ROCKS

and
MINERALS
Mrs. Arlha Lorienel B. Ingua
 OBJECTIVES
a. identify common rock-
forming minerals using

WHAT IS THIS TOPIC ABOUT?

their physical and
chemical properties

b. classify rocks into

igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic
01 Physical Properties 03 Types of Rocks
of Minerals
02 Chemical Properties 04 Rock Cycle
of Minerals
Minerals
• naturally occurring solid,
inorganic solids with with a
fixed structure and a definite
composition

MINERALS
1
• building blocks of rocks
• become part of or
develop into rocks, in
which case they
become known as
rock-forming minerals
 Metallic Mineral Nonmetallic Mineral

GROUPS OF MINERAL RESOURCES

Resources Resources
hard, ductile, malleable pure do not have the properties
substances that are melted of the metallic minerals
to obtain new products
can be easily disintegrated
2
possess a metallic luster, or broken into pieces
contain metals in their
usually associated with
composition, and can be
sedimentary rocks
obtained through mining
usually associated with
igneous rocks
 Physical
Properties of
Minerals
A
 CYSTAL HABIT
overall shape or growth pattern
of the mineral
• EQUANT – three dimensions of the
mineral have about the same
5
length, like that of a cube or sphere.
(ei. garnet)
• ELONGATE – forms prismatic or
prism-like crystals that are thicker
than the needle as in a pencil. (ei.
Indicolite)
• PLATY – looks like a flattened and
thin crystal (like plate). (ei. Wulfenite)
LUSTER
shows how much light is
reflected in a mineral
described as opaque,
transparent, dull, or shiny
9

• METALLIC LUSTER is
opaque and very reflective
like gold and silver.
• NONMETALLIC LUSTER is
dull, silky, greasy and pearly
like silicates.
Transparency – light can
pass through and can be
seen clearly
Translucent – light can pass
6
through the mineral but not
seen clearly
Opaque – does not transmit
light
CLEAVAGE and
FRACTURE
how minerals break into
pieces
4
if crystalline structure breaks
smoothly ----cleavage

mineral breaks in any

direction then broken or
crushed ---fracture
HARDNESS
measure of the mineral’s
resistance to scratching
3
Mohs scale is used

the harder the mineral, the

less prone it is to scratches
COLOR
most evident characteristic
first property used to identify
minerals
1

the way minerals absorb

light

least reliable means of

identifying minerals
STREAK
the color of the mineral in
powder form
2
the color of the mineral
becomes more visible and
clear

disadvantage of pulverizing
the mineral is tedious, making
the mineral lose its integrity
MAGNETISM

ability of the mineral to attract

or repel other minerals
7
REACTION WITH
ACIDS
minerals, especially
carbonate minerals, react
visibly with acid 8
STRIATIONS
presence of very thin,
parallel grooves
8
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
density of the mineral

determines how heavy the

mineral is by its weight to
11
water

used especially when two

minerals have the same size
and color
TASTE, ODOR, FEEL

distinct smell of a mineral that

is released from a chemical
reaction 10

manifested when the mineral

is subjected to water, heat,
air, or friction
 Chemical
Properties of
Minerals
B
Native Elements

➢ minerals are naturally

occurring in nature in an
uncombined form with a 8

distinct mineral structure

➢ can be classified as metal,
semimetals and nonmetals
Silicate Class
make up approximately 90
percent of the Earth's crust

Contains silicon and oxygen,

1
with some aluminum,
magnesium, iron and calcium

used to make glass and

ceramics
Oxide Class
include those in which oxygen
is combined with one or more
metals
5
ranges from dull ores like
bauxite to gems like rubies
and sapphires
Sulfide Class
made of compounds of sulfur
usually with a metal

tend to be heavy and brittle

6
Sulfate Class
made of compounds of sulfur
combined with metals and
oxygen
3
a large group of minerals that
tend to be soft, and
translucent
Halide Class
form from halogen elements
like chlorine, bromine, fluorine,
and iodine combined with
metallic elements
4

very soft and easily dissolved

in water
Carbonate Class
group of minerals made of
carbon, oxygen, and a
metallic element
2
Phosphate Class
often formed when other
minerals are broken down by
weathering
7
often brightly colored
Mineraloid
term used for those
substances that do not fit
neatly into one of these
eight classes
7
Rocks
Types of Rocks
A
IGNEOUS
ROCKS
a word derived from the Latin
word ignis which means “fire”
1
formed from the cooling and
solidification (known as
crystallization) of molten or
partially molten volcanic
material that came from
within Earth like magma
EXTRUSIVE

SOLDIFICATION/ CRYSTALLIZATION
• formed through faster rate of solidification of lava on the
surface of Earth
• glassy in appearance due to less crystallization due to the
air that was trapped inside when they solidified and
formed
INTRUSIVE

SOLDIFICATION/ CRYSTALLIZATION
• formed from solidification of magma below the surface
• have large crystals of minerals that formed overtime
through slow process of crystallization in a magma
SOLDIFICATION/ CRYSTALLIZATION
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
from the word “sediment,”
which means “to settle at the
bottom”
formed from different material 2

deposits on Earth’s surface that

have been “lithified”
show a distinct layering or
bedding on the surface
fossils are also preserved in
sedimentary rocks
SEDIMENTAION/ LITHIFICATION
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• formed from the mechanical
weathering debris of rocks

CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
• formed when dissolved
materials precipitate from
solution

ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK

• formed from the build-up of
plant or animal debris
METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
meta means “change” and
morph means “form”
3
formed from rocks that were
exposed to high pressure and
or high temperature

used for building materials,

artwork, and decoration
MATAMORPHOSIS
FOLIATED METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
• formed through pressure
due to compression of
rocks that create bands
called foliation

NONFOLIATED
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• has no foliation or bands.
ROCK CYCLE
Importance
of Minerals
to Society
HOUSEHOLDS
• toothpaste that contains fluoride from
fluorite mineral
• face powder contains talc – the softest
mineral
• salts are commonly used to enhance the
flavor of our food 3
• kitchen utensils like casserole are made of
aluminum – a light and durable metal
• stainless wares that contains mostly of
iron, chromium and carbon
• silicon, silver and gold are used as
components of gadgets like cellphones
and computers
• copper is the mostly used electrical wiring
because it is less expensive
CONSTRUCTION
• skyscrapers that tower up to 50 stories
high, use durable minerals like iron
steel – a combination of iron and
carbon
• concrete that contains limestone, clay
3
and chalk that make them strong and
stand still against strong wind and
earthquake
• glass made mainly of quartz and silica
• floors are made up of granite and
marbles
• aluminum are used in window and
door panels
 HEALTH
• titanium is a strong but very light metal
that is used for teeth transplant

• gypsum in plaster cast

3
• alloys like stainless steel that primarily
composed of iron, chromium and
carbon in their tools
POWER PLANTS
• radioactive minerals like uranium is
used as source of heat energy to run a
nuclear reactor

• likewise, coal power plants also use

3
mineral coal to generate electricity

• hand batteries for electric cars need

minerals like nickel, copper, and
lithium
AGRICULTURE
• NPK fertilizers contain vital
minerals for the plant to grow
healthy (nitrogen, phosphorous
and potassium)
3

• moreover, minerals like lime are

also used to lower the acidity of
the soil
 HEALTH
• For our health, the
pharmaceutical industry
manufactures supplements
that contain many essential 3

minerals that keep us

strong and healthy like
calcium, magnesium and
zinc.
Finish