MICROBIO LEC MIDTERMS REVIEWER
malignancies of GI tract, colon
BACTERIA
 Bacteria are complex and highly
variable microbes
FOUR BASIC SHAPES
 Spherical – Cocci
 Rod shaped – Bacilli
 Spiral bacteria
 Comma shaped – Vibrio
1.) SPHERICAL – COCCI
 Cocci can be a single or multiple in a
group of 2, 4, 8, etc. Cocci bacteria can
be round, oval or elongated or bean-
shaped
 The cell wall of coccus shaped bacteria
may be gram-positive with thick
peptidoglycan, or gram-negative with
the thin peptidoglycan cell wall
 The cells do not separate after cell
division. The plane of cell division
changes the shape of the bacteria
ACCORDING TO THE ARRANGEMENT OF CELLS,
COCCI BACTERIA ARE SUBDIVIDED INTO
VARIOUS SUBTYPES
 MONOCOCCUS: bacteria exist as a
single spherical cell
 DIPLOCOCCUS: Cells are arranged in
pairs after cell division.
 Examples:
o Gram-negative bacteria-
Neisseria spp, Moraxella
catarrhalis (CA of otitis media in
children)
o Gram-positive bacteria-
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Enterococcus spp, etc.
 STREPTOCOCCUS: the cocci are joined
in a plane and arranged in a chain
pattern. These are non-motile, aerobic
and gram-positive bacteria that cause
many diseases.
 Examples:
o Streptococcus mutans - (+)
dental carles
o Streptococcus pyogenes -(-)
throat Infection, necrotizing
fasciitis
o Streptococcus bovis ()
cancer
o Streptococcus agalactiae (-)
meningitis
 TETRADS - Tetrads are arranged in a
group of 4 cells. The cell division occurs
in two different planes.
 Examples:
o Micrococcus spp, Pediococcus,
etc.
 STAPHYLOCOCCUS: Cells are arranged
in an irregular cluster, which looks like
grapes. This is due to the division in
three planes.
 Examples:
o Staphylococcus aureus - (-)
boils, furuncles, and cellulitis
o Staphylococcus haemolyticus-
(+) meningitis, endocarditis
 SARCINAE: Sarcinae bacteria are
anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. They
occur as a group of 8 cells. It is found in
the family Clostridiaceae. It is found in
the large intestine and skin.
 Examples:
o Clostridium maximum
o Sarcina aurantiaca
o Sarcina ventricull
o Micrococcus luteus - (+) hepatic
and brain abscess
2.) ROD-SHAPED- BACILLI:
CHARACTERISTICS:
 Rod shaped bacteria
 occur singly or as multiple cells
attached after the cell division.
 Bacilliform bacteria can be
o gram-positive, e.g.
Actinomyces, Clostridium,
Bacillus
o gram-negative bacteria, e.g.
Escherichla, Klebsiella,
Salmonella, Streptobacillus, etc.
  They are obligate aerobe or facultative
anaerobic bacteria
 They can form endospores and live for
years as dormant and resistant to heat,
radiation and disinfectants
 Can survive extreme heat and temp as
high as 420 °C
 They are the most abundant bacteria
and found everywhere
 Mostly non-parasitic, free-living species
 Two parasitic and pathogenic bacillus
species:
o Bacillus anthracis
o Bacillus cereus, which causes
food poisoning
BASED ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF ROD
SHAPED CELLS, BACILLI ARE CLASSIFIED INTO
VARIOUS TYPES:
 BACILLUS: Single unattached cell, that
looks like a rod.
o Bacillus cereus-(+) foodborne
pathogen → vomiting →
diarrhea
o Salmonella enterica
 DIPLOBACILLI: Two rods are attached to
each other and found in pairs after cell
division.
o Moraxella bovis, Klebsiella
rhinoscleromatis, etc.
 STREPTOBACILLI: Due to cell division in
one plane, bacilli are arranged in a
chain.
o Streptobacillus moniliformis- (-)
rat-bite fever
o Streptobacillus fells.
 Coccobacilli: These are short compared
to other bacilli and oval in shape, they
appear like a coccus.
o Chlamydia trachomatis,
Hoemophilus influenzae,
Gardnerella vaginalis, etc.
 Palisades: The bacilli after cell division
bend and therefore arranged in a
palisade, fence-like structure.
o Corynebacterium diptheria
3.) SPIRAL BACTERIA
BASED ON THE THICKNESS, FLEXIBILITY AND
MOTILITY OF THE CELL, THEY ARE FURTHER
DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES:
 SPIRILLUM: These are gram-negative,
rigid bacteria having external flagella.
o Spirillum, Campylobacter jejuni,
Helicobacter pylori, etc.
 SPIROCHETE: These bacteria are spiral,
thin and flexible. They have internal
periplasmic flagella. These are
pathogenic species that cause various
serious diseases.
o Leptospira, Treponema
pallidum, etc,
4.) COMMA SHAPED: VIBRIO
 These are curved and appear like a
comma.
 These are mostly gram negative
bacteria
 They are known to cause various
foodborne diseases
 Vibrio spp are facultative anaerobes and
have 2 chromosomes which replicate
Independently
 Examples
o Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio
parahaemolyticus, etc.
OTHER THAN THE MAIN 4 SHAPES, THE
BACTERIAL CELL POSSESS VARIOUS DIFFERENT
MORPHOLOGY NAMELY;
 FILAMENTOUS: have a long filamentous
structure.
o Candidatus savagella
 STAR-SHAPED: resemble a star.
o Stella humasa, Stella vacuolata
 RECTANGULAR: these are box or
rectangular shaped.
o halophilic bacteria such as
Haloorcula vallismortis
 PLEOMORPHIC: these have ability to
change their shape and size due to
various external factors like pressure,
environmental stress, etc.
o Mycoplasma pneumoniae,
Mycoplasma genitalium
  APPENDAGED: they are also known as COMPONENTS OF METABOLISM
budding bacteria. They can be non-
ENZYMES
motile or motile with flagella.
 biological catalyst, facilitates each step
o Mypamicroblum, of metabolic reaction by lowering the
Rhodomicroblum activation energy of reaction
 TRICHOME: trichomes are a chain of
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
vegetative cell. This is often covered
with slimy sheath as in cyanobacteria.  serves as energy currency of cell

o Thlethrix nivea ENERGY SOURCE/ELECTRON DONOR

 LOBED: these have a lobed structure
and mostly found in hot and volcanic
springs. They are flagellated and have
an irregular shape. They are acidophiles
and thermophiles.
 compound that is oxidized to release
energy
ELECTRON CARRIERS
 carry the electrons that are removed
during the oxidation of energy source

o Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, PRECURSOR METABOLITES

Sulfolobus solfataricus
 FUSIFORM: these are spindle-shaped,
bulged in the middle and the end is
tapered
o Fusobacterium necrophorum
 STALKED: a stalk develops at one end of
bacteria due to asymmetrical cell
division.
o Caulobacter crescentus
 SHEATHED: bacteria cell is covered with
sheath. They are found in water.
o Leptothrix, Clonothrix
 intermediate metabolite that link
anabolic and catabolic pathways, like
pyruvate, Acetyl-CoA, glucose-6-
phosphate
ENZYMES
 Biological catalysts
 Speed up or accelerate chemical
reactions
 Specific - acts on a substrate
 Substrate

BACTERIAL METABOLISM
METABOLISM
 biochemical reactions that occur in a
cell or organism
 bacterial metabolism focuses on the
chemical diversity of substrate
oxidations and dissimilation reactions
(reactions by which substrate molecules
are broken down), which normally
function in bacteria to generate energy

MICROBIAL METABOLISM ENZYME COMPONENTS

CATABOLIC REACTIONS ANABOLIC REACTIONS
Breakdown of complex Building of complex
organic compounds to organic molecules; from
simpler ones simpler ones
Degradative reactions Biosynthetic reactions
Hydrolytic (reactions Dehydration synthesis
which use water an in (reactions that releases
which chemical bonds water)
are broken)
Exergonic-produce Endergonic-consume
more energy than they more energy than they
consume produce
Glucose → CO2 + H20 Amino acids → proteins
 ENZYME INHIBITORS

ENZYME CLASSIFICATION
CLASS TYPES OF CHEMICAL EXAMPLES
REACTION
CATALYSED
Oxidoreductase Oxidation-reduction, Cytochrome
in which oxygen and oxidase,
hydrogen are gained lactate
or lost dehydrogenase
Transferase Transfer of functional Acetate kinase,
groups, such as an alanine
amino group, acetyl deaminase
group, or phosphate
group
Hydrolase Hydrolysis (addition Lipase, sucrose
of water)
Lyase Removal of groups of Oxalate
atoms without decarboxylase,
hydrolysis isocitrate lyase
Isomerase Rearrangement of Glucose-
atoms within a phosphate
molecule isomerase,
alanine
racemase
Ligase Joining of two Acetyl-CoA
molecules (using synthethase,
energy usually DNA ligase
derived from the
breakdown of ATP)