Drainage System

Drainage System:

Includes all the piping within public or private premises, which

conveys sewage or other liquid wastes to a legal point of
disposal, but does not include the mains of a public sewer
system or a public sewage treatment or disposal plant.
Drainage System:
This system is often known as the DWV System
(Drainage, Waste and Vent). The complete drainage
system is subdivided into four (4) sub-systems, as
follows.
Drainage System:
Subdivision of complete drainage system is:

1. SOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping that conveys the

discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar
functions (containing fecal matter), with or without the
discharges from other fixtures.
Drainage System:
Subdivision of complete drainage
system is:

2. WASTE DRAINAGE SYTEM or

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The
piping that receives the liquid
discharge, from plumbing fixtures
other than those fixtures (water
closets) receiving fecal matter. This
piping is free of fecal flow.
This is often a smaller diameter pipe that carries grey water from any appliance that uses water.
Since the waste pipe is intended to carry only water, it is narrower than a soil pipe. Furthermore, it
does not require the same venting system as a soil pipe. Moreover, since wastewater does not
typically emit harmful gases, it does not need to be vented above ground level.
Drainage System:
Subdivision of complete drainage system (cont):

3. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM- The piping system that

receives clear water drainage from leaders, downspouts,
surface run-off, ground water, subsurface water,
condensate water, cooling water or other similar
discharges and conveys them to the point of disposal. All
sanitary wastes must be excluded.

4. VENT SYSTEM- the piping system that receives a flow or

air to or from a drainage system or to provide a
circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals
from siphonage or back pressure.
Properly Designed Drainage System Gen. Req’t:

a. The piping must be air tight, gas tight and water tight.

b. Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps,

shall be separately trapped by an approved type water
seal trap. This is to prevent odor-laden and germ-laden
to rise out of the drainage system and contaminate the
surrounding air in the room.

c. Each plumbing fixture trap shall be provided with vent

pipes. This is to protect the drainage system against
siphonage and back pressure and to assure air circulation
throughout the drainage system.
Properly Designed Drainage System Gen. Req’t (con’t):

d. A cleanout, easily accessible, shall be provided for

inspection or cleaning of the pipe run. The location of the
cleanout shall be:

- At the upper end of every horizontal waste or soil pipe.

- At every change of horizontal direction of not more

than 22.5 degrees

- Within 1.5 m (5’) inside the property line before the

house sewer connection

- At every 15m (50’) to a horizontal run of a soil or waste

pipe
Properly Designed Drainage System Gen. Req’t (con’t):

e. All horizontal piping shall be run in practical alignment and

at a uniform grade of not less than 2% or 2 cm per meter
toward the point of disposal.

f. All horizontal piping shall be supported and anchored at

intervals not to exceed 3 meters.

g. Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close intervals

to keep the pipe in alignment. Stacks shall be properly
supported at their bases.
Essential Parts of the Sanitary
Drainage System
Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System:

• Waste Pipe- conveys only wastewater or liquid waste

free of fecal matter.

• Soil Pipe- any pipe which conveys the discharge of

water closet, urinal or fixtures having similar
functions, with or without the discharges from other
fixtures to the building drain or building sewer.

• Vent Pipe- used for ensuring the circulation of air in a

plumbing system and for relieving the negative
pressure exerted on trap seals.
Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System:
• Vent Stack- the vertical vent pipe installed primarily
for providing circulation of air to and from any part
of the soil, waste of the drainage system.

• Stack- the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or

vent piping extending through one or more stories
and extended thru the roof.

• Branch- any part of the piping system other than a

main, riser or stack.
Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System:

• House/Building Drain- part of the lowest horizontal

piping of a plumbing system which receives the
discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage
pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house
sewer outside of the building.

• House/Building Sewer- extends from the house drain

at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the
foundation wall of a building to the junction with the
street sewer or to any point of discharge, and
conveying the drainage of one building site.
Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System:

• Trap- a fitting or device designed and constructed to

provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal which
prevents the backflow of foul air or methane gas
without materially affecting the flow of sewage or
wastewater through it.
• Septic Tank- A watertight receptacle which receives the discharge of
a drainage system or thereof, designed and constructed so as to retain
solids, digest organic matter through a period of detention and allow the
liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a system of
open joint piping or a seepage pit.
Essential Parts of the Sanitary Drainage System:

• Private Sewage Disposal System- a septic tank with the

effluent discharging into a subsurface disposal field, seepage
pits or of such other facilities or may be permitted by the
plumbing code.

• Roof Gutter- collector at the eaves of the building.

• Down Spout - A vertical pipe which conveys rain water, also

known as conductor or rain water.

• Storm Drain- Receives storm water , clear, rain or

surface-water waste (SD).

• Catch Basin- A receptacle in which liquids are retained for

a sufficient period of time to allow materials to settle to
deposit.
TYPICAL PLUMBING SYSTEM OF
A TOILET AND BATH
Unit of Measurement of Sizes of Sanitary
Drainage Lines

• The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend on

the amount of waste it carries.

• A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3

liters/min (7.5 gallons per min or 1 cu ft per
min), which is equivalent to the Fixture Unit
(F.U.)

• The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based on

the size of required trap.
Traps
Traps
Types of Permissible Traps:

The Common P-Trap:

Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks,

laundry tubs, & urinals

Materials commonly used for the P-trap: nickel,

chrome plated brass, Galvanized malleable
copper, & PVC.
Traps
Types of Permissible Traps:

The Deep Seal P-Trap:

Water seal is about twice the size of

The common P-trap

Used for extreme conditions because

resealing quality is greater
Traps
Types of Permissible Traps:

The Stand Trap:

Used for fixtures such as slop sinks

that are usually built low in the
ground, leaving very little space for a
foundation & a trap

Serves as a water seal & structural

support for the fixture
Traps

Types of Permissible Traps:

The Running Trap:

Used within the line of the house drain.

Traps
Types of Permissible Traps:

The Drum Trap:

Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)

Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of

water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains)
Traps
Types of Prohibited Traps:

• No fixtures shall be double-trapped

The S-Trap:

• Predecessor of P-traps

• Used before traps had to connect to a ventilation line

Traps
Size of Traps:

• The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to

which it is connected.

• Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of

not less than 51 mm and not more than 100 mm
(except where a deeper seal is found necessary by
the Administrative Authority for special conditions.
DFU – What is DFU?
• Drainage Fixture Units
• 1 cubic foot
• Drain Fixture Unit, or DFU, is a plumbing design factor, or a relative
measure of the drain wastewater flow or load for various plumbing
fixtures.
• 1 DFU = 1 cubic foot of water drained through a 1 1/4" diameter
pipe in one minute. (1 ft³ /min water drained through a 1 1/4"
diameter pipe).
Drainage Fixture Unit Computations (UPC)
Drainage Fixture Unit Computations (UPC)
– cntd.
Drainage Fixture Unit Computations (UPC)
Drainage Fixture Unit Computations (UPC)
 Size of Drainage Piping
• The minimum sizes of vertical and horizontal drainage
piping shall be determined from the total of all fixtures
units connected and additionally, in the case of vertical
drainage pipes, in accordance with their length.

• Table 7-5 (UPC) and Table 11.5.1B (NSPC) shows the

maximum number of fixture unit allowed on any
vertical or horizontal drainage pipe, building drain, or
building sewer of given size; the maximum number of
fixture units allowed on any branch interval of a given
size.
Maximum Unit Loading and Maximum
Length of Drainage and Vent Piping
TRAPS
• Minimum Trap(Pipe) Size
• Using table 5.2 (NSPC), we get the minimum pipe size to
be used for each plumbing fixtures. For example, one
Water Closet (WC) = 4 DFU. From table 11.5.1B up to 6
DFU pipe size shall be 2”. But for WC minimum pipe size
shall be 3 inch. So even one WC DFU is 4, pipe will be 3 in
and not 2 in.
TRAPS
VENTS
• SIZING THE VENT PIPE SYSTEMS
• Use Table 12.16 (NSPC) & Table 7-5 (UPC) to size vent
pipe.
• Table 12.16 (National standard plumbing code
illustrated) we find that 1-1/2” vent pipe can connect up
to 8 drainage fixture units. And 2” vent pipe can connect
up to 20 DFU. Each WC has a 1-1/2” vent pipe connected
to it as each WC has a value of 4 DFU. As the vent pipes
are connected together as shown in figure 1.1 the DFU
value exceeds 8 DFU which means that a 2” pipe has to
be used.
VENTS
SAMPLE DESIGN