Antibiotic Medication Summary – Week 3

Antibiotics

Mechanism of Action

 Interfere with the cell wall synthesis

 Interfere with protein synthesis
 Interfere with DNA replication
 Disrupts critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell

Amoxicillin
Penicillin
Mechanism of Action

 Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

 Bactericidal

Indications

 Treatment of susceptible infections due to streptococci, E.coli, E.faecalis, P.mirabilis,

H.influenza
 Lower resp. tract infection
 UTI
 H.Pylori

Contraindications

 Allergy

Adverse Effects

 Allergic reaction
 Colitis

Azithromycin
Macrolide

Mechanism of Action

 Binds to ribosomal receptor sites of susceptible organisms, inhibiting RNA-dependant

protein synthesis
 Bacteriostatic or bactericidal
Antibiotic Medication Summary – Week 3

Indications

 Treatment of susceptible infections

Contraindications

 Allergy
 Hepatic impairment

Interactions

 Antacids

Adverse Effects

 GI upsets  nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain

 Eye irritation
 Antibiotic-associated colitis

Cefazolin
1 gen. cephalosporin
st

Mechanism of Action

 Binds to bacterial cell membranes, inhibits cell wall synthesis

 Bactericidal

Indications

 Treatment of susceptible infections due to group A streptococci, staphylococci

Contraindications

 Allergy to med. or cephalosporins

Adverse Effects
 Antibiotic-associated colitis
 Oral/vaginal candidiasis

Ceftriaxone
3 gen. cephalosporin
rd

Mechanism of Action

 Binds to bacterial cell membranes, inhibits cell wall synthesis

Antibiotic Medication Summary – Week 3

 Bactericidal

Indications

 Treatment of susceptible infections due to gram-negative aerobic organisms, some gram-

positive organisms

Contraindications

 Allergy to med. or cephalosporins

 Premature infants
 Don’t admin. w. Ca2+ IV solutions

Adverse Effects

 Antibiotic-associated colitis
 Discomfort w. IM admin
 Oral/vaginal candidiasis
 Mild GI upsets

Ciprofloxacin
Fluoroquinolone
Mechanism of Action

 Inhibits enzyme, DNA gyrase, in susceptible bacteria, interfering w. bacterial cell

replication
 Bactericidal

Indications

 Treatment of susceptible infections due to UTIs, infectious diarrhea, lower resp. tract

Contraindications

 Allergy to med. or quinolones

 Concurrent use of tizandine

Interactions

 Antacids, Ca2+, Mg2+  may decrease absorption

 May increase effects of caffeine

Adverse Effects

 GI upsets
 Burning & crusting in corner of eye
Antibiotic Medication Summary – Week 3

 Superinfection
 Allergy
 Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Clindamycin

Mechanism of Action

 Bactericidal or bacteriostatic

Indications

 Chronic bone infections

 GU tract infections
 Intra-abdominal infections

Contraindications

 Allergy

Interactions

 Antidiarrheals may decrease absorption

Adverse Effects

 GI upset
 C. difficile diarrhea

Doxycycline
Tetracycline

Mechanism of Action

 Bacteriostatic

Indications

 Treatment of infections

Contraindications

 Allergy to tetracyclines
Antibiotic Medication Summary – Week 3

Interactions

 Antacids
 Ca2+
 Mg2+
 Laxatives
 Oral contraceptives

Adverse Effects

 Superinfection
 Hepatotoxicity

Erythromycin
Macrolide

Mechanism of Action

 Bacteriostatic

Indications

 Treatment of infection
 Treatment of acne (topical treatment)

Contraindications

 Allergy
 Pregnancy
 Breastfeeding

Interactions

 Anticoagulants

Adverse Effects

 Superinfections
Antibiotic Medication Summary – Week 3

Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside

Mechanism of Action

 Bactericidal

Indications

 Treatment of gram “-“ & “+” staph.

Contraindications

 Allergy to aminoglycosides

Interactions

 Nephrotoxic & ototoxic meds ^ risk for these problems

Adverse Effects

 Nephrotoxicity
 Ototoxicity

Levofloxacin
Fluoroquinolone

Mechanism of Action

 Bactericidal

Indications

 Treatment of infections
 UTI

Contraindications

 Allergy to fluoroquinolones

Interactions

 Antacids
 Fe
Antibiotic Medication Summary – Week 3

 Zinc
 Anticoagulants

Adverse Effects

 Superinfection

Metronidazole

Mechanism of Actions

 Bactericidal
 Narrow spectrum

Indications

 Gram “+” bacteria

 Anaerobic organisms
 Intra-abdominal & gynecological infections

Contraindications

 Alcohol use

Interactions

 Alcohol  causing acute alcohol intolerance/disulfuram reaction

Adverse Effects

 GI upset
 Dizziness
 Headache

Nitrofurantoin

Mechanism of Action

 Bacteriostatic

Indications

 UTIs
Antibiotic Medication Summary – Week 3

Contraindications

 Impaired kidney function

 Pregnancy
 Breastfeeding

Interactions

 Drug concentrate in the urine (dark urine)

 Antacids

Adverse Effects

 Headache
 Dizziness
 GI upset
 Skin reactions
 Hepatotoxicity

Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim
Sulfonamide

Mechanism of Action

 Bactericidal

Indications

 Treatment of infections
 UTI

Contraindications

 Allergy to sulfa meds.

Interactions

 Anticoagulants

Adverse Effects

 Rash
 Fever
Antibiotic Medication Summary – Week 3

 Sore throat

Tetracycline
Tetracycline

Mechanism of Action

 Bacteriostatic

Indications

 Gram “-“ organisms

Contraindications

 Allergy to tetracycline

Interactions

 Oral contraceptives
 Antacids
 Ca2+
 Mg2+

Adverse Effects

 Superinfection
 Anaphylaxis

Vancomycin
Mechanism of Action

 Bactericidal

Indications

 MRSA & gram “+” infections

 Antibiotic-induced colitis (C.difficile)

Adverse Effects

 Toxicity – monitor blood levels (peak 18-50 mcg/mL & trough levels 10-20 mcg/mL)
 Red man syndrome ~ rapid IV infusion
Antibiotic Medication Summary – Week 3

 Hypotension ~ rapid IV infusion