ykxr ij ykHk dekus dh vuqefr nsrk
gSA
vkt dh rjg] mHkjrs gq, fo'o iw¡thokn ds fdUgha iw.kZ fodYiksa ds fy, cgqr gh de
vk'kk izrhr gksrh gSA fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSlh cgqik'ohZ; laLFkkvksa ds mHkjus ls] izR;sd
ns'k oLrqr% fo'o vFkZO;oLFkk esa Q¡l x;k gS vkSj /khjs-/khjs viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks eqDr
dj jgk gSA eSfDldks tSls ns'k tks ,d n'kd igys jkT; ds fu;a=.k vkSj LokfeRo ij
fo'okl j[krs Fks] cqjh rjg ls futhdj.k dj jgs gSaA FkkbyS.M vius ctV dk larqyu
cuk jgk gS( is# VSfjQ nj de dj jgk gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks= esa Hkh ns'k] ftUgksaus uCcs
ds n'kd ds izkjEHk esa ;|fi foyEc ls 'kq#vkr dh Fkh] mÙkjksÙkj mnkjhdj.k dks viuk,
tk jgs gSa vkSj viuh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks eqDr dj jgs gSaA chloha 'krkCnh dk vkfFkZd
mnkjokn futh LokfeRo] dkjksckj esa jkT; ds fy, ?kVrh gqbZ Hkwfedk] U;wurj O;kikj
vojks/k] djksa esa deh] vkSj iznÙk vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa lokZf/kd n{k forjd ds :i esa
ckt+kj ij vke fo'okl ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA
OkS'ohdj.k dks le>us dh leL;k mlds ml }Srokn esa lfUufgr gS] tks fo|eku vFkZ-
O;oLFkk dks fu;af=r djrk gSA ;fn OkS'ohdj.k ,dhÑr fo'o dk gokyk nsrk gS] ;g
Hkh mruk gh lR; gS fd fo'o nks vle; fgLlksa & xjhc vkSj vehj] jk"Vªksa esa mÙkjksÙkj
foHkktu dh vksj vxzlj gS] ftlesa vf/kd izxfr'khy ik'pkR; jk"Vª rFkkdfFkr eqDr
O;kikj vkSj ubZ Hkwe.Myh; O;oLFkk }kjk odkyr dh xbZ eqDrrk dk ykHk mBk jgs gSaA
jk"Vªh; lhekvksa dk Hksnu mUur ns'kksa ds i{k esa dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl nqo`Ùk vFkZO;oLFkk
ds fHkUu-fHkUu ns'kksa ds fy, fHkUu-fHkUu fufgrkFkZ gSaA dbZ xgu v/;;uksa ls irk pyrk
gS fd vlekurk vkSj U;k; ds eqís mHkjrh gqbZ Hkwe.Myh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh lokZf/kd
fpUrk dk fo"k; cuus tk jgs gSaA
tSlh fd Åij ppkZ dh xbZ Fkh] OkS'ohdj.k us jk"Vª-jkT;ksa dks] fo'ks"k :i ls r`rh; fo'o
esa] vkfFkZd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA if'pe ds opZLo esa
vUrjjk"Vªh; ckt+kj O;kikj dh 'krks± ij ckrphr djus ds fy, nf{k.k ns'kksa ¼xjhc ns'kksa
dk i;kZ;okph½ ds fy, cgqr de xqatkb'k NksM+rk gSA ;|fi cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds
15
kef;d eqís
lkef;d fØ;kdyki lhekvksa ls ijs gSa] rFkkfi muds fgr vkt Hkh muds iSf=d ns'kksa ls tqM+s
gq, gSa tks vDlj mUur if'peh ns'k gSaA cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe vius fgrksa esa brus cgqjk"Vªh;
ugha gSaA
lwpuk ;qx ds vkus ls] fo'o fldqM+dj tSlk fd ek'kZy eSdyqgku us dgk gS] ,d
Hkwe.Myh; xk¡o cu x;k gS tgk¡ jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd vFkks± esa] jk"Vªh; lhekvksa esa
vkSj vf/kd jU/kz ¼porous½ gks x, gSaA bl izdkj] vkSj vf/kd ijkts; r`rh; fo'o ij
if'pe }kjk jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd ?kkrd izgkjksa ds ckjs esa blls vkSj vf/kd O;xzrk
rFkk ltho fpUrk,¡ izLrqr gksrh gSaA ubZ lwpuk ds lkFk la;ksftr gksdj Hkwe.Myh;
vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ls mUur ns'kksa esa jk"Vª-jkT; dks et+cwr gksus rFkk r`rh; fo'o esa jkT;
ds det+ksj gksus dh laHkkouk gSA ;g }Srokn vkSj fojks/kkHkkl mHkjrh gqbZ Hkwe.Myh;
O;oLFkk esa jk"Vª-jkT; dks fof'k"V y{k.k nsus tk jgs gSaA
cks/k iz'u 5
1½ fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa ds lan'kZ ls OkS'ohdj.k dh foospuk djsaA
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28
28-- 8 ,d ewY;kadu
Hkwe.Myh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds {ks= esa jk"Vª-jkT; dh laizHkqrk ds lkis{k iru ls izeq[kr%
r`rh; fo'o ds ns'kksa esa tgk¡ jkT; dh vis{kk,¡ cgqr mRÑ"V gSa rFkk jkT; dh {kerk,¡
de gSa] ,d yksdrkaf=d ijkHko ¼deficit½ iSnk gks jgk gSA ukxfjd mu eqíksa ij ftuds
Åij jkT; dk dksbZ Lok;Ùk fu;a=.k ugha gS] viuh jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dks mÙkjnk;h cuk,
gq, gSaA vius ukxfjdksa }kjk okfgr fu"Bk ds izfr izcy cks/k tks mifuos'kokn fojks/kh
la?k"kZ ls fodflr gqvk] jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa dh Lok;Ùkrk ds iru ds vuq:i det+ksj ugha
gqvk gSA ^Hkwe.Myh; xk¡o* ds vkxeu ds ckotwn O;f"V vHkh rd mHkjrs gq, ijejk"Vªh;
fudk;ksa tSls ^;wjksih;u la?k* ds izfr cgqr de fu"Bk eglwl djrs gSaA ;g dqy feykdj
,sls ijejk"Vªh; fudk;ksa ds izfr nf{k.k esa ukxfjdksa dh lEc)rk dh vkSj vf/kd nwjxkeh
mEehn gSA blh izdkj] ,d jk"Vª ds Hkhrj jkT; dh rjg ukxfjdksa dh oQknkjh ij
HkyhHkk¡fr fu;a=.k j[kus ds fy, mHkjrh gqbZ igpkuksa dh dYiuk djuk dfBu gSA fQj
Hkh ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd r`rh; fo'o esa yksdrkaf=d ijkHko cM+s iSekus ij ruko iSnk
djus tk jgk gSA OkS'ohdj.k if'pe dh viuh vU;k; O;oLFkk dh rqyuk esa vkfFkZd]
jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd eqdkcyksa ij r`rh; fo'o ij vkSj vf/kd d"Vdkjh ruko
dk;e j[krk gSA
16
Hkwe.Myh; izfØ;kvksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i u rks jk"Vª vkSj u gh jkT; xk;c gksus okys gSaA oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
'kq#vkrh rkSj ij ,slh dksbZ izfrLFkkuh lajpuk ugha gS] tks jk"Vª-jkT; ls tqM+s gq, lHkh dk;Z
ijEijkxr dk;ks± dks lEiUu dj ldsA blh ds lkFk yksd jkT;-ladsfUnzr jk"Vªh;okn dks
iw.kZ:is.k NksM+us dks rS;kj ugha gS] D;ksafd jk"Vªh;okn ,sfrgkfld :i ls var%LFkkfir gS
vkSj lkaLÑfrd :i ls vuqHko fd;k tkrk gSA fQj Hkh bls ugha le>k tk ldrk gS]
D;ksafd igpku ds fy, jkT; dk fo[kaMu jk"Vª-jkT; dk izfrLFkk;h ugha gks ldrk gSA
fu"Bk ds vFkZ cny jgs gSa vkSj vfuok;Zr% ifj.kkeLo:i fofo/k oQknkfj;k¡ n`f"Vxkspj
gksxhaA fuf'pr rkSj ij] ;|fi jk"Vª-jkT; xk;c ugha gksxk] ijUrq bl rjhds ls ugha gksaxs
tSls ;s vc gSaA ukxfjdksa dh fu"Bk ds Lo:i vkSj fLFkfr;ksa esa cnyko vk,xkA
cks/k iz'u 6
1½ OkS'ohdj.k dh orZeku vkSj Hkkoh izÑfr;ksa ij lekykspuk fy[ksaA
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28
28-- 9 lkjka ' k
bl bdkbZ esa] vkius OkS'ohdj.k ds lanHkZ esa jkT; ds ckjs esa v/;;u fd;k gSA nksuksa 'kCnksa
dh ifjHkk"kk@vFkZ dks le>k;k x;k gSA HkweaMyhdj.k ds fofHkUu vk;keksa] vkfFkZd]
jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd & dks Li'kZ fd;k x;k gSA OkS'ohdj.k dh fLFkfr esa jkT;
laizHkqrk dh vk'kadkvksa ij bl bdkbZ esa foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa
dh Hkwfedk ij Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa] OkS'ohdj.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i fo'o ds
nks dSEiksa esa c¡V tkus ds fufgrkFkks± dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd
vc vki 'kCn OkS'ohdj.k dks mlds vusd lw{e Hksnksa] fo'ks"k :i ls vk/kqfud jkT; ds
lkFk mlds vUrjlaca/k dks HkyhHkk¡fr le> ik,¡xsA
28
vIiknksjkbZ] vtqZu] ekMfuZVh ,V yktZ % dYpjy MkbZesU'kUl vkWQ Xykscykbts'ku]
fefu;kiksfyt+] feuslksV~Vk] 1996A
fxMsUl] ,sUFkuh] dkWUlsD;wUlsUl vkWQ ekWMfuZVh] dSfEczt] ikWfyVh] 1990
17
kef;d eqís
lkef;d
28
cks/k iz'u 1
cks/k iz'u 2
cks/k iz'u 3
cks/k iz'u 4
cks/k iz'u 5
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 28-7 ,oa mi-Hkkx 28-7-1
cks/k iz'u 6
18
oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
bdkbZ 29 /keZfujis{krk dk;Z
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
29-0 mís';
29-1 ifjp;
29-2 /keZfujis{krk ds fy, Hkkjrh; vko';drk dk cks/k vkSj mlds ckjs esa cgl
29-3 /keZfujis{krk dk ik'pkR; lanHkZ
29-4 Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk ds fy, vko';drk dk ,sfrgkfld lekt'kkL=
29-4-1 <k¡pkxr ifjorZu % vk/kqfudhdj.k vkSj mlds ifj.kke
29-4-2 lkekftd thou ds laxBu esa ifjorZu
29-5 Hkkjr ds fy, /keZfujis{krk dk mfpr Lo:i
29-5-1 lH;rkewyd erHksn
29-5-2 Hkkjr esa vO;ogk;Z ik'pkR; i`Fkdhdj.k
29-5-3 i`Fkdhdj.k dk fl)kUr % Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa iqu% vkd+yu dh vko';drk
29-5-4 iqu% vkadfyr lek/kku % lS)kfUrd nwjh
29-6 lkjka'k
29
29-- 0 mís ' ;
bl ikB esa ge fuEu eqn~nksa ij ppkZ djsaxs %
• /keZfujis{krk dks le>us dk dkSu lk rjhdk@n`f"Vdks.k Js;Ldj gS\
• /keZfujis{krk dk Hkkjrh; lanHkZ D;k gS\
• rukoksa ij dkcw ikus esa ijEijk D;ksa vleFkZ gks jgh gS\
• Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk dh tM+sa fdl izdkj te jgh gSa\
• D;k /keZfujis{krk dk ik'pkR; Lo:i Hkkjr dks ykxw gksrk gS\
• Hkkjr esa laØe.k (Transition) dh D;k dfBukb;k¡ gSa\
• Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk dk mfpr Lo:i D;k gS\
• ,slk D;ksa mfpr gS\
vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn] vki mijksDr izR;sd eqn~ns ij lgh
mÙkj nsus dh fLFkfr esa gksaxsA
29
29-- 1 ifjp;
;fn ge O;kid fo'o ds lanHkZ esa /keZfujis{krk dh ifjHkk"kk dh ryk'k djsaxs] rks
lokZf/kd Lohdk;Z ,d ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj gksxh % ;g ,d fl)kUr gS tks /keZ ds jktuhfr
ls i`Fkdhdj.k ds i{k esa rdZ nsrk gS ¼bls Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk dgrs gSa½A ;gk¡ izeq[k
'kCn i`Fkdhdj.k gSA Åijh rkSj ij] ;g ,d lkekU;] vklku fl)kUr izrhr gksrk gSA 19
kef;d eqís
lkef;d ijUrq bldh lw{e tk¡p ls irk pysxk fd ,slk ugha gSA i`Fkdhdj.k ds dbZ tfVy vFkZ
gks ldrs gSaA ;fn ge bldk ,d gh vFkZ cuk, j[ksaxs rks og eqf'dy esa Mky ldrk
gSA fofHkUu lektksa esa bldk vFkZ fHkUu-fHkUu gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; ekeys esa fo"kerk,¡ viwoZ
gSaA ge ;g iznf'kZr djus dh dksf'k'k djsaxs fd /keZfujis{krk dk Hkkjrh; Lo:i bl ckr
ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd i`Fkdhdj.k dks fdl izdkj le>saA
29
29-- 2 /keZfujis{krk ds fy, Hkkjrh; vko';drk dk cks/k
vkSj mlds ckjs esa cgl
bUgsa le>us ds fy, gesa bu iz'uksa ds lkFk 'kq#vkr djuh pkfg, % /keZfujis{krk ds fy,
Hkkjrh; vko';drk dks le>uk fdruk Js;Ldj gS vkSj mlds ckn esa cgl\ ;g Li"V
gS fd /keZfujis{kokn fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld lanHkks± esa lcls izFke mHkjh gqbZ ,d ladYiuk]
fl)kUr vkSj izFkkvksa ds :i esa gS uker%] if'pe esaA ;g ek= fiNys 100 o"kks± esa] blesa
Hkh 1950 esa lafo/kku dks viuk, tkus ls 50 o"kks± esa gqvk gS fd /keZfujis{krk Hkkjrh;
lekt esa fookn dk fo"k; cu x;k gSA vkSj fiNys 10-15 o"kks± esa] ;g xaHkhj fooknksa vkSj
la?k"kks± dk ekeyk Hkh cuk gSA Hkkjr ds ekeys esa] D;ksafd ;g vk/kqfud fopkjksa ds fodkl
ds bfrgkl vkSj muds okLrohdj.k esa foyEc ls 'kkfey gqvk] gesa nks izdkj ds iz'uksa
ij fopkj djuk gSA ;s iz'u gSa % gesa /keZfujis{krk dh vko';drk D;ksa gS\ Hkkjr ds fy,
/keZfujis{krk dk lqlaxr Lo:i D;k gks ldrk gS\ vkSj ;g izFke iz'u egÙoiw.kZ cu
x;k gS] D;ksafd Hkkjr esa ckSf)d vkSj jktuhfrd nksuksa izdkj ds lfØ;rkoknh yksxksa dk
,d ,slk oxZ gS] tks ;g fo'okl vkSj rdZ djrk gS fd ge /keZfujis{krk ds fcuk Hkh dke
pyk ldrs gSaA
mudk rdZ bl izdkj gksrk gS % gekjh ijEijk,¡ cgqoknh vkSj yphyh gSa vkSj bl izdkj
os lfg".kqrk dk csgrj lalk/ku gks ldrh gSa % ;g gekjs futh bfrgkl esa gekjk
lalk/ku gSA vr% gesa vius lekt ij ,d fons'kh ladYiuk] /keZfujis{kokn dks vkjksfir
djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA tc ge lHkh lger gSa fd gekjh ijEijk,¡ cgqoknh vkSj
yphyh gSa] gesa ;g le>us dh t+:jr gS fd ;g lksp fd Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk dh
vko';drk ugha gS] vfr =qfViw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;s cgqoknh ijEijk,¡ fo|eku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa
yksdra= dks LFkkf;Ro iznku ugha dj ldrh gSaA
29
29-- 3 /keZfujis{krk dk ik'pkR; lanHkZ
mijksDr nks iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsus ds fy, ;g egÙoiw.kZ gS fd /keZfujis{krk vFkok ik'pkR;
lanHkZ ds ewy ij fopkj fd;k tk,A bl rjhds ls gekjs lkeus ,sfrgkfld erHksnksa dh
,d rLohj mHkjdj vk,xh] ftlls bu iz'uksa ds laHkkfor mÙkj fn, tk ldrs gSaA ;wjksi
ds bfrgkl esa vusd oLrq,¡ vFkok ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSa ftuesa ls cks/kxE;rk ds nks fl)kUr
/keZfujis{k fopkj ds lEcU/k esa mHkjrs gSaA ;wjksi us e/;dkyhu ;qxksa vkSj 17oha 'krkCnh
ds e/; rd jkseu dSFkksfyd fxjtk?kj vkSj rRdkyhu jkT;ksa ¼laLFkk ds :i esa jkT;½
ds chp loksZPprk ds fy, ,d izeq[k la?k"kZ ns[kkA bu mPpLrjh; laxfBr vkSj
'kfDr'kkyh nksuksa izdkj dh] nks izeq[k laLFkkvksa ds chp loksZPprk ds fy, la?k"kZ] fxjtk?kj
cuke jkT; fookn ds :i esa tkuk x;k gSA rc] izfroknh er (Protestantism) ds mRFkku
¼jkseu dSFkksfyd ds iksi ds fo#) mins'k djus okys ywFkj vkSj dSfYou ds lkFk½ ds
le; 16oha 'krkCnh ds e/; ls jkseu dSFkksfyd fxjtk?kj vkSj izksVsLVsaV er ds chp
vlfg".kq fookn dh fLFkfr iSnk gqbZA ;g fookn vkxs pydj 17oha 'krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa
20
nksuksa ds chp ,d izeq[k ;q) esa cny x;k tks 30 o"kks± ds yEcs le; rd pyrk jgk oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
ftlesa ;wjksi Hkj esa djksM+ksa yksxksa dh gR;k rFkk viaxrk gqbZA bls 30 o"kZ okys ;q) vFkok dk;Z
dV~VjiaFkh ;q) ds uke ls tkuk x;kA ;g ;q) osLVQsfy;k dh laf/k ds lkFk lekIr
gqvk] tks nks ;q)jr xzqiksa ds chp ^vkjth le>kSrs* ¼,slk djkj ftl ij la?k"kZjr nyksa
ds fgr iwjs gks ldsa½ ds ckn gks ikbZ FkhA ;g vkjth le>kSrk (Modus Vivandi) /khjs-
/khjs vkxs pydj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds ,d fl)kar ¼gkCcl] MsLdkVZl] ykWd ,V vy
ds ys[ku dks i<+sa½ esa cny x;k vkSj bldk jktuhfrd oxZ esa izlkj fd;k x;kA
/keZfujis{kokn ,d ,slk fl)kar cuk tks jkT; vkSj fxjtk?kj ds chp i`Fkdhdj.k dh
Li"V O;oLFkk nsrk gSA
nwljh egÙoiw.kZ ckr /keZ dk O;fDrxr ekeys esa ifjorZu Fkk tks ml le; i`Fkdhdj.k
fl)kar ds izoÙkZu esa O;kIr jgkA izksVsLVsaV vkUnksyu ds chp] dbZ fxjtk?kj mHkj jgs Fks
ftuds vius fof'k"V fl)kar rFkk izcy vo/kkj.kk,¡ FkhA ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k fd dksbZ
Hkh bl ckr ij vkifÙk ugha djsxk fd fo'ks"k O;fDr fdl fxjtk?kj ls lEcU/k j[krk
gSA fo'okl fdlh dh vUrjkRek dk ekeyk Fkk tks O;f"V dk dqN lhek rd O;fDrxr
rFkk futh ekeyk FkkA ¼Loxr as an aside) ds :i es]a vUrjkRek ds ekeys esa n[kyUnkth
u djuk bl izdkj vf/kdkjksa ds fl)kar dh ,d cqfu;kn cu x;k] nwljh cqfu;kn
lEifÙk dh vya?;rk cuh½A ,d O;fDr fo'ks"k ds futh ekeys ds :i esa vUrjkRek ds
fl)kar ds lkFk ,d rjQ fxjtk?kj@/keZ rFkk nwljh rjQ jkT;@jktuhfr dks j[kus
dk fl)kar ,d er ds :i esa /keZfujis{krk ds mn; dk vk/kkj cukA nwljs 'kCnksa esa]
/keZ dks lkoZtfud dk;ks± vkSj uhfr fuekZ.k ls vyx j[kuk Fkk tks jktuhfr vkSj jkT;
dk vuU; {ks= FkkA
;g lqLi"V gS fd dksbZ Hkh ik'pkR; vuqHko ls dksbZ izR;{k vuqHko ugha ys ldrk] D;ksafd
Hkkjr esa dHkh Hkh dksbZ fxjtk?kj vFkok 'kfDr'kkyh la?kfVr jkT; ugha FkkA ekS;Z vFkok
eqxy lkezkT; fo"k;karjd (episodic) Fks( vFkkZr~ ,slh voLFkk lrr ekStwn ugha FkhA bl
izdkj] fxjtk?kj vkSj jkT; ds chp Vdjko dk fopkj Hkkjrh; lH;rk ds fy, fons'kh
gSA gekjs lanHkZ vkSj ,sfrgkfld lEink cgqr fHkUu gSaA blhfy, /keZfujis{krk dh
vko';drk vkSj mldk ekxZ vo';eso fHkUu gksxkA ijUrq vUrjkRek ds fl)kar ds
egÙo dk] ;|fi fHkUu rjhds ls] budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
cks/k iz'u 1
ii½ vius mÙkj ds lq>koksa ds fy, bdkbZ dk var ns[ksaA
1½ /keZfujis{krk ds lEcU/k esa] if'pe ds ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ dh n`f"V ls D;k fof'k"V gS\
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21
kef;d eqís
lkef;d 2½ ;g lanHkZ Hkkjr ds fy, D;k lq>ko nsrk gS\
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29
29-- 4 Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk ds fy, vko';drk dk
,s f rgkfld lekt'kkL=
gekjk /keZfujis{kokn izeq[kr% nks cqjkb;ksa ds fo#) funsZf'kr gS( izFke] fofHkUu /kkfeZd
leqnk;ksa ds chp /kkfeZd Vdjko vkSj mldk vfrjsd Lo:i tSls lkEiznkf;d fgalk vkSj
naxs] vkSj nwljs] jkT; ij vf/kHkkoh /kkfeZd leqnk;ksa dk [k+rjk ftuesa ls izR;sd ds ikl
^csgrj thou* dk viuh futh n`f"Vdks.k gksrk gS] tks nwljksa ds fy, Hkh oS/k gksA nksuksa
18oha 'krkCnh ds nwljs v)Z'krd esa ,d leL;k ds :i esa mHkjsA dHkh-dHkh ;s x+Sj
vuqikrh :i ls egÙoiw.kZ cus rFkk vU; le; ij] egÙoghu jg x,A ijUrq vfUre 20
o"kks± esa] bu nksuksa izo`fÙk;ksa esa fpUrktud o`f) gqbZ gS] ftlls Hkkjrh; lekt ds egÙoiw.kZ
js'ks dks Hkh [krjk iSnk gks x;k gSA ,slk D;ksa gqvk\ bldk mÙkj gesa Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk
dh vko';drk D;ksa gqbZ ds ,sfrgkfld lekt'kkL= ds fo"k; esa crk;sxkA bl dgkuh
ij dqN foLrkj ls ppkZ djuk Bhd jgsxkA
Hkkjr ds mifuos'kh 'kklu ds v/khu vkus ds ckn] Hkkjrh; lekt esa ijLij lw{erk ls
tqM+s gq, nks ifjorZu gq,A ,d <k¡pkxr ifjorZuksa ds Lo:i ls lacaf/kr Fkk rFkk nwljk]
gekjs laxfBr lkekftd thou ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA nksuksa ds nwjxkeh ifj.kke FksA
29
29-- 4 - 1 <k¡pkxr ifjorZu % vk/kqfudhdj.k vkSj mlds ifj.kke
igys vk/kqfudhdj.k ij ppkZ djsa ;Fkk ukxfjd lEifÙk] O;kid O;kikj] mn~;ksx] 'kgjh
thou] iw¡th lap;u] vk/kqfud ¼v/kkfeZd½ f'k{kk vkfnA mifuos'kh vk/kqfudhdj.k vR;f/
kd 'kks"k.kdkjh Fkk ftlls {ks=ksa vkSj leqnk;ksa ds chp vleku foHkktu gqvk] rFkkfi]
blds dkj.k fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa O;olk;ksa@jhfr-fjoktksa ds lafgrkdj.k vkSj muds
vuqiz;ksx ls ns'k dk vkfFkZd lesdu] leku iz'kklfud fu;a=.k gqvk rFkk lkaLÑfrd
ln~Hkko esa o`f) gqbZA blds dqN egÙoiw.kZ ifj.kke fudysA blls Hkkjr rFkk Hkwe.Myh;
<k¡pkxr fLFkfr;ksa esa vf/kdkf/kd lekurk vk jgh FkhA blls O;"Vh;u dh izfØ;k vkjaHk
gqbZ] vFkkZr~ leqnk;ksa ds Hkhrj O;fDr 'kuS%'kuS% O;f"V curs tk jgs gS ¼tSlk fd gekjs
ik'pkR; lektksa esa gS½A ;s nksuksa fodkl lkFk-lkFk feydj ubZ ekufld {kerkvksa dk
vk/kkj cusA ,d mnkgj.k ysa] fo'o esa fdlh txg ls fopkjksa dh lkis{krk izdV gqbZA
ge lHkh bl ckr ls voxr gSa fd O;fDr dh lekurk] vf/kdkjksa vkSj izfr"Bk vkfn ds
fopkjksa us Hkkjr esa yksxksa ds vf/kdkj dks fdl izdkj mruk gh iks"k.k fd;k] tSlk fd
fo'o esa fdlh vU; txg ij os nwljksa ds izfr gSaA ,slk gekjs lkekftd thou esa
lekpkj i=ksa] if=dkvksa vkSj iqLrdksa ds eqnz.k dk fodkl] mudk c<+rk gqvk egÙo vkSj
22
mudh yksdfiz;rk ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA eqn~ns mBrs gSa vkSj mu ij xekZxeZ cgl gksrh oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
gSA ppkZvksa dk foLrkj ek= izfrf"Br O;fDr;ksa ds Lrj rd gh ugha gS] vfirq fofHkUu dk;Z
yksdfiz; Lrjksa ij Hkh gSA dksbZ Hkh fopkjksa dks fons'kh vFkok Hkkjrh; ewy ds vk/kkj ij
foHkDr ugha djrkA os bu fopkjksa ij u,] fgrdkjh vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt ds fy, lqlaxr
gksus ds dkj.k cgl djrs gSaA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS tSls izR;sd vkneh ,d-nwljs ls
mÙkstuk esa ckrsa dj jgk gSA
nwljs] blds ifj.kkeLo:i ,d cM+h la[;k esa O;fDr tks igys deZdkaMh fLFkfr vkSj
/kkfeZd fo'oklksa ds leqnk;ksa ds Hkhrj vkc) Fks] bu ca/kuksa dks NksM+rs tk jgs gSaA ;gh
dkj.k gS ftlls ge dgrs gSa fd u, izdkj ds yksxksa vFkkZr~ tu leqnk;ksa dk l`tu gqvk
FkkA blls dbZ my>us lkeus vkb±A tu leqnk; yksxksa dk ek= vHksnhÑr (undiffe
rantiated) lewg ugha FkkA blds fofHkUu <k¡pkxr Lo:i izdV gq,] tSls u, oxks± dk
xBu] uker%] iw¡thoknh vkSj dk;ZdrkZ] vk/kqfud t+ehankj vkSj fdlku rFkk Hkwfeghu
Ñf"kd Jfed] is'ksoj xzqi tSls odhy] ys[kkdkj vkSj MkWDVj vkfnA blds Hkkjrh;
thou esa lkekftd jpuk ij fpjLFkk;h izHkko iM+s gSaA ,slk ugha gS fd iqjkuh 'kSyh ds
vk/kqfudrk ls igys ds leqnk;] tSls tkfr;k¡ vFkok NksVs-NksVs /kkfeZd xzqi vfLrRo esa
ugha jgs] vfirq muds vkarfjd Lo:i esa vR;f/kd ifjorZu vk x;kA ;s vk; vkSj
fuiq.krk ds vk/kkj ij foHksnhÑr gq,] tSlk igys ugha FkkA bu leqnk;ksa esa] tks ,d-nwljs
dks /kfd;krs Fks] u, fgr mHkjsA igys leqnk; fcuk fdlh izfrLi)kZ ds vxy-cxy esa
jgrs Fks vkSj mlh fLFkfr esa ftlesa os jgrs Fks] viuh LFkkuh; Lok;Ùkrk dk iw.kZ vkuUn
ysrs FksA og LFkkuh; Lok;Ùkrk f'kfFky gksus yxh vkSj vkt ;g xk;c gks xbZ gSA
29
29-- 4 - 2 lkekftd thou ds laxBu esa ifjorZu
lkeqnkf;d lhekvksa dks cM+s iSekus ij iqu% [khapus ds iz;kl rFkk vk/kqfud fo'o ds
n`f"Vxkspj fo/oal dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, muesa ,drk cukus rFkk mlh izfØ;k esa
leqnk;ksa ds fy, ykHk vftZr djus ds iz;kl Hkh fd, x,A vk/kqfudrk dk fojks/k vkSj
vius fgrksa@ykHk ds fy, lkSnsckth djuk] fojks/kkRed :i ls] ,d gh flDds ds nks
igyw Fks vkSj gSaA bu ifjorZuksa dk ifj.kke lekt esa vkSj vf/kd f'kfFkyrkiw.kZ
fofo/krk ugha Fkh] ;g Lo;eso vkaf'kd izfrfØ;k ds lkFk thfor FkkA vc blus vius
,dek= fodYi ds :i esa vk/kqfudrk dks eqdkcys ij ik;kA bl [k+rjs ij dkcw ikus vkSj
Lo;a dh j{kk ds fy,] vusdkusd leqnk;ksa ftuesa ls izR;sd vyx-vyx rjhdksa ls
fo'kky ijEijkvksa ls tqM+k gqvk Fkk] us Hkh lkekftd fgr ds fy, fofHkUu fopkj izLrqr
fd,A vPNkbZ dh bu /kkj.kkvksa esa ls izR;sd /kkj.kk ,d-nwljs dh izfr}U}h gh ugha]
vfirq vPNkbZ dh ladYiuk vk/kqfudrk esa Hkh lfUufgr Fkh vkSj ftldk mifuos'kh ywV-
[klksV }kjk fo/oal dj fn;k x;k FkkA
vusd leqnk;ksa ftuesa ls izR;sd U;wure vUr%fØ;kvksa ds lkFk jgrk Fkk] dk [kq'kgky
lgvfLrRo ;|fi fe=or~ le> ds dkj.k Fkk] vkxs cuk jg ldrk Fkk] fuf'pr ugha
Fkk ¼tSlk fd vkfndky esa Fkk½A ;g yksxksa dh oa'kkuqxr {kerkvksa] ftuls os vUrj-
O;fDr] vUrj-leqnk; vkSj vUr%leqnk; lEcU/kksa dks cuk, j[krs Fks] ij vR;f/kd ncko
dk dkj.k FkkA ;g ubZ lkekftd O;oLFkk esa lÙkk esa lk>snkjh ds fy, la?k"kZ ds lkFk-
lkFk mifuos'kh vFkZO;oLFkk tks ml le; ewÙkZ :i esa Fkh] dh LFkkiuk vkSj iz'kklu }kjk
mRiUu ubZ izfrLi)kZ ds vykok ?kfVr gqvkA bl fLFkfr ds fy, fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa okys
fo'oksa ds chp erksa vkSj fopkjksa ds fofue; rFkk vil`r fgrksa vkSj vPNkbZ ds fofo/k
fopkjksa ds vf/kfu.kZ;u ds fy, vUrokZfn;ksa (interlocutors) dh vko';drk FkhA lQy
23
kef;d eqís
lkef;d e/;LFkrk ds fy, ;k rks vusd leqnk;ksa ls ckgj jg jgs yksxksa dh vFkok mudh
vko';drk Fkh] tks bu leqnk;ksa ftuesa ls izR;sd vf/kdkf/kd ,dhÑr rFkk Lokxzgh gks
jgk Fkk] dh lhek ls ijs lksp ldsA iqjkuh 'kSyh dk okrkZyki tks LFkkuh; Lok;Ùkk dk
miHkksx djus okys vklUu leqnk;ksa ds chp gqvk djrk Fkk] yksxksa ds chp dk;e ugha
FkkA yksx ,d-nwljs ls vf/kdkf/kd nwj gksrs tk jgs Fks vkSj oLrqvksa dh ml fo'o ls ek¡x
dj jgs Fks tks iqjkuh 'kSyh ds laO;ogkjksa ls vifjfpr FkkA ;g lc ijEijkxr :i ls
Lor%fufeZr lalk/kuksa] ftuesa lfg".kqrk vkSj ikjLifjd laj{k.k ds mik; 'kkfey gSa] ds
chp [kkbZ [kksnus ds fy, FkkA bu fHkUu-fHkUu fLFkfr okys fo'oksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djus ds
fy, nkok djus okys muds }kjk fd, x, djkj vFkok miyC/k Kku ges'kk uktqd vkSj
vLFkk;h fl) gq,A nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vUrokZfn;ksa ds iz;klksa ls okrkZyki }kjk gq, lkSns]
fo'ks"k :i ls lkekftd laØe.k dh fLFkfr;ksa es]a vfUre (provisional) Lo:i okys gksrs gSAa
;g ,slh fLFkfr gS] ftlesa vklUu (adjacent) leqnk;ksa ds chp iqjkuh 'kSyh dk okrkZyki
lQy ugha gksrk vkSj vUrokZnh visf{kr dk;Z ds fy, fo"ke gks tkrs gSaA vr%] vPNkbZ
ds bu lHkh lkEiznkf;d vk/kkj okys Li/kkZRed fopkjksa ls dqN vU;Fkk visf{kr Fkk] mlh
le; vPNkbZ ,oa fgrksa dh Li/kkZRed /kkj.kk dh ekStwnxh esa e/;LFkrk djus ds fy, ,d
ewY; vkSj O;oLFkk dh Hkh vko';drk FkhA bl fLFkfr ds vUr%fLFkr nckoksa us ml
vko';drk dks c<+kok fn;k] ftls vc ^'kklu ds /keZfujis{k fl)kar* (secular doctrine
of govervance) ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bldh lcls vyx blfy, vis{kk Fkh] rkfd
lkoZtfud thou esa dk;Z djus ds fy, bl rjg ls fLFkfr dh ryk'k dh tk, ftlls
vPNkbZ dh] Li/kkZRed vkSj izk;% vlek/ks; (irreconciliable)] /kkj.kk,¡ yksxksa ds e/;
lkoZtfud vUrjfØ;kvksa dh izR;sd fLFkfr dks fu"izHkkoh u dj ik,¡A /keZfujis{k gksus dk
dqN rjhdk] vPNkbZ dh bu Li/kkZRed /kkj.kkvksa ls dqN brj rFkk nwj ij jgus dk
fl)kar lekt ds dbZ egÙoiw.kZ pkSjkgksa ij ewfÙkZeku cnykoksa ds Hkhrj mRiUu ,d
vko';drk FkhA blhfy, dksbZ Hkh rdZ ns ldrk gS fd ^/keZ fujis{kokn* dk fl)kar ,d
vkUrfjd :i ls izofÙkZr mHkjko gS vkSj bl izdkj gekjh #fp;ksa dh vksj /;ku fn, fcuk
viuh ekStwnxh dk vglkl djkrk gSA
vc ;g lqLi"V gS fd /keZfujis{kokn dh vko';drk vkUrfjd lkekftd fj'rksa vkSj

ewyHkwr Lo:i esa cnykoksa ds Hkhrj vkSj ckgj mn~Hkwr gqbZA ;fn ,d u, fl)kar vFkok
ewY;] vo/kkj.kk pkgs ;g /keZ fujis{krk gks vFkok vf/kdkj gksa vFkok lekurk gks vFkok
dqN Hkh gks] dh vko';drk ,d lekt ds Hkhrj mn~Hkwr gksrh gS] rc ;g Li"V gksuk
pkfg, fd /kkj.kk vFkok fl)kar u rks fons'kh gS vkSj u bls ,d vf/kjksi.k (imposition)
ds :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gS ¼tSlk fd uUnh vkSj enku rFkk pVthZ lksprs gSa½A ,d
fo'o esa tks Åij mfYyf[kr izfØ;kvksa ds dkj.k vf/kdkf/kd leku gksrk tk jgk gS]
dfri; fl)kar vFkok ewY; vkSj /kkj.kk,¡ ftuds ek/;e ls budh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS]
gekjs tSls lektksa esa viuh tM+ tekus ds fy, izo`Ùk gksrs gSaA ;g mudh vkUrfjd
vko';drkvksa ds dkj.k gSa] pkgs os if'pe esa ekSfyd :i ls fo|eku gksaA
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{kokn dh vko';drk ds ,sfrgkfld lekt'kkL= dh foospuk
djsaA
24
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dk;Z
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29
29-- 5 Hkkjr ds fy, /keZfujis{krk dk mfpr Lo:i
,slk ekeyk gksrs gq,] gesa ;g Hkh Li"V gksuk pkfg, fd ge ,d fuf'pr (settled) lekt
ugha gSa] tSls Ýkal vFkok teZuh( ge laØe.k fLFkfr esa gSa vkSj blhfy,] bldk vFkZ gS
fd gesa fdl izdkj dk /keZ fujis{kokn pkfg,] bl pj.k ds fof'k"V y{k.kksa }kjk gh
funsZf'kr gksxkA ;gk¡ iqjkus lekt dh lkekftd lajpuk] fo'okl vkSj ekun.M] ;|fi
vHkh Hkh ekStwn gSa] rhozrk ls cny jgs gSa vFkok u, y{k.kksa dks ekxZ ns jgs gSaA ge nks
mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA gekjh oSokfgd O;oLFkk esa] ltkrh; fookgksa dk {ks= rst+h ls c<+ jgk
gS vkSj dbZ ekeyksa esa ilUn dk ?kVd 'kuS%-'kuS% izos'k dj jgk gSA yksx iwjh rjg iqjkus]
/kkfeZd jhfr-fjokt+ksa vFkok deZdk.Mksa ls vf/kd le; rd fofu;af=r ugha gksuk pkgrsA
os tks dqN bPNk djrs gSa] mlds fy, laj{k.k pkgrs gSaA ,d vU; mnkgj.k esa] ge viuh
tkfr dh iapk;rksa ds fu.kZ;ksa ls vkSj vf/kd 'kkflr ugha gksuk pkgrsA ctk, blds ge
fuokZfpr iapk;r dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA yksx tkfr vFkok deZdk.Mh izkfLFkfr ls
vfoHkwr ugha gksuk pkgrs gSa] tSlk iqjkuh tkfr iapk;r ds dk;Zpkyu esa laHko gSA
;fn ge bu nksuksa vkSj ,slh vU; ckrksa dks fnekx esa j[krs gSa ¼ge dbZ vkSj vf/kd ds
ckjs esa lksp ldrs gSa½] ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;s os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSa tgk¡ vusd izdkj
ds u, la?k"kZ vkSj lkekftd ek¡xsa mHkjrh gSaA eSa ;gk¡ bl ckr ij cy nsuk pkgrk gw¡ fd
laØe.k dh lHkh fLFkfr;k¡ os fLFkfr;k¡ Hkh gSaA tgk¡ u, la?k"kZ izpqj gSa vkSj ;s la?k"kZ u,
vkSj iqjkus vFkok buds }kjk mRiUu fooknksa vkSj vfuf'prrkvksa ds chp gSaA ijEijkxr
/kkj.kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr dk;Z djus] la?k"kks± dk lek/kku djus ds iqjkus rjhds vkt ,slk
ugha dj ik,¡xs] D;ksafd os vi;kZIr vkSj vlaxr gks pqds gSa vkSj os ,d-nwljs ls vklUu
jgus okys LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa ds chp NksVs vkSj ckj-ckj gksus okys la?k"kks± dk lek/kku djus
ds fy, vfHkizsr FksA vk/kqfud jktuhfr esa fo'kky iSekus ij budk iz;ksx vklku ugha gSA
vc] ges'kk cnyus okys Lo:i ds la?k"kks± ds fy, ek= fl)kar vFkok lk/ku dHkh Hkh
i;kZIr ugha gksrsA /kkfeZd vkSj iztkrh; leqnk;ksa ds chp rFkk bu leqnk;ksa ds Hkhrj
fojksf/k;ksa ds chp ges'kk cnyus okyh ubZ la?k"kZ fLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, uhfr;ksa vkSj
igyokft;ksa ls jpukRed dk;Z dh vko';drk gSA vius futh leqnk;ksa ds fo#)
vfUre mik; fLFkfr dks laHkky ldrk gSA
bl izdkj dh ifjorZuh; la?k"kZe;h lkEiznkf;d lehdj.kksa okyh fLFkfr ds rgr]

/keZfujis{kokn ds lrdZ vkSj yphys vuqiz;ksx dh vko';drk gSA ;g bl vFkZ esa
jkeck.k mipkj ugha gS fd ;g lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dh laosnu'khy lksp vkSj
iz'kklfud mik;ksa ds fcuk dqN ugha dj ldrkA ijUrq bldk dksbZ vU; izfrLFkkuh
fodYi ugha gS] tSlk geus ijEijkvksa vkSj jhfr-fjokt+ksa ds ekeys esa] bu fLFkfr;ksa esa dk;Z
djus ds fl)kar ls ns[kk gSA blhfy, ge dg ldrs gSa fd ;g ,d mruh eqf'dy
25
kef;d eqís
lkef;d fLFkfr ugha gS] ftls vlaHko fl)kar dk uke fn;k tk, vFkok ;g fd Hkkjr esa /keZ
fujis{k lekt dh LFkkiuk ugha gks ldrhA [tSlk fd dqN ys[kdksa us nkok fd;k gS] ;fn
gesa ^^dfBu** vkSj ^^vlaHko** ds chp fof'k"V vUrj dks fnekxh rkSj ij djrs gSa] rc ge
csgrj le> ldrs gSa fd /keZfujis{krk Hkkjr esa vius vuqiz;ksx ds fy, vojks/kksa dks
>syrs gq, VsM+s-esM+s jkLrs ls xqt+j jgh gSA
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ D;k /keZfujis{krk Hkkjrh; lekt ij ,d vf/kjksi.k gS\
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2½ Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk ds fy, dfBukb;ksa ds eq[; dkj.k D;k gSa\
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;gk¡ rd vkus ds ckn iz'u mBrk gS % Hkkjr ds fy, /keZfujis{krk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ nwljs
'kCnksa esa] gekjs fy, bldk mfpr Lo:i D;k gS\ ;g egÙoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd geus bl ikB
ds vkjaHk esa ns[kk gS fd if'pe esa] /keZfujis{kokn fxjtk?kj ds jkT; ls Li"V i`Fkdhdj.k
ds vfHkizk; ds :i esa vk;kA bl izdkj bldk vFkZ gS fd /keZ dks jktuhfr ls dqN ysuk
nsuk ugha gSA vius ekU;rkizkIr {ks=ksa esa os ,d-nwljs ls funsZ'k ds fcuk dk;Z djrs gSaA
vesfjdk esa] bls î`Fkdhdj.k dh nhokj* dk uke fn;k x;kA vc bls if'pe esa
/keZfujis{krk ds lkoZHkkSfed izfrn'kZ ds :i esa vkerkSj ij ns[kk tkrk gS ¼vFkkZr~] MksukYM
fLeFk dk Hkkjr ds Åij fd;k dk;Z] bl fo"k; ij izFke lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gS½A
D;k /keZfujis{krk dk ;g Lo:i Hkkjr ds fy, mfpr izfrn'kZ gksxk\
29
29-- 5 - 1 lH;rkewyd erHksn
bls le>us dh dksf'k'k esa gesa dqN ckrsa vius /;ku esa j[kuh pkfg,A ,d] dksbZ nks
leqnk; vFkok lH;rk,¡ ¼fofHkUu /keks± }kjk vk/kqfud le; ls igys ds dky esa izk;%
26
lwfpr½ leku ugha gSaA vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa lH;rk ml lH;rk ls cgqr fHkUu gS] tks ;g oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
if'pe esa gS vFkok tks ;g ml le; Fkh tc /keZfujis{krk /keZ ds :i esa mHkjhA ge dk;Z
igys gh ns[k pqds gSa fd Hkkjr esa dHkh laxfBr fxjtk?kj ugha Fkk vFkok mlds tSlk
dqN ugha FkkA ijUrq blls vf/kd Hkkjr esa gS] tks bls vf}rh; ,oa ,dne fHkUu] lqbZ
tsufjl (sui generis) cukrk gSA ge bl ij la{ksi esa fopkj djrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g bl
ckr dks izHkkfor djsxk fd ge /keZfujis{krk dks fdl :i esa ekurs gSaA fgUnw /keZ esa
/keZ dk lhekadu vFkok bls fof'k"V /keZ ds :i esa lkekftd :i ls fdlus ekU;rk nh]
dHkh fuf'pr fl)kar vFkok O;knsf'kr fo'okl (enjoined belief) ugha jgk gSA ;|fi dqN
vf/kd izcy fo'okl leku :i ls ekStwn gSa tSls deZ] eks{k vFkok o.kZA o.kZ vFkok tkfr
jSad ds 'kCnksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ls lnL;ksa ds Åij O;knsf'kr deZdk.Mh :i ls fu/kkZfjr
izFkk,¡ fgUnw /keZ dks fof'k"V ekU;rk iznku djus dk dkj.k FkhaA ;s izFkk,¡ lkekftd
lajpuk esa xgjs rd Q¡lh gqbZ Fkha vkSj mudh ek= mifLFkfr ls gh fof'k"V lkekftd
Lo:i dk irk pyrk FkkA ge foLrkj esa bl ij ppkZ ugha djsaxs] ijUrq dqN ,slh ckrksa
ij fopkj djsaxs tks bl ppkZ ds eqn~ns ls izR;{k :i ls lqlaxr gSaA 'kq)rk vkSj iznw"k.k]
vLi`';rk] tkfr ds lanHkZ esa ekuo izkf.k;ksa ds chp lkekftd nwjh dk fofu;eu] efUnj
esa izos'k dk vf/kdkj vFkok dq,¡ ls ikuh [khapuk vkSj dbZ vU; blh izdkj dh /kkj.kk,¡
/kkfeZd xzaFkksa ij vk/kkfjr gSa vFkok ,slk fo'okl fd;k tkrk gSA ;s O;kid :i ls Hkkjr
esa izpfyr Fkha vkSj fo|eku le; esa dkQh lhek rd xk;c gks pqdh gSaA ge vkt Hkh
izihM+u ds lekpkj i<+rs gSa] ftls bu deZdk.Mh fu;eksa dks rksM+us ds fy, fuEu tkfr
ds yksxksa ij vFkok mu vkSjrksa ij fd;k tkrk gS] tks ijEijk }kjk fu/kkZfjr lhekvksa ls
vkxs c<+rh gSaA
29
29-- 5 - 2 Hkkjr esa vO;ogk;Z gS ik'pkR; i`Fkdhdj.k
bu y{k.kksa okyk î`Fkdhdj.k* tks if'pe esa izpfyr Fkk] lkekU;r% Hkkjr esa laHko ugha
gksxk( vfirq vlaHko gksxkA yksdra= dks okLrfod :i nsus ds fy,] laLFkkxr i`Fkdhdj.k
dk izR;sd pj.k dfri; fu;ked izfr"Bkuksa] ewY;ksa tks i`Fkdhdj.k dks egÙoiw.kZ cukrs
gSa] }kjk vuqizkf.kr djuk gksxkA Hkkjr O;f"V;ksa ds chp lekurk lqfuf'pr djuk pkgrk
gS vkSj ,sls gkykr iSnk djuk pkgrk gS] tks O;fDr dh izfr"Bk dks vfHkfuf'pr djsaA dbZ
vU; ckrksa ds lkFk ;s loksZifj gSa ftuds ckjs esa lafo/kku ppkZ djrk gSA vc bl ij
fopkj djsaA nfyrksa dk efUnjksa vFkok xk¡oksa ds dq¡vksa ls cfg"dkj xq.kkRed :i ls ml
izdkj dk ugha gSa] tSls vesfjdk esa leku dkj.kksa ds fy, dkys yksxksa ds lkFk fd;k tkrk
gSA gekjs ekeys esa ;g 'kkL=lEer vFkok /kkfeZd ekU;rk izkIr gSA vesfjdk esa dkys
yksxksa ds lkFk ,slk@fLFkfr ugha gSA ;fn vesfjdh jkT; bu izFkkvksa dks dkuwu ls ckgj
j[kus dk fo/kku djrk gS] rc ;g /keZ esa n[kyUnkth dk ekeyk ugha jg tkrk] tcfd
Hkkjr esa tc jkT; vLi`';rk dh ,slh i`Fkkvksa dks dkuwu ls ckgj j[kus vFkok efgykvksa
dh gSfl;r dks c<+kus dk fo/kku djrk gS] dbZ vkneh fo'okl djrs gSa vkSj ,slk mudk
n`<+ fo'okl gS fd jkT; /kkfeZd ekeyksa esa n[ky ns jgk gSA fgUnw /keZ ds dkuwuksa vkSj
vU; leqnk;ksa ds dkuwuksa esa dbZ lq/kkjksa ij bl rjhds ls fopkj fd;k x;k gSA
buesa dbZ izFkk,¡ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh mu fu;ked vis{kkvksa ds izfrdwy gSa fd izR;sd
Hkkjrh;] tkfr] /keZ vkSj fyax dh vksj /;ku fn, fcuk] leku ekuk tk,xk vkSj lHkh
O;fDr;ksa dh izfr"Bk lqfuf'pr dh tk,xhA ;g mís'; /keZ dk vax ekuh tkus okyh dbZ
izFkkvksa dks dkuwu }kjk voS/k Bgjk, fcuk lqfuf'pr vkSj vFkok izkIr ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA jkT; vkSj fxjtk?kj vFkok jktuhfr vkSj /keZ ds chp ^î`Fkdhdj.k dh nhokj**
27
kef;d eqís
lkef;d tSlk fd vesfjdh lafo/kku esa gS] fookfnr ugha gSA ;g lkekU;r% Hkkjr ds ekeys esa
O;ogk;Z ugha gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ge bls vlaHko vkn'kZ ekurs gSaA dbZ yksx Hkkjr
ds fy, /keZfujis{krk dks vlaHko ekurs gSa] D;ksafd os Hkkjrh; /keZfujis{kokn ij izFke
egÙoiw.kZ Vhdkdkj MkWusYM fLeFk ds lkFk-lkFk /keZ fujis{krk dh bl /kkj.kk ds lkFk
fufoZokn :i ls dk;Z djrs gSaA
29
29-- 5 - 3 i`Fkdhdj.k dk fl)kUr % Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa iqu% vkdyu
dh vko';drk
;g eku ysuk vc vlaHko gS fd rVLFk fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij n`<+rk ls fofu;fer dqN
O;o/kku vko';d gSa] rc ge dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr esa /keZ fujis{k jkT; ds vk/kkj ds
:i esa i`Fkdhdj.k if'peh fl)kar dk iqu% vkdfyr :i gksuk pkfg,A if'peh
/kkj.kkvksa dks vkykspuk fd, fcuk ykxw djuk laHko ugha gksxkA fofHkUu fLFkfr;k¡] viuh
fof'k"V dfBukb;ksa ds lkFk] jpukRed vuqiz;ksx dh ek¡x djrh gSaA ik'pkR;-fl)karksa
dh va/kh LohÑfr vFkok tk¡p fd, x, izfrn'kks± vkSj izFkkvksa dks lkekU; :i ls udkjuk
bldk mÙkj ugha gSA
gekjs lkeus ,d dfBu fLFkfr gSA gesa vfHkfuf'pr djuk gS fd lafo/kku ds dbZ ewY;ksa
ftudk ge lHkh iks"k.k djrs gSa] dks vius okLrfod thou esa okLrfod :i nsuk iM+sxkA
nwljs] yksdra= vis{kk djrk gS fd ge lHkh ukxfjd cusa D;ksafd ukxfjdrk ds fcuk
yksdra= izkI; ugha gSA vr% ge mu ekeyksa esa n[kyUnkth pkgrs gSa ftUgsa] gekjs lanHkZ
esa] /kkfEkZd ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq] nwljh rjQ ge dqN Lo:i vFkok voLFkk esa
i`Fkdhdj.k dh vis{kk djrs gSa] D;ksafd ukxfjdrk ,d /keZfujis{krk vkn'kZ ds dqN
Lo:i ds fcuk izkI; ugha gSA ukxfjdrk vius rkSj ij U;wure nks 'krks± dh ek¡x djrh
gS( uker% vfHkfuf'pr vkSj pgqrjQk vf/kdkjksa okys yksx rFkk bl izdkj ds O;fDr;ksa
dks fdlh fo'ks"k leqnk; ds /kkfeZd ewY;ksa ls Lora= rkSj ij ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk,A O;f"V
ds /keZ ls Lora= ewY; dks fu:i.k djus dk fopkj ,d /keZfujis{k vkn'kZ gS vkSj Hkkjrh;
lanHkZ esa bldk vR;f/kd egÙo gSA ekuo ls vU;Fkk O;f"V ds ewY; dk fu:i.k djus
esa dksbZ vU; izfrQy yksdra= ds fy, vfgrdkjh gSA gekjh izfr"Bk vkSj ;ksX;rk
lkekU;r% blhfy, gS] D;ksafd ge ekuo gSa u fd blfy, fd ge ekuo vkSj fgUnw vFkok
eqfLye vFkok bZlkbZ vFkok fl[k gSaA ;g lp gks ldrk gS fd geesa ls cgqr vf/kdka'k
vFkZ vius /keks± ls fudkyrs gSa] D;ksafd og gekjs thou dks ^csgrj* cukus dh O;oLFkk
djrk gSA /keZfujis{kokn ,d 'kq"d fl)kar gS] ;g mRÑ"V vFkZ ds fy, vfHkizsr ugha gSA
'kq"d fl)kar gksus ds dkj.k ;g leqnzikjh; ns'kksa ds fy, gS] tks buds vf/kd mRÑ"V
vFkZ ds fy, la?k"kZ djrs gSa rFkk fo'okl lkoZtfud fookn ds ekeys ugha gksrs vkSj
;g fd os jkT; dk;Z ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij jktuhfrd thou vkSj uhfr-fuekZ.k ls vyx
jgrs gSaA
Hkkjrh; fLFkfr esa] jktuhfr vkSj /keZ vtufc;ksa dh rjg ,d-nwljs ds vkeus-lkeus gksus
pkfg,] u fd vesfjdk dh rjg tgk¡ ,d ^nhokj* ds ek/;e ls] tks muds chp esa [kM+h
gksrh gS] ,d-nwljs dks ns[kus ij jksd yxk nh tkrh gSA viuh eqykdkr dk gokyk nsdj
vtuch ,d-nwljs ds lkFk cjkcjh dk vFkok cjkcjh tSlk O;ogkj djrs gSaA ijUrq
vtuch gksus ds ukrs] muds chp ?kfu"Brk ugha gks ikrhA Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk dh ek¡x
gS fd nks ds chp ?kfu"Brk u gks] D;ksafd ;g lkEiznkf;d jktuhfr esa gksrh gS & Hkys
gh la?k ifjokj ds izfrfuf/kRo okyk fgUnqRo gks vFkok eqfLye yhx vFkok vdkyh ny
28 vkfnA /kkfeZd xzqi ftruk O;kid vkSj fo'kkyrk esa QSys gksaxs] ns'k dh ,drk dks mruk
gh vf/kd [k+rjk gksxkA bl ifjizs{; esa tks gesa /kkfeZd Vdjkoksa ds gekjs futh bfrgkl oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
ls gesa izkIr gqvk gS] gesa Hkkjr esa lkEiznkf;d cyksa ds [k+rjs ij ppkZ djuh pkfg,A dk;Z
/keZfujis{krk dh vko';drk fu.kkZ;d gS] ;fn ge viuk izR;sd fnu lH; rjhds ls
xqt+kjuk pkgrs gSaA vkSj ft+Unxh dk izR;sd fnu egÙoiw.kZ gSA
29
29-- 5 - 4 iqu% vkdfyr lek/kku % lS)kfUrd nwjh
ge jktho HkkxZo ls lger gksrs gq, ;g dgdj vc bl ppkZ dks laf{kIrhdj.k djrs
gSa fd /keZfujis{krk ds Hkkjrh; Lo:i esa] i`Fkdhdj.k dk fl)kar /keZ vkSj jktuhfr ds
chp ,d lS)kafrd nwjh ds :i esa le>uk gksxkA ;gk¡ fl)karr% nwjh dks jktuhfr dh
/keZ ls Lora=rk ds :i esa u fd vo';eso blds izfrdwy ns[kuk gksxkA bldk rkRi;Z
gS fd jkT; ds fØ;kdyki] jktuhfrd uhfr fu;kZr rFkk uhfr izkFkfedrk,¡ /keZ dh
n[kyUnkth ls Lora= gSA ijUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd jktuhfr vkSj jkT; dk;Z
dks /kkfeZd lq/kkj dh vko';drk ls dqN ysuk nsuk ugha gSA ,d rjQk i`Fkdhdj.k
vfHkfuf'pr djuk gksxkA ;g n[kyUnkth vkSj ijgst nksuksa dh vuqefr nsrk gSA
n[kyUnkth vUrxzZLr eqíksa ds vk/kkj ij lfoosd fu/kkZfjr djuh gksxhA vUr esa]
iqujko`fÙk ds fy,] lHkh i`Fkk,¡ ¼vFkok fo'okl½ Hkys gh /keZ }kjk LohÑfr izkIr gksa] uker%
vLi`';rk] tkfrHksn] cgq-fookg] lkoZtfud thou ls efgykvksa dk cfg"dkj vkfn
rRdky voS/k ?kksf"kr djuh gksaxhA ;s fuUnkRed :i ls lafo/kku dh ml fu;ked
O;oLFkk ds fy, vfgrdkjh gSa] tks Lora=rk la?k"kZ ds nkSjku izcy tufiz; Hkkxhnkjh ds
ek/;e ls vUrxzZLr ewY;ksa ds lkeatL; ij vk/kkfjr gSA dbZ tks de vfgrdkjh gSa tSls
ek= czkg~e.kksa }kjk tusÅ /kkj.k djuk] efgykvksa dks [ksr esa gy pykus dh vuqefr u
nsuk vkfn] vkus okys dqN le; ds fy, lgu dh tk ldrh gSa vkSj yksxksa dks bUgsa NksM+
nsus ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ jkT; mnklhu Hkko ls fu;euoknh gksxkA
jkT; fu;euoknh bl vFkZ esa gksxk fd ;g lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; ekuork ds n`f"Vdks.k ls dk;Z
djrk gS] u fd fdlh ,d /keZ vFkok leqnk; ds n`f"Vdks.k lsA bls fdlh /keZ dh
lgk;rk ugha djuh pkfg, vFkok mls fdlh izdkj dk ykHk ugha igq¡pkuk pkfg,A bls
lkekU;r% lafo/kku ds O;kns'kksa (injunctions) dks ykxw djuk pkfg,] ftlus bl iz;kstukFkZ
;FkkFkZr% bldk l`tu fd;k FkkA bldh mnklhurk lHkh ds fy, leku rjhds ls
lekurk] vf/kdkjksa vkSj izfr"Bk ds {ks= }kjk lqfuf'pr dh tkuh pkfg,A Hkkjrh;
afo/kku us ukxfjdksa ds :i esa gekjs lgvfLrRo ds fy, ,d lPps /keZ fujis{k jkT; dk
xBu fd;k gS ¼tSlk vkjaHk esa mYys[k fd;k x;k½A
/keZ fujis{kokn fu%lansg jkT; vkSj jktuhfr ls /keZ ds i`Fkdhdj.k dk fl)kar gS( ;g
ek= O;kogkfjd vko';drk ugha gSA vfirq ] i`Fkdhdj.k dk ,dek= ljy vFkZ ugha gSA
bls blesa vUrfuZfgr lanHkZ vkSj i`Fkkvksa ds lac/a k esa bldk vFkZ vkSj okLrfod Lo:i nsuk
gksxkA izR;sd lanHkZ dh vyx vis{kk,¡ gksrh gSa vkSj buls mudh futh ck/;rk,¡ tUe
ysrh gSa] ftUgsa vuns[kk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA gekjh bl ppkZ ls ;g Li"V gS fd
/keZfujis{krk ,slk dqN vf/kd ugha gS] tks Hkkjrh; lekt ds fy, ckgj dk gksA vfirq
;g vc bldh vkUrfjd vko';drk cu pqdk gSA rFkkfi tks dqN fons'kh gS] og bldh
if'pe ls /keZfujis{krk dk bfrgkl vkSj vFkZ ryk'kus rFkk mls 'ks"k fo'o dks ykxw gksus
okys ,dek= vkn'kZ ds :i esa n'kkZus dh foospukjfgr izo`fÙk gSA ;g dqN ,slk gS] ftlls
gesa iw.kZ:is.k cpuk pkfg,] D;ksafd blds dqN vkykspd ,slk ugha dj ikrs gSaA
29
kef;d eqís
lkef;d cks/k iz'u 4
1½ jkT; }kjk dfri; ekeyksa esa ftUgsa /kkfeZd ekuk tkrk gS] n[ky nsus dh D;k
vko';drk gS\
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2½ /keZfujis{krk dk Hkkjrh; Lo:i D;k gksuk pkfg,\
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3½ Hkkjr esa î`Fkdhdj.k* dk fl)kar D;k gksuk pkfg,\
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29
29-- 6 lkjka ' k
bl bdkbZ esa vkius Hkkjr ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa /keZfujis{krk dh vo/kkj.kk ds fo"k; esa i<+k
gSA /keZfujis{krk ds if'peh lanHkZ & jktuhfr vkSj /keZ ds chp ,d l[r nhokj- dh
O;k[;k dh xbZ gS vkSj ;g bafxr fd;k x;k gS fd fdl izdkj ls if'peh vo/kkj.kk
Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa vO;ogkfjd gSA bdkbZ us Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk dh vko';drk ds
,sfrgkfld lekt'kkL= dk ijh{k.k fd;k gSA blus Hkkjr ds fy;s ,d O;ogkfjd
/keZfujis{krk dh ppkZ dh gSA ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd vc vki /keZfujis{krk] tks fd
30
fuf'pr :i ls ,d tfVy vo/kkj.kk gS] ds fofHkUu jaxksa (nuances) dks csgrj <ax ls oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
le> ldsaxsA dk;Z
29
1½ Hkkjr esa /keZfujis{krk ij mRÑ"V o.kZu ds fy, ns[ksa % MksukYM bZ- fLeFk] bafM;k ,t+
, lsD;wyj LVsV ¼fizalVu ;wfuoflZVh izsl] fizalVu] 1963½A bls Hkh ns[ksa] oh-ih-
ywFkjk] n dkWUlsIV vkWQ lsD;wyfjT+e ,.M bafM;k] ¼vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl]
dydÙkk] 1964½
2½ muds fy, tks /keZfujis{krk ds nkoksa vFkok ^^vkMEcjksa** dks udkj nsrs gSa] vU; ds
lkFk ns[ksa %
i) vk'kh"k uanh] ^^, ,.Vh-lSD;wyfjLV eSuhQsLVks** lsfeukj] 314] vDVwcj 1985(
ii) Vh-,u- enku] ^^lSD;wyfjT+e bu bV~l Iysl** tWjuy vkWQ ,f'k;u LVfMt+]
46¼4½ 1987(
iii) ikFkksZ pVthZ] ^^lSD;wyfjT+e vkWj VksysjSUl**] bZihMCY;w] twu 1994A
rhuksa jpuk,¡ jktho HkkxZo ¼laik½] lsD;qyfjT+e ,.M bV~l fØfVDl ¼vkWDlQksMZ
;wfuoflZVh izSl] ubZ fnYyh] 1998½ esa ekStwn gSaA
3½ /keZfujis{krk dh bu vkykspukvksa dks udkjus ds fy, ns[ksa %
i) FkkWel iSUFke] ^^bf.M;u lSD;wyfjT+e ,.M bV~l fØfVDl % lWe fjQysD'kUl**]
n fjO;w vkWQ ikWfyfVDl] lWej 1997( ,.M
ii) vfpu oukbd] pSIVj 4- ^^dE;wufyT+e] fgUnqRo] ,.M ,.Vh-lSD;wyfjLV~l**
bu fgt+ dE;wufyT+e dkWUVsfLVM] ¼foLrkj ifCyds'kUl] U;w fnYyh] 1997½
4½ /keZfujis{krk ds izcy i{k esa ns[ksa %
i) jktho HkkxZo] ^^fxfoax lSD;wyfjT+e bV~l M~;w** bZihMCY;w] 9 tqykbZ 1994
ii) jktho HkkxZo] ^^àkV bt+ lSD;wyfjT+e QkWj\
iii) veR;Z lsu] ^^lSD;wyfjT+e ,.M bV~l fMLdkWVs.V~l**A
5½ vfUre nks jktho HkkxZo] ¼laik½ lSD;wyfjT+e ,.M bV~l fØfVDl ¼vkWDlQksMZ
;wfuoflZVh izsl] U;w fnYyh] 1998½ esa izdkf'kr gSaA
6½ mu tfVy iz'uksa vkSj dfBukb;ksa tks i`Fkdhdj.k dh /kkj.kk dk vFkZ vk'k; Li"V
djus esa izLrqr gqbZ gksa] ds fy, ns[ksa %
ekbdy lsaMy] ^^fjyhft;l fycVhZ % ÝhMe vkWQ pkWbl ,aM ÝhMe vkWQ dkSa'kl**
;g fuca/k /keZfujis{krk ij ifj;kstuk cukus esa ,d Lora= eqís ds :i esa vUrjkRek
ds egÙo dks le>us esa Hkh mi;ksxh gSA
nks fofHkUu iFkksa] ftuds ek/;e ls /keZfujis{krk ik'pkR; lektksa esa izofrZr gqb±] ds
fy, ns[ksa %
pkYlZ Vsyj] ^êksM~l vkWQ lsD;wyjkbts'ku**] jktho HkkxZo ¼eqnz.k½ lsD;wyfjT+e
,.M bV~l fØfVDl ¼;wfuoflZVh izSl] ubZ fnYyh] 1998½ esa nksuksa feysaxsA
31
kef;d eqís
lkef;d
29
cks/k iz'u 1
cks/k iz'u 2
cks/k iz'u 3
cks/k iz'u 4
32
oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
bdkbZ 30 fodkl dk;Z
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
30-0 mn~ns';
30-1 ifjp;
30-2 vk/kqfudrk vkSj fodkl
30-2-1 iw¡thokn dk mn; % fodkl dh mRifÙk
30-2-2 Kkuksn; ijEijk
30-2-3 fodkl fo"k;d tkWtZ ykjsu ds fopkj
30-2-4 izfrLi/kkZRed iw¡thokn dk ;qx
30-2-5 lkezkT;okn dk ;qx
30-2-6 uohu iw¡thokn dh voLFkk
30-3 fodkl % iqu% ifjHkkf"kr
30-3-1 fodkl dh Økafrd leh{kk
30-3-2 la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dk mn; vkSj fodkl dk eqn~nk
30-3-3 rhljh nqfu;k dk mn; vkSj fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk
30-3-4 lhfer jk"Vª vkSj fodkl
30-3-5 êkSfyd vko';drk,¡* n`f"Vdks.k
30-3-6 uo-mnkjoknh izk/kkj ds Hkhrj fodkl
30-3-7 fodkl dk vf/kdkj
30-3-8 fo'o fodkl fjiksVZ] 1991
30-3-9 fodkl ij veR;Z lsu ds fopkj
30-4 lkjka'k
30-0 mn~ n s ' ;

bl bdkbZ dk mn~ns'; gS & vkidks fodkl dh /kkj.kk ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ls voxr
djkukA lHkh vo/kkj.kkvksa dh gh Hkk¡fr fodkl ls tqM+s Hkh dqN vFkZ gSaA ;s vFkZ ml
rjhds esa vfHkO;Dr gksrs gSa] ftlesa mDr vo/kkj.kk dks le>k x;k gks] lkFk gh ,d
fof'k"V ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ esa le>us ds izHkkoh vFkok izpfyr rjhdksa esa HkhA izLrqr bdkbZ
esa ge fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dks le>us dk iz;kl djsaxs] tSlk fd og le; ds lkFk
Øe fodflr gqvk] vkSj mu fofo/k rjhdksa dks Hkh ftuesa og lelkef;d fo'o esa le>k
tkrk gSA bl fo"k; esa vkidh le> c<+kus ds fy, bdkbZ ds var esa ikB~;-lkexzh dh
,d laf{kIr lwph nh xbZ gSA
30
30-- 1 ifjp;
fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dks lkekU;r;k vkfFkZd fodkl rFkk yksxksa ds thou esa ifjorZuksa
,oa lq/kkjksa dh ,d izfØ;k ds :i esa le>k tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ yksxksa ls iwNs fd muds
vuqlkj fodkl D;k gS] vf/kd laHkkouk ;g gS fd lokZf/kd izkf;d mfYyf[kr rÙo
33
kef;d eqís
lkef;d vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds ladsrdksa ls lacaf/kr gksaxs] ;Fkk m|ksxhdj.k]
izkS|ksfxd mUufr] 'kgjhdj.k] /ku-laifÙk ,oa thou-Lrj esa o`f)] vkfnA furkUr laHko
gS fd vf/kdrj mÙkjksa esa] ;fn Li"Vr;k ugha rks laHkor% rqyukFkZ gh] ,d lanHkZ fcUnq
ds :i esa îk'pkR;dj.k* ckj-ckj vk;sxkA îf'pe* vFkok ^vk/kqfud* ls tqM+s y{k.kksa ds
lkFk fodkl dh igpku] frl ij Hkh] lgt gh lkekU; cks/k dk fo"k; ugha gSA bl
laca/k dh tM+sa Lo;a fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ds fodkl esa gh dgha gSaA ;gh laca/k gS] ftlus
bl 'kCn dh izHkkoh le> cukus esa ;ksxnku fn;k gS] vkSj xr vusd o"kks± esa mDr /kkj.kk
ds bnZ-fxnZ fojks/kksa] la?k"kks± rFkk okn-fooknksa dks Hkh tUe fn;k gSA ge] blh dkj.k] bl
vo/kkj.kk laca/kh viuh le> dks ;g Lohdkj djds vkxs c<+k ldrs gSa fd fodkl dh
vo/kkj.kk us fof'k"V ,sfrgkfld izlax esa vkdkj fy;k vkSj le; ds lkFk gh og
fodflr gqbZA
ekuo lekt us lnk gh ifjorZu dk vuqHko fd;k gS vkSj lkekftd-jktuhfrd laxBu

,oa vkfFkZd dk;Zdykiksa ds ljy ls tfVy :iksa rd vkxs c<+k gSA fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk
vkfFkZd fodkl rFkk lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd izk/kkjksa ds ,d fof'k"V :i ls lac/a k j[krh
gSA bl vo/kkj.kk us lkefUrd lkekftd-vkfFkZd izk/kkjksa ds fo/oal rFkk iw¡thokn ds
fodkl ds lanHkZ esa vk/kqfud dky esa vkdkj fy;kA vkxkeh Hkkxksa esa ge bl vo/kkj.kk
ds Øe-fodkl ij lw{e n`f"V Mkysaxs fd fdl izdkj ;g vk/kqfud ;wjksi esa tUeh vkSj
yksxksa o jk"Vªksa ds chp laca/kksa dks fuf'pr djrs ,d ekxZn'kZd fl)kar ds :i esa QSy
x;hA vxys gh Hkkx esa ik'pkR; vk/kqfudrk ds ,d igyw ds :i esa fodkl dh
vo/kkj.kk ds fof/k"V lEi`DrkFkks± dks fy;k tk,xkA ge ;g Hkh ns[ksaxs fd fdl izdkj bl
lEi`DrkFkZ dh 'ks"k fo'o ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd-vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd 'kk[kk-
iz'kk[kk,¡ FkhaA vUr esa] ge ,d Hkkx mu rjhdksa ij ut+j Mkyus ds fy, j[ksaxs] ftuesa
fd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ij gky ds o"kks± esa okn-fookn gqvk gS] rkfd mls lekurk vkSj
yksdra= ds vf/kd lqlaxr cuk;k tk ldsA
Ckks/k iz'u 1
1½ fodkl dks vkerkSj ij fdl izdkj le>k tkrk gS\
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30
30-- 2 vk/kqfudrk vkSj fodkl
30
30-- 2 - 1 iw¡thokn dk mn; % fodkl dh mRifÙk
fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dks bl izdkj ns[kk tkrk gS] tSls fd og iw¡thokn ds mn; ds lkFk
34 gh izdV gqbZ gksA iw¡thokn ds mn; ls iwoZ ;gk¡ Ñf"kd lekt gqvk djrs Fks] tks
lkefUrd laca/kksa }kjk fu;af=r gksrs FksA lekt inkuqØfer Fkk vkSj fdlh dh tUe oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
infLFkfr gh lkekftd inkuqØe esa mldh fLFkfr dks fu/kkZfjr djrh FkhA lkefUrd dk;Z
LokfeRo laca/k ykHk ij de tks+j nsrs Fks vkSj eq[;r% vkRefuHkZjrk] Hkj.k-iks"k.k vkSj
ikjLifjdrk }kjk fu;af=r gksrs FksA vkfFkZd fodkl] mRiknu ifj.kke] ykHk] O;kikj dh
Lora=rk vkfn ij vius tks+j ds lkFk iw¡thokn ds mn; us os HkkSfrd n'kk,¡ iznku dha]
ftuesa jgdj fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk us vkdkj ysuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
30
30-- 2 - 2 Kkuksn; ijEijk
blds lkFk gh] le; dh ckSf)d ijEijk] ;Fkk Kkuksn; ijEijk us] tSlk fd mldks
vkerkSj ij dgk tkrk gS] O;fDr dh vo/kkj.kk dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr fd;kA O;fDr dks] bl
ubZ ckSf)d ijEijk ds Hkhrj] ekuk tkus yxk fd tSls og rdZ dh ekufld 'kfDr j[krk
gS] vkSj ;qfDr;qDr fu.kZ;ksa dks ysus dh {kerk Hkh j[krk gSA bl fopkj'khy O;fDr dh
fu;fr vc nSoh 'kfDr }kjk fufgr ugha jgh Fkh] u gh oS;fDrd ca/ku dks] blh dkj.k]
vc mu laca/kksa ds Hkhrj gh lhfer j[kuk Fkk tks fd lkefUrd lekt }kjk fu/kkZfjr FksA
bl cqf) lEiUu O;fDr us] tks bu /khes o vis{kkÑr lqLr lkekftd-vkfFkZd laca/kksa ds
lkFk-lkFk lkekftd o jktuhfrd laxBu ds inkuqØfer vk/kkj ds izfr Hkh lansgdkjh
Fkk] csfM+;ksa dks rksM+ eqDr gksus ds fy, la?k"kZ fd;kA
Lora= m|e vkSj ykHk ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr iw¡thokn us izxfr vkSj fodkl laca/kh
fopkjksa dk iks"k.k fd;kA viwoZ HkkSfrd izxfr vkSj ykHkktZu ij tks+j nsrs gq,] ;g
rdZlaxr gh Fkk fd lkefUrd laca/kksa dks xqIr :i ls gkfu igq¡pkbZ xbZ] vkSj lkFk gh]
'kklu ds ekdwy izk/kkj <g x,A bl <gko us] tks fd oS;fDrd Lora=rk ,oa fo|eku
lkefUrd laLFkkvksa ls Lok;Ùk 'kklu gsrq ,d yEcs pys jktuhfrd la?k"kZ ds ckn gh
laHko gqvk Fkk] LoPNanrk] Lora=k ,oa yksdra= dh ,d mnkjoknh /kkj.kk laca/kh
jktuhfrd vkn'kks± dks Hkh tUe fn;kA cgjgky] fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dk tUe pw¡fd
iw¡thokn ds lkFk gh gqvk] og eq[; :i ls izxfr ds lkFk gh igpkuh xbZ] vkSj izxfr
ds :i esa fodkl ds ifgys igy Li"V o.kZu lw= MsfoM fjdkMksZ ,oa ,sMe fLeFk tSls
fo[;kr~ jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa dh iqLrdksa esa ik;s x,A
30- 2- 3 fodkl fo"k;d tkWtZ ykjsu ds fopkj
tkstZ ykjsu mYys[k djrs gSa fd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk u flQZ+ iw¡thokn ds Øe-fodkl
ds lkFk xgjs tqM+h gS] iw¡thokn dk izR;sd pj.k fodkl fo"k;d vo/kkj.kkvksa dks ,d
fof'k"V Ükà[kyk-/kkjd ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS ¼tkstZ ykjsu] ^bUVªksMD'ku*]
fFkvjht+ vkWQ+ fMoSyWie.V] ikWfyfV izSl] dSfEczt] 1989½A ykjsu iw¡thokn dks 1700 ls
rhu izeq[k pj.kksa esa fodflr gq, ds :i esa ekurs gSa vkSj izR;sd pj.k gsrq fodkl ds
lqlaxr fl)karksa dh igpku djrs gSaA ;s rhu pj.k gSa % (i) izfrLi/kkZRed iw¡thokn dk
;qx ¼1700-1860½] (ii) lkezkT;okn dk ;qx ¼1860-1945½ vkSj (iii) uohu iw¡thokn
¼1945-1980½A
30
30-- 2 - 4 izfrLi/kkZRed iw¡thokn dk ;qx
izfrLi/kkZRed iw¡thokn dh igpku jgh & u, vkS|ksfxd iw¡thoknh oxks± ds la?k"kZ] rkfd
os lkeUrokn ds vfUre vo'ks"kksa ls Lo;a dks eqDr dj ldsa vkSj jktuhfrd lÙkk gkfly
dj ldsaA ;g oks oDr Hkh Fkk] tc iw¡thokn] fczVsu esa vius mn~xe ls] cktk+jksa dh ryk'k
35
kef;d eqís
lkef;d esa fo'o Hkj esa QSyuk 'kq: gks x;kA dkyZ ekDlZ crkrs gSa fd fodkl ds vius izFke
iM+koksa esa vkS|ksfxd iw¡th us cyiwoZd cktk+j lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl fd;k] ;Fkk
vkSifuosf'kd rjhds lsA lS)kafrd jktuSfrd vFkZO;oLFkk] ftldk izfrfuf/kRo ,SMe
fLeFk vkSj MsfoM fjdkMksZ us fd;k] dk ekuuk Fkk fd iw¡thokn gh mRiknu dk ifj'kq)
vkSj ifjiw.kZ :i gS] ;Fkk ;g fodklkFkZ lokZf/kd izsj.kkizn n'kk,¡ iznku dj ldrk gSA
mudk fo'okl Fkk fd vUrjjk"Vªh; O;kikj mRikndrk c<+kus ds fy, vko';d gSA
iw¡thokn dh ifj'kq)rk rFkk la?k"kZ-eqDr izR;;hdj.k] rFkkfi] rc iqufoZpkj ds v/khu gks
x, tc dkexkj-oxZ la?k"kZ mHkjdj vk;sA bUgha la?k"kks± ds izlax esa gh dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj
ÝsfMªd ,afty us iw¡thokn laca/kh viuh vkykspuk dks izLrqr fd;kA ekDlZ vkSj ,afty
us ;g Lohdkj djrs gq, fd iw¡thokn bfrgkl esa mRiknu ds lokZf/kd mUur rjhds ds
:i esa ,d ,sfrgkfld vko';drk Fkh] blh dks mRiknu dk izkÑfrd vkSj ifj'kq) :i
ekuus ls badkj fd;kA mUgksaus dkexkj-oxZ la?k"kks± esa ik;k fd iw¡thokn esa vkarfjd
fojks/k dh vfHkO;fDr gS vkSj mRiknu ds ,d vf/kd mUur rjhdkas }kjk gLrkarj.k ,oa
izfrLFkkiu dh laHkkouk HkhA
30
30-- 2 - 5 lkezkT;okn dk ;qx
f}rh; pj.k vFkkZr~ lkezkT;okn ds ;qx ¼1860-1945½ dh igpku jgh & fo'kky fuxeksa
}kjk ckt+kj dk ,dkf/kdkfjd fu;a=.k] vkS|ksfxd dsUnzksa ls iw¡th dk vklikl ds {ks=ksa
dks fu;kZr] dPpk-eky mRiknu ,oa iw¡th lap; nksuksa ij ijorhZ dk fu;a=.k] rFkk
mRiknu ds izcy rjhds ds :i esa iw¡thokn dk lqn`<+ laLFkkiuA bl pj.k ds nkSjku
fodkl ds uo-'kkL=h; fl)kar us izeq[krk izkIr dj yhA blus bl vk'oklu ds lkFk
dke fd;k fd mRiknu ds iw¡thoknh rjhds dh tM+sa et+cwr gSa vkSj mlesa vius vki dks
cuk;s j[kus dh ,d vUrfuZfgr ÅtkZ gSA uo-'kkL=h; fl)kafr;ksa us ckt+kj dks ifjiw.kZ
Lo:i fy;k] vkSj bls dk;e j[kus okyh izfØ;kvksa ls tqM+s jgs] ;Fkk D;k iSnk fd;k
tk,] fdruk iSnk fd;k tk,] vkSj fdl dher ij] vkfn r; djus lac/a kh lw{e vFkZ'kkL=
lsA blh chp] ekDlZokfn;ksa us iw¡thokn laca/kh viuh ijaijkxr leh{kk dks foLrkj iznku
djus dk iz;kl fd;kA jkstk+ yDt+ecxZ] cq[kkfju] fgYQfn±x rFkk ysfuu us ;g ekurs
gq, fd iw¡thokn ds vUrfuZfgr y{k.kksa us fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;k] viuh lkekftd
O;oLFkk esa mifuosf'kr ns'kksa dks LFkku fn;kA mUgksaus tks+j nsdj dgk fd tc rd
vkSifuosf'kd csM+h ugha VwV tkrh] mifuosf'kr ns'kksa dh rjDdh #dh gh jgsxhA eanh dk
rk¡rk tks 1930 esa vkfFkZd ladV ds f'k[kj ij tk igq¡pk] ds izlax esa uo-'kkL=h; fl)kar
dks tkWu esukMZ dhUl ds fopkjksa us f>a>ksM+ dj j[k fn;k] ftUgksaus bl ckr dh odkyr
dh fd jkT; gLr{ksi eanh ds izHkkoksa dks lq/kkjus ds fy, vko';d gSA
30
30-- 2 - 6 uohu iw¡thokn dh voLFkk
uohu iw¡thokn dh voLFkk 1945 esa 'kq: gqbZ vkSj mls nks pj.kksa esa foHkkftr ds :i esa
ns[kk tk ldrk gS & iworhZ tks 1966 esa lekIr gqvk vkSj ijorhZ tks 1980 rd pyrk
jgkA bl voLFkk dh igpku Fkh & vk/kqfud miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dk mRiknu vkSj 1966
rd dh vof/k vkfFkZd foLrkj.k ,oa c<+rs ykHkksa }kjk vfHkyf{kr jghA ;g vof/k
vukSifuos'khdj.k izfØ;k] ,oa fo'o Hkj esa u,-u, Lora= gq, ns'kksa dk mn;] rFkk ijorhZ
dh dk;Zlpw h esa lkekftd izxfr ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds eqnn~ ksa dk rnksijkar izpfyrhdj.k
vkfn ds fy, Hkh egÙoiw.kZ jghA bl lanHkZ esa ekMukZbt+s'ku fFkvjht+ ¼jkWLVkW] vkWfLyr½
us fodkl izfØ;k dks ikjaifjd ¼lkefUrd½ lekt ls vk/kqfud vFkok vkS|ksfxd lekt
36 dh vksj voLFkkarj xeu ds :i esa Li"V fd;kA ,sfrgkfld :i ls] ;g voLFkkarj xeu
ifgys-igy fodflr ns'kksa esa gqvk vkSj nwljksa ls mEehn dh xbZ fd ifjorZuksa ds bUgha oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
izfrekuksa dk vuqlj.k djsaA dk;Z
bl nkSj esa ekDlZoknh fl)karksa us vkSifuosf'kd csfM+;k¡ VwVus ds ckn Hkh u,-u, Lora=
gq, ns'kksa esa vYifodkl gsrq dkjdksa dks le>us ,oa Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
rnuqlkj] fFkvjh vkWQ+ bfEifjvfyT+e us rhljh nqfu;k ds lektksa esa iw¡thokn ds
izpfyrhdj.k ds vkarfjd izHkkoksa dh vPNh Nkuchu dhA ikWy cjku dk rdZ gS fd bu
ns'kksa esa lkezkT;oknh 'kfDr;ksa us LFkkuh; vYira=ksa ls xBtksM+ dj fy;k vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i
vR;ko';d vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa dks lap; ,oa fodkl ls cpkdj dqN rks egkuxjksa esa
vuqfpr :i ls LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k x;k vkSj dqN dks foykflrkiw.kZ miHkksx esa mM+k
fn;k x;kA lkezkT;oknh ns'k] bu fl)karksa ds dFkukuqlkj] ewyr% vYifodflr ns'kksa ds
m|ksxhdj.k ds f[kykQ gSa vkSj lÙkk esa iqjkus 'kkld oxZ dks dk;e j[kus dk iz;kl
djrs gSaA 1966 rd uohu iw¡thokn dh voLFkk ,d u, nkSj esa izos'k dj xbZ] ftldh
igpku Fkh & vkfFkZd fodkl dk /khek iM+uk vkSj ykHk dh fxjrh njA bl nkSj esa uo-
mnkjokfn;ksa ¼mnkgj.kkFkZ] feYVu ÝhMeSu½ us dhUloknh uhfr;ksa dh dM+h vkykspuk
'kq: dj nh] ;g vkjksi yxkrs gq, fd jkT; dk gLr{ksi cgqr vf/kd gS vkSj
dY;k.kdkjh uhfr;ksa ds leFkZu esa og Hkkjh djk/kku ls fodkl dks /khek djrk gSA
ySfVu vesfjdh ns'kksa esa] v/khu jk"Vª fl)kar jk"Vªh; cqtqZvk oxks± dh mnkjoknh Hkwfedk
ds fo"k; esa la'k;oknh Fks vkSj ;g dgrs Fks fd rhljh nqfu;k esa m|ksxhdj.k izfØ;k,¡
gh lkezkT;oknh iSB dh ek/;e gSa vkSj vUrjjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ij fuHkZjrk dks tUe nsrh
gSaA fo'ks"k :i ls vk¡nz xqanz Ý+Sad us ekDlZoknh vkSj mnkjoknh fl)karksa ij vkifÙk izdV
dh] tks fd nksuksa ;g nkok djrs Fks fd iw¡thokn lHkh txg fodkl dks c<+kok nsus esa
l{ke mRiknu dk ,d rjhdk gSA Ý+Sad us mDr /kkj.kk dks fujLr fd;k vkSj n`<+rkiwoZd
dgk fd lksygoha 'krkCnh ls ysdj vc rd ySfVu vesfjdh ns'kksa ds fujUrj vYifodkl
ds fy, nks"k iw¡thokn ij gh gSA Ý+Sad iw¡thokn dks ,d ,slh fo'o O;oLFkk ekurs gSa]
ftlds Hkhrj egkuxjh; dsUnz vUrjjk"Vªh; ckt+kj fØ;kfof/k ds ek/;e ls vkfJr ns'kksa
ls vkfFkZd vf/k'ks"kksa ds lEifÙkgj.k dk izca/k dj ysrs gSa] ftlls fd iwoZorhZ esa fodkl
vkSj ijorhZ esa vYifodkl dks c<+kok feyrk gSA rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'k blhfy,
vYifodkflr gSa fd os fo'o iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj ijkfJr gSaA bl izdkj] fodkl
dsoy rHkh gks ldrk gS] tc fdlh lektoknh Økafr dk lgkjk ysdj dksbZ ns'k bl
O;oLFkk ls ckgj fudysA
fodkl fl)kar] tks 1970 ds n'kd esa lkeus vk;s] Ý+Sad dk izHkko n'kkZrs gSa] [kkldj
lehj vehu ,oa ,- besU;q,y Ñr fFkvjh vkWQ+ vubD+oy ,DlpsUt rFkk vkbZ- okyZLVhu
Ñr oYMZ flLVe fFkvjhA okyZLVhu ds vuqlkj] fo'o O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj lHkh ns'k Li"Vr%
,d lkFk fodflr ugha gks ldrs Fks] dkj.k ;g O;oLFkk vleku dsfUnzd ,oa ifj/kh;
{ks=ksa dks lkFk ysdj pyus ds vk/kkj ij gh dke djrh gSA ,d jkspd y{k.k] tks fd
okyZLVhu vkxs crkrs gSa] ;g gS fd ,d ifj/kh; vFkok ,d v/kZ-ifj/kh; ns'k gksus dh
Hkwfedk r; ugha gSA dsfUnzd ns'k rFkk ifj/kh; ns'k v/kZ-ifj/kh; bR;kfn cu ldrs gSaA
rFkkfi tks fuf'pr gS] oks gS fo'o O;oLFkk dh vleku izÑfrA ¼iw¡thoknh fodkl ,oa
fodkl fl)karksa dh voLFkkvksa ds fo"k; esa foLrkj ls i<+us ds fy, ns[ksa & tkstZ ykjsu]
^b.VªksMD'ku*] ykjsu Ñr fFkvjht+ vkWQ+ fMoSyWie.V esa½
37
kef;d eqís
lkef;d Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ iw¡thokn ds mn; vkSj fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ds chp laca/kksa dks izLrqr djsaA
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2½ fodkl fo"k;d tkstZ ykjsu ds fopkjksa ij ppkZ djsaA
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3½ ,-th- ÝS+ad] lehj vehu rFkk vkbZ- okyZLVhu us iw¡thoknh fodkl dk fdl izdkj
izR;;hdj.k fd;k gS\
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30
30-- 3 fodkl % iqu% ifjHkkf"kr
,sls le; tc if'peh ns'kksa esa fo}Rtu iw¡thokn esa fodkl ¼izxfr½ gsrq laHkkouk dh iqf"V
djus dk iz;kl dj jgs Fks] vFkok ekDlZoknh fl)kfUr;ksa ds ekeys esa] iw¡thokn ds Hkhrj
xfrokn vkSj fojks/k nksuksa dks ns[krs gq,] dqN fopkj-lw= fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dks
iquiZfjHkkf"kr djus yxsA geus fiNys Hkkx esa ns[kk fd v/khu-jk"Vª fl)karh vkSj fo'O;
O;oLFkk fopkj/kkjk,¡ ;g crkrh gSa fd vk/kqfud fo'o esa ^fodkl* dk eryc jgk gS &
38 jk"Vªksa o yksxksa ds chp vleku laca/kksa dk fodklA
30
30-- 3 - 1 fodkl dh Økafrd leh{kk oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
dk;Z
fodkl laca/kh ,d vf/kd mxz lekykspuk 1970 ds n'kd esa mHkjuh 'kq: gqbZA ;g
lekykspuk bl ewy /kkj.kk ls 'kq: gqbZ fd vius orZeku iz;ksx esa fodkl vfr tfVy
:i ls iw¡thoknh fodkl ,oa foLrkj ls tqMk+ gSA iw¡thoknh fodkl ,sfrgkfld :i ls dqN
gh ns'kksa esa le`f) ds ladsanz.k ,oa nwljksa ds fy, nfjnzrk esa ifj.kr gqvk gSA bl
lekykspuk us fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dks laKku fy;k] ftlus bls vuU; :i ls iw¡thoknh
fodkl ds lkFk igpkuk] vkSj bl fl)kar ds lkFk Hkh fd fodkl dk ,d gh jkLrk gS]
tks lHkh ds }kjk viuk;k tk,A
vkrqZjks ,Ldksckj] oqYQ+xSax lS'k ,oa xLVkoks ,Lrsok crkrs gSa fd ¼iw¡thoknh½ fodkl ,oa
vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lkFk izcy izkekf.kdrk esa ^fodkl* dk tqM+uk f}rh; fo'o-;q)
i'pkr~ u,-u, Lora= gq, ns'kksa esa jk"Vª-fuekZ.k dh ,d izHkkoh fopkj/kkjk cuk jgkA iwjh
;q)ksijkar vof/k esa fodkl ds vFkks± ,oa mn~ns';ksa dks ftl izdkj bu ns'kksa esa le>k x;k]
fodkl dh ml vo/kkj.kk ls eqDr ugha gks lds tks fd 16oha 'krkCnh esa gh tUe ys pqdh
FkhA oqYQ+xSax lS'k bldks cM+s gh lqcks/k rjhds ls izLrqr djrs gSa tc] 1990 ds n'kd
esa fy[krs gq,] og dgrs gSa fd fiNys pkyhl o"kks± dks ^fodkl dk ;qx* dgk tk ldrk
gSA rV dh vksj tgkft;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrs ,d Å¡ps izdk'k-LraHk dh ekfQ+d] fodkl
gh oks fopkj Fkk ftlus mn; gksrs jk"Vªksa dks vkSifuosf'kd v/khurk ls eqDr gksus ds ckn
LoaHkw jk"Vªksa ds :i esa mudh ;k=k esa viuh fLFkfr dk Kku djk;k ¼oqYQ+xSax lS'k n
fMoS+yWie.V fMD'kujh] 1992] i`-1½A u, jk"Vªksa }kjk fodklkFkZ bl [kkst us] cgjgky]
mUgsa fo'o O;oLFkk ds inkuqØe ls eqDr djus ds fy, dqN ugha fd;k] tks fd iw¡th dh
rdZ'kfDr }kjk gh yk;h vkSj dk;e dh xbZ FkhA Lora=rk ds ckn fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk
dk rnuqlkj eryc og fodkl gh jgk] tks ,d fo'o-iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa lgh cSBsA
30
30-- 3 - 2 la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dk mn; vkSj fodkl dk eqn~nk
;g mDr dkj.k ls gh egÙoiw.kZ gS fd Lora=rk ds 'kh?kz i'pkr~ gh buesa ls vf/kdka'k
ns'k] tks fodkl ds jkLrs ij pys] ^vYi fodflr* dh Js.kh esa vk x,A f}rh; fo'o-
;q) lekIr gksrs-gksrs la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk us fo'o esa ,d nqtsZ; dsfUnzdrk gkfly dj
yhA viuh fLFkfr Li"V vkSj ca/kudkjh cukus ds fy, vesfjdk us u, jk"Vªkas ds lkFk izHkqRo
LFkkiu ,oa ijksidkj laca/kh vius O;ogkj dks lVhd 'kCnksa esa izLrqr fd;kA rnuqlkj]
20 tuojh 1941 dks jk"Vªifr VªweSu us vesfjdk ds jk"Vªifr dk in Hkkj laHkkyk vkSj
vYifodflr {ks=ksa ds lq/kkj gsrq viuh oSKkfud mUufr;ksa ,oa vkS|ksfxd izxfr ds ykHkksa
dks miyC/k djkus ds fy, ,d Bksl u;k dk;ZØe cuk;s tkus] dh ?kks"k.kk dhA xLVkoks
,Lrsok dk dguk gS fd VªweSu dh uhfr laca/kh bl mn~?kks"k.kk ds lkFk gh ekuotkfr ds
,d fo'kky lewg] tks fd igys mifuosf'kr ns'k Fks] dks ^vYifodflr* dk yscy yxs
vkoj.k ds varxZr j[k fn;k x;k ¼xLVkoks ,Lrsok] ^fMoSyWie.V*] oqYQxSax lS'k laikfnr
fMoSyWie.V fMD'kujh esa] i`- 8-9½A bl yscy us u flQZ ,d u, v/khuhdj.k gsrq u,-
u, Lora= gq, ns'kksa dks nks"kh Bgjk;k] cfYd mlus iw¡thoknh fodkl dh bekjr ij [kM+h
,d inkuqØfer fo'o O;oLFkk ds tkjh jgus dh iqf"V Hkh dhA
30
30-- 3 - 3 rhljh nqfu;k dk mn; vkSj fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk
lÙkj ds n'kd ds lkFk gh ^rhljh nqfu;k* dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ jktuSfrd xqV ds :i esa
mn~xeu gqvk] ftlus fdlh Hkh fopkj/kkjk-fo'ks"k xqV ds izfr jktHkfDr ls cpdj pyuk
ilan fd;k vkSj u rks iw¡thoknh] u gh lektoknh fodkl-iFk dks Lohdkj fd;kA u, 39
kef;d eqís
lkef;d lkekftd vkUnksyuksa us] tks fd nqfu;k Hkj esa mB [kM+s gq,] fodkl ds ,d ,sls
,dkf/kd ekxZ ij pyus dk iz;kl djrs gq, fodkl dh fo|eku uhfr;ksa ij loky djus
'kq: dj fn,] tgk¡ LFkkuh; HkwHkkxksa dh vko';drkvksa ,oa vfHkyk"kkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kk
tk ldrk FkkA u, lkekftd vkUnksyuksa] ;Fkk i;kZoj.k] deZpkjh oxZ] ukjh vkUnksyu
vkfn] us /;ku bl rjhds ls vkÑ"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k fd ftlls fo|eku fodkl
izfreku turk ds fo'kky oxks± vegÙoiw.kZ ekus tkus esa ifj.kr gq,] vFkok turk ds
fofHkUu oxks± dks ,d vleku rjhds ls 'kkfey dj fy;kA fodkl dh fo|eku lkekftd
O;oLFkkvksa esa izfrLi/kkZ gksus yxhA fodkl izfrekuksa dk yksdra=hdj.k nks Lrjksa ij djus
dk iz;kl fd;k x;k % (i) ns'kksa ds Hkhrj gh vkSj (ii) ,d vf/kd lerkoknh vkfFkZd ,oa
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dks izksRlkgu nsus ds fy, ns'kksa ds chp] tgk¡ ns'kksa ds xr ,sfrgkfld
vkf/kiR; ij fu;a=.k j[kk tk lds vkSj izR;sd O;fDr dk fodkl jk"Vª ,oa izR;sd
fu"ikfnr fd;k tk ldsA
vkxs ds Hkkxksa esa ge fodkl fl)kar ds Hkhrj dqN lw=ksa ij ut+j Mkysaxs] ftUgksaus fodkl
dh vo/kkj.kk dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA buesa ls dqN lw= la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k esa fodkl dh cnyrh vo/kkj.kk ls mHkjs gSa] ftudks fd ^fodkl dk vf/kdkj*
laca/kh la;qDr jk"Vªla?k egklHkk }kjk 1989 esa pjeksRd"kZ izkIr gqvkA
30
30-- 3 - 4 lhfer jk"Vª vkSj fodkl
,sfMª;u ySf¶+Rop ds vuqlkj] u, jk"Vªksa ds vkxeu ds lkFk gh laxBu ds jktuhfrd
larqyu esa cnyko ykrs gq, la;qDr jk"Vª dh fodkl fo"k;d lksp esa ifjorZu lkB ds
n'kd ls gh Li"V gqvkA ;s jk"Vª la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh uhfr;ksa ds Hkhrj gh fodkl dk
/;ku&dsUnz vk; vkSj o`f) ls ^lkekftd fodkl* dh vksj eksM+ nsus esa lQy jgsA
lkekftd fodkl dk vfuok;Zr% vFkZ gS & f'k{kk] LokLF; j{kk] vk; forj.k] lkekftd-
vkfFkZd o fyaxHksn lekurk rFkk xzkeh.k dY;k.k tSls {ks=ksa esa lq/kkjA lkekftd fodkl
dk vFkZ fodkl dh ,d dgha vf/kd mxz vkSj vkewy mUewyuoknh ladYiuk gks x;k]
ftlesa izeq[k ifjlEifÙk;ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k] /ku-lEifÙk dk iqufoZrj.k ¼tSls fd Hkwfe
lq/kkjksa esa½ rFkk fodkl ds lk/ku o lk/; nksuksa ds :i esa jktuhfrd fu.kZ;u~ esa tu-
Hkkxhnkjh ¼,sfMª;u ySf¶+Rop] LVsV~l vkWQ fMoS+yWie.V] 2000] i`- 41½A
lkB ds n'kdkar rd ,d fparu ds izHkko'kkyh lw= us fodkl dh vko';drk dks

lkekftd fodkl vkSj lkekftd U;k; gsrq o`gÙkj fo"k; ds lkFk tksM+us dk iz;Ru
fd;kA ;g yxkrkj eglwl fd;k tk jgk Fkk fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fodkl
vlekurkvksa dks de ugha dj jgk FkkA cfYd yxrk Fkk fd og fo|eku vlekurkvksa
dks dk;e j[ks Fks vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd mUgsa c<+k Hkh jgk FkkA rnuqlkj] ykHkksa ds ,d
U;k;laxr forj.k okys lkekftd fodkl esa rRdkyhu lac) 'kSf{kd fl)kfUr;ksa dh
dk;Z-'kfDr;k¡ 'kkfey FkhaA fczfV'k fodkl vFkZ'kkL=h MMyh lhvlZ us] mnkgj.k ds fy,]
lkB ds n'kdksÙkj ls ys[kksa dh ,d Ükà[kyk esa] fodkl dks flQ+Z o`f) ds lkFk tksM+s tkus
ij loky mBkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA mUgksaus x+jhch] csjkst+xkjh vkSj vlekurk ij fodkl
ds izHkko dks [kkstrs gq, mlds îfj.kkeksa* ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;kA lhvlZ bl izdkj
fodkl ds ek;us vkSj ekius dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl dj jgs Fks] rkfd x+jhch
vkSj vlekurk nksuksa dks ?kVuk rFkk jkst+xkj c<+kuk mlesa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldsA bl
izdkj dh ckrksa ls ;g /kkj.kk iuih fd fodkl esa oks 'kkfey gSa] ftUgsa ^cqfu;knh t+:jrsa*
dgk tkrk gS] vkSj bldks ml lhek rd ekik tkrk gS] tgk¡ rd fd og ^leqnk;ksa vkSj
40 O;fDr;ksa dh izkFkfed vko';drkvksa* dh iwfrZ djrk gSA
30
30-- 3 - 5 êkSfyd vko';drk,¡* n`f"Vdks.k oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
dk;Z
fodkl gsrq] ekSfyd vko';drk,¡ n`f"Vdks.k] bl izdkj O;fDr ds lEiw.kZ 'kkjhfjd]
ekufld ,oa lkekftd fodkl gsrq volj iznku djuk gh gSA ekSfyd vko';drkvksa
esa blhfy, ^vkRe-fu.kZ;u~] vkRe-fo'okl] jktuhfrd Lora=rk ,oa lqj{kk] fu.kZ;u~ esa
Hkkxhnkjh] jk"Vªh; o lkaLÑfrd igpku] vkSj thou o dk;Z esa mn~ns'; dk ,d Hkkx gsrq
vko';drk* 'kkfey FksA ekSfyd ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dh ifjHkk"kk esa ik¡p eq[; {ks=
vkrs Fks % ikfjokfjd miHkksx gsrq cqfu;knh phtas+ ¼[kk|] oL=] vkokl lesr½( ekSfyd
lsok,¡ ¼izkFkfed ,oa izkS<+ f'k{kk] ty] LokLF; j{kk o ;krk;kr½( fu.kZ;u~ esa Hkkxhnkjh(
ekSfyd ekuokf/kdkjksa dh iwfrZ( rFkk mRikndkjh jkstx
+ kj ¼ifjokj dh miHkksx vko';drkvksa
dks iwjk djus gsrq i;kZIr vk; mRiUu djuk½ ¼,sfMª;u ySf¶+Rop] i`- 44-47½A
30
30-- 3 - 6 uo-mnkjoknh izk/kkj ds Hkhrj fodkl
vLlh ds n'kd esa fodkl izfØ;k vkSj y{;] nksuksa ds :i] izpfyr uo-mnkjoknh fopkjksa
ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr fd, tkus yxsA bu fopkjksa us lq>k;k fd vkfFkZd Lora=rk] eqDr
ckt+kj] futh-{ks= igydkfj;k¡ rFkk fofu;eksa esa dVkSrh m|e'khy dk;Z'kfDr;ksa dks
[kksyus ds fy, ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vkSj izksRlkgu iznku djasxh] ftlds }kjk lkB o lÙkj ds
n'kd dh os /kkj.kk,¡ vLohdkj gks tk;saxh tks ekSfyd ekuoh; vko';drkvksa ds
fu;kstu] forj.k vkSj izko/kku esa jkT; gsrq ,d Hkwfedk ryk'krh FkhaA fodkl fo"k;d
bl lksp us ^vkfFkZd fodkl dh izeq[krk* dk fQj ls nkok fd;k] ctk; lkekftd
lekt vFkok x+jhch mUewyu ds] ;g rdZ nsrs gq, fd vkxs pydj fodkl gh x+jhch ds
fy, mÙkjnk;h gksxkA vLlh dk n'kd lekIr gksrs-gksrs] rFkkfi] ;g Li"V gks x;k fd
lkekftd fodkl vkSj forj.kdkjh Hkwfedk ls jkT; ds ihNs gVus ls ewy [kk| ewY; esa
o`f);ksa ds lkFk-lkFk fpfdRlh; ,oa 'kS{kf.kd lsokvksa ds laca/k esa Hkh x+jhcksa ij Hkkjh ekj
iM+hA
30
30-- 3 - 7 fodkl dk vf/kdkj
blh chp] 4 fnlEcj 1989 dks la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk }kjk fodkl dk vf/kdkj vaxhdkj
dj fy;k x;kA bl vf/kdkj us] misUnz cD'kh ds vuqlkj] u flQZ ekuokf/kdkjksa ds
;FkkFkZ lkj-rÙo dks lekfo"V fd;k] cfYd mlus ekuokf/kdkjksa dh u;h ryk'k gsrq ,d
moZj vkjafHkd vk/kkj Hkh iznku fd;k gS] tks fd ,d lerkoknh fo'o O;oLFkk gsrq
vk/kkj cukrk gSA fodkl dk vf/kdkj vkRefu.kZ;u~ ,oa lEizHkqrk ds vf/kdkj dk
ifjlaiqVu djrk gS] vkSj nkok djrk gS fd lHkh vf/kdkj & ukxfjd] jktuhfrd]
vkfFkZd] lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd & leku :i ls egÙoiw.kZ gSa vkSj leku :i ls gh mUgsa
izksRlkgu ,oa laj{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,A blesa ;g vfUorkFkZ Hkh gS fd varjjk"Vªh; 'kkafr
o lqj{kk fodkl ds vf/kdkj gsrq lgk;d fLFkfr;ksa dks iSnk djus ds fy, vfuok;Z rÙo
gSaA volj dh lekurk gsrq vko';drk dh vf/kdkj-ek¡x djrs gq,] ?kks"k.kk dk lcls
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS & vf/kdkjksa ds lzksr vkSj fo"k; ds :i esa ekuoksfpr O;fDr ij
mldk t+ksj fn;k tkuk gh gSA O;fDr gh bl fodkl izfØ;k dk eq[; fo"k; Fkk] vkSj
fodkl uhfr ,slh gks tks mls gh eq[; Hkkxhnkj ,oa eq[; fgrkf/kdkjh cuk;sA
fuEufyf[kr vH;Urj fopkj] ftuesa fodkl dk vf/kdkj Hkh 'kkfey gS] fodkl dh
vo/kkj.kk esa dqN vkewy ifjorZuksa dk ladsr djrs gSa % (a) mDr ?kks"k.kk fodkl ds
vf/kdkj dks izHkkor% lHkh ekuoksfpr O;fDr;ksa dk] lHkh txg] vkSj lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr
41
kef;d eqís
lkef;d dk vf/kdkj cukrh gS] rkfd os viuh vUr% 'kfDr dks iz;ksx dj ldsaA (b) ;g vf/kdkjksa
ds lzksr vkSj fo"k; ds :i esa ekuoksfpr O;fDr dh fuf'prrk dh vf/kdkj-ek¡x djrh
gSA (c) ;g fodkl-iFk ds iquekZufp=.k }kjk ,d U;k;laxr ekuo lekt ds xBu dks
y{; cukrh gSA (d) bl ?kks"k.kk esa vUrfuZfgr lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr ds dÙkZO; laca/kh
vo/kkj.kk Hkh gS] ,slh fLFkfr;k¡ iSnk djus vkSj dk;e j[kus gsrq la?k"kZ tgk¡ lPpk
ekuoh;] lkekftd ,oa lH;rkiw.kZ fodkl laHko gksA (e) rc] lkFk gh] ;g jkT; dk
dÙkZO; gS fd ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks tUe ns] ftuesa ekuoksfpr O;fDr vius vf/kdkjksa ,oa
dÙkZO;ksa dk iz;ksx@fuoZgu dj lds ¼ns[ksa misUnz cD'kh] ^n fMoS+yWie.V vkWQ+ n jkbbV~
Vq fMoSyWie.V*] tk+U;w fleksfuns ¼la-½ Ñr áweu jkbV~l % U;w MkbeSU'kUt+ ,.M pSysUtst]+
,s'kxsV] MkVZekmFk] 1998½A
30
30-- 3 - 8 fo'o fodkl fjiksVZ] 1991
fodkl laca/kh bl O;kid n`f"Vdks.k ds infpg~u fo'o fodkl fjiksVZ] 1991 esa ns[ks
tk ldrs gSaA bl fjiksVZ us fodkl dks ,d rks ^vkfFkZd fodkl* ds :i esa ftlesa mu
thou ekudksa esa ,d lrr o`f) 'kkfey gS] ftuesa HkkSfrd miHkksx] f'k{kk] LokLF; ,oa
i;kZoj.k j{kk 'kkfey gSa] vkSj ,d o`gÙkj vFkZ esa vU; egÙoiw.kZ ,oa laca) lgtxq.kksa ds
lkFk gh volj dh lekurk] jktuhfrd Lora=rk ,oa ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa dks 'kkfey fd,
tkus ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA fodkl ds lexz mn~ns'; dks blh dkj.k fyax Hksn]
u`tkrh; lewgksa] /keks±] iztkfr;ksa] {ks=ksa] o ns'kksa ls ijs vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] ,oa yksxksa ds
ukxfjd vf/kdkjksa dks c<+kus ds :i esa ns[kk x;k ¼fo'o cSad] 1991]31½A
vc rd dh ppkZ esa geus ns[kk fd fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk vc vkfFkZd fodkl rd lhfer

ugha jgh gSA blesa lkekftd ,oa ekuoh; fodkl 'kkfey djus ds fy, bldks foLrkj
iznku dj fn;k x;k gSA blus vius dk;Z{ks= esa fodkl dh ,d vkSj vo/kkj.kk dks
'kkfey dj fy;k gS] tks fd ,d yksdra= dk ifj.kke gS vkSj tu-Hkkxhnkjh ds ek/;e
ls mls LFkkfir Hkh djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA fodkl dh bl vo/kkj.kk us viuh
lokZf/kd O;kid lS)kafrd vfHkO;fDr veR;Z lsu ds ^Lora=rk ds :i esa fodkl* ds
lw=hdj.k esa ikbZ gS ¼veR;Z lsu] fMoS+yWieS.V ,st+ Ý+hMe] vkWDlQksMZ] 1999½A
30
30-- 3 - 9 fodkl ij veR;Z lsu ds fopkj
lsu ds vuqlkj] Lora=rk ds foLrkj dks fodkl ds izkFkfed mn~ns'; ds lkFk-lkFk eq[;
y{; ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tkrk gSA fodkl] blhfy,] vLora=rk ds eq[; lzksrksa dks nwj
fd, tkus dh vis{kk djrk gS] ;Fkk x+jhch] rkuk'kkgh] fuÑ"V vkfFkZd volj] ;kstukc)
lkekftd] oafpr n'kk] tu-lqfo/kkvksa dh mis{kk] vlfg".kqrk vFkok neudkjh jkT;ksa dh
vfrlfØ;rkA veR;Z lsu Hkh bl fopkj dk fojks/k djrs gSa fd jktuhfrd Lora=rkvksa
dks rc rd LFkkfir j[kuk pkfg,] tc rd fd lkekftd-vkfFkZd fodkl vfLrRo esa
u vk tk,A mudk rdZ gS fd jktuhfrd Lora=rk,¡ rFkk ,slh gh vU; Lora=rk,¡] tSls
jksx vkSj vKkurk ls eqfDr] fodkl ds vfuok;Z ?kVd gSaA lsu ^lgk;d Lora=rkvksa* dh
ik¡p Jsf.k;ksa dh igpku djrs gSa tks fodkl dks feydj c<+kok nsrh gSaA ;s ^lgk;d
Lora=rk,¡* gSa % (a) jktuhfrd Lora=rk,¡ % tks ljdkj cukus vkSj mldh uhfr;ksa dks
izHkkfor djus Hkkxhnkjh gsrq yksxksa dks l{ke djrh gSaA (b) vkfFkZd Lora=rk,¡ % ftuesa
lalk/ku iz;ksx gsrq yksxksa ds fy, volj gksrs gSaA (c) lkekftd Lora=rk,¡ % tks
LokLF; j{kk ,oa f'k{kk gsrq lekt ds Hkhrj mu O;oLFkkvksa dh vksj ladsr djrh gSa] tks
42
jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd thou esa Hkkxhnkjh gsrq lgk;rk djrh gSaA (d) ikjnf'kZrk oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
laca/kh xkjf.V;k¡ % bu xkjf.V;ksa dk ladsr tu-vkLFkk dh 'krks± dh vksj gSa] tks dk;Z
lkoZtfud ekeyksa esa ikjnf'kZrk ds ek/;e ls izkIr dh tkrh gSaA (e) 'kj.; lqj{kk %
;g lgk;d Lora=rk lkekftd lqj{kk ,oa fuHkZ;rk iznku djrh gS tks yksxksa dks x+jhc
vkSj vHkkoxzLr gksus ls cpkrh gSA
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ fodkl fl)kar ds Hkhrj ,sls dqN vkykspukRed lw=ksa ij ppkZ djsa] ftUgksaus fodkl
dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA
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2½ Lora=rk ds :i esa fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
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30
30-- 4 lkjka ' k
fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk us lkeUrokn ds volku vkSj vk/kqfud iw¡thoknh lektksa ds mn;
ds lanHkZ esa tUe fy;kA iw¡thokn ds mn; us foKku] izxfr] vkfFkZd fodkl] mRiknu]
ykHk] O;kikj Lora=rk vkfn ij t+ksj nsrs gq,] ,slh HkkSfrd n'kk,¡ iznku dha] ftuesa jgdj
fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk us tUe fy;kA ;qx dh cqf)oknh ijEijk] Kkuksn; ijEijk] us rdZ-
{kerk j[kus] vkSj ;qfDr;qDr fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk j[kus okys ds :i esa O;fDr dh
vo/kkj.kk dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr fd;kA HkkSfrd izxfr vkSj ykHkktZu ij t+ksj fn, tkus ls
lkefUrd laca/k lekIr gks x,A lkFk gh] cqf)lEiUu O;fDr] tks vkRe-fu.kZ;u esa l{ke
gks] laca/kh /kkj.kk oS;fDrd Lora=rk ,oa Lok;Ùkrk gsrq ,d lpsr jktuhfrd la?k"kZ ds
tUe ysus esa lgk;d cu x;hA
tkstZ ykjsu fy[krs gSa fd fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk u flQ+Z iw¡thokn ds Øefodkl ls xgjs
tqM+h gS] iw¡thokn ds izR;sd pj.k dks fodkl fo"k;d /kkj.kkvksa dh ,d fo'ks"k Ükà[kyk
j[kus okys ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA og iw¡thokn dks 1700 bZLoh ls rhu izeq[k
voLFkkvksa esa fodflr gqvk ekurs gSa vkSj gj ,d nkSj ds fy, fodkl ds lEc) fl)karksa
43
kef;d eqís
lkef;d dh igpku djrs gSa % izfrLi/kkZRed iw¡thokn dk ;qx ftldh igpku gS & uo-vkS|ksfxd
cqtqZvk oxks± ds la?k"kZ] Hkh oks oDr Fkk tc iw¡thokn fczVsu esa tUe ysdj nqfu;k Hkj esa
ckt+kjksa vFkok mifuos'kksa dh ryk'k esa iSj ilkj jgk FkkA ,SMe fLeFk vkSj MsfoM fjdkMksZ
tSls lS)kafrd jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us mRiknu ds fo'kq) :i crkSj iw¡thokn esa
vkLFkk trk;hA ekDlZ ,oa ,afty us] rFkkfi] iw¡thokn dks mRiknd dk izkÑfrd vkSj
fo'kq) :i ekuus ls badkj fd;k vkSj iw¡thokn esa vkarfjd fojks/kksa ds fodkl esa mRiknu
ds ,d vf/kd mUur rjhds }kjk mldh lekfIr vkSj izfrLFkkiu dh laHkkouk ns[khA
iw¡thokn ds nwljs nkSj] ;Fkk lkezkT;okn ds ;qx ¼1860 - 1945½ esa mRiknu ds ,d
izHkko'kkyh rjhds ds :i esa iw¡thokn dh et+cwr ekspkZcanh ns[kh xbZA fodkl ds uo-
ikjEifjd fl)karksa us] tks bl vk'oklu ds lkFk dke dj jgk Fkk fd mRiknu ds
iw¡thoknh rjhds dh tM+sa et+cwr gSa vkSj mlds ikl larqyu dk;e j[kus gsrq vUrtkZr
{kerk Hkh gS] fodkl dks Hkxoku~ Hkjksls NksM+ fn;kA jkst+k yDt+ecxZ] cq[kkfju] fgYQ+fn±x
,oa ysfuu tSls ekDlZokfn;ksa us rFkkfi] fy[kk fd tc rd vkSifuosf'kd ca/ku ugha VwVk]
mifuosf'kr ns'kksa dk fodkl vo#) gh jgkA
mÙkj-iw¡thokn ds nkSj dh igpku Fkh & vk/kqfud miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dk mRiknu vkSj
1966 rd bl dky dh fo'ks"krk jgh & vkfFkZd foLrkj ,oa c<+rs ykHk rFkk ,d
vukSifuos'khdj.k dh izfØ;k] ftlus vusd û, jk"Vªksa* dks tUe fn;kA ;s ûo jk"Vª* ,d
fodkl-iFk ij py iM+s rkfd Lo;a dks l'kDr jk"Vª cuk ldsaA
jkWLV ,oa vksfLyr tSls vk/kqfudrkoknh fl)kafr;ksa us fodkl dh izfØ;k dks ,d ifjorZu
ds :i esa Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k] tks fd loZizFke fodflr lektksa esa vkrk gS] vkSj
vU; blh izdkj ds ifjorZu izfrekuksa dks viukrs gSaA bl nkSj esa ekDlZoknh fl)kar
vkSifuosf'kd ca/kuksa ds VwVus ds ckn Hkh u,-u, vkt+kn gq, ns'kksa esa vYifodkl gsrq
dkj.kksa dks le>us vkSj Li"V djus gsrq tqM+s jgsA
ySfVu vesfjdh ns'kksa esa ijk/khurk fl)karksa us jk"Vªh; cqtqZvk oxZ dh eqfDrnk;d Hkwfedk
ds fo"k; esa la'k;okn O;Dr fd;kA mUgksaus lq>k;k fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa
vk/kqfudhdj.k vkSj m|ksxhdj.k us ,d u, izdkj dh ijk/khurk dks c<+kok fn;k gSA
vleku fofue; (Unequal Exchange) laca/kh lehj vehu ,oa ,- ,Eekuq,y ds fl)kar
rFkk vkbZ- okyZLVhu ds fo'o O;oLFkk (World System) fl)kar us bl ijk/khurk ,oa
inkuqØe ds fof'k"V izk/kkjksa dh :ijs[kk izLrqr dh] ftlus vk/kqfud fo'o O;oLFkk dk
y{k.k-o.kZu fd;kA
lkB ds n'kd ls] rFkkfi] fodkl fl)kafr;ksa ds egÙoiw.kZ lw= fodkl dks vkfFkZd izxfr
ds lkFk-lkFk bl fopkj ds lkFk tksM+s tkus ij Hkh loky mBkus yxs fd bl izxfr dk
dsoy ,d gh jkLrk gS] tks fd if'peh ns'kksa }kjk igys gh ikj fd;k tk pqdk gSA lkB
ds n'kd esa vkfFkZd izxfr ds :i esa fodkl dh ,d ladh.kZ ifjHkk"kk ds lkFk la'k;okn
us Lo;a dks ^lkekftd fodkl* n`f"Vdks.k ds :i esa O;Dr djok;k] tks fd LokLF; j{kk]
f'k{kk] /ku-lEifÙk ds iqufoZrj.k rFkk jktuhfrd fu.kZ;u~ esa tu-Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk tqM+
x;kA êkSfyd ekuoh; vko';drkvksa* us blh izdkj fodkl ds vFkZ dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr
fd, tkus ij t+ksj fn;k rkfd blesa x+jhch] vlekurk vkSj csjkst+xkjh dks ?kVkuk 'kkfey
fd;k tk ldsA
4 fnlEcj 1986 dks la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk }kjk vaxhÑr fodkl ds vf/kdkj us ,d
44 lerkoknh fo'o O;oLFkk gsrq nkoksa ds fy, vk/kkj iznku fd;kA fodkl ds vf/kdkj esa
vkRe-fu.kZ;u~ dk vf/kdkj ,oa laizHkqrk dk vf/kdkj vkrs gSa vkSj ;g ukxfjd] oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd vkfn lHkh vf/kdkjksa dks leku :i ls dk;Z
egÙoiw.kZ crkrk gS vkSj dgrk gS fd budks leku :i ls gh izksRlkgu vkSj laj{k.k fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A ;g bl vuqeku dks Hkh lkeus ykrk gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr o lqj{kk
fodkl ds izfr lgk;d fLFkfr;ksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, vfuok;Z rÙo gSaA veR;Z lsu
ds Lora=rk ds :i esa fodkl laca/kh Li"VksPpkj.k us fodkl essa Lora=rk dh ^la?kVd*
ds lkFk-lkFk ^lgk;d* Hkwfedk ij Hkh t+ksj fn;kA jktuhfrd Lora=rk] vkfFkZd volj]
lkekftd lqj{kk] vkLFkk rFkk lkoZtfud ekeyksa o lkekftd voljksa esa Lora=rkvksa ds
:i esa fy;k tkrk gS tks fd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus okyh n'kk,¡ iznku djus esa lgk;d
gSaA bl ckr ij Hkh xkS+j fd;k tk ldrk gS fd bu Lora=rkvksa esa Hkh fodkl ds ;Fks"B
y{k.k 'kkfey gSaA
30
cD'kh] misUnz] ^MSoSyWieS.V vkWQ+ jkbV Vq MSoS+yieS.V*] tSU;w fleksukbns ¼la-½ Ñr áweu
jkbV~l % U;w Mk;eSU'kUt+ ,.M pSysUtsl esa] ,s'kxsV] MkVZekmFk] 1998
cwvkUns] ;w,sQ] áweu jkbV~l ,.M dWEiSfjfVo ikWfyfDl] ,YMj'kkWV] MkVZekmFk] 1997]
i`- 3- ôkMZ tsusjs'ku vkWQ+ áweu jkbV~l] i`- 47-65
,Lrsok] xqLrkoks] ^MSoSyWieS.V*] oqYQxkax lS'k ¼la-½] Ñr n MSoS+yWieS.V fMD'kujh esa] tS+M
cqDl] y.nu] 1992
ykjsu] tkstZ] fFkvjht+ vkWQ MSoSyWieS.V] ikWfyfV] dSfEczt] 1989
ySf¶+Vop] vknzsa] LVsV~l vkWQ+ MSoSyWieS.V] ikWfyfV] dSfEczt] 2000
lS'k] oqYQ xkax] ^b.VªksMD'ku*] oqYQ+xkx lS'k ¼la-½ Ñr n MSoSyWieS.V fMD'kujh esa] tS+M
cqDl] y.nu] 1992
30
30-- 6 Ckks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj
Ckks/k iz'u 1
Ckks/k iz'u 2
1½ ns[ksa mi-Hkkx 30.2.1 ,oa 30.2.2
2½ ns[ksa Hkkx 30.2
3½ ns[ksa mi-Hkkx 30.2.6
Ckks/k iz'u 3
1½ ns[ksa Hkkx 30.3
2½ ns[ksa mi-Hkkx 30.3.9
45
kef;d eqís
lkef;d
bdkbZ 31 oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed dk;Z
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
31-0 mn~ns';
31-1 ifjp;
31-2 ldkjkRed dk;Z ds vkSfpR;
31-2-1 fujarj HksnHkko ds izek.k
31-3 lS)kafrd eqn~ns
31-4 ldkjkRed dk;Z % lkalkfjd ifjizs{;
31-4-1 Hkkjr esa ldkjkRed dk;Z
31-4-2 eysf'k;k esa ldkjkRed dk;Z
31-4-3 ukfefc;k vkSj nf{k.k vÝhdk esa ldkjkRed dk;Z
31-4-4 la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa ldkjkRed dk;Z
31-4-5 Ýkal esa ldkjkRed dk;Z
31-5 vo/kkj.kk dh leh{kk
31-5-1 xq.k laca/kh rdZ
31-5-2 vf/kdkj lac/a kh rdZ
31-5-3 dk;Z {kerk laca/kh rdZ
31-5-4 cydukbZt+s'ku laca/kh rdZ
31-6 lkjka'k
31
31-- 0 mn~ n s ' ;
oafpr lewg iztkfr] jax] tkfr] fyax vkSj tSfod vleFkZrk ds :i esa gekjs lkekftd-
vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fuekZ.k dk ,d vge fgLlk gSaA bu lhekar lewgksa dks
lkekftd-vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd thou dh eq[;-/kkjk esa] fo'ks"kr;k chloha 'krkCnh ds
mÙkjk)Z ls ykus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gSA
ldkjkRed dk;Z ds i{k vkSj foi{k esa rdZ fn;s tkrs gSa] lkFk-lkFk ldkjkRed dk;Z gsrq
dk;ZØeksa dks yxkrkj ykxw djus ds fy, dkuwuh vkSj uSfrd rdZ izLrqr fd;s tkrs gSaA
^xq.k* 'kCn dk bLrseky vDlj ldkjkRed dk;Z ds laxr lkekftd ifjorZu ds
lk/ku ds :i dks jn~n djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn fo|kFkhZ fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks tku ik;saxs %
• oafpr lewg dkSu-dkSu ls gSa\
• ldkjkRed dk;Z dh vo/kkj.kk dh O;k[;k dSls dh xbZ gS\
• vk/kqfud le; esa ldkjkRed dk;Z dk D;k vkSfpR; gS\
• bl vo/kkj.kk ds lS)kafrd igyw D;k gSa\
• lalkj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ldkjkRed dk;Z dh vo/kkj.kk dk lw=ikr dSls gqvk gS\
46 • ldkjkRed dk;Z ds fu.kZ;kRed igyw D;k gS\
lS)kafrd n`f"V ls ldkjkRed dk;Z dks lkekU; LohÑfr izkIr gS] D;ksafd blesa fufgrkFkZ oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
gS fd ,sls dne mBk;s tkus pkfg,] ftlls fd lHkh O;fDr leku cus vkSj ikjaifjd dk;Z
vkSj ikjaifjd vkSj iwokZxzgksa ls xzflr pyuks (practices) dks jksdk tk ldsA
31
31-- 1 ifjp;
vkt dh lelkef;d ppkZ dk fo"k;] ldkjkRed dk;Z] vU; lHkh xaHkhj okn-fookn ds
eqn~nksa tSls cgq-laLÑfrokn] f}-Hkk"kh; f'k{kk] vkizoklu bR;kfn dh rjg vk/kqfud]
jktuhfrd fl)kar dk vfHkUu vax cu x;k gSaA n`<+ /kzqohdj.k] tks bu lS)kafrd okn
fooknksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS] vDlj ;g ns[kus esa vlQy jgrk gS fd lPpkbZ dgha chp
esa gSA vr% fo"k; ij [kqys vkSj vi{kikriw.kZ jSos;s dh vf/kd t+:jr gSA oafpr vkSj
ldkjkRed dk;Z dh vo/kkj.kk 1960 ds n'kd esa vesfjdk esa ûkxfjd vf/kdkj
vkUnksyu* (Civil Rights Movement) ds iz;klksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i mRiUu gq;h] tks
vesfjdk dks mlds ekSfyd lafonk (Contract) & fd ^lHkh O;fDr leku cuk;s x;s gSa&
dks euokus ds fy;s FkkA blds vfrfjDr] jktHkfDr dh 'kiFk (Pledge of Allegianee) esa
lHkh ds fy, LorU=rk vkSj U;k; dk oknk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g vkn'kZokn lHkh O;fDr;ksa
ds lkFk fcuk jax] jk"Vªh;rk] tkfr] /keZ vkSj fyax dk HksnHkko fd;s leku volj dk oknk
Fkk] ftUgsa bfrgkl esa mDr oDr rd lEeku ugha fn;k x;k FkkA bl vns; vf/kdkj ds
fy;s ukxfjd vf/kdkj vkUnksyu ds laLFkkid vkSj vuq;k;h vkxs c<+s vkSj ejs] vkSj
varr% 1964 ds ukxfjd vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e dks izkIr fd;kA tkWulu iz'kklu us la;qDr
jkT; dk;Zikfydk vkns'k 11246 dks tkjh djrs gq, 1965 esa ldkjkRed dk;Z dks xys
yxk;k] ckn esa dk;Zikfydk vkns'k 11375 ds }kjk blesa la'kks/ku fd;kA vkns'k ds }kjk
la'kks/ku dk mís'; ^Hkwr vkSj orZeku foHksn ds izHkko dks de djuk Fkk*A ;g la?kh;
lafonkdkj ;k mi-lafonkdkj dks fdlh Hkh deZpkjh ;k vkosnd ds lkFk tkfr] jax]
/keZ] fyax ;k jk"Vªh;rk ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko djus ls jksdrk FkkA
,sls vU;k; dks [kRe djus ds Øe esa] fo'ks"kdj vkokl] f'k{kk vkSj jkst+xkj ds {ks= esa
dne ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, mBk;s x;s Fks fd] ftu lewgksa dks ,sfrgkfld n`f"V
ls lkekftd eku-lEeku ls ijs j[kk x;k Fkk ;k ftu rd mudh lhfer igq¡p Fkh] mUgsa
'kkfey djus ds fy, ekSds fn;s tk;asA bl izdkj ;g lkekftd uhfr;k¡ lkekftd :i
ls oafpr lewgksa dks izksRlkfgr djus ds mís'; ls lacaf/kr Fkha] fo'ks"kdj jkst+xkj] f'k{kk
vkSj vkokl ds {ks= esa fcuk tkfr] jax] /keZ] fyax ;k jk"Vªh;rk ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dsA
HksnHkko dh ,sfrgkfld izo`fÙk ds foijhr] ;ksX; O;fDr ds fy, leku volj iznku djuk
gh vo/kkj.kk dk y{; FkkA
efgykvksa ds lkFk muds fyax ds udkjkRed vFkZ ds dkj.k HksnHkko fd;k tkrk gSA bl
izdkj lek/kku ,d ls vf/kd tkfr ;k fyax ugha gSa] cfYd lkaLÑfrd :i ls LohÑr
mu uhfr;ksa ds fouk'k ls] tks tkfr@fyax dh Js"Brk vkSj in dh xfjek dh j{kk djrh
gSa] lekt dk iquxZBu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bl izdkj dh ^jaxiw.kZ* tkfr izFkk dh izo`fÙk dk 1858 ds ,d vesfjdh fuca/k ds fuEu

va'k esa irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS %
^^--- ûhxzks* cqf)thoh dh ,slh deh dks mtkxj djrk gSA--- mudh ¼uSfrd½
fLFkfr bruh fxjh gqbZ gS fd mudh ekuoh;rk ij Hkh lansg fd;k tkrk gSA
--- dkeqdrk mudh lcls egÙoiw.kZ bPNk gS] vkSj bl izdkj cykRdkj ,d vfr
'kh?kz gksus okyk vkpj.k gSA 47
kef;d eqís
lkef;d [kkl fcUnw ;g gS fd ;|fi ;g 1858 ds fuca/k dk va'k Fkk] blus 'kgj ds vVkWuhZ ds
izf'k{k.k vkSj fojklr dks izHkkfor fd;kA bl izdkj dk tkrh; vkSj lkekftd HksnHkko
dkyksa dks xksjksa ls uhpk fn[kkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g vkt Hkh dkys-xksjs ds
laca/kksa dh iwoZpsruk ;k vpsru pyu esa fo|eku gSA
^LohÑr loksZPprk dh* lw{e-mxz'khy izo`fÙk tkrh; var%fØ;kvksa ds lapkyu vkSj

fu.kZ;ksa] izos'k laca/kh fu.kZ;ksa] lquokb;ksa vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa ekuo thou ds
izR;sd vU; igyqvksa vkSj lalkj ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa dh fofHkUu mn~?kks"k.kkvksa vkSj <k¡pksa esa
>ydrh gSA
vukekfj;k yks;k] ekyMsQ ds vVkWuhZ vo/kkj.kk dh bl :i esa O;k[;k djrs gSa fd

^^LkdkjkRed dk;Z fdlh Hkh iSekus] uhfr ;k dkuwu fofo/krk dks c<+kus ;k HksnHkko dk
lek/kku djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls fd ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dks jkst+xkj]
f'k{kk] O;kikj vkSj voljksa ds lafonk dh leku igq¡p gks**A ogha] vcnhu ukscksvk dgrs
gSa fd ^^LkdkjkRed dk;Z yksxksa dks fxuus ls lacaf/kr ugha gS] cfYd yksxksa dks fxuus
yk;d cukus ls gSa**A
31
31-- 2 LkdkjkRed dk;Z ds vkSfpR;
vkWfyoj oSaMsy gkSyEl us dgk Fkk fd ^^vlekuksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj ls c<+dj dksbZ
vlekurk ugha gS**A ;gk¡ ,sls ldkjkRed HksnHkko dks mRiUu djus dh t+:jr gS] tks
ekuork dks vf/kd ekuoh; vkSj izxfr'khy cuk nsA
vjLrq us viuh iqLrd fudksefp;u ,fFkDl (Nichomchean Ethics) esa fy[kk Fkk fd
U;k; gh lekurk gS] tSlk fd lHkh O;fDr fo'okl djrs gSa fd ;g fdlh Hkh fookn ls
fcYdqy vyx gSA okLro esa] xzhd Hkk"kk esa lekurk 'kCn dk vFkZ U;k; gksrk gSA
vjLrq ds vuqlkj lekurk dk vFkZ gS fd tks phtsa+ leku gSa] muds lkFk leku vkSj tks
pht+sa vleku gSa] muds lkFk vleku O;ogkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vU;k; rc gksrk gS
tc lekuksa ds lkFk vleku vkSj vlekuksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj fd;k tk;sA
LkdkjkRed dk;Z lkekftd vU;k; dks nwj djus ds fy, vko';d cu tkrk gSA ;g
lek/kku ds fl)kar (Principle of Redress) ij vk/kkfjr gS( ;g fd vlaxr vlekurkvksa
dks lq/kkjk tk;sA pw¡fd tUe dh vlekurk;sa vlaxr gSa] bu vlekurkvksa dh fdlh rjg
{kfr iwfrZ dh tkuh pkfg,A jkWYl ds vuqlkj] lHkh O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk lekurk dk
O;ogkj vkSj volj dh okLrfod lekurk iznku djus ds Øe esa lekt dks de vuqdy w
lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa esa iSnk gksus ;k j[ks tkus okyksa ds izfr vf/kd /;ku nsuk pkfg,A
LkdkjkRed dk;Z HksnHkko dh yxkrkj leL;kvksa ds funku ds fy, lekt ds iz;klksa ds
,d Hkkx ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk( vuqHkotU; izek.k tks fd fiNys i`"Bksa esa
izLrqr fd;k x;k] lwfpr djrk gS fd blus dqN gn rd dk;Z fd;k gS] ftldk
ldkjkRed izHkko HksnHkko ds ifj.kkeksa ij fn[kk gSA orZeku esa ,slk HksnHkko gS ;k ugha]
LkdkjkRed dk;Z ds fdlh Hkh fo'ys"k.k dk dsUnzh; rÙo gSA
31
31-- 2 - 1 fujarj HksnHkko ds izek.k
vusd {ks=ksa esa fuf'pr :i ls izxfr gqbZ gSA fQj Hkh izek.k cgqr lkjs gSa fd tks leL;k;sa
ldkjkRed dk;Z gy djuk pkgrk gS] os pkjksa rjQ QSyh gSaA vesfjdh lekt dk
48
mnkgj.k ysrs gSa] tgk¡ LkdkjkRed dk;Z dh vo/kkj.kk dh mRifÙk gqbZ] dkys vkSj xksjs oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa Li"V varj] vkSj iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp] Li"Vr% lkekftd dk;Z
vkSj vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ds pyrs lkekU; HksnHkko dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA
HksnHkko ds pyu dks bafxr djus dh ,d lEekfur fof/k vkdfLed tk¡p (Random
Testing) dk bLrseky djuk gS] ftlesa O;fDr leku ukSdjh] oxZ ;k leku vU; y{;
ds fy, izfrLi/kkZ djrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] Qs;j bEiykW;esaV dkmafly vkQ xzsVj
okWf'kaxVu bad (Inc.) us 1990 vkSj 1992 ds chp tk¡pksa dh Ükà[kyk dk vk;kstu fd;kA
tk¡p us ik;k fd dkyksa ds lkFk Li"Vr;k ml le; ds leku :i ls ;ksX; xksjksa dh
vis{kk cqjk O;ogkj fd;k x;k FkkA
blh izdkj] uS'kuy C;wjks vkWQ bDukWfed fjlpZ ds 'kks/kdrkZvksa us iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa
ds rqyuh; vkosnuksa dks fQySMSfYQ;k ds jsLVkWjsaVksa dks HkstkA Å¡ps nkeksa okys jsLVkWjsaVksa esa
iq#"kksa dks lk{kkRdkj i= feyus dh laHkkouk efgykvksa ls nqxuh vkSj ukSdjh dh ik¡p xquk
vf/kd FkhA
U;k; foHkkx us Hkh bl leku tk¡p fjgk;'kh ?kjksa esa HksnHkko dks mtkxj djus ds fy,
dh FkhA bu tk¡pksa us Hkh inkZQk'k fd;k fd xksjksa dks dkyksa dh vis{kk vf/kd vkoklh;
bdkb;ksa esa ns[kk x;k] tcfd dkyksa ds ikl leku izek.k i= ds ckotwn mUgsa dgk x;k
fd dksbZ vkokl miyC/k ugha gSA tk¡p ds vkjaHk ls] U;k; foHkkx us 20 la?kh; vkjksiksa
dk dqy 1-5 fefy;u MkWyj esa le>kSrs ds }kjk fuiVkjk fd;kA jk"Vªifr cq'k ds v/khu
,d xfBr laLFkk Xykl flfyax vk;ksx vkSj fo/kk;dh; lapkfyr lhusVj Mksy us viuh
gky dh] ,d fjiksVZ bl izdkj izLrqr dh %
• xksjs iq#"k QkWjP;qu 1000 vkS|ksfxd vkSj QkWjP;qu (Fortune) 500 lsok m|ksxksa esa
ofj"B O;oLFkkid inksa ij 97% rd vklhu gSaA dsoy 0-6% vÝhdu-vesfjdu]
0-3% ,f'k;kbZ vkSj 0-4% fgliSfud (Hispanic) bu inksa ij gSaA
• vÝhdu-vesfjdu izkbZosV lSDVj ds Å¡ps inksa ij flQZ 2-5% gh gSa vkSj is'ksoj
fMxzh okys vÝhdu-vesfjdu xksjs O;fDr;ksa }kjk dek;h xbZ jde dh rqyuk esa
flQZ 79% izfr'kr jde dekrs gSaA vÝhdu-vesfjdu efgyk;sa xksjs iq#"kksa }kjk
dek;h xbZ jde dh rqyuk esa flQZ 60% izfr'kr jde gh dekrh gSaA
• efgyk;sa ofj"B O;oLFkkid inksa ij flQZ 3 ls 5% gh gSa] flQZ nks efgyk;sa
lh-bZ-vks- (CEOs) in ij QkWjP;qu 1000 dEifu;ksa esa gSaA
• fuEu Lrj ds xksjs iq#"k deZpkfj;ksa ds Hk; vkSj iqoZ/kkj.kk dks efgykvksa vkSj
vYila[;dksa dh izxfr ds izeq[k ck/kd ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA fjiksVZ esa ;g
Hkh ik;k x;k Fkk fd cksMZ ds vkj-ikj iq#"kksa dh izxfr efgykvksa dh vis{kk
vf/kd gksrh gSA
• vÝhdu-vesfjdu dh csjkst+xkjh nj 1994 esa xksjksa dh csjkst+xkjh dh nj ls nqxquh
FkhA iw.kZ-dkfyd vkSj iwjs o"kZ dk;Zjr dkys iq#"kksa dh vkSlr vk; 1992 ds o"kZ esa
xksjs iq#"kksa dh vk; ls 30% de FkhA fgLiSfud izR;sd oxZ esa ekewyh :i ls gh
csgrj FksA 1993 esa dkys vkSj fgLiSfud iq#"kksa dh xksjksa dh rqyuk esa O;oLFkkid
;k is'koj cuus dh laHkkouk vk/kh gh FkhA
• 1992 esa 50% ls Hkh vf/kd 6 lky ls de vÝhdh-vesfjdh cPps vkSj 44%
fgLiSfud cPps xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou clj djrs Fks] tcfd flQZ 14-4% xksjs 49
kef;d eqís
lkef;d cPps gh bl rjg dh ft+anxh clj djrs FksA 33-3% vÝhdu-vesfjdu 29-3%
fgLiSfud vkSj 11-6% xksjksa dh lexz xjhch nj FkhA
• dkyksa dh jkst+xkj fLFkfr lqn`<+ ugha gS] vkfFkZd mUufr esa mudh csjkst+xkjh dh
xzkQ js[kk uhps dh vksj tkrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] 1981-82 esa eanh ds oDr] dkyksa ds
jkst+xkj esa 9-1% dh fxjkoV vkbZ] tcfd xksjksa ds jkst+xkj esa 1-6% dh deh vkbZA
fgLiSfud dh csjkst+xkjh Hkh vesfjdu xksjs ds csjkst+xkj dh vis{kk vf/kd pØh;
gSA
• f'k{kk dh vleku igq¡p vkfFkZd vlekurk dh l`tu o`f) esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk
djrh gSA 1993 esa 3 izfr'kr ls de dkWyst ds Lukrd csjkst+xkj Fks] ysfdu
22-6 izfr'kr xksjksa ds ikl dkWyst dh fMfxz;k¡ FkhaA ysfdu dsoy 12-2 izfr'kr
vÝhdu-vesfjdu vkSj 9-0 izfr'kr fgLiSfud ds ikl ,slh fMxzh FkhA
• 1990 dh tux.kuk ls Li"V gqvk fd jk"Vªh; dkjksckj ds 2-4 izfr'kr ij dkyksa
dk LokfeRo FkkA ijarq bu dkys dkjksckfj;ksa ds 85 izfr'kr ds ikl dksbZ deZpkjh
ugha FkkA ;gk¡ rd fd 'kSf{kd Js.kh ds varxZr Hkh vYila[;dksa vkSj efgykvksa dh
vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa fxjkoV gSA LukrdksÙkj fMxzh okyh vkSlr efgyk v/khuLFk fMxzh
okys iq#"k ds leku iSls dekrh gSA
• ;s [kkb;k¡] rkfdZd :i ls] vkt fo'o ds lcls fodflr lekt esa ,d jpukRed
dk;ZØe dh t+:jr dks vkSfpR; iznku djrh gSa] ftlls fd lekt esa loZ= O;kIr
vlekurk vkSj vU;k; dk lkeuk] lkgl vkSj izfrc)rk ls fd;k tk ldsA
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa LkdkjkRed dk;Z dh mRifÙk rFkk izkjafHkd
bfrgkl ij izdk'k MkysaA
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2½ la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa tkrh; HksnHkko ds ifjn`'; dh O;k[;k djsaA
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50
oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
31
31-- 3 lS)kafrd eqn~ns dk;Z
leL;k dh xaHkhjrk dks ns[krs gq,] djhc-djhc lHkh fopkjdksa us] mnkjokfn;ksa ls ysdj
Lora=rkokfn;ksa vkSj ekDlZokfn;ksa ls ysdj lkekftd iztkrkaf=dksa us vius-vius <ax ls
bl eqn~ns dks ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA bu lHkh ds chp ,d lkekU; lgefr gS fd
O;fDrxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh lekurk vlaHko gSA
tkWu jkWYl vlekurk dks de djus ds fy, Bksl dsl izLrqr djrs gSa( tSlk fd os
Lohdkjrs gSa fd ;fn vlekurk;sa lkekftd izfrHkkvksa vkSj ÅtkZvksa ls izR;sd dks ykHk
igq¡pkrh gSa] rc os lHkh dks Lohdk;Z gksaxhA
nwljh rjQ] Lora=rkokfn;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd O;fDr ds lanHkZ esa lekurk u flQZ

okaNuh; ugha gS] cfYd ;g izksRlkgu vkSj fodkl dks de djrh gSA os volj dh
lekurk rFkk dkuwu ds le{k lekurk dh ckrsa rks djrs gSa] ysfdu lekurk ds lkekU;
vFkZ esa ;g Li"Vr% muds fy, izksRlkgu dk fojks/kh gSA ge ftl 'kh?kz vkfFkZd fodkl
dh vis{kk djrs gSa] cM+s iSekus ij ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd ;g vleku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk
ifj.kke gSA dkyZ ekDlZ dk lekurk laca/kh n`f"Vdks.k O;fDrxr ifjfLFkfr dh lekurk
ds fopkj] lkekuksa vkSj vkenfu;ksa ds leku vkoaVu ds vFkZ esa iwjh rjg ls vyx gSA
os oxZ-foHksn dks iwjh rjg ls [kRe djuk pkgrs Fks] ftlls neu vkSj 'kks"k.k [kRe gks
tk;sa vkSj muls mRiUu gksus okyh lkjh lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd vlekurk vius vki
foyhu gks tk;sA lkE;okn ds izFke pj.k esa] mUgksaus Je ds leku vf/kdkj dks
vlekurk dk dkj.k ekuk] ysfdu lkE;okn ds vafre pj.k esa mUgksaus fo'o esa lkekuksa
vkSj vk; ds vkoaVu ds vFkZ esa lekurk ds vFkZ dks lhfer fd;kA
lkekftd iztkra=okfn;ksa vkSj Qsfc;uksa us lekurk ds okLrfod eki ds i{k dks ekuk
gS] ysfdu os eqDr ckt+kj iw¡thokn ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds lkFk dqN djuk pkgrs gSa] ;g
fo'okl djrs gq, fd vlekurk ds dqN :i yEcs le; ds fodkl ds mís'; ls ek=
okaNuh; ugha gSa] cfYd pht+ksa ds izkÑfrd Øe dk ,d Hkkx Hkh gSa( mUgksaus bls Hkh Lohdkj
fd;k gSA
lekurk dh mudh vo/kkj.kk vkSj ekuo fodkl ds fy, bldh izklafxdrk ds vfrfjDr
U;k; izkIr djus laca/kh muds fopkj Hkh Kkuo/kZd gSa] tSls fd izR;sd O;fDr dks
tkudkjh gS fd lekurk dh vo/kkj.kk ds leku gh U;k; dh fofHkUu vo/kkj.kk;sa gks
ldrh gSaA
jkWfYl;u ;kstuk ds varxZr] U;k; dh vo/kkj.kk lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd lkekftd

O;oLFkk bl izdkj dh gks tks lekt ds lcls de lqfo/kk Hkksxh lnL;ksa dh voLFkk dks
lq/kkjsA okLro esa jkWfYl;u U;k; lekt ds cgqr ls n;uh; lnL;ksa ds lq/kkjus dh fn'kk
esa iwjh rjg ls yxk gqvk gSA jkWYl volj dh lekurk lqfuf'pr djus dh ckr djrs
gSa] D;ksafd ;g yksxksa ds HkkX; dks lqfuf'pr djrk gS] tks muds pquko ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr
gksrk gS] u fd mudh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds }kjkA ^êsjk mn~ns'; mu vlekurkvksa dks
O;ofLFkr djuk gS] tks yksxksa ds thou voljksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSa vkSj u fd mu
vlekurkvksa dks tks yksxksa ds O;fDrxr pqukoksa ls mRiUu gksrh gSa] tks O;fDr ds Lo;a
dh ftEesokjh gksrh gS**A jkWYl ,d ,slh ;kstuk dks lqfuf'pr djus dh ps"Vk djrs gSa]
ftldks izks- M~;ksZfdu us ^vlaosnu'khy izfrHkk vkSj laosnu'khy vkdka{kk* (Endowment
Insensitive and Ambition Sensitive) dh O;oLFkk ds uke ls iqdkjk gSA dksbZ Hkh iz.kkyh
51
kef;d eqís
lkef;d U;k;laxr gSa] ;fn og v;ksX; vlekurkvksa dh lquokbZ dk [;ky djrh gSa vkSj pw¡fd
tUe dh vlekurk;sa v;ksX; gksrh gSa] bu vlekurkvksa dh fdlh rjg {kfriwfrZ dh
tkuh pkfg;sA
Lora=rkoknh fopkjdksa tSls gSd vkSj ÝhMeSu us O;fDrxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh lekurk dks
lqfuf'pr djus esa dfBukbZ dks eglwl fd;k gSa] ysfdu lkFk gh mUgksaus uSfrd vkSj
jktuhfrd vlekurk dks [kRe djus dh ckrsa dh gSaA mUgksaus viuk fopkj-foe'kZ ^volj
dh lekurk rFkk dkuwu ds le{k lekurk* dks lqfuf'pr djus ij dsfUnzr fd;k gSA
;gka iwokZuqeku gS fd ;g U;k; dks lqfuf'pr djrk gS vkSj O;fDrxr Lora=rk dks c<+kok
nsrk gSA volj dh lekurk dk fl)kar izR;sd O;fDr dks] tks og pkgrk gS vkSj ftls
djus dh mlds ikl {kerk gS] leku volj iznku djrk gSaA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj]
U;k;ksfpr O;oLFkk ds varxZr lHkh oxks± dh igpku dks [kRe dj fn;k tkrk gSA
;g vko';d :i ls ,d ,slh O;oLFkk ugha gS] tgk¡ lekurk dk opZLo gksrk gS] D;ksa
lekurk ekSfyd :i ls e/;oxhZ; fopkj/kkjk gS ftldk Jfed oxZ dh ekxksa RkFkk
mís';ksa ds C;ku esa dksbZ txg ugha gksrh gSA ;|fi jkT; izHkkoh oxZ }kjk vius vfJr
oxZ dk nkeu ,oa 'kks"k.k djus dk lk/ku gksrk gS] loZgkjk oxZ ds gkFkksa esa jkT; e/;oxZ]
vU; izfrfØ;koknh vkSj eqdkcyk djus okyh izfrfØ;koknh 'kfDr;ksa ds fo#/k lalk/kuksa
dk 'kh?kzrk ls iqu% foHkktu dks izHkkfor djus okyk ek/;e gksxkA
lkekftd iztkra=oknh ,d ,slh O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr djus ds i{k esa gSa] ¼,d U;k;ksfpr½]
tgka iw¡thokn ds cqfu;knh <k¡pksa dks fcuk dqN fd;s lekurk dh dkQh gn rd xkj.Vh
gksA
ftUgksaus fo'ks"k :i ls bl iz'u ij /;ku fn;k gS] os eglwl Hkh djrs gSa fd oafpr lewgksa
ds d"Vksa dk fuokj.k djus ds fy, ldkjkRed dne] lkekftd fodkl ds fy,
vko';d gSA
vkj-,p- VkWuh Bksl iqu% forj.k ds izcy i{k/kj gSa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls f'k{kk ds fy,
lkoZtfud izko/kku lHkh cPpksa ds fy, rkfd os Lora=rk ds ;ksX; vkSj O;fDrxr Hksnksa
dks iw.kZ djus esa vf/kd l{ke vkSj O;fDrxr Lora=rkvksa dks c<+k;sA
,sls fopkjdksa dh fopkj/kkjkvksa dks lfEefyr djrs gq, veR;Z lsu ^cqfu;knh lkeF;Z
lekurk* (Basic Capability Equality) ds vius rdZ ds bl i{k ij t+kjs nsrs gSAa mudk
dguk gS fd O;fDrxr nkoksa dks lalk/kuksa ;k izkFkfed lkekuksa] tks O;fDr ds v/khu gSa]
ds lanHkZ esa] os thou ds fofHkUu jkLrksa esa ls ,d dks pquus ds gdnkj gSa] ftlls fd os
lkoZtfud dk;Z iks"kd LFky esa lq/kkj] thou laHkkO; vkSj vLoLF;rk vkSj uotkr f'k'kq
dh ej.k'khyrk dks de djds O;fDrxr {kerkvksa ds fodkl ds egÙo dk dkj.k ns
ldrs gSaA
Hkfo";oknh #[k viukrs gq, fe- ,Myh mu laHkkfor :iksa dks <w¡<+rs gSa] tks LkdkjkRed
dk;Z Hkfo"; esa viuk ldsA ;g fl)karoknh LkdkjkRed dk;Z ds rhu <k¡pksa dks izLrqr
djrs gSa( izFke] LkdkjkRed dk;Z dk ^jax va/k* (Colour Blind) n`f"Vdks.k gksrk gSA ;g
Lo:i uLyh; mik;ksa dks dsoy muds fy, ,d lek/kku ds rkSj ij ns[krk gS] tksfd
lkfcr dj lds fd os HksnHkko ds i`Fkd dk;ksZa ds f'kdkj gSaA
LkdkjkRed dk;Z dh nwljh O;k[;k dks ^volj vkSj HksnHkko fojks/kh* O;k[;k dgk tk
52 ldrk gSA ;g O;k[;k vYila[;dksa ds fy, leku volj iznku djus dh i{k/kj gS]
ysfdu leku ifj.kkeksa dh t+:jr eglwl ugha djrhA ;g O;k[;k Lohdkj djrh gS fd oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
uLyokn ls {kfr ^tkfr;ksa ds chp vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fo"kerk dks mRiUu djrh gS*A dk;Z
LkdkjkRed dk;Z dh ;g O;k[;k bu {kfr;ksa dks nwj djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA
varr%] rhljh O;k[;k ^lq/kkj ,oa lfEefyr* (Remediation Plus in clusion 'kkfey dh
dgh tk ldrh gSA ;g O;k[;k fopkj dh îzeq[k* mikxe gS vkSj eq[; :i ls lq>ko
nsrh gS fd fofHkUurk vius vki ^jkT; /;kud"kZ.k dk fo"k;* gSA
;s uewus uo-fo'o dh O;oLFkk ds fy, mdlkrs gSa] tks cgqyrk dks 'kks"k.k ds cnys izxfr
ds lk/ku ds :i esa viukrs gSaA uo-lS)kafrd <k¡ps dh vko';drk bl okLrfodrk ls
le>h tk ldrh gS fd HksnHkkoiw.kZ izo`fÙk vf/kd lw{e] vopsru vkSj ifj"Ñr cu x;h
gS] blfy, bls ml Lrj ij funsZ'k fn;k tkuk pkfg,A bls ek= vlekurkvksa ds lanHkZ
esa ugha le>k tk ldrk Fkk] tks oafpr yksxksa dh ,d vfr lk/kkj.k Nfo izLrqr djrh gSA
rhu eq[; rÙo gSa] tgk¡ LkdkjkRed dk;Z dk;ZØe laca/kh ldkjkRed lekurk dh
ijEijkxr le> ij Hkkjh iM+rs gSa %
izFke] LkdkjkRed dk;Z dk;ZØe iwoZ-lfØ; (Pro-active) gksrs gSa vkSj ,d fofo/k
vkosnd lewg dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, uhfr;ksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dks lekfgr djrs gSaA
LkdkjkRed dk;Z dk vFkZ nkf[kys vkSj izkSUufr ds dksVk ugha gSa] tks okLro esa voS/kkfud
gksrs gaSA u bldk vko';d :i ls vFkZ ilanxh dk nkf[kyk gksrk gSA ;gka y{; gS] ,d
Lo-psru vkSj vkSj lfØ; <ax ls ,df=r djuk] rkfd lw{e iwokZxzgksa dks dkVk tk lds]
iw.kZr;k ;ksX; mEehnokjksa dk nkf[kys ;k izkSUufr dk ,d fofo/k lewg gSA
f}rh;] LkdkjkRed dk;Z dk;ZØe dh lcls lkekU; fo'ks"krk gS] fjdkWMZ j[kuk vkSj
okLrfod miyC/k vk¡dM+ksa dks igpkuus ij t+ksj nsuk] ftlls laxBu vius fofHkUu y{;ksa
ds lanHkZ esa izxfr dk vuqeku yxk ldrs gSaA O;kIr HksnHkko dh lw{e izfØ;k dk irk
yxk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj iz;ksx'kkyk dh lajfpr 'krks± ds varxZr vyx-Fkyx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA fQj Hkh laxBfud fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa] tgk¡ fd iz;ksx dh fu;af=r 'krsZ
dfBuk;h ls gh laHko gksrh gSa] ledkyhu iwokZxzg oafpr lewgksa ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk leku
O;ogkj dks pqukSrh nsrs gSaA u dsoy iwokZxzg /kkj.kk djus okys vDlj vius mn~ns';ksa ls
ltx ugha gksrs gSa] vfirq [kkst us ;g lkfcr fd;k gS fd HksnHkko ds f'kdkj Hkh igpku
ugha ldrs gS fd muds lkFk O;fDrxr :i ls HksnHkko fd;k x;k gSA fo"kerkvksa ij
O;ofLFkr utj (Monitoring) ls lkekU; lgefr ls LohÑr vk;keksa ds] vk/kkj ij
ledkyhu iwokZxzgksa ds lafpr izHkkoksa dks bafxr dj ldrs gSa] tks fd fdlh Hkh fo"k; esa
fu/kkZfjr izHkko dh vis{kk vf/kd izekf.kd gksrs gSaA
rhljs] ldkjkRed dk;Z uhfr;ka fuxZr (outcome) vk/kkfjr gksrh gS( vfHkizk; laca/kh
eqn~ns dsfUnz; ugha gksrs gSaA bjknksa dh vfHkO;fDr] tks fof'k"VrkiwoZd leku jkst+xkj
volj dk;ZØe lacaf/kr izeq[k eqn~nk gS] ledkyhu iwokZxzgksa ds dkj.k leL;kewyd gksrh
gSA ;s iwokZxzg lkekU;r;k fcuk bjkns ds ?kfVr gksrs gSaA
bls vkSj ljy <ax ls is'k djrs gq,] fiNys 25 o"kks± esa lkekftd euksoSKkfudksa us bls
igpkuk gS rFkk HksnHkko ds ledkyhu iwokZxzgksa ds lw{e izÑfr dks nLrkost ls izekf.kr
fd;k gSA izR;{k vkSj vklkuh ls le>us ;ksX; ijEijkxr :iksa ds foijhr] ledkyhu
HksnHkkoksa dks vupkgs <ax ls] vizR;{k vkSj cqf)eÙkkiw.kZ rjhdksa ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
ledkyhu HksnHkko dh lw{e izÑfr ds dkj.k] fuf"Ø; leku volj jkst+xkj uhfr;k¡
53
kef;d eqís
lkef;d ijEijkxr oafpr lewgksa ds U;kf;d vkSj vHksnHkkoiw.kZ lek/kku dks lqfuf'pr ugha dj
ldrh gSaA oafpr O;fDr;ksa vkSj lewgksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, uhfr;k¡ fofnr ^vkmV-xzqi*
fØ;kvksa ls tfur HksnHkko ds lanHkZ esa vizHkkodkjh gks ldrh gSa] ^bu-xzqi* i{kikr ij
vk/kkfjr HksnHkko iw.kZ lek/kku ds lanHkZ esa vizHkkodkjh gks ldrh gSaA blds foijhr]
ldkjkRed dk;Z ftldk /;ku ,d o`gr Lrj ij vlekurkvksa dks fjdkMZ djuk vkSj
muds izfr izfrfØ;k O;Dr djuk gS vkSj ftldk t+ksj bjknksa dh cfuLir ifj.kkeksa ij
gS] lw{e HksnHkkoksa ds fo'ks"kdj leL;kewyd igywvksa ds dqN Hkkxksa dks lacksf/kr djrk gS]
tks yksxksa ds vPNs bjknksa ds ckoT+kwn vlekurkvksa dks vfLrRo esa gksus dh LohÑfr
nsrs gSaA
cks/k iz'u 2
1½ lekurk vkSj U;k; dh vo/kkj.kkvksa ds lS)kafrd vk/kkj ij foospu djsaA
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31
31-- 4 ldkjkRed dk;Z % lkalkfjd ifjizs{;
;|fi bl vo/kkj.kk dh mRifÙk vesfjdk esa gqbZ] fQj Hkh bldk fo'ks"k izHkko lhekvksa ls
ijs FkkA vesfjdk esa ldkjkRed dk;Z] vfHk;ksx dkuwu] oS/kkfud dkuwu vkSj dk;Zikfydk
ds vkns'kksa ds lansgkLin feJ.kksa dk ifj.kke gS] Hkkjr] eysf'k;k] ukfEc;k vkSj nf{k.kh
vÝhdk us vius lafo/kkuksa esa ldkjkRed dk;Z dks txg nh gSA
eysf'k;k vkSj Hkkjr esa ldkjkRed dk;Z dks vYila[;dksa ds fy, voljksa dk lekuhdj.k
djus ds lk/ku ds :i esa ljdkj izcy leFkZu nsrh gS] tks oxhZ; neu dh o"kks± f'kdkj
jgs gSaA
31
31--4-1 Hkkjr esa ldkjkRed dk;Z
Hkkjr nqfu;k dh fdlh Hkh nwljh txg dh vis{kk ldkjkRed dk;Z dks blds lkj esa
yEcs le; vkSj vf/kd rst+h ls iz;ksx djrk jgk gSA ;|fi vesfjdk esa ldkjkRed dk;Z
ds ijEijkxr fojks/kh bls ,d rjQ fLFkr rFkk dksVk lwfpr (Set asides and quotas)
djrs gq, xyr vkadM+k izLrqr djrs gSa] Hkkjr esa dksVk gh dkuwu gSA cM+s iSekus ij
'kS{kf.kd vkSj jkst+xkj ds {ks= esa 1950 ls tkfr izFkk ds vk/kkj ij oafpr yksxksa] tSls
vNwrksa ds fy, muds dksVs dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ Hkkjrh; laln esa
^tkfrP;qr* vkSj vU; xjhc tutkfr;ksa ds fy, muds HkkSxksfyd izfrfuf/kRo ds
54
lkaf[;dh vuqikr esa lhVks dh la[;k dh opuc)rk gSA
cM+s mn~ns'; ds lkFk Hkkjrh; lekt ds vlqfo/kkHkksxh vkSj 'kksf"kr oxks± ds d"Vksa ds oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
fuokj.k ds fy, vkSj iqu% lajpuk rFkk vlekurk ij t+ksj nsus okys Js.khc) lekt dks dk;Z
O;fDrxr miyfC/k vkSj lHkh dks leku volj iznku djus ds vk/kqfud lerkoknh
lekt esa :ikUrj.k] laj{kkRed HksnHkko dk;ZØe dks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa ;kstukc)
fd;k x;k gSA rFkkfi] lerkokn dk ;g vkn'kZ ,d ;k nks fnu esa lkeus ugha vk;k]
cfYd e/;dkyhu tkfr izHkkfor lekt ds ijaijkxr fof/k esa ifjorZu] ,d yEch izfØ;k
dk pjefcanq FkkA okLro esa] ;s ifjorZu tkfr izHkkfor lekt ds ijEijkxr rjhdksa esa
yEcs le; rd pyus okyh izfØ;k dh ijkdk"Bk FkkA bl izfØ;k esa vkarfjd
(Indigenous) lq/kkj rFkk if'peh izHkkoksa us cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku fn;kA
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fuekZrk fiNM+s oxks± dh O;kIr n;uh; vkSj Hk;kog n'kkvksa ls HkyhHkk¡fr
ifjfpr FksA os jk"Vªh; vkSj lkekftd /kkjkvksa ls cgqr ihNs vkSj vyx-Fkyx Fks vkSj
lfn;ksa ls fofHkUu izdkj dh vlekurkvksa ds dkj.k lkekftd :i ls nfer vkSj vkfFkZd
:i ls 'kksf"kr fd;s tk jgs FksA bl vlgk;iu esa tkfr lajpuk vkSj oxZ neu
laoS/kkfud lqfo/kkvksa vkSj lajf{kr HksnHkko ls iSnk gqvk] cgqr ls lansgksa] la?k"kks± ds pyrs
t+ksjnkj cgl] vnkyrh eqdnesa] xyh-fgalk vkSj lkekftd vfLFkjrk dks tUe fn;kA
Hkkjr tksfd fo'o dh lcls cM+h iztkrkaf=d O;oLFkk gSA ftldh ,d vjc ls Hkh
vf/kd tula[;k gS] vkSj 5000 gt+kj o"kks± ls Hkh vf/kd iqjkuk bfrgkl vkSj izokge;h
laLÑfr vkSj vuqHkoh Hkwr] vf}rh; izdkj ds lq{kkRed HksnHkko dk;ZØe dk iz;ksx djrk
vk jgk gSA ukSdjh] f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa] fo/kk;dh vkSj LFkkuh; Lo'kklu laLFkkvksa] îapk;rh
jkt laLFkkvksa* esa vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa] vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds fy,
vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gS vkSj vc efgykvksa ds fy, Hkh ;g fdlh Hkh Lrj ij
,d 'kkunkj iz;ksx jgk gSA ;g Hkh /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr
tutkfr vkSj vU; fiNM+h tkfr] gtkjksa tkfr;k¡ ds iwjs [k.M esa ns'k esa QSys gq, gSaA
fQj Hkh] geus dqN gn rd y{; dks izkIr djus esa lQyrk izkIr dh gS] ftls 57 o"kZ
iwoZ r; fd;k FkkA
31
31-- 4 - 2 eysf'k;k esa ldkjkRed dk;Z
;|fi Hkkjr esa ldkjkRed dk;Z dk;ZØe lcls iqjkuk gS] eysf'k;k dk iz;ksx lcls
lQy ekuk tkrk gSA eysf'k;k us fcuk dksVs dh t+:jr ds lQyrk izkIr dh gS] ogk¡
f'k{kk esa rFkk ljdkjh jkst+xkj esa cgqla[;d] ey; dks vc vkn'kZ ekuk tkrk gSA
eysf'k;u iz.kkyh us laifÙk ds okLrfod iqu% forj.k dks tUe fd;k gS( 1969 esa tgk¡
vusd ey;ksa dh eysf'k;u vFkZ O;oLFkk esa ek= 1 izfr'kr fgLlsnkjh Fkh] ogha vc 20
izfr'kr ls T+;knk gSA vesfjdh rqyuk esa] ;g U;w;kdZ LVkWd ,DlpSat ds LVkWd O;kikj
ds lHkh fgLlsnkjh dks vesfjdh tula[;k esa muds izfrfuf/kRo ds vuqikr esa] dkys yksxksa
dks ck¡Vuk tSls gksxkA
31
31-- 4 - 3 ukfefc;k vkSj nf{k.k vÝhdk esa ldkjkRed dk;Z
ukfefc;k vkSj nf{k.kh vÝhdk us gky esa vius lafo/kkuksa dk iquxZBu fd;k gS vkSj mudh
leku O;oLFkk gS] gk¡ykfd mUgksaus vesfjdh dkuwuksa ls ldkjkRed dk;Z Hkk"kk dh udy
dh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] nf{k.kh vÝhdk ds lafo/kku esa cl ;g Hkk"kk gS % ^ldkjkRed dk;Z
dh vuqefr gS*A blesa ;g Hkh xkSj fd;k x;k gS] fd fons'kksa esa ldkjkRed dk;Z dk;ZØe
iwjh rjg ls dfBukbZ ls ijs ugha gSaA Hkkjr esa] vusd ^Å¡ps tkfr* ds lnL;ksa us vesfjdh 55
kef;d eqís
lkef;d ijEijkokfn;ksa dh rjg leku rdZ nsuk 'kq: dj fn;k gS vkSj eysf'k;k dh O;oLFkk
Hkz"Vkpkj jfgr ugha gSaA
;gk¡ ;g tkuuk vko';d gS fd ldkjkRed dk;Z dh vo/kkj.kk dk iz;ksx vesfjdk dh

vis{kk vf/kd foLr`r gSA
31
31-- 4 - 4 la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa ldkjkRed dk;Z
14osa la'kks/ku ds varxZr leku lqj{kk izko/kku gksus ds ckoT+kwn oxhZ; HksnHkko vesfjdk
esa 20oha 'krkCnh ds e/; rd cjdjkj FkkA fQj Hkh] blds vkn'kZ vkSj dkys yksxksa ds
izfr blds O;ogkj ds chp varj dks 1950 ds yxHkx vkSj 1954 esa eq[; :i ls lgh
fd;k tkus yxkA vesfjdh loksZPp U;k;ky; us Ldwyksa esa dkyksa dks vyx djus ds
fo#) tksjnkj fojks/k fd;kA igyk dne U;k;ky;ksa ds fu.kZ;ksa esa mtkxj gqvk vkSj
dk¡xzsl ds ukxfjd vf/kdkj dkuwuksa us oxhZ; HksnHkko ds flQZ oS/kkfud vkSj v)Z-
oS/kkfud :iksa dks gVk fn;kA bu dk;ks± us gk¡ykfd lPph lekurk ;k volj dks iznku
ugha fd;k] lkekftd :i ls okLrfod lekurk dh laHkkouk dks mRiUu djrs gq,
ljdkjh 'kfDr dh ldkjkRed iz;ksx dk nwljs dne ds :i esa vkns'k fn;kA czkmu ds
IySlh ds fu.kZ; ds fojks/k ¼leku ysfdu i`Fkd fl)kar½ iwoZ fopkj esa fufgr Fkk fd lHkh
dks lkoZtfud :i ls ykxw fd;s tkus okys] iz;ksftd ;k tkfr; lefFkZr HksnHkko lhek
ls ijs Fks] leku lqj{kk migkj ugha] cfYd] ,d tUefl) vf/kdkj FkkA
czkmu ds ,d n'kd ds ckn dk¡xzsl us 1964 esa ukxfjd vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ykxw djds
vyxko dks [kRe djus ds fy, vkUnksyu esa Hkkx fy;kA blus lk/kkj.k vFkZ esa fdlh
O;fDr ds lkFk tkfr] jax ;k tkfr; mRifÙk ls lacaf/kr HksnHkko ds lanHkZ esa fdlh
dk;ZØe ;k xfrfof/k ftls fd la?kh; dks"k izkIr gksrk Fkk] ij izfrca/k yxk;kA bu
iz;klksa dks tkfr; oxhZdj.k dk iz;ksx djrs gq, tukns'k dh rjg ns[kk x;k gSA ,sykSu
cd eqdnesa esa loksZPp U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; vkSj okn-fookn us vesfjdh ldkjkRed
dk;ZØe dks laoS/kkfudrk iqu% 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k gSA
fQj Hkh U;k;f;d mn~?kks"k.kk vkSj 'kS{kf.kd vkSj nk'kZfud fo"k;ksa ij vesfjdk esa
xeZtks'kh ls okn-fookn okLro esa Hkkjr ds lqj{kkRed dk;ZØe ds vusd tfVy vkSj
isphnk eqn~nksa dks le>us esa lgk;d gSA tks Hkkjr ds oSfo/k vkSj o.kZ laLÑfr dks
laHkkyuk cgqr gh dfBu gSaA lanHkZ FkkWel fu.kZ; esa U;k;k/kh'k Ñ".kk v¸;j dh
mn~?kks"k.kkvksa dks fy;k tk ldrk gS] tks vesfjdk esa dkyksa dh v{kerkvksa dh {kfriwfrZ
dks Hkkjr esa gfjtuksa dh v{kerkvksa dh {kfriwfrZ dh leL;kvksa ds lekukarj :i esa ns[kk
tk ldrk FkkA blh izdkj U;k;k/kh'k v¸;j us lekurk ds vk/kkj ij jkstxkj le>us
esa ^^'ysflaxj cuke cykMZ (Schlesinger V. Ballard Case) eqdn~esa dk ft+Ø fd;kA
okLro esa] vesfjdh loksZPp U;k;ky; us bl eqdn~nesa esa foosd'khy vk/kkj tk¡p dk
iz;ksx djrs gq, oxhZdj.k dks efgyk ukSlSfud vf/kdkjh ds i{k esa cjdjkj j[kk] tks
xksikyu vkSj paide nksjkbjktu eqdn~esa esa Hkkjrh; loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk viuk;s x;s
rdZ'khy vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k ds vf/kd leku FkkA
,d iwjd ;gk¡ tksM+k tk ldrk gS] ftlls fd ,slk u gks fd lanHkZ dks Hkqyk;k tk;s]
;|fi Hkkjr esa ,sfrgkfld vU;k;ksa ds fy, viuk;s x;s lq/kkjkRed dneksa ls rqyuk dh
tk ldrh gS] ysfdu ^,sfrgkfld vU;k;ksa* dk Hkkjr dk lanHkZ vesfjdk ls fcYdqy fHkUu
gS vkSj dkyksa dh fLFkfr Hkkjr esa vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh fLFkfr ls
56 vusd ekeyksa esa fHkUu gSaA lkaLÑfrd lanHkZ dh xfr'khyrk Hkkjr esa fcYdqy fHkUu gSA
31
31-- 4 - 5 Ýkal esa ldkjkRed dk;Z oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
dk;Z
lqj{kkRed HksnHkko dh Ýkalhlh laoS/kkfud ;kstuk lacaf/kr ,d 'kCn ;gk¡ vizklafxd ugha
gSA vesfjdk ;k Hkkjr esa ldkjkRed dk;ZØe Ýkalhlh lerqY; dk Hkkr`Ro dh vo/kkj.kk
gS] ftldk mn~ns'; lekt ds xjhc vkSj oafpr lnL;ksa dks Qk;nk igq¡pkuk gSA 1793
dh /kkjk 21 dh ?kks"k.kk esa lkoZtfud lgk;rk ,d ifo= dt+Z gSA lekt dk QtZ gksrk
gS] tks dk;Z djus esa vleFkZ gSa] mudh enn djsaA vf/kdkjksa ds fxjksfUMu (Girondin)
izLrko esa ;g dFku varfuZfgr Fkk fd lekurk lHkh ds vanj leku vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx
djus esa lekfgr gSA ;|fi lekurk dh iz.kkyh dks ik¡posa x.kra= (Fifth Republic) esa
viuk;k x;k gS] vkSj mlus Ýkalhlh ekufldrk dks lgh n'kkZ;k gS] ;g fofp= vkSj
fojks/kkRed gS fd ftruh lekurk dks vesfjdh vkSj Hkkjrh; iz.kkyh esa viuk;k x;k gS]
mruh Ýkalhlh iz.kkyh ;k rks lkekftd-jktuhfrd okn-fooknksa ;k dkWulsby
dkUlfVV~;wLusy (Conseil Constitutionnel) esa izkIr gksus dh mEehn de gSA
cks/k iz'u 3
1½ Hkkjr esa ldkjkRed dk;Z dh uhfr ,oa iz;ksx dk ijh{k.k djsaA
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2½ Ýkal esa ldkjkRed dk;Z ds iz;ksx ij fVIi.kh fy[ksaA
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31
31-- 5 vo/kkj.kk dh leh{kk
vusd yksx ldkjkRed dk;Z ds fojks/kh gSa] D;ksafd os fo'okl djrs gSa fd ;g fu"i{krk
ds vfHkizk; dk vfrØe.k djrk gSaA ;g Û;k;;qDr fo'o dh foy{k.krk* dk ifj.kke
gSA LVSuys dksjsu Li"V :i bl vo/kkj.kk dh fuank djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj] yksx
eglwl djrs gSa fd fo'o] dqN b/kj-m/kj /kekdksa ds lkFk lqUnj ,d LFkku gS] tgk¡ yksx
lkekU;r;k ftruh ;ksX;rk j[krs gSa] mruk ikrs gSa vkSj ftruk ikrs gSa] mrus dh gh os
;ksX;rk j[krs gSaA ;g U;k;;qDr fo'o dk fl)kar gekjs ckY;dky dk gh izf'k{k.k gS 57
kef;d eqís
lkef;d tgk¡ vPNs dks iqjLÑr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj cqjs dks n.M fn;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds
rdZ ls ,d lkekU; fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS] ftUgsa iqjLÑr fd;k tkrk gS] mUgsa
vPNk vo'; gksuk pkfg, vkSj tks ihfM+r gksrs gSa ¼gekjs vius HksnHkko vkSj iw.kZ/kkj.kk ds
vk/kkj ij½ mUgsa vius HkkX; dk feyk gSA bu rdks± ds vk/kkj ij fuEu ckrksa dks
ldkjkRed dk;Z vkSj ldkjkRed HksnHkko ds fo#) mBk;k tkrk gSA
31
31-- 5 - 1 xq.k laca/kh rdZ
xq.koknh fl)kar ;g vkns'k nsrk gS fd lkekftd vPNkb;k¡ O;fDr ds xq.k ;k ;ksX;rk
ds vk/kkj ij iznku dh tkuh pkfg,] og pkgs izkÑfrd gks ;k izkIr dh gqbZ gksA lkekU;
tfVyrkvksa dks ut+jvankt+ djrs gq, ;g fl)kar mPp f'k{kk dh laLFkkvksa esa nkf[kyk
;k jkT; lsokvksa esa fu;qfDr esa ;g fopkj djrk gS fd mEehnokjksa dk p;u muds
O;fDrxr xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij gks] tSls mudh ;ksX;rk dh oLrqfu"B tk¡p esa fu'pr xzsM
;k vadksa dh izkfIr ls lacaf/kr lkekU; cqf) vkSj Kku dh tk¡p blh mn~ns'; ls dh tkrh
gSA bl fl)kar ds leFkZd nkok djrs gSa fd ;g lcls vPNk U;k; lqfuf'pr djrk
gS] tgk¡ rd fd ;g iqjLdkjksa ;k lkefxz;ksa dk forj.k oLrqfu"B ;ksX;rk ds
vk/kkj ij djrk gS] ftlesa O;fDr dh futh fo'ks"krkvksa tSls tUe] oa'k] jax] fyax] tkfr
dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksrk gSA
;g fl)kar lhfer lkekuksa ;k forj.k ds fy, miyC/k voljksa ds fy, cM+h la[;k esa
lcls ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa ds p;u dks fuf'pr djrk gSA ;g l'kDr lekt vkSj mlds iwjh
rjg ls fodkl dks Hkh vk'oLr djrk gS] tgk¡ rd gks lds ;g dfBu Je vkSj mÙke
ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd {kerkvksa ds fodkl ds fy, izksRlkgu nsrk gSA
izFke n`f"V] ;g yxrk gS fd Bksl rdZ fn;k x;k gS] ysfdu l?ku ijh{k.k ds ckn bldh
det+ksjh fn[krh gSA xq.k dk fl)kar vius vki esa vkRefu"B gSA vkf[kj xq.k D;k gS\
xq.k dk fopj.kksa ls eqDr dksbZ fLFkj ;k fu'pr vFkZ ugha gSA ;g dqN ugha gS] cfYd
dqN iwoZ fu/kkZfjr lkekftd mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr djus ;k ewY; ;k ,d [kkl le>h gq;h
lkekftd vko';drkvksa dks larq"V djus dk ,d ekin.M gSA ;g mn~ns'; ewY; ;k
vko';drk dks fu;af=r ugha djrk gS] cfYd muds }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA
izks- }kWjfdu ;g ugha dgrs gSa fd xq.k vizeq[k gSa] muds rdZ ij tksj bl ij gS fd xq.k
lkekftd ek¡xksa vkSj vko';drkvksa dh n`f"V ls [kkl izdkj ds O;fDr;ksa ds fy, jkLrk
cukus ls flyflys ls funsZf'kr gksrk gSA ;g okLro esa fopkfjr lkekftd mn~ns';ksa]
ewY;ksa vkSj vko';drkvksa ds ifjisz{; ls fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj buesa ifjorZuksa ds
lkFk cny tkrk gSA
Hkkjrh; loksZPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;k/kh'k Ñ".k v¸;j ds 'kCnksa esa ^^gekjh p;u izfØ;k
dk #>ku fod`r gS vkSj ,d ek;us esa] mEehnokj tSls fd vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj
tutkfr;ksa ls ftudks Hkkjr dh ,d nq[knkjh le> gS] muesa vfHktkR; oxZ dh rqyuk
esa vf/kd {kerk,a gksrh gSaA vfHktkR; oxZ ftldh laosnuk turk ds izfr [kRe gks pqdh
gS] Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds Lrjksa ls ljdkj dks pykus esa de ;ksX; vkSj jkT;-O;kikj dks
laHkkyus esa de es/kkoh gksrh gS] ;fn ge jkT; lsok ij n`f"Vikr djsa rks ftuesa yk[kksa
miHkksDrk gksrs gSa----A laosnu'khy ân; vkSj Lianu'khy efLr"d yksxksa ds vk¡lwvksa dks
iksNrs gSa] LokHkkfod leiZ.k vkSj ckSf)d v[k.Mrk ns'k dh fodkl vko';drkvksa dks
rsth ls vuqizkflr djsxk----A vkWDlQksMZ ;k dSfEczt] gkoZM ;k LVSaQksMZ ;k led{k
58 Hkkjrh; laLFkkvksa dh fMxzh xq.k ;k mi;qDrrk ds izeq[k va'k gS**A
iwjs rdZ dk t+ksj ;g gS fd dk;Z {kerk dh vo/kkj.kk dks gekjh fodkl laca/kh oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
vko';drkvksa ls lacaf/kr gksuk pkfg, vkSj dk;Z-{kerk dks fu/kkZfjr djus okyh fo|eku dk;Z
tk¡p iz.kkyh dh vlanHkZrk vkSj v;ksX;rk dk inkZQk'k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
31
31-- 5 - 2 vf/kdkj laca/kh rdZ
ldkjkRed dk;Z ds leUo; dh bl vk/kkj ij Hkh vkykspuk dh tkrh gS fd ;g
vf/kdkj ds fl)kar dh vogsyuk djrk gSA ;g lkekU;r;k rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd
ldkjkRed dk;Z dk ,d lewg dk leFkZu nwljs i{k ds fo#) HksnHkko gS] mUgsa leku
ykHk ls oafpr j[kk tkrk gS vkSj ;g vius vki esa lekurk dh vLohÑfr gS] tks izR;sd
O;fDr dk O;fDr gksus vkSj u fd fdlh lewg ds lnL; gksus ds ukrs vf/kdkj gS( vr%
mls ek= fodflr ;k fiNM+h lewg dk lnL; gksus ds ukrs vf/kdkj gSA vr% mls ek=
fodflr ;k fiNM+h lewg dk lnL; gksus ds ukrs vf/kdkj ls vyx ugha j[kk tk ldrk
gSA izR;sd ukxfjd dks ;g laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj gS fd mls de ls de fdlh lkoZtfud
ykHk ds fy, izfr;ksfxrk esa] dsoy blfy, fd og fdlh tkfr ;k /keZ ;k lEiznk; ;k
vU; izkÑfrd ;k Ñf=e lewg dk lnL; gS] tks iwoZ/kkj.kk ;k vieku dk vf/kdkj gS]
cfy dk cdjk ugha cuk;k tk;sA
izks- vkUnzs csrs us vius iSus ys[k ^forj.kdkjh U;k; vkSj laLFkkxr [kq'kgkyh* esa ^lewg
vf/kdkj* ds rdZ dh vkykspuk dks lefUor fd;k gSA os rdZ nsrs gSa fd ,d cM+s Lrj
ij tkfr izFkk ekSfyd :i ls cny x;h gSA tkfr;ksa dk muds O;fDrxr lnL;ksa ij
uSfrd nkok lekt ds lHkh Lrjksa ij det+ksj gqvk gS] fo'ks"kdj 'kgjh e/;e oxZ esa tgk¡
fd mnkjrkiw.kZ HksnHkko ij yM+kbZ yM+h tk jgh gSA ;g dguk mfpr gksxk fd vkt dh
fdlh Hkh tkfr dks og uSfrd lÙkk izkIr ugha gS fd og vius e/;e oxZ ds lnL;ksa ij
viuh fdlh ijEijkxr LohÑfr ds fy, ncko MkysA
viuh tkfr dh uSfrd lÙkk ls vius vki dks eqDr djrs gq,] ,sls O;fDr vc vkfFkZd
,oa jktuhfrd lqfo/kkvksa ds fy, ;kfU=d :i ls bls bLrseky djus yxs gSaA
os vkxs rdZ nsrs gSa fd ;g ns[kuk dfBu gS fd dSls tkfr vkSj leqnk; ds lkoZtfud
jkst+xkj esa vkuqikfrd fgLlsnkjh ds vf/kdkj ds fopkj dks rFkk vk/kqfud lekt ds
vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj mnkjoknh iztkra= ds izfr izfrc)rk ds lkFk dk;Z djus ds vuqdwy
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g lp gS fd tkfr lkekftd thou ds vusd {ks=ksa esa dk;Zjr
gS] ysfdu] vc ;g vf/kdkj ds :i esa dk;Z ugha djrh gSA tkfr ds vfLrRo dk tkjh
jguk ,d ckr gS ijUrq bldh oS/krk iw.kZr;k nwljh ckr gSA tkfr iz.kkyh dh oS/krk dks
lkfcr djus ds fy;s ;g nkok fd bldh fuekZ.kd bdkbZ dks vf/kdkj vkSj mikf/k;ka
izkIr gSa] varr% xyr fl) gksxk] ysfdu blh chp ;g lekt vkSj bldh laLFkkvksa dks
O;kid {kfr igq¡pk ldrk gSA vkj{k.k ds i{k vkSj foi{k esa lkoZtfud okn-fookn esa
vf/kdkjksa dh Hkk"kk dk yxkrkj iz;ksx tkfr dh psruk dks c<+kok nsrk gS vkSj bl rjg
ls ldkjkRed dk;Z ds cqfu;kfn y{; dks ijkLr djrk gS] tksfd tkfr dh psruk dks
de djuk vkSj c<+us ugha nsuk gSA okn-fookn esa lHkh ikfVZ;k¡ dgrh gSa fd os tkfr dh
lajpuk dks [kRe djuk pkgrh gSaA ijarq] tkfr ,d HkkSfrd Hkou ugha gS] ftls 'kkjhfjd
:i ls /oLr vkSj u"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA loZizFke] ;g yksxksa dh psruk esa gS] ,d
rjQ foHkktu vkSj i`Fkdrk ds vFkZ esa vkSj nwljh rjQ in vkSj Js.kh dh vlekurk ds
vFkZ esaA
59
kef;d eqís
lkef;d izks- ,e-ih- flag O;k[;k dk iz;kl djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd dqN [kkl tkfr;ksa dks
;qfDrlaxr <ax ls gtkjksa o"kks± ls lkefxz;ksa vkSj voljksa ls cfg"Ñr fd;k x;k gS]
ftudh bPNk os fuf'pr :i ls j[krs gksaxs D;ksafd os ml tkfr ls lacaf/kr gSaA ;g lp
gS fd tUe ds vk/kkj ij fdlh Hkh oxhZdj.k dks lk/kkj.kr;k leFkZu ugha fn;k tkuk
pkfg,] D;ksafd vkt [kkl tkfr;k¡ vkSj fiNM+kiu leku gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vuqlwfpr
tkfr vkSj tutkfr fiNM+kiu ds izrhd gSA gtkjksa o"kksZ ls mUgsa vNwr ekuk tkrk jgk
gS vkSj lekt ds vU; lnL;ksa ds lkFk feyus ds vf/kdkj ls oafpr j[kk x;k gSA os
O;fDr ds :i esa ugha] cfYd lewg ;k tkfr ds :i esa lHkh izdkj ds vlEeku vkSj
v;ksX;rkvksa ls xqtjs gSaA bl izdkj mUgsa lewg ds lnL; ds :i esa vkSj fcuk xSj-
lnL;ksa dh lekurk ds vf/kdkj dk guu djrs gq, fo'ks"k mipkj iznku djuk pkfg,A
bl ifjfLFkfr esa O;fDr ds lekurk ds vf/kdkj dks mfpr lEeku fn;k tkrk gS] D;ksafd
lewg ds lnL; miyC/k lhfer lkefxz;ksa ds foHkktu ds fy, vius esa izfrLi/kkZ dj
ldrs gSaA
;g gesa fofp= fLFkfr esa Mkyrk gS( ;fn tkfr fu;e dk iz;ksx lqj{kkRed HksnHkko djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] rks tkfr foHkktu dks c<+kok feyrk gS rFkk igpku] oxZ ;k tkfr
ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA nwljh rjQ] ;fn tkfr igpku dks lkoZtfud
jkstxkj vkSj Å¡ps f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa nkf[kyksa ds fy, ut+jvankt+ fd;k tkrk gS] rks mUgsa
gt+kjksa o"kks± ds 'kks"k.k vkSj neu ds pyrs mudh v;ksX;rkvksa dks nwj djus ds volj
ls oafpr j[kk tkrk gSA lek/kku dgha lqugjs e/; esa izrhr gksrk gSA yphykiu] lkj
gS vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, uhfr;ksa ds fuek.kZ vkSj iz;ksx esa] tks fofHkUu dkj.kksa
dh otg ls iSnk gq;h gSaA
31- 5- 3 dk;Z {kerk laca/kh rdZ
;g ldkjkRed HksnHkko ds fopkj esa fufgr gS fd ,d de es/kkoh O;fDr dks ,d

vf/kd es/kkoh O;fDr dh vis{kk pquk tkrk gSA bl rdZ ds leFkZd dgrs gSa fd ;fn Hkwr
dh f'kdk;rksa dh lquokbZ ij ge t+ksj nsrs gSa] rks ge lkoZtfud laLFkkvksa dh dk;Z-{kerk
dh tM+ [kksnrs gSa rFkk vkusokyh larfr dks viwj.kh; {kfr igq¡pk;saxsA fQj Hkh bl rdZ
ds leFkZdksa dks Hkh le>uk pkfg, fd lkoZtfud LFky ls dqN oxksZa dks vyx djuk
vf/kd {kfr igq¡pk ldrk gS] cfuLir ,slh dk;Z {kerk ftls os lkekftd [ka.Mu dh
dher ij izkIr djuk pkgrs gSAa
31
31-- 5 - 4 cydukbZt+s'ku laca/kh rdZ
Åij ;g crk;k x;k gS fd ldkjkRed HksnHkko oxZ] tkfr vkSj o.kZ fofHkUurk dks
js[kkafdr djrk gS rFkk lkekftd foHkktuksa dks c<+kok nsrk gS] tks igys ls gh Hkkjrh;
lkekftd-jktuhfrd iz.kkyh vkSj vesfjdk esa rhoz gSaA ldkjkRed dk;ZØe tkfr ;qDr
vkSj uLyh; lektksa dks tksfd igys ls gh oa'kkuqxr vkSj tkfr lewgksa esa caVs gq, gS] vkSj
izR;sd lewg ds :i esa lalk/kuksa vkthfodk ;k voljksa ds dqN vuqikfrd fgLls ds
gdnkj gSa] dks vkSj vf/kd fLFkr djrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa foHkktu ds bfrgkl ds pyrs] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i yxHkx ,d yk[k yksxksa
dk tulagkj gqvk rdZ fd ldkjkRed HksnHkko yksxksa dks ckaVus esa lgk;d gksrk gS]
foHkktu ds nq[kn bfrgkl dks iquthZfor djrk gSA lkaiznkf;d dhVk.kq] tks jSels
eSdMkSukYM iqjLdkj ds lkFk 'kq: gqvk] vkSj ftldk pj.kfcanq miegk}hi ds foHkktu
60
ds :i esa gqvk] ,sls eqn~ns mBk x;k ftudk vHkh rd lkek/kku ugha gqvk gSA ;gk¡ rd oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
fd ldkjkRed HksnHkko dk bfrgkl Hkh lkQ-lqFkjk ugha jgk gSA vkj{k.kksa dk foLrkj] dk;Z
loZizFke vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy,] vkSj mlds ckn vU;
fiNM+h tkfr;ksa (OBC) ds fy, igys ls gh cgqr lkjs vkilh dygksa dk dkj.k cuk gSA
vc mUur tkfr;ksa (Forwards) ds vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxZ Hkh vkj{k.k dh ek¡x dj
jgs gSaA bZlkb;ksa vkSj eqfLyeksa ds }kjk vkj{k.k dh ek¡x] ;}fi gYdh] mBk;h tk jgh
gSA ;g ldkjkRed HksnHkko dh iwjh vo/kkj.kk dks ,d jktuhfrd midj.k cuk nsrk gS]
vkj{k.k dh uhfr dks dHkh u [kRe gksus okyh vkSj yksxksa dks vius cycwrs [kM+s jgus ds
izksRlkgu nsus dh vis{kk mUgsa ckaVrk gSA ;s lHkh ns'k dh ,drk ds ckjs esa rhoz fpUrk
mRiUu djrs gSaA
ldkjkRed HksnHkko ds leFkZdksa us bl izdkj ds rdZ dks cscqfu;knh rdZ ekuk gS] tks
ldkjkRed dk;Z dk;ZØe dks vfo'oluh; cukus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA mudk rdZ
ykxw djus ds ekspsZ ij vlQyrk gS fd uhfr dks vius vki esa jn~n djus dk rdZ ugha
gksuk pkfg,A izks- }kWoWfdZu us vesfjdh lanHkZ esa cYdukbZt+s'ku ds rdZ ds laca/k esa bl
Hk; dks [kRe djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd ldkjkRed dk;Z dk;ZØe dk xBu
cYdukbZT+M vesfjdk dk fuek.kZ djsxk] tks oa'kkuqxr vkSj tkrh; mi-ns'kksa esa caVk gqvk
gSA os detksj vkSj lrk;s yksxksa ds mRFkku ds fy, dBksj dk;Zokgh djrs gSa ;k os
vlQy gks tk;saxs] ysfdu mudk vafre y{; vesfjdh lkekftd vkSj is'ksoj ft+Unxh
esa uLy ds egRo dks de djuk vkSj c<+us ls jksduk gSA
izks- }kWofdZu fy[krs gSa fd ^vesfjdh lekt vkt ,d uLyh; tkx:d lekt gS] ;g
nklrk] neu vkSj iwoZ/kkj.kk ds bfrgkl dk vfuok;Z rFkk izR;{k ifj.kke gSA dkys iq#"k
vkSj efgyk;sa] yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;k¡ viuh Hkwfedk dks pquus ;k nwljs mUgsa fdl
lkekftd lewg ds lnL; ds :i esa Lohdkjrs gSa] esa Lora= ugha gSA os dkys gSa vkSj
muds O;fDrRo] jktHkfDr ;k 'kkSd dh dksbZ nwljh fo'ks"krk bruh izHkkfor ugha djsxh
fd mUgsa dSls le>k tk;sxk vkSj nwljksa ds }kjk dSlk O;ogkj fd;k tk;sxk] vkSj thou
dh tks lhek;sa vkSj pfj= muds fy, [kqyk gksxkA dkys MkWDVjksa vkSj nwljs is'ksokyksa dh
NksVh la[;k vesfjdh tkfr; psruk ds ifj.kke vkSj fo|eku dkj.k gSaA ---- rRdkyhu
y{; bu is'kksa esa [kkl uLyksa ds lnL;ksa dh la[;k dks c<+kuk gSA ysfdu mudk
nh?kZdkfyd y{; ml ek=k dks de djuk gS] ftlls dh vesfjdh lekt dks iwjh rjg
ls tkfr; tkx:d lekt ekuk tkrk gS**A
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ fuEu ij laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksa %
v½ ldkjkRed dk;Z ds fo#) xq.k laca/kh rdZ A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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61
kef;d eqís
lkef;d 2½ ldkjkRed dk;Z ds fo#) vf/kdkj laca/kh rdZ A
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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31
31-- 6 lkjka ' k
ldkjkRed :i esa bdkbZ ds var esa ;g n'kkZuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd izR;{k Kku esa ifjorZu
t+:jh gS] tks O;fDr dks fu"dklu dh iqjkuh iz.kkyh ls lekos'ku dh u;h iz.kkyh dh
vksj ys tkrk gS] ,d tks yksxksa dks nwljksa dks ^laHkkfor ijHk{kh* dh rjg ugha] cfYd
^ykHkdkjh lkFkh* ds :i esa ns[kus ;ksX; cukrk gS( ,d tks gekjs ewY;ksa dks vf/kiR; ls
lg;ksx dh vksj c<+rk gS vkSj ,d tks gekjs uSfrd fu;e dks LokFkZ ls tqM+s yksHk
vk/kkfjr fopkj ls tks'k vk/kkfjr lkekftd vk/;kfRed ,dhdj.k dh vksj :ikUrfjr
djrk gSA 21oha 'krkCnh gekjk /;ku var% lacaf/kr u flQZ rduhdh :i ls] cfYd
ekuoh;] i;kZoj.k vkSj vk/;kfRed <ax ls vkdf"kZr djsxkA ,d u;h iz.kkyh] ,d
lkekftd-ikfjfLFkfrdh; fo'o n`f"Vdks.k dh bl izdkj t+:jr gksrh gS tks fd tks
izfr;ksfxrk,¡ lalkj vkSj ft+Unxh ds lHkh :iksa dks Hkkxksa ds fo?kfVr laxzg dh vis{kk ,d
laiw.kZ ,dhÑr :i esa ns[krk gSA ldkjkRed dk;Z ds fy, t+ksj dh tks ppkZ ;gk¡ dh
x;h gS] bl fn'kk esa bldk >qdko gSA
vc oDr vk x;k gS fd ge ldkjkRed dk;Z esa ifjorZu ds fy, fopkjkFkZ izLrqr djsa]
u fd blls NqVdkjk ik;saA Ñf=e vlekurkvksa vkSj izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, leku volj
dh lqj{kk] Hkys gh muds lkekftd-vkfFkZd] ,sfrgkfld] tSfod ;k lkaLÑfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡
dqN Hkh gks] pkgs vkdfLed ;k mn~ns';iw.kZ gksa] mls lqxe cukus dh vko';drk gSA rc
ldkjkRed dk;Z dks lkekftd :ikUrj.k ds okgu ds :i esa ns[kk tk,xk] tgk¡ 'kks"k.k
;k vuqfpr vf/kiR; ugha gksxk vkSj yksx rhljh lgL=kCnh esa lqjf{kr <ax ls lkekftd
;k=k ds fy, vknj vkSj xkSjo ds lkFk] ftuds izR;sd ekuo gdnkj gSa] izos'k djsaxsA
31
,sMjlu] DykWn] CySd yscj] OgkbZV osYFk ¼,stoqM ,e-Mh- % Madu ,aM Madu½] 1994
cSju] gSjkWYM ,e] ^n oso vkWQ jsflT+e*] bu yqbl ,y- ukWyl ,aM dSuSFk izSfoV]
bUlVhV;q'uy jsflT+e bu vesfjdk ¼izsfUVl - gkWy] bad-½] 1969
fØLVkWQj ,Mys twfu;j] ^QkWeZ vksoj lcLVSUl] ukWV vkWy CySd ,aM OgkbZV % vQjesfVo
,sD'ku] jSl ,.M vesfjdu oSY;wt+] ILO, gkoMZ ykW fjO;q] 1645] esa 1997
ÝSu ,sUlys ^vQjesfVo ,sD'ku* MkbZoflZVh vkWQ bEiSDV vkWQ ,fyfeusfVax vQjesfVo
,sD'ku* 27] xksYMu xsV ;wfuoflZVh ykW fjO;q 313] fLizax 1997
fte jkSu flEiksft+ve vkWu vQjesfVo ,sD'ku % MkbZoflZVh ,aM fdax] dkWjsVk LdkWV]
1967] bu ^fizQsl* vkWQ ekfVZu yqFkjfdax] twfu;j os;j Mw oh xks ÝkWe gs;j % dSvksl
62
vkWj dE;wfuVh\ ¼ckWLVu % chdu izsl½ oafpr vkSj ldkjkRed
dk;Z
fdosy] ikWy] vi:Vhax jsflT+e % gkm OgkbZV fiiy dSu odZ QkWj jsf'kvy tfLVl
¼fQySfMfYQ;k % U;w lkslkbZVh ifCy'klZ½] 1996
yks;j] vukekfj;k] ^vQjesfVo ,sD'ku*] ySfVuks usVodZ U;wt+ysVj] okWY;we 1%1] flrEcj
15%1%1
jkWYl] tkWu] , F;skjh vkWQ tfLVl ¼dSfEczt] ,e-,- gkoZM ;wuhoflZVh izsl½] 1971
jkslkSMks] dSysc] ^vQjesfVo ,sD'ku ,aM n xkWLisy* eslst] tqykbZ - vxLr 1995] LeSMyss
vkWM~s] os jsl bu ukWFkZ vesfjdk% vkWfjftu ,aM bWokY;q'ku vkWQ , oYMZO;q] cksYMj] lhvks
% usLVO;q izsl] 1993
fLeFk] ,UFkksuh Mh] nh ,sFkfud vksfjftUl vkWQ us'kUl ¼U;w;kWdZ % ckfly CySdosy½] 1986
foyh] pkYlZ oh] ^;wfuolZy izksxzkEl vkWj vuQs;j Vw ekW;ukWfjVh xzqIl*] n ØWfudy vkWQ
gkbZvj ,tqds'ku] fnlEcj 4] 12-3-1991
31
cks/k iz'u 1
1½ Hkkx 31-2 ns[ksaA
2½ mi-Hkkx 31-2-1 ns[ksaA
cks/k iz'u 2
cks/k iz'u 3
cks/k iz'u 4
1½ mi-Hkkx 31-5-1 vkSj 31-5-2 ns[ksaA
63

SOL राजनितिक विचार और विचारधाराएँ

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SOL राजनितिक विचार और विचारधाराएँ

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jktuhfr dks le>uk

bdkbZ 1 jktuhfr dks le>uk

izkphu jkse jktuhfr dk loksZÙke mnkgj.k gS tgka jktuhfr in ij vklhu O;fDr;ksa

1 - 2 jktuhfr ,d O;ogkfjd xfrfof/k ds :i esa

1 - 2 - 1 jktuhfr % uik rqyk o.kZu dfBu

1 - 3 jktuhfr D;k gS\

,slh foLr`r ifjHkk"kk dk ;g xq.k gS fd ;g n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfr vko';d

1 - 4 jkT; D;k gS\

1 - 4 - 1 jkT; % jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa@lkekftd lanHkZ ds vk/kkj

1 - 6 - 1 oS/krk laca/kh eSDl oScj ds fopkj

1 - 6 - 2 oS/krk % jktuhfr foKku dk dsUnzh; fo"k;

1 - 6 - 5 jkT; e'khujh ds deZpkjh vfHktkR; oxZ

1 - 8 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

fyuVu jkWfcUl ¼laik½] baVªksM;wflax ikWfyfVdy lkb±l % FkhDl ,.M dUlSIVl bu

1 - 9 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

2 - 2 ,sfrgkfld vfHkxe (Approach)

2 - 7 vuqHkotU; cuke fu;ked fl)kar

2 - 9 ijEijkxr jktuhfrd fparu dh fujUrjrk

2 - 10 jktuhfr dk u;k foKku

oksxsfyu ds vuqlkj] jktuhfrd fl)karoknh dk drZO; gS bfrgkl ds ek/;e ls euq";

2 - 12 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

ys¶Vfop] ,-] ¼laLdj.k½] g~okV bt+ ikWfyfVDl\] CySdoSy] vkWDlQksMZ] 1984A

ewd] lh-] n fjVuZ vkWQ n ikWfyVhdy] oSlksZ] yanu] 1993A

Iyku] vkj-] ekWMuZ ikWfyVhdy FkkWV] CySdoSy] vkWDlQksMZ] 1991A

2 - 13 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

3 - 2 jktuhfrd fl)kar o vU; vUrlZEc) 'kCn

3 - 3 jktuhfrd fl)kar ds vuqiz;ksx

3 - 3 - 1 jktuhfrd fparu ds bfrgkl Lo:i

3 - 3 - 2 fo'ys"k.k dh rduhd Lo:i

3 - 3 - 4 vkSipkfjd vkn'kZ -fuekZ.k Lo:i

3 - 3 - 5 lS)kafrd jktuhfr -foKku Lo:i

3 - 4 eq[; lS)kfUrd ladYiukvksa dk egÙo

3 - 5 D;k jktuhfrd fl)kar viuk vfLrRo [kks pqdk gS\

lSckbu ds vuqlkj gj jktuhfrd fl)kar dh lw{e tk¡p nks n`f"Vdks.kksa ls dh tk ldrh

bZLVu us vkerkSj ij jktuhfrd fl)kar ds iru vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls ,sfrgkfldrkokn

3 - 6 jktuhfrd fl)kar dk iqu#RFkku

oksxfyu jktuhfrd-foKku vkSj jktuhfrd fl)kar dks vfoHkkT; vkSj bl izdkj dk

3 - 9 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

4 - 2 jktuhfrd fl)kar dk fodkl

rFkkfi] ge HkyhHkk¡fr /;ku nsa fd jktuhfrd fparu tks lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds

vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd jktuhfrd fl)kar dk gekjk rkRi;Z izLFkkiukvksa ds ,d

4 - 4 jktuhfrd fl)kar esa izeq[k ladYiuk,¡

dbZ fl)kardkjksa us vUrn`Zf"V vkSj ,sfrgkfld lalk/kuksa ds vk/kkj ij fl)kar-fuekZ.k dk

;g lR; gS fd foxr] fl)kar-fuekZ.k ds gekjs iz;kl esa ,d ewY;oku ekxZfuns'kZd ds

;g lR; gS fd fu;ked ladYiuk ds izk;kstd fl)kar dh vkUrfjd lgofrZrk (internal

4 - 4 - 3 vuq H kotU; la d Yiuk

izR;{kokn ds vkd"kZ.k ds rgr] jktuhfrd fl)kardkja us ,sls fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij

jktuhfrd fl)kar esa ;g izk;kstuk Kku ds ml vuqHkotU; fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr Fkh]

oLrqr%] O;ogkj ewY; okrkoj.k ,d fl)kar-fojks/kh fLFkfr ls vfrizHkkfor gqvkA ;g

rRi'pkr~] tc rdZlaxr izR;{kokn izR;{kokn ds iqu% thouizn vorkj ds :i esa

dqu dh iqLrd n LVªDpj vkWQ lkbafVfQd fjokWY;w'ku us izR;{koknh fl)kar dh dfe;ksa

bl u, vfHkxe ls tkudkjh] foospuk vkSj bl eqn~ns dh leL;k lkeus mBkbZ xbZ fd

;g lR; gS fd jktuhfrd fl)kar esa ledkyhu ys[kdksa dh lac)rk vkykspukRed jgh

lelkekftd dkyksa esa jktuhfrd lS)karhdj.k us foxr o"kks± ds jktuhfrd fl)kar ds

ets dh ckr ;g gS fd bl izdkj ds jktuhfrd fl)kar us fu;ked fo'o ds n`f"Vdks.k

2½ egku vk[;kuksa dh lekykspuk

4½ vuqHkotU; vkSj izfrLi/kkZRed

ledkyhu fl)kaUrdkjksa esa i'p-izR;{koknh lksp mUgsa] fdlh izdkj ds lkekU;hdj.k dk

4 - 6 dqN mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

MCY;w-b-QkWukWyh] n VeZt+ vkWQ ikfyfVdy fMldkslZ] fizaLVu ;wfuoflZVh izsl] fizaLVu]

MsfoM feyj ¼laik½] n CySDoSy ,saUlkbDyksihfM;k vkWQ ikWfyfVdy FkkWV] vkWDlQksMZ]

4 - 7 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

5 - 2 'kkL=h; ijEijk esa cglksa dk Lo:i