Child Development An Introduction Santrock 14th Edition Test Bank

Child Development An Introduction Santrock 14th Edition Test Bank
Child Development An Introduction Santrock 14th

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5
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. The stories of Stevie Wonder and Andrea Bocelli address the point that
A. in extreme cases people with disabilities can succeed in everyday life.
B. people who are blind are most likely excellent singers.
C. children who lose one channel of sensation often compensate for their loss by enhancing their sensory
skills in another area.
D. None of these.
2. Who is associated with the dynamic systems view of how people develop their motor skills?
A. Arnold Gesell
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Jean Piaget
D. Erik Erikson
3. Gesell believes that motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan called
A. organogenesis.
B. maturation.
C. memory.
D. an activity plan.
4. In order to develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them
to act and use their perceptions to finely tune their movements. This is the same as saying
A. perception is not important to motor development.
B. motivation is only a very small part of the motor development.
C. motor skills represent solutions to the infant's goals.
D. motor skills represent complete withdrawal.
5. According to the dynamic systems view, even universal milestones, such as crawling, reaching, and
walking, are learned through this process of:
A. accomplishment.
B. adaptation.
C. accommodation.
D. assimilation.
6. What are built-in reactions to certain stimuli that govern the newborn's movements?
A. reflexes
B. habits
C. reactions
D. responses
7. What would you not expect of a newborn's introduction to being immersed in water?
A. The newborn would stiffen his or her body and pull back from the water.
B. The newborn would have no fear of the water.
C. The newborn would hold his or her breath naturally.
D. The newborn would contract his or her throat to keep water out.
8. Calvin notices that whenever his newborn son's cheek comes in contact with a soft blanket, his son turns
toward the blanket and makes a sucking motion. His friend explains that this is in part due to the
A. Moro reflex.
B. Babinski reflex.
C. rooting reflex.
D. grasping.
9. Kiley was born with the reflex to obtain food—this is the ____________ reflex.
A. movement
B. rooting
C. sucking
D. more
10. Gannon reacted to the pan dropping on the floor by arching his back and throwing his head, arms, and
legs out, which demonstrates what reflex?
A. movement
B. rooting
C. sucking
D. Moro
11. When 3-year-old Mario plows his tricycle into the side of his 1-month-old brother Michael's crib, what
response will Michael show?
A. Moro reflex
B. Babinski reflex
C. grasping reflex
D. rooting reflex
12. Which of the following reflexes is permanent?
A. rooting
B. stepping
C. blinking
D. grasping
13. What reflexes disappear around 3 months of age and are replaced by the infant's voluntary eating?
A. sucking and tonic neck
B. sucking and rooting
C. Moro and rooting
D. tonic neck and rooting
14. When Carmen touches a rattle to her baby's palm, the baby's hand automatically closes around it. Based
on this description, you should conclude that this infant is under
A. 3 months old and is demonstrating the grasping reflex.
B. 6 months old and is demonstrating the grasping reflex.
C. 2 months old and is demonstrating the Babinski reflex.
D. 6 months old and is demonstrating the Babinski reflex.
15. If you touch an infant's palms, you will elicit the ________ reflex.
A. rooting
B. Moro
C. grasping
D. Babinski
16. What percentages of children continue to suck their thumbs after they have started school?
A. 10 percent
B. 25 percent
C. 40 percent
D. 80 percent
17. Parents proudly announce milestones such as crawling, sitting alone, and first steps. These milestones
A. show that a child is being transformed from a baby to a toddler.
B. make sure that no other child is doing as well as their child.
C. intimidate other parents who have slower children.
D. None of these.
18. Learning how to _________________ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information from
the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell humans where we are in space.
A. eat
B. use correct posture
C. solve cognitive problems
D. use only fine motor skills
19. Which statement below is not true about a baby's posture?
A. Within a few months, an infant can hold his head erect.
B. By 2 months of age, babies can sit while supported on someone's lap.
C. By 6 or 7 months, a baby should be able to sit independently.
D. By 8 months, a baby can usually pull herself up and hold on to a chair.
20. When a child learns how to walk, which two controls are closely linked?
A. locomotion and eye-hand coordination
B. postural and language
C. locomotion and postural
D. None of these.
21. Which of the following skills is needed in order to walk upright?
A. balance on one leg while the other is swinging forward
B. shift weight from one leg to another
C. take steps that are at least 10 inches apart
D. the ability to both balance on one leg and to shift weight from one leg to another.
22. At what age would a child be expected to walk?
A. 6 months
B. 8 months
C. 12 months
D. 15 months
23. When a child takes large steps that can exceed their leg length, it may mean they
A. have increased balance and strength.
B. are early risk takers.
C. have early signs of ADHD behavior.
D. lack all sense of balance.
24. Child development experts believe that motor activity during the second year is vital to the child's
competent development and they should have
A. as many restrictions as possible.
B. only restrictions for safety.
C. only restriction for social development
D. no restrictions.
25. When cultural variations in infant's motor development such as stroking, massaging, or stretching occur
the infants
A. often reach milestones later than children without the physical stimulation.
B. often reach milestones at the same time as children without the physical stimulation.
C. often reach milestones earlier than children without the physical stimulation.
D. are not consistent enough in their activity to draw a conclusion.
26. A common practice in sub-Saharan African villages involves mothers and siblings engaging babies in
exercise of _______ muscles.
A. trunk
B. pelvic
C. Both A and B.
D. Neither A or B.
27. What division of childhood will Rafael be in if he can demonstrate all of the following skills: running,
climbing, skipping rope, swimming, bicycle riding, and skating?
A. toddlerhood
B. early childhood
C. elementary grades
D. both toddlerhood and elementary grades
28. Which statement below is true about elementary-aged children?
A. Generally they have difficulty in sitting and paying attention for short periods of time.
B. They are as physically fit as they will ever be.
C. They become more fatigued by long periods of sitting than by running and jumping.
D. They can engage better in passive learning rather than active learning.
29. Children's participation in sports can provide
A. exercise.
B. opportunities to learn how to compete.
C. positive self-esteem.
D. All of these.
30. What could be a negative outcome of participating in sports?
A. a highly competitive personality
B. win-at-all-costs attitude
C. physical strain on the child's body
D. All of these.
31. Coaches of children's sports should do all of the following except
A. make sports fun.
B. show respect for a child's sport participation.
C. talk to the children to see if you can insist on having a change in attitude toward effort.
D. be a good role model.
32. Which one of the following should occur if you are a coach of children's sports?
A. You should yell at the children to get them to perform at the highest capability.
B. You should compare the child to siblings or to more talented children.
C. You should equate sports with work.
D. You should convince the child that he or she is making a good effort.
33. Which of the following is not a fine motor skill?
A. grasping a toy to play
B. using a spoon to eat
C. running across the toddler playground
D. zipping a jacket to go play outside
34. Infants hardly have any control over fine motor skills at birth. However, when learning to reach and
grasp
A. the sensory cues do not guide reaching by a 4-month-old infant.
B. the infant does not have to see her own hands in order to reach for an object.
C. the infant does not try to coordinate his thumb and forefinger.
D. the infant's grasp of objects will not vary differently depending on the object's size
35. In regard to grasping, ____-month-olds are more likely to touch to determine how they will grip an
object, whereas ____-month-olds are likely to use vision as a guide.
A. 4; 8
B. 8; 4
C. 2; 3
D. 10; 12
36. Kiley is a 3-year-old in preschool. She is learning to play ball with a ball glove that has Velcro inside
and a ball that will stick to the glove. This toy would be representative of the research with infants called
sticky
A. ball.
B. toy.
C. glue.
D. mittens.
37. Jacob is 4 years old. Which of the following is true about his fine motor skills?
A. He sometimes has trouble building high towers with blocks because he wants to place each block
perfectly.
B. He has lost some interest in building towers because he wants to build a house or store.
C. His fine motor skills are much more precise than they were at 3 years of age.
DAlthough he sometimes has trouble building high towers with blocks because he wants to place each
. block perfectly, he has fine motor skills that are more precise than when he was 3 years of age.
38. By ages _______ to _______ children begin to show manipulative skills similar to the abilities of
adults.
A. 6; 8
B. 8; 10
C. 10; 12
D. 12; 14
39. Sensation is to perception as
A. vision is to hearing.
B. transmission is to interpretation.
C. dominant is to recessive.
D. gross motor is to fine motor.
40. The interpretation of what is sensed is called
A. sensation.
B. perception.
C. stimulation.
D. habituation
41. When sound waves produced by an animal excite receptors in 2-year-old Ben's ears, _______________
has occurred. When that sound is identified as being the "moo" of a cow, ______________ has
occurred.
A. sensation; perception
B. basic perception; intermodal perception
C. perception; sensation
D. reception; sensation
42. According to Eleanor and James Gibson we directly perceive information that exists in the world around
us. Perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it. These
ideas support the
A. Freudian view.
B. social emotional view.
C. ecological view.
D. ethological view.
43. According to Gibsons' ideas, which one of the below is not an affordance?
A. A pot may afford you with something in which to cook.
B. A pot may afford you with something on which to bang.
C. A chair may afford you with something on which to sit.
D. All of these.
44. Robert Frantz placed infants in a "looking chamber" that had two displays on the ceiling above the
infant's head. This approach is used to study a child's
A. hearing.
B. vision.
C. heart rate.
D. arm movement.
45. If you visited Robert Fantz's vision lab you would most expect to see a
A. looking chamber.
B. strange situation paradigm.
C. visual cliff.
D. photographic dome.
46. Studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time they
attend to different stimuli is referred to as the visual ________ method.
A. discrimination
B. preference
C. covering
D. cognition
47. ________________________ is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated
presentations of the stimulus.
A. Habituation
B. Dishabituation
C. Discrimination
D. Situation paradigm
48. ________________________ is the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation.
A. Habituation
B. Dishabituation
C. Discrimination
49. Among the measures researchers might use in habituation studies, which one of the following is not used?
A. sucking behaviors
B. heart rate
C. respiration
D. All of these are used.
50. To assess an infant's attention to sound, researchers often use a method called
A. high-attitude sucking.
B. disinterested sucking patterns.
C. high-amplitude sucking.
D. None of these.
51. Newborns typically turn their eyes and heads in the direction of an interesting sound or sight. This
technique is called
A. tracking.
B. nontracking.
C. visualization.
D. spatialization.
52. The recent use of infant eye-tracking headgear allows researchers to measure memory, joint attention, and
facial processing as a possible predictor of
A. autism.
B. seizures.
C. depression.
D. schizophrenia.
53. The newborn's vision is estimated to be ______________ on the well-known Snellan chart used for eye
examinations.
A. 20/20
B. 20/40
C. 20/100
D. 20/240
54. If Chad is _________ old, you would expect that he looks at different things for different lengths of time.
He prefers pattern displays rather than non pattern displays.
A. 1 month
B. 2 months
C. 3 months
D. between 2 and 3 weeks
55. By four weeks, babies can distinguish between _______________________. All of the eye's color-
sensitive receptors (cones) function by 4 months of age.
A. blue and red
B. red and green
C. yellow and green
D. red and black
56. ________________________ is when sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical
world remains constant.
A. Size constancy
B. Shape constancy
C. Perceptual constancy
D. Depth perception
57. The two types of perceptual constancy are
A. monocular and size.
B. bionucular and shape.
C. mononuclear and bionucular.
D. size and shape.
58. _______________________ is the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal
image of the object changes.
A. Size constancy
B. Shape constancy
D. Depth perception
59. ________________________ is the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its
orientation to us changes.
A. Size constancy
B. Shape constancy
D. Depth perception
60. Scott Johnson did research in the area of perception of occluded objects. In his research he found that
learning, experience, and self-directed exploration via eye movements play key roles in the development
of ______ completion in young infants.
A. constancy
B. perceptual
C. size
D. sensational
61. Research completed with infants 5 to 9 months of age using a bouncing ball and perception with a
gradually occluded wall found that infants were more likely to predict the path of the ball when it
disappeared _______.
A. gradually
B. suddenly
C. abruptly
D. imploded
62. What question were Gibson and Walk investigating by constructing a miniature cliff with a drop-
off covered by glass in their laboratory? (They placed infants on the edge of this visual cliff and their
mothers coaxed them to crawl onto the glass.)
A. How fast can a young child crawl?
B. Can a young child be separated from his mother without concern?
C. How early in life does depth perception develop?
D. Does a child become upset when being tested when the mother does not physically hold the child?
63. How early in life have children been tested for depth perception?
A. 2 months old
B. 6 months old
C. 1 year old
D. 18 months old
64. What would we expect from Lisa, who is 3 months old, as she views a regularly alternating (such as left,
right, left, right) series of pictures?
A. Lisa would begin to anticipate the location of the picture, looking at the side on which it was expected
to appear.
B. Lisa would not at all be interested in anticipating where the picture would appear next.
C. Lisa would just reach out to touch the picture.
D. Lisa would have difficulty focusing on the movement.
65. When a child is about 4 or 5 years old, most children's eye muscles are developed enough for them
to move their eyes efficiently across a series of letters. What, then, would we expect of a child who is
entering the first grade at 6 years old?
A. The child will not be able to focus far away.
B. The child at this age is farsighted.
C. The child can focus his or her eyes and sustain the attention effectively on close-up objects.
D Although the child at this age is farsighted, the child can focus his or her eyes and sustain the attention
. effectively on close-up objects.
66. Reading Dr. Seuss's classic story The Cat in the Hat to the child in the mother's womb, according to a
recent research project, showed that the
A. newborn prefers hearing the story after birth.
B. infant sucked on a nipple in a different way when the mother read the story.
C. infant's brain has a remarkable ability to learn even before birth.
D. All of these.
67. Pitch is the perception of the frequency of a sound. Infants
A. are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds.
B. are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds.
C. have no ability to distinguish sounds with different pitches until about 3 years old.
D. are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds and are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds.
68. When Derrick can detect the origin of a sound, he is
A. familiarizing.
B. localizing.
C. sequencing.
D. originating.
69. Jennifer has a newborn son. She and her husband are deciding if the boy should be circumcised. What
will be a concern in making this decision?
A. Will he experience pain if he is circumcised when he is 3 days old?
B. Will he be resilient after the procedure?
C. If he is allowed, will he drift off into a deep sleep, which serves as a coping mechanism?
D. All of these.
70. In the past, why was it assumed that no anesthesia was necessary to perform a circumcision?
A. It was believed to be dangerous to give a newborn anesthesia.
B. It was believed that newborns did not feel pain.
C. The expense was too great.
D.Not only was it believed to be dangerous to give a newborn anesthesia, but it was also believed that
newborns did not feel pain.
71. With regard to smell, newborns' expressions on their faces indicate that
A. they do not differentiate odors.
B. they do differentiate odors.
C. they can clearly show a preference.
D. not only can they differentiate orders, but they can clearly show a preference.
72. What smell do newborns not like?
A. strawberry
B. vanilla
C. fish
D. None of these.
73. A baby as young as ____________ can differentiate between the smell of his mother's breast milk from
the nursing pad and that of a clean pad.
A. 1 day old
B. 6 days old
C. 10 days old
D. 2 weeks old
74. Sensitivity to taste is present in an infant
A. before birth.
B. at 1 month.
C. at 3 months.
D. at 6 months.
75. ____________________ involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities such as
vision and hearing.
A. Taste
B. Smell
C. Intermodal perception
D. Elementary perception
76. Elizabeth Spelke showed a 4-month-old infant two films simultaneously. In each film, a puppet jumped
up and down, but in one of the films the soundtrack matched the puppet's dancing movements and in
the other film it did not. By measuring the infant's gaze, she found the infant looked more at the puppet
whose actions were synchronized with the soundtrack, which is an example of ________ perception.
A. mono
B. solo
C. intermodal
D. elementary
77. __________________ exploratory forms of intermodal perception exist in newborns.
A. Intermediate
B. Crude
C. Excellent
D. None of these.
78. The main thrust of research in Esther Thelen's ____________________________ is to explore how
people assemble motor behaviors for perceiving and acting.
A. dynamic systems approach
B. ecological
C. perception-cognition
D. perception-motor coupling
79. The main theme of the ________________ approach of Elenore and James J. Gibson is to discover how
perception guides action.
A. dynamic systems
B. ecological
80. Watching an object while exploring it manually helps infants to discriminate its texture, size, and
hardness. This is an example of ________ educates ________.
A. perception; action
B. action; perception
C. perception; a verbal response
D. action; a withdrawal from the object
81. Which of the statements below is true?
A. Perceptual and motor development do not occur in isolation from one another but instead are coupled.
B. Perceptual and cognitive development do occur in isolation and are not coupled.
C. Perceptual development is always displayed separately.
D. Motor development is always displayed separately.
82. Explain the dynamic systems view of the development of motor skills.
83. Name and define four reflexes that are present at birth.
84. Discuss the milestones in gross motor coordination in the first year of life and tell the sequence in which
the baby will learn them.
85. Compare and contrast the gross motor activities of a preschool child to a child in grade school.
86. Compare and contrast the fine motor activities of an infant, a preschool child, and a grade-school
child.
87. Explain the difference between sensation and perception.
88. Describe the difference between habituation and dishabituation.
89. List five different factors relating to the vision of an infant.

90. List and describe three different changes that take place in an infants' hearing.
91. List two reasons why circumcisions were performed in the past without any anesthesia.
92. Compare and contrast Gibson's ecological view and Piaget's constructivist view.
93. Describe and give three examples each of how action and perception, and perception and action can each
guide behavior.
94. Describe and give two examples of the perceptual-motor coupling of an infant.
5 Key
1. The stories of Stevie Wonder and Andrea Bocelli address the point that
A. in extreme cases people with disabilities can succeed in everyday life.
B. people who are blind are most likely excellent singers.
C. children who lose one channel of sensation often compensate for their loss by enhancing their
sensory skills in another area.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 139
Blooms Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate
Learning Goal: 05-01
Santrock - Chapter 05 #1
2. Who is associated with the dynamic systems view of how people develop their motor skills?
A. Arnold Gesell
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Jean Piaget
D. Erik Erikson
Refer to page 140
Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic
3. Gesell believes that motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan
called
A. organogenesis.
B. maturation.
C. memory.
D. an activity plan.
Refer to page 140
Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis

4. In order to develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates
them to act and use their perceptions to finely tune their movements. This is the same as saying
A. perception is not important to motor development.
B. motivation is only a very small part of the motor development.
C. motor skills represent solutions to the infant's goals.
D. motor skills represent complete withdrawal.
Refer to page 140
Blooms Taxonomy: Evaluation

5. According to the dynamic systems view, even universal milestones, such as crawling, reaching, and
walking, are learned through this process of:
A. accomplishment.
B. adaptation.
C. accommodation.
D. assimilation.
Refer to page 140

6. What are built-in reactions to certain stimuli that govern the newborn's movements?
A. reflexes
B. habits
C. reactions
D. responses
Refer to page 141
Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension

7. What would you not expect of a newborn's introduction to being immersed in water?
A. The newborn would stiffen his or her body and pull back from the water.
B. The newborn would have no fear of the water.
C. The newborn would hold his or her breath naturally.
D. The newborn would contract his or her throat to keep water out.
Refer to page 141

8. Calvin notices that whenever his newborn son's cheek comes in contact with a soft blanket, his son
turns toward the blanket and makes a sucking motion. His friend explains that this is in part due to
the
A. Moro reflex.
B. Babinski reflex.
C. rooting reflex.
D. grasping.
Refer to page 141

9. Kiley was born with the reflex to obtain food—this is the ____________ reflex.
A. movement
B. rooting
C. sucking
D. more
Refer to page 141

10. Gannon reacted to the pan dropping on the floor by arching his back and throwing his head, arms, and
legs out, which demonstrates what reflex?
A. movement
B. rooting
C. sucking
D. Moro
Refer to page 141

11. When 3-year-old Mario plows his tricycle into the side of his 1-month-old brother Michael's crib,
what response will Michael show?
A. Moro reflex
B. Babinski reflex
C. grasping reflex
D. rooting reflex
Refer to page 141

12. Which of the following reflexes is permanent?
A. rooting
B. stepping
C. blinking
D. grasping
Refer to page 142

13. What reflexes disappear around 3 months of age and are replaced by the infant's voluntary eating?
A. sucking and tonic neck
B. sucking and rooting
C. Moro and rooting
D. tonic neck and rooting
Refer to page 142

14. When Carmen touches a rattle to her baby's palm, the baby's hand automatically closes around it.
Based on this description, you should conclude that this infant is under
A. 3 months old and is demonstrating the grasping reflex.
B. 6 months old and is demonstrating the grasping reflex.
C. 2 months old and is demonstrating the Babinski reflex.
D. 6 months old and is demonstrating the Babinski reflex.
Refer to page 142

15. If you touch an infant's palms, you will elicit the ________ reflex.
A. rooting
B. Moro
C. grasping
D. Babinski
Refer to page 142

16. What percentages of children continue to suck their thumbs after they have started school?
A. 10 percent
B. 25 percent
C. 40 percent
D. 80 percent
Refer to page 142

17. Parents proudly announce milestones such as crawling, sitting alone, and first steps. These
milestones
A. show that a child is being transformed from a baby to a toddler.
B. make sure that no other child is doing as well as their child.
C. intimidate other parents who have slower children.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 142

18. Learning how to _________________ is a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information
from the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell humans where we are in space.
A. eat
B. use correct posture
C. solve cognitive problems
D. use only fine motor skills
Refer to page 143

19. Which statement below is not true about a baby's posture?
A. Within a few months, an infant can hold his head erect.
B. By 2 months of age, babies can sit while supported on someone's lap.
C. By 6 or 7 months, a baby should be able to sit independently.
D. By 8 months, a baby can usually pull herself up and hold on to a chair.
Refer to page 143

20. When a child learns how to walk, which two controls are closely linked?
A. locomotion and eye-hand coordination
B. postural and language
C. locomotion and postural
D. None of these.
Refer to page 143

21. Which of the following skills is needed in order to walk upright?
A. balance on one leg while the other is swinging forward
B. shift weight from one leg to another
C. take steps that are at least 10 inches apart
D. the ability to both balance on one leg and to shift weight from one leg to another.
Refer to page 143

22. At what age would a child be expected to walk?
A. 6 months
B. 8 months
C. 12 months
D. 15 months
Refer to page 143

23. When a child takes large steps that can exceed their leg length, it may mean they
A. have increased balance and strength.
B. are early risk takers.
C. have early signs of ADHD behavior.
D. lack all sense of balance.
Refer to page 143

24. Child development experts believe that motor activity during the second year is vital to the child's
competent development and they should have
A. as many restrictions as possible.
B. only restrictions for safety.
C. only restriction for social development
D. no restrictions.
Refer to page 145

25. When cultural variations in infant's motor development such as stroking, massaging, or stretching
occur the infants
A. often reach milestones later than children without the physical stimulation.
B. often reach milestones at the same time as children without the physical stimulation.
C. often reach milestones earlier than children without the physical stimulation.
D. are not consistent enough in their activity to draw a conclusion.
Refer to page 146

26. A common practice in sub-Saharan African villages involves mothers and siblings engaging babies in
exercise of _______ muscles.
A. trunk
B. pelvic
C. Both A and B.
D. Neither A or B.
Refer to page 146

27. What division of childhood will Rafael be in if he can demonstrate all of the following skills: running,
climbing, skipping rope, swimming, bicycle riding, and skating?
A. toddlerhood
B. early childhood
C. elementary grades
D. both toddlerhood and elementary grades
Refer to page 145

28. Which statement below is true about elementary-aged children?
A. Generally they have difficulty in sitting and paying attention for short periods of time.
B. They are as physically fit as they will ever be.
C. They become more fatigued by long periods of sitting than by running and jumping.
D. They can engage better in passive learning rather than active learning.
Refer to page 145

29. Children's participation in sports can provide
A. exercise.
B. opportunities to learn how to compete.
C. positive self-esteem.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 146

30. What could be a negative outcome of participating in sports?
A. a highly competitive personality
B. win-at-all-costs attitude
C. physical strain on the child's body
D. All of these.
Refer to page 147

31. Coaches of children's sports should do all of the following except
A. make sports fun.
B. show respect for a child's sport participation.
C. talk to the children to see if you can insist on having a change in attitude toward effort.
D. be a good role model.
Refer to page 147

32. Which one of the following should occur if you are a coach of children's sports?
A. You should yell at the children to get them to perform at the highest capability.
B. You should compare the child to siblings or to more talented children.
C. You should equate sports with work.
D. You should convince the child that he or she is making a good effort.
Refer to page 147

33. Which of the following is not a fine motor skill?
A. grasping a toy to play
B. using a spoon to eat
C. running across the toddler playground
D. zipping a jacket to go play outside
Refer to page 148

34. Infants hardly have any control over fine motor skills at birth. However, when learning to reach and
grasp
A. the sensory cues do not guide reaching by a 4-month-old infant.
B. the infant does not have to see her own hands in order to reach for an object.
C. the infant does not try to coordinate his thumb and forefinger.
D. the infant's grasp of objects will not vary differently depending on the object's size
Refer to page 148

35. In regard to grasping, ____-month-olds are more likely to touch to determine how they will grip an
object, whereas ____-month-olds are likely to use vision as a guide.
A. 4; 8
B. 8; 4
C. 2; 3
D. 10; 12
Refer to page 148

36. Kiley is a 3-year-old in preschool. She is learning to play ball with a ball glove that has Velcro inside
and a ball that will stick to the glove. This toy would be representative of the research with infants
called sticky
A. ball.
B. toy.
C. glue.
D. mittens.
Refer to page 148

37. Jacob is 4 years old. Which of the following is true about his fine motor skills?
A. He sometimes has trouble building high towers with blocks because he wants to place each block
perfectly.
B. He has lost some interest in building towers because he wants to build a house or store.
C. His fine motor skills are much more precise than they were at 3 years of age.
DAlthough he sometimes has trouble building high towers with blocks because he wants to place each
. block perfectly, he has fine motor skills that are more precise than when he was 3 years of age.
Refer to page 149

38. By ages _______ to _______ children begin to show manipulative skills similar to the abilities of
adults.
A. 6; 8
B. 8; 10
C. 10; 12
D. 12; 14
Refer to page 149

39. Sensation is to perception as
A. vision is to hearing.
B. transmission is to interpretation.
C. dominant is to recessive.
D. gross motor is to fine motor.
Refer to page 150

40. The interpretation of what is sensed is called
A. sensation.
B. perception.
C. stimulation.
D. habituation
Refer to page 150

41. When sound waves produced by an animal excite receptors in 2-year-old Ben's ears,
_______________ has occurred. When that sound is identified as being the "moo" of a cow,
______________ has occurred.
A. sensation; perception
B. basic perception; intermodal perception
C. perception; sensation
D. reception; sensation
Refer to page 150

42. According to Eleanor and James Gibson we directly perceive information that exists in the world
around us. Perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt
to it. These ideas support the
A. Freudian view.
B. social emotional view.
C. ecological view.
D. ethological view.
Refer to page 150

43. According to Gibsons' ideas, which one of the below is not an affordance?
A. A pot may afford you with something in which to cook.
B. A pot may afford you with something on which to bang.
C. A chair may afford you with something on which to sit.
D. All of these.
Refer to page 150

44. Robert Frantz placed infants in a "looking chamber" that had two displays on the ceiling above the
infant's head. This approach is used to study a child's
A. hearing.
B. vision.
C. heart rate.
D. arm movement.
Refer to page 151

45. If you visited Robert Fantz's vision lab you would most expect to see a
A. looking chamber.
B. strange situation paradigm.
C. visual cliff.
D. photographic dome.
Refer to page 151

46. Studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring the length of time
they attend to different stimuli is referred to as the visual ________ method.
A. discrimination
B. preference
C. covering
D. cognition
Refer to page 151

47. ________________________ is the name given to decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after
repeated presentations of the stimulus.
A. Habituation
B. Dishabituation
C. Discrimination
Refer to page 151

48. ________________________ is the recovery of a habituated response after a change in
stimulation.
A. Habituation
B. Dishabituation
C. Discrimination
Refer to page 151

49. Among the measures researchers might use in habituation studies, which one of the following is not
used?
A. sucking behaviors
B. heart rate
C. respiration
D. All of these are used.
Refer to pages 151-152

50. To assess an infant's attention to sound, researchers often use a method called
A. high-attitude sucking.
B. disinterested sucking patterns.
C. high-amplitude sucking.
D. None of these.
Refer to page 152

51. Newborns typically turn their eyes and heads in the direction of an interesting sound or sight. This
technique is called
A. tracking.
B. nontracking.
C. visualization.
D. spatialization.
Refer to page 153

52. The recent use of infant eye-tracking headgear allows researchers to measure memory, joint attention,
and facial processing as a possible predictor of
A. autism.
B. seizures.
C. depression.
D. schizophrenia.
Refer to page 153

53. The newborn's vision is estimated to be ______________ on the well-known Snellan chart used for
eye examinations.
A. 20/20
B. 20/40
C. 20/100
D. 20/240
Refer to page 154

54. If Chad is _________ old, you would expect that he looks at different things for different lengths of
time. He prefers pattern displays rather than non pattern displays.
A. 1 month
B. 2 months
C. 3 months
D. between 2 and 3 weeks
Refer to page 154

55. By four weeks, babies can distinguish between _______________________. All of the eye's color-
sensitive receptors (cones) function by 4 months of age.
A. blue and red
B. red and green
C. yellow and green
D. red and black

56. ________________________ is when sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical
world remains constant.
A. Size constancy
B. Shape constancy
D. Depth perception
Refer to page 155

57. The two types of perceptual constancy are
A. monocular and size.
B. bionucular and shape.
C. mononuclear and bionucular.
D. size and shape.
Refer to page 155

58. _______________________ is the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal
image of the object changes.
A. Size constancy
B. Shape constancy
D. Depth perception
Refer to page 155

59. ________________________ is the recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its
orientation to us changes.
A. Size constancy
B. Shape constancy
D. Depth perception
Refer to page 155

60. Scott Johnson did research in the area of perception of occluded objects. In his research he found
that learning, experience, and self-directed exploration via eye movements play key roles in the
development of ______ completion in young infants.
A. constancy
B. perceptual
C. size
D. sensational
Refer to page 155

61. Research completed with infants 5 to 9 months of age using a bouncing ball and perception with a
gradually occluded wall found that infants were more likely to predict the path of the ball when it
disappeared _______.
A. gradually
B. suddenly
C. abruptly
D. imploded
Refer to page 155

Difficulty Level: Difficult
62. What question were Gibson and Walk investigating by constructing a miniature cliff with a drop-off
covered by glass in their laboratory? (They placed infants on the edge of this visual cliff and their
mothers coaxed them to crawl onto the glass.)
A. How fast can a young child crawl?
B. Can a young child be separated from his mother without concern?
C. How early in life does depth perception develop?
D. Does a child become upset when being tested when the mother does not physically hold the child?
Refer to page 156

63. How early in life have children been tested for depth perception?
A. 2 months old
B. 6 months old
C. 1 year old
D. 18 months old
Refer to page 156

64. What would we expect from Lisa, who is 3 months old, as she views a regularly alternating (such as
left, right, left, right) series of pictures?
A. Lisa would begin to anticipate the location of the picture, looking at the side on which it was
expected to appear.
B. Lisa would not at all be interested in anticipating where the picture would appear next.
C. Lisa would just reach out to touch the picture.
D. Lisa would have difficulty focusing on the movement.
Refer to page 156

65. When a child is about 4 or 5 years old, most children's eye muscles are developed enough for them
to move their eyes efficiently across a series of letters. What, then, would we expect of a child who is
entering the first grade at 6 years old?
A. The child will not be able to focus far away.
B. The child at this age is farsighted.
C. The child can focus his or her eyes and sustain the attention effectively on close-up objects.
D Although the child at this age is farsighted, the child can focus his or her eyes and sustain the
. attention effectively on close-up objects.
Refer to page 156

66. Reading Dr. Seuss's classic story The Cat in the Hat to the child in the mother's womb, according to a
recent research project, showed that the
A. newborn prefers hearing the story after birth.
B. infant sucked on a nipple in a different way when the mother read the story.
C. infant's brain has a remarkable ability to learn even before birth.
D. All of these.

67. Pitch is the perception of the frequency of a sound. Infants
A. are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds.
B. are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds.
C. have no ability to distinguish sounds with different pitches until about 3 years old.
D. are less sensitive to low-pitched sounds and are more likely to hear high-pitched sounds.
Refer to page 157

68. When Derrick can detect the origin of a sound, he is
A. familiarizing.
B. localizing.
C. sequencing.
D. originating.
Refer to page 157

69. Jennifer has a newborn son. She and her husband are deciding if the boy should be circumcised. What
will be a concern in making this decision?
A. Will he experience pain if he is circumcised when he is 3 days old?
B. Will he be resilient after the procedure?
C. If he is allowed, will he drift off into a deep sleep, which serves as a coping mechanism?
D. All of these.
Refer to page 158

70. In the past, why was it assumed that no anesthesia was necessary to perform a circumcision?
A. It was believed to be dangerous to give a newborn anesthesia.
B. It was believed that newborns did not feel pain.
C. The expense was too great.
D. Not only was it believed to be dangerous to give a newborn anesthesia, but it was also believed that
newborns did not feel pain.
Refer to page 158

71. With regard to smell, newborns' expressions on their faces indicate that
A. they do not differentiate odors.
B. they do differentiate odors.
C. they can clearly show a preference.
D. not only can they differentiate orders, but they can clearly show a preference.
Refer to page 158

72. What smell do newborns not like?
A. strawberry
B. vanilla
C. fish
D. None of these.
Refer to page 158

73. A baby as young as ____________ can differentiate between the smell of his mother's breast milk
from the nursing pad and that of a clean pad.
A. 1 day old
B. 6 days old
C. 10 days old
D. 2 weeks old
Refer to page 158

74. Sensitivity to taste is present in an infant
A. before birth.
B. at 1 month.
C. at 3 months.
D. at 6 months.
Refer to page 158

75. ____________________ involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities such
as vision and hearing.
A. Taste
B. Smell
C. Intermodal perception
D. Elementary perception
Refer to page 159

76. Elizabeth Spelke showed a 4-month-old infant two films simultaneously. In each film, a puppet
jumped up and down, but in one of the films the soundtrack matched the puppet's dancing movements
and in the other film it did not. By measuring the infant's gaze, she found the infant looked more at
the puppet whose actions were synchronized with the soundtrack, which is an example of ________
perception.
A. mono
B. solo
C. intermodal
D. elementary
Refer to page 159

77. __________________ exploratory forms of intermodal perception exist in newborns.
A. Intermediate
B. Crude
C. Excellent
D. None of these.
Refer to page 159

78. The main thrust of research in Esther Thelen's ____________________________ is to explore how
people assemble motor behaviors for perceiving and acting.
A. dynamic systems approach
B. ecological
Refer to page 161

79. The main theme of the ________________ approach of Elenore and James J. Gibson is to discover
how perception guides action.
A. dynamic systems
B. ecological
Refer to page 161

80. Watching an object while exploring it manually helps infants to discriminate its texture, size, and
hardness. This is an example of ________ educates ________.
A. perception; action
B. action; perception
C. perception; a verbal response
D. action; a withdrawal from the object
Refer to page 161

81. Which of the statements below is true?
A. Perceptual and motor development do not occur in isolation from one another but instead are
coupled.
B. Perceptual and cognitive development do occur in isolation and are not coupled.
C. Perceptual development is always displayed separately.
D. Motor development is always displayed separately.
Refer to page 161

82. Explain the dynamic systems view of the development of motor skills.
According to the dynamic systems theory, infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting. The
perception and action are coupled according to this theory. In order to develop motor skills, infants
must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to
finely tune their movements.
Feedback: Refer to page 140

83. Name and define four reflexes that are present at birth.
The rooting reflex occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched.
In response, the infant turns its head toward the side that was touched in an apparent effort to find
something to suck. The sucking reflex occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed
in their mouth. The Moro reflex occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement. When
startled, the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. The
grasping reflex occurs when something touches the infant's palm. The infant responds by grasping
tightly.
Feedback: Refer to pages 141-142

84. Discuss the milestones in gross motor coordination in the first year of life and tell the sequence in
which the baby will learn them.
The newborn starts the road to gross motor development by lifting its head while lying in a prone
position at about 1 month old. Between 2 and 4 months, the baby learns to roll over. The legs are
becoming stronger and at about 3 to 6 months the baby starts to have a little support in the legs. The
parents might expect the child to sit alone between the ages of 5 to 8 months. At about 10 months old
most babies can stand alone. At the end of the first year the infant will be very close to being able to
walk alone or may already be doing so.

85. Compare and contrast the gross motor activities of a preschool child to a child in grade school.
Student answers may vary.

86. Compare and contrast the fine motor activities of an infant, a preschool child, and a grade-school
child.

87. Explain the difference between sensation and perception.
Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils,
and skin. The sensation of hearing occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer
ear and transmitted through the bones of the inner ear to the auditory nerve. The sensation of vision
occurs as rays of light contact the eyes, become focused on the retina, and are transmitted by the optic
nerve to the visual centers of the brain. Perception is the interpretation of what is sensed. The air
waves that contact the ears might be interpreted as noise or musical sounds, for example. The physical
energy transmitted to the retina of the eye might be interpreted as a particular color, pattern, or shape.

88. Describe the difference between habituation and dishabituation.
Habituation is a decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations. Dishabituation is

the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation.

89. List five different factors relating to the vision of an infant.

90. List and describe three different changes that take place in an infants' hearing.
1. Loudness
2. Pitch
3. Localization
Student descriptions may vary.

91. List two reasons why circumcisions were performed in the past without any anesthesia.
1. Concerns with anesthesia at the young age.

2. The belief that newborns do not feel pain.

92. Compare and contrast Gibson's ecological view and Piaget's constructivist view.
Feedback: Refer to pages 160

93. Describe and give three examples each of how action and perception, and perception and action can
each guide behavior.

94. Describe and give two examples of the perceptual-motor coupling of an infant.

Child Development An Introduction Santrock 14th Edition Test Bank
5 Summary
Category # of Questions
Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis 23
Blooms Taxonomy: Application 20
Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension 14
Blooms Taxonomy: Evaluation 13
Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge 24
Difficulty Level: Basic 41
Difficulty Level: Difficult 3
Difficulty Level: Moderate 50
Learning Goal: 05-01 43
Santrock - Chapter 05 94
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87. Explain the difference between sensation and perception.

88. Describe the difference between habituation and dishabituation.

89. List five different factors relating to the vision of an infant.

Refer to page 139

Blooms Taxonomy: Application

Refer to page 140

Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

Refer to page 140

Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis

Refer to page 140

Blooms Taxonomy: Evaluation

Refer to page 140

Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis

Refer to page 141

Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension

Refer to page 141

Blooms Taxonomy: Application

Refer to page 141

Blooms Taxonomy: Application

Refer to page 141

Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

Refer to page 141

Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

Refer to page 141

Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

Refer to page 142

Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension

Refer to page 142

Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension

Refer to page 142

Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

Refer to page 142

Blooms Taxonomy: Application

Refer to page 142

Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

Refer to page 142

Blooms Taxonomy: Application

Refer to page 143

Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension

Refer to page 143

Blooms Taxonomy: Evaluation

Refer to page 143

Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

Refer to page 143

Blooms Taxonomy: Knowledge

Refer to page 143

Blooms Taxonomy: Comprehension

Refer to page 143

Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis

Refer to page 145

Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis

Refer to page 146

Blooms Taxonomy: Analysis