IT_304-LAb05

NAME : ARTH SHAH

ROLL_NO : 202101154
LAB_GRP : 02
DATE : 22-09-2023

1.2 Questions

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1. What is the IP address of your computer?
Ans : 192.168.1.102

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2. Within the IP packet header, what is the value in the upper layer protocol field?
ICMP (1)
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3. How many bytes are in the IP header? How many bytes are in the payload of the IP
datagram? Explain how you determined the number of payload bytes.
Ans : 20 Bytes
And total length=84 so payload=total length-IP header length Therefore payload=84-20=64.

4. Has this IP datagram been fragmented? Explain how you determined whether or not the
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datagram has been fragmented.

Ans : The more fragments is = 0 so the data is not fragmented. I looked at the “Flags” drop
down and there it determines if a packet is fragmented or not and in this case “more
fragments” was 0 also Fragment offset is also = 0.
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1.4 Questions
1. Which fields in the IP datagram always change from one datagram to the next within this
series of ICMP messages sent by your computer?
Ans:
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● Identification(IP packets must have different ids)
● Time to live (traceroute increments each subsequent packet)
● Header checksum (since header changes, so must checksum)
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2. Which fields stay constant? Which of the fields must stay constant? Which fields must
change? Why?
Ans :
● Version (since we are using IPv4 for all packets)
● Header length (since these are ICMP packets)
● Source IP (since we are sending from the same source)
● Destination IP (since we are sending to the same dest)
● Differentiated Services (since all packets are ICMP they use the same Type of Service class)
● Upper Layer Protocol (since these are ICMP packets)

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3. Describe the pattern you see in the values in the identification field of the IP datagram.
Ans: IP header Identification fields decrements with each ICMP Echo (ping) request.
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4. Next (with the packets still sorted by source address) find the series of ICMP TTL exceeded
replies sent to your computer by the nearest (first hop) router.
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5. What is the value in the Identification field and the TTL field?
Ans: 0x0000a60b, 244.
6. Do these values remain unchanged for all of the ICMP TTL-exceeded replies sent to your
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computer by the nearest (first hop) router? Why?
Ans : Changes because every packet must have a unique id.
1.5 Questions:
1. What is the IP address of your host? What is the IP address of the destination host?
Ans :
● Source: 192.168.1.101
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● Destination: 143.89.14.34
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2. Why is it that an ICMP packet does not have source and destination port numbers?
Ans : The ICMP packet does not have source and destination port numbers because it was
designed to communicate network-layer information between hosts and routers, not between
application layer processes.
3. Examine one of the ping request packets sent by your host. What are the ICMP type and
code numbers? What other fields does this ICMP packet have? How many bytes are the
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checksum, sequence number and identifier fields?

Ans : The ICMP type is 8, and the code number is 0. The ICMP packet also has checksum,
identifier, sequence number, and data fields. The checksum, sequence number and
identifier fields are two bytes each.
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01
The ICMP type is 8 and it represents an Echo(ping) request. The code number is 0. The ICMP
packet also has checksum, checksum status, identifier (in big endian and little endian formats)
and sequence number field (in big endian and little endian formats). The size of the checksum is
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8 bits (1 byte).
4.Examine the corresponding ping reply packet. What are the ICMP type and code numbers?
What other fields does this ICMP packet have? How many bytes are the checksum, sequence
number and identifier fields?
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01
Ans : The ICMP type is 0 and it represents an Echo(ping) reply. The code number is 0. The
ICMP packet also has checksum, checksum status, identifier (in big endian and little endian
formats) and sequence number field (in big endian and little endian formats). The checksum,
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sequence number and identifier fields are two bytes each.

1.6 Questions
1. What is the IP address of your host? What is the IP address of the target destination host?
Ans : Source:192.168.1.101, Destination:138.96.146.2
2. If ICMP sent UDP packets instead (as in Unix/Linux), would the IP protocol number still be
01 for the probe packets? If not, what would it be?
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Ans : It would actually be different if ICMP sent UDP packets. Instead of 01 it would be switched
to 0 X 11.
3. Examine the ICMP echo packet in your screenshot. Is this different from the ICMP ping
query packets in the first half of this lab? If yes, how so? $$$
Ans : The ICMP echo packet has the same fields as the ping query packets.
4. Examine the ICMP error packet in your screenshot. It has more fields than the ICMP echo
packet. What is included in those fields?
Ans : The ICMP error packet is not the same as the ping query packets. It contains both the
IP header and the first 8 bytes of the original ICMP packet that the error is for.
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5. Examine the last three ICMP packets received by the source host. How are these packets

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different from the ICMP error packets? Why are they different?
Ans : The last three ICMP packets are message type 0 (echo reply) rather than 11 (TTL
expired). They are different because the datagrams have made it all the way to the destination
host before the TTL expired.
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2 Understanding IP addressing and static routing

using packet tracer
Run the experiment and ping from each network to every other Network. Take a snapshot and
submit. Also submit the snapshot of topology with IP assigned to each PC.
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2.1 Exercise
Design a topology which has three networks. Each network has 4 PCs and all three networks

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are connected to each other. The suggested IP ranges are 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.2.4. All IP
addresses of all networks should 4 be from the given range. Run the experiment and ping from
each network to every other Network. Take a snapshot and submit. Also submit the snapshot of
topology with IP assigned to each PC.
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From PC0 to PC11 and PC4

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From PC5 to PC2 and PC10

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From PC8 to PC1 and PC6

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