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Design of concrete shells, part II

Trondheim/Oslo, November 8th, 2021
Morten Engen
Structural analyses - Multiconsult AS
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Recap from last week (1/3)

Hand calculations Finite element analyses

Design methods for the combination of in-

plane forces, bending and transverse shear. Orthogonal reinforcement
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Recap from last week (2/3)

• By using the membrane method, we

transformed the in-plane forces and
the bending moments to equivalent in-
plane forces in two membranes.
- The equivalent membrane forces are
in equilibrium with the shell forces.

• So, by constructing an internal set of

forces that are in equilibrium with the
calculated shell forces, we construct a
design model.

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Recap from last week (3/3)

• One disadvantage with the membrane method is that transverse

shear is disregarded.

• Can we construct an internal equilibrium which also includes

the effect of transverse shear?

• This week we will look at:

- The Sandwich model
- The iteration method

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Design of shell structures in the ultimate

limit state:
The Sandwich model

«How to calculate the sectional capacity»

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The Sandwich model (1/11)

• We divide our shell section into three layers.

• The outer layers have thicknesses t1 and t2, the

internal lever arm is thus:
𝑡1 + 𝑡2
𝑧=𝑡 −
2
• The Sandwich model is an extension of the truss
model for beams.

• The core carries the transverse shear as a beam

in the principal shear direction.

• The outer layers support the core and carry the

bending moments and the in-plane forces.
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The Sandwich model (2/11)

• We define the principal shear force 𝑣0 and

principal shear direction 𝜑0 as:
𝑣0 = 𝑣n2 + 𝑣t2 = 𝑣x2 + 𝑣y2
𝑣
−1 y
Transverse shear forces [kN/m] in a
𝜑0 = tan rotated coordinate system.
𝑣x

• In this direction 𝑣n = 𝑣0 and 𝑣t = 0, and

the core behaves almost like a beam.

Transformation of transverse shear

forces. 7
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The Sandwich model (3/11)

• The shear capacity of the core is thus

calculated with (EC2 6.2.a and 6.5):
1
𝑣0 ≤ 𝑣Rd,c = 𝐶Rd,c 𝑘 100𝜌0 𝑓ck 3 𝑧
𝑓ck Transverse shear forces [kN/m] in a
𝑣0 ≤ 𝑣Rd,max = 0.3𝑧 1 − 𝑓
250 cd rotated coordinate system.
𝜌0 = 𝜌x cos 2 𝜑0 + 𝜌𝑦 sin2 𝜑0

• To be fully consistent with EC2, we could

have used 𝑑 in the expressions, but 𝑧 is
conservative, more intuitive and close
enough☺
Transformation of transverse shear
forces. 8
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The Sandwich model (4/11)

• If the capacity 𝑣Rd,c is exceeded, the core is

designed using the truss model.

• Transverse shear is carried as an internal

equilibrium between i) diagonal
compressive stresses in the concrete (𝐹c ), ii)
tensile stresses in the transverse
reinforcement (𝑣s ) and iii) increased tensile
forces in the top and bottom layers (∆𝑛).

• The tensile forces in the top and bottom

Truss model for assessment of the shear
layers are in equilibrium with the diagonal capacity.
compressive stresses in the concrete.
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The Sandwich model (5/11)

• The required transverse reinforcement

can be calculated as follows (EC2 6.8):
𝐴sv
𝑣Rd,s = 𝑧 cot 𝜃 𝑓yd
𝑠x 𝑠y
• The shear compression capacity is (EC2
6.9):
1
𝑣Rd,max = 𝛼cw 𝑧𝜈1 𝑓cd
cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
• The additional forces in the membranes
are:
1
∆𝑛1 = ∆𝑛2 = 𝑣0 cot 𝜃
2
Note: [𝑣Rd,s ] = [𝑣Rd,max ] = [Δ𝑛] = kN/m!
• The angle can be chosen freely within We select 𝛼cw = 1.0 and 𝜈1 = 𝜈′ because
the following limits: the in-plane forces are carried by the top
and bottom layers and the reinforcement
1.0 ≤ cot 𝜃 ≤ 2.5 stress is not limited to 𝜎s < 0.8𝑓yk . 10
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The Sandwich model (6/11)

• The additional in-plane forces in the outer layers are

transformed to the global directions:
𝑣x2
∆𝑛x = ∆𝑛 cos 𝜑0 cos 𝜑0 = ∆𝑛 2
𝑣0
𝑣y2
∆𝑛y = ∆𝑛 sin 𝜑0 sin 𝜑0 = ∆𝑛 2
𝑣0
𝑣x 𝑣y
∆𝑛xy = ∆𝑛 sin 𝜑0 cos 𝜑0 = ∆𝑛 2
𝑣0
• The distribution of in-plane forces in the outer
layers is given by our equations from the Membrane
method.
𝑡 − 𝑡2 𝑡2 + 𝑡1
𝑘1 = , 𝑘 = 1 − 𝑘1 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 −
2𝑡 − 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 2 2

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The Sandwich model (7/11)

• The forces in the outer layers thus become:

𝑚x 1
𝑛x1 = 𝑘1 𝑛x + + ∆𝑛
𝑧 2 x
𝑚x 1
𝑛x2 = 𝑘2 𝑛x − + ∆𝑛
𝑧 2 x
• And similarly for 𝑛y1 , 𝑛y2 , 𝑛xy1 and 𝑛xy2 .

• Note that the terms in the parentheses are required due to the
equilibrium used to assess the required shear reinforcement
amount, and should not be added if the capacity without shear
reinforcement is sufficient!

• The outer layers are designed using the compression field

theory. 12
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The Sandwich model (8/11)

We adopt the following general procedure:

1. Assume minimum thicknesses of the outer layers t1 = t2 = 2a.
2. Control the shear capacity of the core. If shear reinforcement is needed,
remember to add tensile forces to the outer layers for equilibrium.
3. Calculate the forces in the outer layers.
4. Calculate maximum principal in-plane forces and control if the layers are
cracked or not.
5. If uncracked, control the minimum principal stress in the concrete: |σc2| < fcd. If
cracked, check the capacity with the compression field theory.
6. If the compression capacity in any of the layers is insufficient we have three
options: i) take into account the compressive capacity of the reinforcement, ii)
increase the thickness of the layer by increasing the cover, iii) keep the
reinforcement in position and increase the thickness of the layer. If ii) or iii):
recalculate thicknesses and the internal lever arm and return to 2).
7. If the thickness of one or both of the outer layers have been increased, leaving
the reinforcement in position, the forces in the reinforcement should be
adjusted due to eccentricity. 13
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The Sandwich model (9/11)

• In case of increased thicknesses of the outer layers, and

eccentric reinforcement, the forces in the reinforcement should
be recalculated as follows:

𝑡1 𝑡2
𝑡− − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2
∗
𝐹sx,1 = 𝐹sx,1 2 + 𝐹sx,2 2
𝑡 − 𝑎1 − 𝑎2 𝑡 − 𝑎1 − 𝑎2

∗ ∗
𝐹sx,2 = 𝐹sx,1 + 𝐹sx,2 − 𝐹sx,1

• And similarly for 𝐹sy,1 and 𝐹sy,2 .

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The Sandwich model (10/11)

• General remarks:
- The thicknesses of the outer layers should not be less than 2a.
By selecting the minimum thicknesses we get the largest
internal lever arm, which gives the most efficient design in
bending dominated problems.
- Exceedance of the shear capacity should in any case be
carefully investigated! However, we seek to minimize the
amount of shear reinforcement for constructability reasons. A
low inclination of the compressive diagonal in the truss model results in low amounts of shear
reinforcement, but large additional tensile forces in the outer layers.
- If the compression capacity in any of the outer layers is
exceeded, one should increase the thickness of the layer
leaving the reinforcement eccentric. Increasing the cover locally is not
practical on the construction site. Relying on the compression capacity of the reinforcement
might lead to brittle failure modes, e.g. due to buckling of the reinforcement.
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The Sandwich model (11/11)

• Advantages of the method:

- Simple and fast.
- Applicable for preliminary design.

• Disadvantages of the method:

- No strain compatibility => constant stress and strain in the
outer layers, not suitable for crack width calculations.

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Example 5: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (1/4)
• Consider an offshore concrete shell
structure consisting of a shaft
supported on a caisson.

• The structure is subjected to the

dead weight of concrete, external
and internal water pressure and a Fig. 1: Complete
vertical load from the top side. structure.

• Taking into account the symmetry of

the problem and our knowledge
about axi-symmetric shells, only a
part of the structure is modelled.
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Fig. 2: Finite element model.
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Example 5: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (2/4)
• A section in the bottom slab is subjected to the following sectional
forces in the ULS:
𝑛x 1240 kN/m
𝑛y 720 kN/m
𝑛xy −280 kN/m
𝑚x −20 kNm/m
𝑅= 𝑚 =
y 90 kNm/m
𝑚xy 60 kNm/m
𝑣x 120 kN/m
𝑣y 160 kN/m
• With the Sandwich model, control the reinforcement amounts found in
Example 4.
• We know from before:
𝑓ck = 55MPa, 𝑓yk = 500MPa, 𝑎 = 75 mm, 𝑡 = 700 mm
𝐴sx1 = 𝐴sy1 = 𝐴sy2 = ø20c200, 𝐴sx2 = 1.5ø20c200, 18
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Example 5: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (3/4)
• First we calculate the design material strengths:
𝑓ck 𝑓yk
𝑓cd = 𝛼cc = 31 MPa, 𝑓yd = = 435 MPa
𝛾c 𝛾s
• Recall that the outer layers were cracked, 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 2𝑎 = 150 mm:
𝑧 = 𝑡 − 2𝑎 = 550 mm
• Calculate the principal transverse shear force and the principal shear
direction in the core:
𝑣0 = 𝑣x2 + 𝑣y2 = 200 kN/m
−1
𝑣y
𝜑0 = tan = 53.1°
𝑣x

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Example 5: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (4/4)
• Reinforcement ratios:
𝜌x = 𝜌y = 𝜌0 = 0.0029
• Shear capacity without transverse reinforcement:
200 mm
𝑘 =1+ = 1.60
𝑧
1 kN
𝑣Rd,c = 𝐶Rd,c 𝑘 100𝜌0 𝑓ck 3 𝑧 = 265 > 𝑣0 (𝑈𝑅𝑉 = 0.75)
m
𝑓ck kN
𝑣Rd,max = 0.3𝑧 1 − 𝑓 = 4011 > 𝑣0 (𝑈𝑅𝑉max = 0.05)
250 cd m
• The shear capacity of the core is ok, no transverse reinforcement
required, no additional in-plane forces need to be added to the outer
layers. The capacity is ok!

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Example 6: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (1/9)
• A section in the top slab of the same shell structure is subjected to the
following sectional forces in the ULS:
𝑛x −3070 kN/m
𝑛y −1710 kN/m
𝑛xy −840 kN/m
𝑚x 0 kNm/m
𝑅= 𝑚 =
y −220 kNm/m
𝑚xy −20 kNm/m
𝑣x −820 kN/m
𝑣y −1230 kN/m
• Design the section with the Sandwich model.
• Assume:
𝑓ck = 55MPa, 𝑓yk = 500MPa, 𝑎 = 70 mm, 𝑡 = 500 mm
• Minimum reinforcement:
𝐴sx1 = 𝐴sy1 = 𝐴sx2 = 𝐴sy2 = ø16c200

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Example 6: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (2/9)
• First we calculate the design material strengths:
𝑓ck 𝑓yk
𝑓cd = 𝛼cc = 31 MPa, 𝑓yd = = 435 MPa
𝛾c 𝛾s
• Assume thicknesses of the outer layers, 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 2𝑎 = 140 mm:
𝑧 = 𝑡 − 2𝑎 = 360 mm
• Calculate the principal transverse shear force and the principal shear
direction in the core:
𝑣0 = 𝑣x2 + 𝑣y2 = 1478 kN/m
−1
𝑣y
𝜑0 = tan = 56.3°
𝑣x

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Example 6: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (3/9)
• Reinforcement ratios:
𝜌𝑥 = 𝜌𝑦 = 𝜌0 = 0.0028
• Shear capacity without transverse reinforcement:
200𝑚𝑚
𝑘 =1+ = 1.75
𝑧
1
𝑣Rd,c = 𝐶Rd,c 𝑘 100𝜌0 𝑓ck 3 𝑧 = 187 kN/m ≪ 𝑣0 , (𝑈𝑅𝑉 = 7.89)
𝑓ck
𝑣Rd,max = 0.3𝑧 1 − 𝑓cd = 2626 kN/m > 𝑣0 , (𝑈𝑅𝑉max = 0.56)
250
• The shear capacity of the core is not ok, transverse reinforcement is
required and additional in-plane forces need to be added to the outer
layers.

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Example 6: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (4/9)
• Select cot 𝜃 = 2.0 and calculate the required amount of shear
reinforcement:
𝐴sv 𝑣0
= = 4722 mm2 /m2
𝑠x 𝑠y 𝑧 cot 𝜃 𝑓yd
• Select ø16 and 𝑠x = 𝑠y = 200 mm (𝑈𝑅𝑉 = 0.94).
• Control the shear compression capacity:
1
𝑣Rd,max = 𝑧𝜈′𝑓cd = 2100 kN/m, 𝑈𝑅𝑉max = 0.70
cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
• Calculate the additional force in the outer layers:
∆𝑛 = 𝑣0 cot 𝜃 = 2957 kN/m
• Note that this force acts in the 𝜑0 -direction!
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Example 6: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (5/9)
• Transform the additional force to global directions:
𝑣x2
∆𝑛x = ∆𝑛 2 = 910 kN/m
𝑣0
𝑣y2
∆𝑛y = ∆𝑛 2 = 2047 kN/m
𝑣0
𝑣x 𝑣y
∆𝑛xy = ∆𝑛 2 = 1365 kN/m
𝑣0
• The forces in the two outer layers become:
𝑛x −1080 𝑛x −1080
𝑛y = −443 kN/m, 𝑛y = 780 kN/m
𝑛xy 207 𝑛xy 318
1 2

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Example 6: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (6/9)
• Calculate the principal in-plane forces in the two layers:
𝑛1 −382 𝑛1 832
𝑛2 1 = kN/m, 𝑛 = kN/m
−1141 2 2 −1133
• Layer 1 is uncracked and layer 2 is cracked.
• Control the minimum principal stress in layer 1:
𝑛2,1
𝜎c2 = = 8.2 MPa < 𝑓cd , (𝑈𝑅C1 = 0.26)
𝑡1
• Layer 1 is ok!

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Example 6: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (7/9)
• We note that 𝑛x2 is negative and 𝑛y2 is positive, and expect that
the forces in the reinforcement in y-direction will be larger than
in the x-direction.
• Simplified assessment of 𝐴sy2 before we estimate the crack
angle in layer 2:
𝑛1,2
𝐴sy2 ≥ = 1913 mm2 /m
𝑓yd
𝐴sx2
• Select 𝐴sy2 = ø25c200. Hence: = 0.41.
𝐴sy2
• Estimate the crack angle with Eq. 2.2.4 in the compendium:
𝜑2 = 77.5°

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Example 6: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (8/9)
• Estimate the forces in the reinforcement and the concrete in layer 2:
𝐹sx 348
𝐹sy = 850 kN/m
𝐹c 1499
2
• Calculate the stresses in the reinforcement and the concrete:
𝐹sx2
𝐴sx2
𝜎sx 𝐹sy2 346
𝜎sy = = 346 MPa
𝜎c 2 𝐴 sy2
10.7
𝐹c2
𝑡2
𝜎sx2 𝜎c2
(𝑈𝑅x2 = 𝑈𝑅y2 = = 0.80, 𝑈𝑅c2 = = 0.73)
𝑓yd 𝜎Rd,max

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Example 6: Design of a shell section in an offshore

concrete structure (9/9)
• The capacity is ok!

• Summary of reinforcement amounts and utilization ratios:

𝐴sx1 = 𝐴sy1 = 𝐴sy2 = ø16𝑐200, 𝐴sx2 = ø25𝑐200, 𝐴𝑠v = ø16𝑐200𝑐200

𝑈𝑅x 0 𝑈𝑅x 0.80 𝑈𝑅v 0.94

𝑈𝑅y = 0 , 𝑈𝑅y = 0.80 , =
𝑈𝑅vmax 0.70
𝑈𝑅c 0.26 𝑈𝑅c 0.73
1 2

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Design of shell structures in the ultimate

limit state:
The iteration method

«How to calculate the sectional capacity»

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The iteration method (1/8)

• The iteration method is a general method for capacity control of

a shell section with given geometry and reinforcement amounts.

• In an iterative manner, we find the strains and curvatures

corresponding to an internal state of stresses that are in
equilibrium with the external sectional forces.

• The shell section is divided in 𝑛 layers, where each layer is

assumed to be in a plane state of stress.

• After controlling the capacity for bending moments and in-plane

forces, the transverse shear capacity is controlled separately.

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The iteration method (2/8)

• The iteration method can be used as a design tool if automatic

procedures are used to increase the reinforcement amounts in
case of insufficient capacity.

• In the derivation, we will use the following three main categories

of ingredients:
- Equilibrium between internal and external forces.
- Kinematic compatibility connecting the strains and curvatures at the mid-
plane to in-plane strains in each layer.
- Non-linear material laws for concrete and reinforcement.

• Essentially equivalent to a non-linear finite element analysis of

one section.
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The iteration method (3/8)

• We have a shell section subjected to the

following sectional forces collected in the
vector R:
𝑇
𝑹 = 𝑛x , 𝑛y , 𝑛xy , 𝑚x , 𝑚y , 𝑚xy

• At the mid-plane, we have the following

state of strain and curvature:
𝜺m 𝑇
𝜺t = 𝜿 = 𝜀x , 𝜀y , 𝜀xy , κx , κy , κxy Stress resultants in a shell section.
m

• The sectional forces are related to the

strains at the mid-plane:
𝑹 = 𝑲𝜺t ֜ 𝜺t = 𝑲−1 𝑹 33
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The iteration method (4/8)

• We divide the section in 𝑛 layers with thickness ∆ℎ𝑖 = 𝑡/𝑛.

• Concrete contribution to the stiffness matrix, sum of

contributions from the 𝑛 layers:
𝑛
𝑪c (𝑧𝑖 ) −𝑧𝑖 𝑪c (𝑧𝑖 )
𝑲c = ෍ ∆ℎ𝑖
−𝑧𝑖 𝑪c (𝑧𝑖 ) 𝑧𝑖2 𝑪c (𝑧𝑖 )
𝑖=1

• Reinforcement contribution, sum of contributions from the 𝑚

reinforcement layers:
𝑚
𝑪s,𝑗 −𝑧𝑗 𝑪s,𝑗
𝑲s = ෍ 𝐴s,𝑗
−𝑧𝑗 𝑪s,𝑗 𝑧𝑗2 𝑪s,𝑗
𝑗=1
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The iteration method (5/8)

• Concrete contribution to the internal forces, sum of

contributions from the 𝑛 layers:
𝑛
𝝈c 𝑧𝑖
𝑺c = ෍ ∆ℎ𝑖
−𝑧𝑖 𝝈c 𝑧𝑖
𝑖=1

• Reinforcement contribution, sum of contributions from the 𝑚

reinforcement layers:
𝑚
𝝈s,𝑗
𝑺s = ෍ 𝐴s,𝑗 −𝑧 𝝈
𝑗 s,𝑗
𝑗=1

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The iteration method (6/8)

We adopt the following general solution procedure:

1) Calculate the sectional forces 𝑹, either by hand or with a FEA, and
minimum reinforcement amounts or reinforcement based on the
Membrane method or the Sandwich model.
2) Assume linear elastic isotropic material behaviour and calculate the
stiffness matrix 𝑲 from the general expression.
3) Find the strains and curvatures at the midplane.
4) For each concrete layer i:
a) Find the in-plane strains: 𝜺 𝑧 .
b) Find the principal strains 𝜺ത and the principal strain direction 𝜑.
c) Calculate the stresses in the local directions 𝝈ഥ from 𝜺ത based on a suitable
material law.
d) Calculate the material stiffness matrix in local directions 𝑪ഥ.
e) Transform 𝝈ഥ and 𝑪ഥ to global directions.
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The iteration method (7/8)

5) For each reinforcement layer j:

a) Find the in-plane strains.
b) Transform the strains to the local directions of the reinforcement layer.
c) Calculate the stresses in the local directions.
d) Calculate the material stiffness matrix in the local directions.
e) Transform the stresses and stiffness to global directions.
6) Calculate the internal stress resultants, 𝑺 = 𝑺c + 𝑺s .
𝑅𝑘 −𝑆𝑘
7) Check for convergence, e.g.: < 𝛽, 𝑘 = 1,6 . 𝛽 is the convergence
𝑅𝑘
tolerance, typically in the order of 1 %.
8) If converged, or a maximum number of iterations have been performed:
terminate calculations and go to step 9. If not converged, assemble the
new stiffness matrix 𝑲 = 𝑲c + 𝑲s and repeat the calculations from step 2.
9) Calculate utilization ratios for output. If UR > 1.0 in any component, update
the reinforcement amounts and rerun the analysis. 37
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The iteration method (8/8)

• We perform a separate control of the

transverse shear capacity by considering
beam sections in several directions in the
plane of the shell.

• Typically, we control the shear capacity in

all sections with steps of ∆𝜑 = 5°.

• Note that the shear capacity in the n- Transverse shear forces [kN/m] in a
rotated coordinate system.
directions is also influenced by the axial
force 𝑛n and the bending moment 𝑚n in
the same direction!

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Bonus example:
The Sandwich model
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Example 7: Design of a shell section (1/10)

• A shell section is subjected to the following sectional forces in the ULS:

𝑛x −50 kN/m
𝑛y −100 kN/m
𝑛xy 100 kN/m
𝑚x 200 kNm/m
𝑅= 𝑚 =
y 50 kNm/m
𝑚xy 0 kNm/m
𝑣x 250 kN/m
𝑣y 50 kN/m
• Design the section with the Sandwich model.
• Assume:
𝑓ck = 55MPa, 𝑓yk = 500MPa, 𝑎 = 70 mm, 𝑡 = 500 mm
• Minimum reinforcement:
𝐴sx1 = 𝐴sy1 = 𝐴sx2 = 𝐴sy2 = ø16c200

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Example 7: Design of a shell section (2/10)

• First we calculate the design material strengths:

𝑓ck 𝑓yk
𝑓cd = 𝛼cc = 31 MPa, 𝑓yd = = 435 MPa
𝛾c 𝛾s
• Assume thicknesses of the outer layers, t1 = t2 = 2a = 140 mm:
𝑧 = 𝑡 − 2𝑎 = 360 mm
• Calculate the principal transverse shear force and the principal
shear direction in the core:
𝑣0 = 𝑣x2 + 𝑣y2 = 255 kN/m
𝑣
−1 y
𝜑0 = tan = 11.3°
𝑣x

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Example 7: Design of a shell section (3/10)

• Reinforcement ratios:
𝜌𝑥 = 𝜌𝑦 = 𝜌0 = 0.0028
• Shear capacity without transverse reinforcement:
200𝑚𝑚
𝑘 =1+ = 1.75
𝑧
1
𝑣Rd,c = 𝐶Rd,c 𝑘 100𝜌0 𝑓ck 3 𝑧 = 187 kN/m < 𝑣0 , (𝑈𝑅𝑉 = 1.36)
𝑓ck
𝑣Rd,max = 0.3𝑧 1 − 𝑓cd = 2626 kN/m > 𝑣0 , (𝑈𝑅𝑉max = 0.10)
250
• The shear capacity of the core is not ok, transverse reinforcement is
required and additional in-plane forces need to be added to the outer
layers.

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Example 7: Design of a shell section (4/10)

• Select cot 𝜃 = 2.0 and calculate the required amount of shear

reinforcement:
𝐴sv 𝑣0
= = 814 mm2 /m2
𝑠x 𝑠y 𝑧 cot 𝜃 𝑓yd
• Select ø10 and 𝑠x = 𝑠y = 200 mm (𝑈𝑅𝑉 = 0.41).
• Control the shear compression capacity:
1
𝑣Rd,max = 𝑧𝜈1 𝑓cd = 2100 kN/m, 𝑈𝑅𝑉max = 0.12
cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃
• Calculate the additional force in the outer layers:
∆𝑛 = 𝑣0 cot 𝜃 = 510 kN/m
• Note that this force acts in the 𝜑0 -direction!
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Example 7: Design of a shell section (5/10)

• Transform the additional force to global directions:

𝑣x2
∆𝑛x = ∆𝑛 2 = 490 kN/m
𝑣0
𝑣y2
∆𝑛y = ∆𝑛 2 = 20 kN/m
𝑣0
𝑣x 𝑣y
∆𝑛xy = ∆𝑛 2 = 90 kN/m
𝑣0
• The forces in the two outer layers become:
𝑛x 776 𝑛x −335
𝑛y = 99 kN/m, 𝑛y = −179 kN/m
𝑛xy 99 𝑛xy 99
1 2

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Example 7: Design of a shell section (6/10)

• Calculate the principal in-plane forces in the two layers:

𝑛1 790 𝑛1 −131
𝑛2 1 = kN/m, 𝑛 = kN/m
85 2 2 −383
• Layer 2 is uncracked and layer 1 is cracked.
• Control the minimum principal stress in layer 2:
𝑛2,2
𝜎c2 = = 2.7 MPa < 𝑓cd , (𝑈𝑅C2 = 0.09)
𝑡2
• Layer 2 is ok!

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Example 7: Design of a shell section (7/10)

• We note that 𝑛x1 is much larger than 𝑛y1 , and expect that the
forces in the reinforcement in x-direction will be larger than in
the y-direction.
• Simplified assessment of 𝐴sx1 before we estimate the crack
angle in layer 1:
𝑛1,1
𝐴sx1 ≥ = 1817 mm2 /m
𝑓yd
𝐴sx1
• Select 𝐴sx1 = 1.5ø20c200. Hence: = 2.34.
𝐴sy1
• Estimate the crack angle with Eq. 2.2.4 in the compendium:
𝜑1 = 21.7°

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Example 7: Design of a shell section (8/10)

• Estimate the forces in the reinforcement and the concrete in layer 1:

𝐹sx 815
𝐹sy = 348 kN/m
𝐹c 288
1
• Calculate the stresses in the reinforcement and the concrete:
𝐹sx1
𝐴sx1
𝜎sx 𝐹sy1 346
𝜎sy = = 346 MPa
𝜎c 1 𝐴 sy1
2.1
𝐹c1
𝑡1
𝜎sx1 𝜎c1
(𝑈𝑅x1 = 𝑈𝑅y1 = = 0.80, 𝑈𝑅c1 = = 0.14)
𝑓yd 𝜎Rd,max
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Example 7: Design of a shell section (9/10)

• The capacity is ok!

• Summary of reinforcement amounts and utilization ratios:

𝐴sy1 = 𝐴sx2 = 𝐴sy2 = ø16𝑐200, 𝐴sx1 = 1.5ø20𝑐200, 𝐴𝑠v = ø10𝑐200𝑐200

𝑈𝑅x 0.80 𝑈𝑅x 0 𝑈𝑅v 0.41

𝑈𝑅y = 0.80 , 𝑈𝑅y = 0 , =
𝑈𝑅vmax 0.12
𝑈𝑅c 0.14 𝑈𝑅c 0.09
1 2

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Example 7: Design of a shell section (10/10)

• Note that we ended up with quite similar reinforcement

amounts as in example 6, but for lower sectional forces. Why?

• Ex. 6: 𝐴sx1 = 𝐴sy1 = 𝐴sy2 = ø16𝑐200, 𝐴sx2 = ø25𝑐200, 𝐴𝑠v = ø16𝑐200𝑐200

• Ex. 7: 𝐴sy1 = 𝐴sx2 = 𝐴sy2 = ø16𝑐200, 𝐴sx1 = 1.5ø20𝑐200, 𝐴𝑠v = ø10𝑐200𝑐200
𝑛x −3070 kN/m 𝑛x −50 kN/m
𝑛y −1710 kN/m 𝑛y −100 kN/m
𝑛xy −840 kN/m 𝑛xy 100 kN/m
𝑚x 0 kNm/m 𝑚x 200 kNm/m
• 𝑅Ex6 = 𝑚 = , 𝑅Ex7 = 𝑚 =
y −220 kNm/m y 50 kNm/m
𝑚xy −20 kNm/m 𝑚xy 0 kNm/m
𝑣x −820 kN/m 𝑣x 250 kN/m
𝑣y −1230 kN/m 𝑣y 50 kN/m
• In Ex. 6 we got a benefit from the membrane forces! 49
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