Ch29 B Due To Current

29.
Magnetic Field Due to Current

In this chapter;
29.1. What is Physics?
29.2. Calculating The Magnetic Field Due to a Current
29.3. Force BetweenTwo Parallel Currents
29.4. Ampere’s Law
29.5. Solenoids and Toroids
29.6. A Current-Carrying Coil As a Magnetic Dipole
Driscoll’s Children’s Hospital, November 11, 2013, https://
www.driscollchildrens.org/giving-to-driscoll/2280
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2023
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•Magnetic Field of Current, http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/
magnetic/magcur.html, Access Date: May.02, 2020
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Primary goal of this chapter is,
29.1. What is Physics?
29. Magnetic Field Due to Current
Moving charges produces magnetic field.

to discuss calculating the magnetic field caused by flowing current.
to learn two of the basic components in Physics: solenoids and toroids.
•A JR Central L0 series 5-car maglev train undergoing test-running on the

2
Yamanashi Test Track, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Series_L0.JPG,

Access Date May 02, 2020
29.2. Calc. The Magnetic Field Due to a Current
Mentally divide the wire into differential

elements, d s ,⃗ with the same direction of current.
Then define a d ifferential current-length
element to be i d s .⃗
The field d B ⃗ produced at P by i d s ⃗
Calculate the net field, d B ⃗ at P by summing, via
integration.
The magnitude of the differential magnetic field:

μ0 ids sin θ
dB =
4π r2 μ0 is a constant, called
the per meabilit y constant
dB ⃗ =
μ0 id s ⃗ × r ̂
Biot-Savart Law of free space:
4π r 2 μ0 = 4π × 10−7 T ⋅ m /A
“This is an inverse-square law!” ≈ 1.26 × 10−6 T ⋅ m /A
AB 3
Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Long Straight Wire

Integrating from +∞ to −∞,
μi
B= 0 ,
2πR
R’
| B ⃗ | is proportional to .
1
R P
The direction of B ⃗ is found as taking a tangent to the filed line at that position.
Right-hand rule: Grasp the element in your right hand with

your extended thumb pointing in the direction of the current.
Your fingers will then naturally curl around in the direction
of the magnetic field lines due to that element.
AB 4
μ0i
Proof of B=
2πR
———————————————————————————————————————————————
BS Law:
μ0 ids sin θ
dB =
4π r2
The direction of B ⃗ is that of the vector d s ⃗ × r,̂ namely, directly into
the page.
∞
μ0i ∞ sin θds
∫0 2π ∫0
B=2 dB =
r2
R
r= s2 + R2 and sin θ = sin(π − θ ) =
s2 + R2
Trigonometric substitution, s = R tan θ
∞
μ0i Rds
4π ∫0
B=2
(s 2 + R 2)
3/2
∞
μ0i s
=
(s 2 + R 2)
2πR 1/2
0
μ0i
B= (in f inite straight wire)
2πR
AB 5
Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Circular Arc of Wire

BS Law:
μ0 ids sin θ
dB =
4π r2
θ is all the way 90∘, and r is a constant of R,
μ0 ids sin 90∘ μ0 ids
dB = =
4π R2 4π R 2
where ds = R dϕ.
ϕ
μ0 iRdϕ
∫ ∫0 4π R 2
B = dB =
μ0i ϕ
4πR ∫0
= dϕ
μ0iϕ
B= (at center of circular arc)
4πR
——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
μ0i(2π) μi
B= = 0 (at center of f ull arc)
4πR 2R
AB 6
AB 7
AB 8
29.3. Force Between Two Parallel Currents
Two long parallel wires of the currents ia and ib.

The current, ia , produces a magnetic field B a⃗ .
μ0ia
Ba =
2πd
The curled–straight right-hand rule tells us that the direction
of B a⃗ at wire b is down.
⃗ = i L⃗× B⃗
F ba b a
since L ⃗ and B a⃗ are perpendicular to each other.

μ0 Liaib
Fba = ib LBa sin 90∘ =
2πd
To find the force on a current-carrying wire due to a second current-carrying

wire, first find the field due to the second wire at the site of the first wire. Then
find the force on the first wire due to that field.
Parallel currents attract each other, and antiparallel currents repel each other.
AB 9
if the distribution has some symmetry, we may be able to

apply Ampere’s law to find the magnetic field with
considerably less effort.
B ⃗ ⋅ d s ⃗ = μ0ienc
∮
(Ampere′s law)
The loop on the integral sign means that the scalar product
B ⃗ ⋅ d s ⃗ is to be integrated around a closed loop, called an
Amperian loop.
The current ienc is the net current encircled by A.L.
B ⃗ ⋅ d s⃗ =
∮ ∮
B cos θds = μ0ienc
where the field component B cos θ is tangent to the loop.

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————
The encircled current:
ienc = i1 − i2 i3 is not encircled by A.L.
Therefore,
Curl your right hand around the Amperian loop, with the
∮
B cos θds = μ0 (i1 − i2) fingers pointing in the direction of integration. A current
through the loop in the direction of your outstretched thumb is
AB
assigned a plus sign, and a current generally in the opposite
direction is assigned a minus sign. 10
Magnetic Field OUTSIDE a Long Straight Wire with Current

Because of the cylindrical symmetry ⇒ B ⃗ produced by the
current has the same magnitude at all points that are the
same distance r from the wire.
d s ⃗ has the SAME direction with B .⃗

Ampere’s Law:
B ⃗ ⋅ d s⃗ =
∮ ∮ ∮
B cos θds = B ds = B(2πr)
The right-hand-side of AL − equation:

Encircle the wire with a concentric circular Amperian loop of radius r.
The right-hand rule gives us a plus sign for the current…
B(2πr) = μ0i
μi
B= 0 (outside straight wire)
2πr
which we derived earlier — with considerably more effort — using the law of B-S Law!
AB 11
Magnetic Field INSIDE a Long Straight Wire with Current

B ⃗ produced by the current has the same magnitude at all
points that are the same distance r from the wire.
d s ⃗ has the SAME direction with B .⃗
Ampere’s Law:
B ⃗ ⋅ d s⃗ =
∮ ∮ ∮
B cos θds = B ds = B(2πr)
The right-hand-side of AL equation:

The encircled current by the Amperian loop of radius r is to be calculated.
The right-hand rule gives us a plus sign for the current…
πr 2
ienc = i for uniform current only!
πR 2
the magnitude of B ⃗ is
Therefore: proportional to r,
πr 2 At r = R (the surface)
B(2πr) = μ0i
πR 2 Binside = Boutside.
( 2πR 2 )
μ0i
B= r (inside straight wire)
AB 12
AB 13
Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

We’ll find the magnetic field in a long, tightly ⃗
B Upper ⃗
B Lower
wound helical coil of wire, called a solenoid, by
using Ampere’s law.
Almost concentric B ⃗ circles
Between the adjacent turns, cancels B ⃗ to ZERO.
At points inside the solenoid and reasonably far
from the wire, B ⃗ is parallel to the axis of
solenoid.
At points above the solenoid, such as P in Fig.,
⃗
B Upper directed to the left tends to cancel
⃗
B Lower directed to the right.
The direction of the magnetic field along the solenoid axis

is given by a right-hand rule:
Grasp the solenoid with your right hand so that your fingers
follow the direction of the current in the windings; your
extended right thumb then points in the direction of the
axial magnetic field.
AB 14
Apply Ampere’s law,
∮
using the rectangular Amperian loop abcda.
The integral is
b c d a
B ⃗ ⋅ d s⃗ = B ⃗ ⋅ d s⃗ + B ⃗ ⋅ d s⃗ + B ⃗ ⋅ d s⃗ + B ⃗ ⋅ d s⃗
∮ ∫a ∫b ∫c ∫d
The right side of the integral:

ienc = i(nh)
Jack Huang, How To Repair A Solenoid Coil
How+To+Repair+A+Solenoid+Coil/101379
Then Ampere’s Law gives:
Bh = μ0inh or BSolenoid = μ0in
https://www.ifixit.com/Guide/
Last Access: May, 31,2020

AB 15
Magnetic Field of a Toroid (Hollow-Bracelet)

Describe as a (hollow) solenoid that has been curved
until its two ends meet, forming a sort of hollow
bracelet.
Amperian loop of radius r and traverse it in the
clockwise direction.
Apply Ampere’s law,
∮
(B)(2πr) = μ0iN
μ0iN 1
BToroid =
2π r
Toroidal transformer with center

hole encapsulation and threaded nut,
Licence:Public Domain
By: Emeko Bagels, Image by nils9three from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/ Pixabay, https://pixabay.com/photos/
wiki/File:Noratel-600VA-toroid.png bagels-food-breakfast-sesame-
snack-3777460/
AB
Last Access: May, 31,2020
16
29.5. A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole
Magnetic Field of a Coil

So far we have examined the magnetic fields
produced by current in a long straight wire, a
solenoid, and a toroid.
that the magnitude of B ⃗ along z − a xis
μ0iR 2
B(z) =
2 (R 2 + z 2 )
3/2
For axial points far from the loop, we have z ≫ R,

μ0iR 2
B(z) ≈
2z 3
Recalling that πR 2 is the area A:
μ Ni A
B(z) = 0 3
2π z
Substitute the identity μ = Ni A
⃗ = μ0 μ ⃗
B (z)
2π z 3
AB 17
29.5. A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole
μ0 i R 2
PROOF: B(z) =
2 ( R 2 + z 2)
3/2
——-——-——-——-——-——-——-——-——-——-——-——-——-——-——-——-
∫
B = dB∥
The differential field atP.

μ0 ids sin 90∘
dB =
4π r2
dB∥ = dB cos α
μ ids
dB∥ = 0 2 cos α
4πr
The Pythagorean theorem: r = R 2 + z 2 .
R R
And, cos α = =
r R2 + z2
∫
B = dB∥
μ0iR
3/2 ∫
= ds
4π (R + z )
2 2
μ0iR 2
Therefore: B(z) =
2 (R 2 + z 2)
3/2
AB 18

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29.

Magnetic Field Due to Current

Moving charges produces magnetic field.

to learn two of the basic components in Physics: solenoids and toroids.

•A JR Central L0 series 5-car maglev train undergoing test-running on the

Yamanashi Test Track, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Series_L0.JPG,

Mentally divide the wire into differential

The magnitude of the differential magnetic field:

Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Long Straight Wire

Right-hand rule: Grasp the element in your right hand with

Magnetic Field Due to a Current in a Circular Arc of Wire

Two long parallel wires of the currents ia and ib.

since L ⃗ and B a⃗ are perpendicular to each other.

To find the force on a current-carrying wire due to a second current-carrying

if the distribution has some symmetry, we may be able to

The current ienc is the net current encircled by A.L.

where the field component B cos θ is tangent to the loop.

Magnetic Field OUTSIDE a Long Straight Wire with Current

d s ⃗ has the SAME direction with B .⃗

The right-hand-side of AL − equation:

The right-hand rule gives us a plus sign for the current…

Magnetic Field INSIDE a Long Straight Wire with Current

The right-hand-side of AL equation:

Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

The direction of the magnetic field along the solenoid axis

Apply Ampere’s law,

The right side of the integral:

Jack Huang, How To Repair A Solenoid Coil

Last Access: May, 31,2020

Magnetic Field of a Toroid (Hollow-Bracelet)

Toroidal transformer with center

Magnetic Field of a Coil

For axial points far from the loop, we have z ≫ R,

The differential field atP.

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