February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 11

P.P.11.1 i( t ) = 15 sin(10 t + 60°) = 15 cos(10 t − 30°)

v( t ) = 80 cos(10 t + 20°)

p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = (80)(15) cos(10 t + 20°) cos(10 t − 30°)

1
p( t ) = ⋅ 80 ⋅ 15 [cos( 20 t + 20° − 30°) + cos( 20 − -30°)]
2
p( t ) = 600 cos( 20t − 10°) + 385.7 W

1
P= V I cos(θ v − θi ) = 385.7 W
2 m m

P.P.11.2 V = I Z = 200 ∠8°

1
P= V I cos(θ v − θi )
2 m m
1
P = (200)(10) cos(8° − 30°) = 927.2 W
2

P.P.11.3
3Ω

+
8∠45° V I j1 Ω
−

8∠45°
I= = 2.53∠26.57°
3+ j

For the resistor,

I R = I = 2.53∠26.57°
VR = 3 I = 7.59∠26.57°
1 1
PR = Vm I m = (2.53)(7.59) = 9.6 W
2 2
For the inductor,
I L = 2.53∠26.57°
VL = j I L = 2.53∠(26.57° + 90°) = 2.53∠116.57°
1
PL = (2.53) 2 cos(90°) = 0 W
2

The average power supplied is

1
P = (8)(2.53) cos( 45° − 26.57°) = 9.6 W
2

P.P.11.4 Consider the circuit below.

8Ω j4 Ω

+ +
40 V I1 -j2 Ω I2 j20 V
− −

For mesh 1,
- 40 + (8 − j2) I1 + (- j2) I 2 = 0
(4 − j) I1 − j I 2 = 20 (1)

For mesh 2,
- j20 + ( j4 − j2) I 2 + (- j2) I1 = 0
- j I 1 + j I 2 = j10 (2)

In matrix form,
⎡ 4 − j - j⎤⎡ I 1 ⎤ ⎡ 20 ⎤
=
⎢ -j
⎣ j ⎥⎦⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ j10 ⎥⎦

Δ = 2 + j4 , Δ 1 = -10 + j20 , Δ 2 = 10 + j60

Δ1 Δ2
I1 = = 5∠53.14° and I2 = = 13.6∠17.11°
Δ Δ

For the 40-V voltage source,

Vs = 40∠0°
I 1 = 5∠53.14°
-1
Ps = (40)(5) cos(-53.14°) = - 60 W
2
For the j20-V voltage source,
Vs = 20∠90°
I 2 = 13.6∠17.11°
-1
Ps = (20)(13.6) cos(90° − 17.11°) = - 40 W
2

For the resistor,

I = I1 = 5
V = 8 I 1 = 40
1
P = (40)(5) = 100 W
2

The average power absorbed by the inductor and capacitor is zero watts.

P.P.11.5 We first obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit across Z L . Z Th is

obtained from the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j4 Ω j10 Ω

Zth
8Ω 5Ω

(a)

(5)(8 + j6)
Z Th = 5 || (8 − j4 + j10) = = 3.415 + j0.7317
13 + j6

VTh is obtained from the circuit in Fig. (b).

-j4 Ω j10 Ω

I
+
8Ω 2A 5Ω Vth
−

(b)

By current division,
8 − j4
I= (2)
8 − j4 + j10 + 5
 (10)(8 − j4)
VTh = 5 I = = 6.25∠ - 51.34°
13 + j6

Z L = Z *Th = 3.415 − j0.7317 Ω

2
VTh (6.25) 2
Pmax = = = 1.429 W
8RL (8)(3.415)

P.P.11.6 We first find Z Th and VTh across R L .

Let Z1 = 80 + j60
(90)(- j30)
Z 2 = 90 || (- j30) = = 9 (1 − j3)
90 − j30
(80 + j60)(9 − j27)
Z Th = Z1 || Z 2 = = 17.181 − j24.57 Ω
80 + j60 + 9 − j27

Z2 (9)(1 − j3)
VTh = (120∠60°) = (120∠60°)
Z1 + Z 2 89 + j33
VTh = 35.98∠ - 31.91°

R L = Z Th = 30 Ω

The current through the load is

VTh 35.98∠ - 31.91°
I= = = 0.6764∠ - 4.4°
Z Th + R L 47.181 − j24.57

The maximum average power absorbed by R L is

1 2 1
Pmax = I R L = (0.6764) 2 (30) = 6.863 W
2 2

⎧ 4t 0 < t <1
P.P.11.7 i( t ) = ⎨ T=2
⎩8 − 4 t 1 < t < 2

I 2rms =
T
∫
1 T 2
0
i dt =
1 1
2
[∫ 0
( 4 t ) 2
dt + ∫1
2
(8 − 4 t ) 2 dt ]
I 2rms =
2 0
[
16 1 2
∫ t dt + ∫1
2
( 4 − 4 t + t 2 ) dt ]
⎡1 ⎛ t 3 ⎞ 2 ⎤ 16
I 2rms = 8 ⎢ + ⎜ 4t − 2t + ⎟ 1 ⎥ =
2

⎣3 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎦ 3
 16
I rms = = 2.309 A
3

⎛ 16 ⎞
P = I 2rms R = ⎜ ⎟(9) = 48 W
⎝3⎠

P.P.11.8 T = π , v( t ) = 8 sin( t ), 0 < t < π

1 T 2 1 π
∫ v dt = ∫ (8 sin( t )) 2 dt
2
Vrms =
T 0 π 0
π
64 1
[1 − cos(2t )] dt = 32
π ∫0 2
2
Vrms =

Vrms = 5.657 V

2
Vrms 32
P= = = 5.333 W
R 6

P.P.11.9 The load impedance is

Z = 60 + j40 = 72.11∠33.7° Ω

The power factor is

pf = cos(33.7°) = 0.832 (lagging)

Since the load is inductive

V 150 ∠10°
I= = = 2.08∠ - 23.7° A
Z 72.11∠33.7°

The apparent power is

1
S = Vrms I rms = (150)(2.08) = 156 VA
2

P.P.11.10 The total impedance as seen by the source is

( j4)(8 − j6)
Z = 10 + j4 || (8 − j6) = 10 +
8 − j2
Z = 12.69∠20.62°

The power factor is

pf = cos( 20.62°) = 0.936 (lagging)

Vrms 40∠0°
I rms = = = 3.152∠ - 20.62°
Z 12.69∠20.62°
The average power supplied by the source is equal to the power absorbed by the load.
P = I 2rms R = (3.152) 2 (11.88) = 118 W
or P = Vrms I rms pf = (40)(3.152)(0.936) = 118 W

P.P.11.11
(a) S = Vrms I *rms = (110 ∠85°)(0.4 ∠ - 15°)
S = 44 ∠70° VA

S = S = 44 VA

(b) S = 44 ∠70° = 15.05 + j41.35

P = 15.05 W , Q = 41.35 VAR

(c) pf = cos( 70°) = 0.342 (lagging)

Vrms 110∠85°
Z= = = 275∠70°
I rms 0.4∠ - 15°
Z = 94.06 + j258.4 Ω

P.P.11.12
(a) If Z = 250∠ - 75° , pf = cos( -75°) = 0.2588 (leading)

Q 10 kVAR
(b) Q = S sin θ ⎯
⎯→ S = = = 10.35 kVA
sin θ sin(-75°)

2
Vrms
(c) S= ⎯
⎯→ Vrms = S ⋅ Z = (10353)(250) = 1608.8
Z

Vm = 2Vrms = 2.275 kV

P.P.11.13 Consider the circuit below.

I 20 Ω
I1 I2
+
+ (30–j10)Ω (60+j20) Ω
V Vo
−
−
Let I 2 be the current through the 60-Ω resistor.
P 240
P = I 22 R ⎯⎯→ I 22 = = =4
R 60

I 2 = 2 (rms)

Vo = I 2 (60 + j20) = 120 + j40

Vo
I1 = = 3.2 + j2.4
30 − j10

I = I1 + I 2 = 5.2 + j2.4

V = 20 I + Vo = (104 + j48) + (120 + j40)

V = 224 + j88 = 240.7∠21.45˚ Vrms

For the 20-Ω resistor,

V = 20 I = 204 + j48 = 114.54 ∠ 24.8°
I = 5.2 + j2.4 = 5.727 ∠24.8°

S = V I * = (114.54 ∠24.8°)(5.727 ∠ - 24.8°)

S = 656 VA

For the (30 – j10)-Ω impedance,

Vo = 120 + j40 = 126.5∠18.43°
I 1 = 3.2 + j2.4 = 4∠36.87°

S 1 = Vo I 1* = (126.5∠18.43 °)(4 ∠ - 36.87 °)

S1 = 506∠ - 18.44° = 480 − j160 VA

For the (60 + j20)-Ω impedance,

I 2 = 2∠0°

S 2 = Vo I *2 = (126.5∠18.43°)(2 ∠ - 0°)
S 2 = 253∠18.43° = 240 + j80 VA

The overall complex power supplied by the source is

S T = V I * = (240.67 ∠21.45°)(5.727 ∠ - 24.8°)
S T = 1378.3∠ - 3.35° = 1376 − j80 VA
P.P.11.14

For load 1,
P1 = 2000 , pf = 0.75 = cos θ1 ⎯ ⎯→ θ1 = -41.41°
P1
P1 = S1 cos θ1 ⎯
⎯→ S1 = = 2666.67
cos θ1
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = -176.85
S1 = P1 + jQ1 = 2000 − j1763.85 (leading)

For load 2,
P2 = 4000 , pf = 0.95 = cos θ 2 ⎯
⎯→ θ 2 = 18.19°
P2
S2 = = 4210.53
cos θ 2
Q 2 = S 2 sin θ 2 = 1314.4
S 2 = P2 + jQ 2 = 4000 + j1314.4 (lagging)

The total complex power is

S = S1 + S 2 = 6 − j0.4495 kVA
P 6000
pf = = = 0.9972 (leading)
S 6016.18

P.P.11.15 pf = 0.85 = cos θ ⎯ ⎯→ θ = 31.79°

Q 140
Q = S sin θ ⎯ ⎯→ S = = = 265.8 kVA
sin θ sin(31.79°)
P = S cos θ = 225.93 kW

For pf = 1 = cos θ1 ⎯
⎯→ θ1 = 0°

Since P remains the same,

P1
P = P1 = S1 cos θ1 ⎯
⎯→ S1 = = 225.93
cos θ1
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = 0

The difference between the new Q1 and the old Q is Q c .

Q c = 140 kVAR = ωCVrms
2

140 × 10 3
C= = 30.69 mF
(2π )(60)(110) 2
P.P.11.16 The wattmeter measures the average power from the source.

Let Z1 = 4 − j2
(12)( j9)
Z 2 = 12 || j9 = = 4.32 + j5.76
12 + j9

Z = Z1 + Z 2 = 8.32 + j3.76 = 9.13∠24.32°

2
V (120) 2
S = VI =*
= = 1577.2 ∠24.32° kVA
Z* 9.13∠ - 24.32°

P = S cos θ = 1437 kW

P.P.11.17 Demand charge = $5 × 32,000 = $160,000

Energy charge for the first 50,000 kWh = $0.08 × 50,000 = $4,000
The remaining energy = 500,000 − 50,000 = 450,000 kWh
Charge for this bill = $0.05 × 450,000 = $22,500
Total bill = $160,000 + $4,000 + $22,500 = $186,500

P.P.11.18 Energy consumed = 800 kW × 20 × 26 = 416,000 kWh

The power factor of 0.88 exceeds 0.85 by 3× 0.01 . Hence, there is a power factor credit
which amounts to an energy credit of
0 .1
416,000 × × 3 = 1248 kWh
100

Total energy billed = 416,000 − 1,248 = 414,752 kWh

Energy cost = $0.06 × 414,752 = $24,885.12