POS 064: REVIEWER

 LAW - system of rules

 SOCIAL NORMS - values, beliefs, attitudes, and/or behaviors
 GOVERNMENT - political direction and control. Serves as front
group that rules the state
 POLITICS - activities associated with governance. Power of the state
to govern
 STATE - own institution (territory, population/people, government,
and sovereignty)
 NATION - body of people
 NATION-STATE - political entity
 SOVEREIGNTY - supreme, independent authority over a territory
 JURISDICTION - exercise legal power within its power
 BEREAUCRACY - system of admin based upon organization

PRESIDENTS OF THE PHILLIPINES

1. Emilio Aguinaldo (Jan. 23, 1899 - March 23, 1901)

 Mariano C. Trias
2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935 - 1944)
 Sergio Osmena
3. Jose P. Laurel (Oct. 14. 1943 - Aug.t 17, 1945)
 Benigno Aquino Sr. And Ramon Avencena
4. Sergio Osmena Sr. (Aug. 1, 1944 - May 28, 1946)
5. Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 - April 15, 1948)
 Elpidio Quirino
6. Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 - Dec. 30, 1953)
 Fernando H. Lopez
7. Ramon Magsaysay (Dec. 30, 1953 - March 17, 1957)
 Carlos P. Garcia
8. Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 - Dec. 30, 1961)
 Diosdado Macapagal
9. Diosdade Macapagal (Dec. 30, 1961 - Dec. 30, 1956)
 Emmanuel Palaez
10. Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (Dec. 30, 1965 - Feb. 25, 1986)
 Emmanuel Pelaez
11. Corazon C. Aquino (Feb. 25, 1896 - June 30, 1992)
 Salvador H. Laurel
12. Fidel Ramos (June 30, 1992 - June 30, 1998)
 Joseph Estrada
13. Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 - Jan. 20, 2001)
 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Jan. 20, 2001 - June 30, 2010)
 Teofisto T. Guingona and Manuel “Noli” de Castro
15. Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 - June 30, 2016)
 Jejomar Binay
16. Rodrigo R. Duturte (June 30, 2016 - June 30, 2022)
 Leni Robredo
17. Ferdinand Marcos JR. (June 30, 2022 -
 Sarah Duterte

3 BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT

 EXECUTIVE - presidential (carries out the law)
 LEGISLATIVE - lawmakers (makes the law [senators and house of
representative])
 JUDICIAL - judgement (evaluates the law)

 STATE - independent political entity with fixed geographical

boundaries
 NATION - large body of people united by common origin, history,
culture, ethnicity, or language

PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Every barangay was virtually a state. Some barangays joined together

as “confederations”
 DATU - group of people that governs the PH. 1st local gov
 RAJAH/RAHA - village chief who rules the barangay
 BARANGGAY - earliest form of government came from the word
“balangay” which means boat. (MONARCHY with wealth, or
physical prowess)
 RAJAH HUMABON - first PH datu
 ISLAM - 1st religion
 GOLD - payment
 COLOR SCHEME - basis of men’s bravery
 ALIBATA - 1st alphabet
 WRITTEN LAWS - promulgated by the datus
 MARAGTAS CODE - Datu Sumakwel of Panay 1250 AD. (First law
ever written, focuses on penalty for those who are lazy)
 KALINTAW CODE - Lord Anno Domini, 1433 AD. (18 orders for
proper punishment of certain moral and social transgressions. Act
against law)
 SOCIAL STRATISFICATION

TAGALOG CLASS VISAYAS

Lakan/Rajah/Raha NOBLE CLASS Tumao or Datu
(Maginoo)
Maharlika MIDDLE CLASS Timawa
Alipin (Sagigilid and LOWER CLASS Oripun
Namamahay)

 NOBLES - consisted of datu and his relatives. Considered as the

ruling class of the barangay
 FREEMEN - offspring of inherently free people, descendants of
mixed marriage of nobles and commoners, and dependents who
earned freedom
 DEPENDENTS - composed of people who where not able to pay
debts

SPANISH GOVERNMENT (1565 - 1821)

 POLITICAL STRUCTURE - centralized colonial government that

was composed of national and local government.
 MILITARY OF ULTAMAR (1863) - exercised general power of
supervision over PH affairs
 GOVERNOR-GENERAL - resides at manila, can exercise the 3
branches of government. He has more powers than the king of spain
himself
 RESIDENCIA - special judicial court that investigates performance
of a gov-gen who was about to be replaced
 VISITA - sent by council of spain to observe conditions in the colony
 ROYAL AUDIENCIA - highest court of the land. Advisory body of
gov-gen and had power to check and report on his abuses
 PROVINCIAL GOV - facilitate the country’s administration
 ALCADIA (Alcalde Mayor) - governed the provinces that had been
fully subjugated)
 CORREGIMIENTO (Corregidor) - not yet fully under Spanish
control
 MUNICIPAL GOV (Gobernadorcillos [towns/pueblos]) - efficient
governance and tax collection.
 TENIENTE MAYOR (Chief Lieutenant)
 TENIENTE DE POLICIA (Police Lieutenant)
 TENIENTE DE SEMENTERAS (Lieutenant)
 TENIENTE DE GANADOS (Lieutenant of the livestock)
CABEZA DE BARANGAY (BARIO
ADMINISTRATOR/BARANGAY CAPTAIN)
 Responsible for peace and order
 Recruited men for public works

QUALIFICATIONS

 Literate in Spanish
 Good moral characters
 Serves for 25 years exempted from forced labor

 AYUNTAMIENTO - larger towns and center of trade and industry

 CABILDO - city council
 Alcalde (Mayor)
 Regidores (Councilors)
 Alguacil Mayor (Police Chief)
 Escribando (Secretary)

AMERICAN PERIOD (DEC. 10, 1898)

MILITARY GOVERNMENT
 Secure authority
 Bring peace and order

MILITARY GOVERNORS

1. Gen. Wesley Merritt

 Union cavalry officer and 1st military gov
2. Gen. Elwell S. Otis
 Conducted operations against insurgents and performed duties as
military gov. (May 5, 1900) member of PH commission
3. Gen. Arthur McArthur
 Brigadier gen (1896) fought spanish-american wae, appointed as Gov
of PH.

CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT (JULU 4, 1902 WILLIAM HOWARD

TAFT)

 COOPER ACT (ORGANIC ACT OF 1902) - law that provides PH

with a limited self government. Able to create PH Commission and
authorize said commission to exercise power of the government. July
1, 1902
 THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION - US established governing body.
Appointed American officials responsible for policymaking, enacting
laws, and administering civil gov.
 JONES LAW - granted Legislature broad legislative authority.
Increased Filipino involvement in politics by having authority over
executive and judicial appointments
 TYDINGS McDUFFIE LAW - law that complete independence of
the PH. 10 years of disengagement that led to Commonwealth

INFLUENCES OF THE AMERICA TO PH GOV

1. PH Consti was based on American Consti

2. Introduction of western architectural and urban planning style
3. Education system

JAPANESE GOVERNMENT IN THE PH (DEC. 8, 1941)

 Crucial component of military advance

 DEATH MARCH - 60,000 - 80,000 american and filipino prisoners

of war were made to march through the PH for 3 months
 PUPPET GOVERNMENT
 Jose P. Laurel - President
 Shigenori Kuroda
 Tomoyuki Yamashita

 KALIBAPI - partylist created by Japanese to win Filipinos over.

Transform this group to a mass organization
 HUKABALAHAP - group of farmers to fight Japanese army
 GUERRILLA ARMY - member of an irregular military force fighting
small-scale, limited actions, in concert with an overall political-
military strategy, against conventional military forces

MARTIAL LAW (SEPT. 23, 1972 7:17PM)

 PROCLAMATION NO. 1081 - 6,000 word proclamation provided

lengthy justification
 Communist Party of PH (CCP) and New People’s Army (NPA)
 BATASANG PAMBANSA:
 200 members
 Youth, agricultural, and labor industries
 Individ. Selected by Pres from cabinet members
EFFECTS OF MARTIAL LAW
 Voting system is temporary prohibited
 All activities are controlled by Pres
 Less criminal cases
 Great economic growth

TYPE OF GOV. DURING MARTIAL LAW

 MODIFIED PARLIAMENTARY FORM - combination of
presidential and parliamentary system
 Had authoritarian gov (1972 - 1981)
 SEPT. 21, 1972 - essential to deal with rebellion and uphold national
security

IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF PH GOV DURING MARTIAL LAW:

 Concentration of power
 Media and press control
 Suppression of opposition
 Military rule
 Suspension of habeas corpus
 Curfew and restrictions
 Control over local gov
 Economic policies