This document provides definitions and examples of trigonometric functions in terms of rectangular coordinate systems and right triangles. It defines the six trigonometric functions - sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant - in terms of ratios of sides of a right triangle. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating trigonometric functions based on information given about an angle in a particular quadrant. Formulas are also given for trigonometric functions of negative angles.
This document provides definitions and examples of trigonometric functions in terms of rectangular coordinate systems and right triangles. It defines the six trigonometric functions - sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant - in terms of ratios of sides of a right triangle. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating trigonometric functions based on information given about an angle in a particular quadrant. Formulas are also given for trigonometric functions of negative angles.
This document provides definitions and examples of trigonometric functions in terms of rectangular coordinate systems and right triangles. It defines the six trigonometric functions - sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant - in terms of ratios of sides of a right triangle. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating trigonometric functions based on information given about an angle in a particular quadrant. Formulas are also given for trigonometric functions of negative angles.
2.1 DEFINITIONS OF THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC √3 2. Given cos 𝜃 = − 2 and 𝜃 is in the third quadrant. Find FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM the value of 𝜃. Also find the values of Trigonometric functions are functions of the ratios of any sin 𝜃 , tan 𝜃, & sec 𝜃. pair of sides of a right triangle. In a rectangular coordinate Solution: system these sides are the directed line segments x, y, and √3 cos 𝜃 = − 2 ⇒ 𝑥 = −√3, 𝑟 = 2 r where x is the perpendicular distance from the y-axis to √3 the point P(x, y); y is the perpendicular distance from the Using a calculator, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 |− 2 | = 30°. x-axis to P, and r (called the radius vector) is the distance Hence, 𝜃 = 180° + 30° = 210° (ans) from the origin to point P. Point P is on a circle with radius By Pythagorean Theorem, r. The radius vector r is always positive whereas x and y 2 may be positive or negative depending on the quadrant 𝑦 = ±√𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 = −√22 − (−√3) = −1 where P is located. 𝑦 1 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 = −2 (ans) Y 𝑦 −1 √3 tan 𝜃 = = = (ans) II (-, +) 90° I (+, +) 𝑥 −√3 3 𝑟 2 2√3 sec 𝜃 = 𝑥=− 3=− 3 (ans) √ P(x, y) Using a calculator, check to see that, 1 sin 210° = − 2 r +∠ y √3 tan 210° = 3 180° 0° 1 2√3 X sec 210° = cos 210° = − O x Q 3 360° 3. If the coordinates of point P is (3, -4), find the value of angle 𝑋𝑂𝑃 and determine the values of sin(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) −∠ and cot(𝑋𝑂𝑃). Solution: III (-, -) IV (+, -) 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −4 ⇒ ∠𝑋𝑂𝑃 is in the 4th quadrant. 𝑦 270° tan(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) = 𝑥 4 By calculator, 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 |− 3| = 53.13° Counterclockwise rotation of OP = positive angles Clockwise rotation of OP = negative angles Therefore, ∠𝑋𝑂𝑃 = 360° − 53.13° = 306.87° (ans) sin(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) = sin 306.87° = −0.8 (ans) 𝑥 1 1 3 1. The sine function, 𝑓(𝜃) = sin 𝜃 cot(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) = 𝑦 = tan(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) = −4 = − 4 (ans) 𝑦 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 3 Remark: We can also solve 𝑟 using Pythagorean 2. The cosine function, 𝑓(𝜃) = cos 𝜃 Theorem to obtain 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √32 + (−4)2 = 5. 𝑥 𝑦 −4 cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 Then sin(∠𝑋𝑂𝑃) = 𝑟 = 5 = − 0.8 3. The tangent function, 𝑓(𝜃) = tan 𝜃 𝑦 Test Your Skills 2.1 tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 Solve the following problems. 4. The cotangent function, 𝑓(𝜃) = cot 𝜃 𝑥 1. Fill in the boxes with the correct sign (- or +) in each cot 𝜃 = 𝑦 quadrant corresponding to the given trigonometric function. 5. The secant function, 𝑓(𝜃) = sec 𝜃 𝑟 Function 1st Q 2nd Q 3rd Q 4th Q sec 𝜃 = 𝑥 sin 6. The cosecant function, 𝑓(𝜃) = csc 𝜃 cos csc 𝜃 = 𝑦 𝑟 tan cot Examples sec 2 1. Given sin 𝜃 = 3 and 𝜃 is in the first quadrant. Find the csc values of cos 𝜃 and tan 𝜃. 2 Solution: 2. Given sin 𝜃 = − 5 and 𝜃 is in the third quadrant. Find 2 sin 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑟 = 3. the value of 𝜃 and the values of cos 𝜃, tan 𝜃, and csc 𝜃. 3 By Pythagorean Theorem: Ans.______________________________ 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 3. Given tan 𝜃 = −√3 and 𝜃 is in the second quadrant. 𝑥 = ±√𝑟 2 − 𝑦 2 = √32 − 22 = √5 Find the value of 𝜃. Also find the values of cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 = 𝑥 √5 (ans) sin 𝜃 , cos 𝜃, cot θ, sec 𝜃, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 csc 𝜃. 3 Ans._____________________________ 𝑦 2 √5 2√5 tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 = 5∙ 5 = 5 (ans) √ √ Page 1 of 2 2.2 DEFINITION OF THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC 1+cos 2𝛼 (4) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 = 2 FUNCTIONS IN TERMS OF THE SIDES OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE 2.4 FUNCTIONS OF NEGATIVE ANGLES The sides of a right triangle with base angle may be described in the figure below. (1) sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 (4) cot(−𝜃) = − cot 𝜃 (2) cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃 (5) csc(−𝜃) = − csc 𝜃 (3) tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 (6) sec(−𝜃) = sec 𝜃 Examples Opposite Side Reduce each of the following trigonometric expressions 𝜃 to another containing only one function. Simplify the Adjacent Side results whenever possible. 1. cos 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 Basic Trig Functions Reciprocals Solution: 1 sin 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 csc 𝜃 = ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 cos 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 ∙ cos 𝜃 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 (ans) 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = 2. sin 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 Solution: 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = sin 𝜃 + (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 cot 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = sin 𝜃 + 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 + sin 𝜃 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 (ans) 2.3 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES The basic identities can be divided into two groups: the 3. (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 Pythagorean relations and the reciprocal relations. Solution: Consider the Pythagorean Theorem, (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ∙ 2 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = Dividing both sides by 𝑟 2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 (ans) 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑟2 2 + 2= 2 4. tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 Solution: 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 1 (𝑟 ) + ( 𝑟 ) = 1 tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 From the definitions of sine and cosine functions, we = cot 𝜃 derive the first identity. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 = cot 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 Other identities in this group are derived in the same 1 manner. = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 From double angle formula: sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 2 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 The following are derived from the reciprocal 2 = sin 2𝜃 relations of the trig functions. 1 1 = 2 csc 2𝜃 (ans) = csc 𝜃, cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 sin 𝜃 Test Your Skills 2.2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃, sin 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 Reduce each of the following trigonometric expressions cos 𝜃 to another containing only one function. Simplify the 1 1 = cot 𝜃, cot 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 results whenever possible. tan 𝜃 1. sec 𝐴 cot 𝐴 2.4 GENERAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES Sum of Two Angles Ans.__________________ (1) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 2. (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴)𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 (2) cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 Ans. _________________ Difference of Two Angles 3. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝐴 (1) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 (2) cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 Ans._________________ 1−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 Double Angle Formulas 4. 1−𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝐴 (1) sin 2𝛼 = 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 Ans._________________ (2) cos 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 5. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 2 1−cos 2𝛼 (3) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 2 Ans. _________________ Page 2 of 2