COMPRESSSIVE STRENGHT OF UNCOMPRESSED LATERITIC SOIL

SOLID BLOCKS WITH CEMENT AND BAGASSE ASH

BY

SALISU GHALI TASIU

FPT/KND/SET/CET/2019/2021/0316

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC KAURA NAMODA
ZAMFARA STATE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

JULY, 2022

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 DECLARATION

I Salisu Ghali Tasiu hereby declare that, this research project was conducted by

me under the supervision of Dr. Engr. Sholadoye I.O of the Department of Civil

Engineering Technology, Federal polytechnic Kaura Namoda Zamfara State.

Salisu Ghali Tasiu

FPT/KND/SET/CET/2020/2021/0316 ……………………...
Date

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 APPROVAL PAGE

This is to testify that, this project is a basic work undertaken by Salisu Ghali Tasiu

with registration number FPT/KND/SET/CET/HND/2019/2021/0316 of the

Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic Kaura Namoda,

and has been read and approved by the Department of Civil Engineering

Technology in partially fulfillment of the award of High National Diploma in Civil

Engineering Technology

……………………………………… ………………………………………
Engr. Sholadoye I.O Date
(Project supervisor)

………………………………………… …………………………………………

Engr. Surajo I. Magaji Date

(Project coordinator)

………………………………………… ………………………………………
Engr. Johnson Candy Abah Date
(Head of Department)

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 DEDICATION

This research work is dedicated to my beloved and caring parent, Ustaz Salisu

Tasiu and Haj. Halimatu (Umma), Haj. Fatima (Balaraba), Haj. Safara and my

entire family for their support not just during this research work, but in my entire

life, May Almighty Allah bless them with Jannat Firdausi Ameen.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise be to Allah (S.W.A) for His infinite mercy, the Lord of the world, the

giver, the nourisher, who gave me this great opportunity of completing this project

May Allah’s Blessing be our leader Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), the opener of

what was closed, the sealed of what has passed, the helper of the truth with the

truth. The blessing should also include his family, his companion and all those who

follow in his footstep till the end of time.

I particularly grateful to my humble supervisor and my role model in person of

Dr. Engr. Sholadoye I O. for her indispensable support and guidance that cumulate

this work. I must be proud and thankful to Almighty Allah for His golden

opportunity of being supervised by the people of sound academic and moral

background like her.

My deep appreciation also goes to all distinguish lecturers, all laboratory

Technicians such as Abdullahi Muhammad, Mal. Ahmed of the department of

Civil Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic Kaura Namoda, Zamfara State,

for their support and encouragement during this research work.

I wish to pay tribute to my father, Ustaz Salisu Tasiu and my mother Haj.Halimatu

for their unconditional love, sacrifice, and prayer.

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My deepest appreciation goes to; my spiritual Mentor Khalifa Aliyu Saidu Alti,

Alh. Kurashiyyu Muhammad, Ustaz Murtala Saidu Alti, Engr. Habibu Ismail,

Engr. Umar Masari. My brothers; Muktar, Bacary, Nazeef, Yasir, Muneeb, twins,

Baffa, Anas, Abba and my little sisters Aisha and Fadima. My appreciation also

goes to my friends Abubakar Habib (maula), Magaji Ali, Mukhtar Tijjani Bahari

Lawal, May Allah bless them all Ameen.

A well-deserved thanks once again goes to my chief Alh. Bashir Abdullahi kamili

(SLT FEDPONAM) Mama Aisha and Mommy Saadiyya for their support,

encouragement, and suggestion morally and emotionally, May Almighty Allah

bless them with Jannat Firdausi Ameen.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page - - - - - - - - -i

Declaration - - - - - - - - -ii

Approval page - - - - - - - - -iii

Dedication - - - - - - - - - -iv

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - -v

Abstract - - - - - - - - - -vi

Table of content - - - - - - - - -vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction- - - - - - - - -1

1.1 Background - - - - - - - - -1

1.2 Statement of the problem and justification- - - -2

1.3 Aim and objectives - - - - - - -4

1.4 Scope of the study - - - - - - -4

1.5 Significance of the study - - - - - -4

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CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review- - - - - - - -6

2.1 X-ray flouresence (XRF) - - - - - -6

2.2 Lateritic soil - - - - - - - -6

2.2.1 Plasticity characteristics of laterite soils - - - -9

2.3 Cement - - - - - - - - -11

2.3.1 Cement properties - - - - - - -11

2.3.2 Fineness of cement - - - - - - -11

2.3.3 Setting time of cement - - - - - -11

2.3.4 Soundness of cement - - - - - -12

2.4 Modification of soil - - - - - - -12

2.4.1 Stabilization - -l - - - - - -12

2.5 Pozzzolans - - - - - - - -13

2.5.1 Pozzolanic material - - - - - -13

2.5.2 Use of pozzolans - - - - - - -14

2.6 Natural agriculture waste as a stabilizer in natural soil- -15

2.7 Bagasse Ash - - - - - - - -15

2.8 Atterberg limits - - - - - - -16

2.8.1 Liquid limit (LL) - - - - - - -16

2.8.2 Plastic limit (PL) - - - - - - -16

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2.8.3 Plasticity index (PI) - - - - - -16

2.9 Compaction of laterites soil - - - - - -17

2.10 Compressive strength - - - - - -17

2.11 Previous work on partial replacement of lateritic soil with agricultural waste -18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and methodology - - - - - -20

3.1 Materials - - - - - - - -20

3.2 Sample preparation - - - - - - -20

3.2.1 Bagasse Ash - - - - - - -20

3.2.2. Lateritic soil and brick preparation - - - -21

3.3 Methodology - - - - - - - -22

3.3.1 Micro analysis and oxide composition - - - -22

3.3.2 Sieve Analysis of the Natural Soil (Dry sieve) - -22

3.3.3 Atterberg limits - - - - - - -24

3.4 Compaction - - - - - - - -25

3.4.1 Optimum moisture content (OMC) - - - -25

3.5 Compressive strength test - - - - - -27

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Result and analysis - - - - - - -29

4.1 X-ray fluorescence of the rice husk ash - - - -29

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4.2 Soil properties - - - - - - - -31

4.2.1Particle size distribution - - - - - -32

4.2.2 Atterberg limits - - - - - - -33

4.23 Compaction test of the lateritic soil, Bagasse Ash and cement moisture content-

- - - - - - - - - -34

4.5 Compressive strength - - - - - -39

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Conclusions and recommendations - - - -40

5.1 Conclusions - - - - - - - -40

5.2 Recommendation - - - - - - -40

References - - - - - - - -42-45

Appendix A - - - - - - -46-49

Appendix B - - - - - - -50-539

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 ABSTRACT

The Comparison between compressive strength of uncompressed lateritic soil

solid block stabilized with Bagasse ash and cement and compressive strength of
uncompressed lateritic soil solid block stabilized with bagasse ash without cement
was evaluated. Preliminary laboratory tests such as Moisture Content, Specific
gravity, Atterberg Limit, Compaction test and XRF test of the bagasse ash was
carried out. AASHTO classification were carried out to assess the fundamental
properties of the lateritic soil. The result showed that the soil was classified
according to AASHTO as A-1-b (0) soil and Classification System as SC(Silty clay)
using the USCS. Tests such as Compaction, atterberg were carried out on the soil
samples mixed with bagasse ash in percentages of 2, 4, 6,8and10 by weight of the
cement and by weight of the soil. Result of compaction showed optimum moisture
content of 2% ash, 2% cement and 2% ash are 19.5 %, 18.4 % and 19.6 %
respectively. While the maximum dry density include 1.67, 1.73 and 1.68 Mg/m3.
The variation of Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content
(OMC) with bagasse ashes stabilizer at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% by weight of soil
indicates that values of MDD decreased as values of OMC increased accordingly
The result of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) of bagasse ash was carried out and found
that combined percent composition of Silica, Al 2O3 and Fe2O3 is less than 60 %,
this shows that the bagasse ash is class C. indicating that the bagasse ash is a
weak pozzolana (ASTM D5370-96). A total of forty Eight (48) blocks were molded
after which water was regularly sprinkled on them every morning using a watering
can, for a period of 7 and 28 days for proper curing of the blocks. The compressive
strength of the blocks was found 0.

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