MODULE 1

Introduction to Structural Analysis

Lecturer: Aljhon Morana

1 2. Structural Loads 3

Sample Problem 1
The hollow core panel is made from plain stone
concrete. Determine the dead weight of the panel. The
holes each have a diameter of 100 mm.
1 2. Structural Loads 3

Sample Problem 2
The second floor of a light manufacturing building is constructed from a
125 mm thick stone concrete slab with an added 100 mm cinder
concrete fill as shown. If the suspended ceiling of the first floor consists
of metal lath and gypsum plaster, determine the dead load for design in
kN per square meter of floor area.
1 2. Structural Loads 3

Sample Problem 3
The precast floor beam is made from
reinforced stone concrete (including
gravel). If it is to used for a floor in an
office of an office building, calculate
its dead loadings per meter length of
beam.
1 2 3. Tributary Areas

Sample Problem 5
The frame is used to support a dead plus live load of 4.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2.
Sketch the loading that acts along members BG and ABCD.
Set a = 1.5 m and b = 3.0 m.
1 2 3. Tributary Areas

Sample Problem 5
Given:
σ = 4.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Required:
Solution:
1 2 3. Tributary Areas

Sample Problem 5
1 2 3. Tributary Areas

Sample Problem 5
1 2 3. Tributary Areas

Sample Problem 6
The frame is used to support a dead plus live load of 4.5 kN/m2.
Sketch the loading that acts along members BG and ABCD.
Set a = 2.4 m and b = 4.5 m.
1 2 3. Tributary Areas

Sample Problem 6
Given:
σ = 4.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Required:
Solution:
1 2 3. Tributary Areas

Sample Problem 6
1 2 3. Tributary Areas

Sample Problem 6
END
 MODULE 2
Statically Determinate Structures

Lecturer: Aljhon Morana

Chapter Outline
1. Determinacy
2. Plane Truss
3. Space Truss
4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition
Objectives
1. Understand and apply the truss analysis using the method
of joints and method of sections;
2. Familiarize with the method of determining zero-force
members;
3. Analyze and solve the forces and reactions for of space
trusses;
4. Understand the shear and moment functions;
5. Sketch the shear and moment diagrams of beams and
frames;
6. Apply method of superposition in creating moment
diagrams.
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Determinacy
A structure has unknown internal reactions and support
reactions that are solvable using several equations.

Determinacy is the number of Unknown Forces (𝑼) in a

Structure MINUS the number of Equilibrium Equations
(𝑬).

𝑫=𝑼−𝑬
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Determinacy
STATICALLY DETERMINATE (𝑫 = 𝟎)
The equilibrium equations are enough to solve all of the unknowns.

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE (𝑫 > 𝟎)

There are more unknowns than equilibrium equations. We need
additional equations called compatibility equations to solve all
unknowns.

UNSTABLE (𝑫 < 𝟎)
The number of support reactions and member forces are not enough
to make the structure in equilibrium.
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Unstable Structures
1. Partial Constraints

If a structure or one of its

members have few reactive
forces than the equations of
equilibrium.
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Unstable Structures
2. Improper Constraints due to Parallel Reactions
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Unstable Structures
3. Improper Constraints due to Concurrent Reactions
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Determinacy (Plane Trusses)

𝑫=𝑼−𝑬
Unknowns
Support Reactions and Member
Forces

Equations 𝐷 =𝑈−𝐸
We can form 2 equations for every 𝐷 = 𝑅 + 𝑀 − 2𝐽
joint from summation of forces
along x and y
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Determinacy (Space Trusses)

𝑫=𝑼−𝑬
Unknowns
Support Reactions and Member
Forces

Equations 𝐷 =𝑈−𝐸
We can form 3 equations for every 𝐷 = 𝑅 + 𝑀 − 3𝐽
joint from summation of forces
along x, y, and z.
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Determinacy (Frames)
𝑫=𝑼−𝑬
Unknowns
Support Reactions and Internal Reactions

Equations
We can form 3 equations for every segment
from summation of forces along x and y, and
summation of moments about z.
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1
Calculate the determinacy of the following
structures and assess the stability.
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1
1. Determinacy 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

PLANE TRUSSES
A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together
at their end points.
The members commonly used in construction consist of wooden struts
or metal bars.
In particular, plane trusses lie in a single plane and are often used to
support roofs and bridges.
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

PLANE TRUSSES
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

ASSUMPTIONS
• All loadings are applied at
the JOINTS only.

• Members are joined together

by smooth pins.
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

METHOD OF JOINTS
This method is based on the fact that if the entire truss is in
equilibrium, then each of its joints is also in equilibrium.

Therefore, if the free-body diagram of each joint is drawn,

the force equilibrium equations can then be used to obtain
the member forces acting on each joint.

෍ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

METHOD OF SECTIONS
It is based on the principle that if the truss is in equilibrium
then any segment of the truss is also in equilibrium.

෍ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑴𝑶 = 𝟎
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

ZERO-FORCE MEMBERS
Members with no loading.
Zero-force members may be easily
identified by inspection.

“if only two non-collinear members

form a truss joint and no external
load or support reaction is applied
to the joint, the two members must
be zero force members”
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

ZERO-FORCE MEMBERS
Members with no loading.
Zero-force members may be easily
identified by inspection.

“if three members form a truss

joint for which two of the members
are collinear, the third member is
a zero-force member provided no
external force or support reaction is
applied to the joint”
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

Sample Problem 2
Solve the forces in member ED and CD using method of
joints and in member GF, AF, and AB using method of
sections.
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

Sample Problem 2
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

Sample Problem 2
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

Sample Problem 3
Solve all member forces.
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

Sample Problem 3
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

Sample Problem 3
1 2. Plane Truss 3 4 5

Sample Problem 3
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

SPACE TRUSS
A space truss consists of members joined together at
their ends to form a stable three-dimensional
structure.
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Supports
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Supports
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Supports
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Supports
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Supports
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Rectangular Components
𝑳= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐

𝒙
𝑭𝒙 = 𝑭
𝑳

𝒚
𝑭𝒚 = 𝑭
𝑳

𝒛
𝑭𝒛 = 𝑭
𝑳

𝑭= 𝑭𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑭𝒚 𝟐 + 𝑭 𝒛 𝟐
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

METHOD OF JOINTS
This method is based on the fact that if the entire truss is in
equilibrium, then each of its joints is also in equilibrium.

Therefore, if the free-body diagram of each joint is drawn,

the force equilibrium equations can then be used to obtain
the member forces acting on each joint.

෍ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

METHOD OF SECTIONS
It is based on the principle that if the truss is in equilibrium
then any segment of the truss is also in equilibrium.

෍ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎

෍ 𝑴𝒙 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑴𝒚 = 𝟎 ෍ 𝑴𝒛 = 𝟎
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

ZERO-FORCE MEMBERS
Members with no loading.
Zero-force members may be easily
identified by inspection.

“if only three non-coplanar

members form a truss joint and no
external load or support reaction
is applied to the joint, the three
members must be zero force
members”
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

ZERO-FORCE MEMBERS
Members with no loading.
Zero-force members may be easily
identified by inspection.

“if several members form a truss

joint where one is not coplanar
with the rest of the members, the
lone member must be a zero force
member provided no external force
or support reaction is applied to the
joint”
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
Determine all member forces.
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
1 2 3. Space Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
Class Schedule
DATE TOPIC EXERCISE
Tuesday, 16 August 2022 Module 1: Introduction to Structural Analysis
Thursday, 18 August 2022 Module 2: Statically Determinate Structures 1.1
Saturday, 20 August 2022 Module 2: Statically Determinate Structures 2.1
Tuesday, 23 August 2022 Module 3: Cables and Arches 2.2
Thursday, 25 August 2022 Module 4: Influence Lines 3.1
Saturday, 27 August 2022 Preliminary Exam
Tuesday, 30 August 2022 Module 5: Approx Analysis of Stat. Indet. Structures 4.1
Thursday, 1 September 2022 Module 6: Beam Deflections 5.1
Saturday, 3 September 2022 Module 6: Beam Deflections 6.1
Tuesday, 6 September 2022 Module 7: Virtual Work Method 6.2
Thursday, 8 September 2022 Midterm Exam
Saturday, 10 September 2022 Module 7: Method of Consistent Deformation 7.1
Tuesday, 13 September 2022 Module 7: Three-Moment Equation 7.2
Thursday, 15 September 2022 Module 7: Slope-Deflection Method 7.3
Saturday, 17 September 2022 Module 7: Moment Distribution Method 7.4
Tuesday, 20 September 2022 Rest Day
Thursday, 22 September 2022 Final Exam
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Centroids and Areas

Normally, beams are subjected to distributed and
concentrated loads. It is imperative that we are
able to determine the magnitude and location of
the resultant of distributed loads.

𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂

𝑳𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒊𝒅
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Centroids and Areas

SHAPE AREA CENTROID
Rectangle
𝑥ҧ
𝑏
ℎ 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝑥ҧ =
2
𝑏

Triangle
𝑥ҧ
𝑏ℎ 𝑏
ℎ 𝐴= 𝑥ҧ =
2 3
𝑏
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Centroids and Areas

SHAPE AREA CENTROID
Spandrel
𝑥ҧ
𝑏ℎ 𝑏
ℎ 𝒏° 𝐴= 𝑥ҧ =
𝑛+1 𝑛+2
𝑏
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Centroids and Areas

𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟎

𝟐𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝟏𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝟎𝒕𝒉 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆

1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Actual design of a beam requires a detailed
knowledge of the variation of the internal shear
force and bending moment acting at each point
along the axis of the beam.
A shear force diagram indicates how a force
applied perpendicular to the axis of a beam is
transmitted along the length of that beam.
A bending moment diagram will show how the
applied loads to a beam create a moment
variation along the length of the beam.
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

Two Methods in Drawing the Shear Force and
Bending Moment Diagrams

1. Method of Sections
• Shear Force (V) and Bending Moment (M) are
determined as a Function of x
2. Method of Areas
• Mathematical relationship between the load
diagram, shear force diagram and bending moment
diagram are used
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Positive Sign Convention

𝑽
𝑴 𝑴

𝑽
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Sections
1. Compute the support reactions from the FBD.
2. Divide the beam into segments so that the
loading within each segment is continuous. Thus,
the end-points of the segments are
discontinuities of loading, including concentrated
loads and couples.
3. Introduce an imaginary cutting plane within
each segment, located at a distance x from the
left end of the beam, that cuts the beam into
two parts.
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Sections
4. Draw a FBD for the part of the beam lying either
to the left or to the right of the cutting plane,
whichever is more convenient. At the cut
section, show V and M acting in their positive
directions.
5. Determine the expressions for V and M from the
equilibrium equations obtainable from the FBD.
These expressions, which are usually functions
of x, are the shear force and bending moment
equations for the segment.
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Sections
6. Plot the expressions for V and M for the segment.
It is visually desirable to draw the V-diagram
below the FBD of the entire beam, and then
draw the M-diagram below the V-diagram.
 1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Areas
Utilizes the mathematical
relationship between the
load, shear force, and
bending moment
diagrams.
 1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Areas
Utilizes the mathematical
relationship between the
load, shear force, and
bending moment
diagrams.
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Load Diagram to Shear Force Diagram

+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑉 − 𝑉 + ∆𝑉 − 𝑤∆𝑥 = 0
∆𝑉 = −𝑤∆𝑥
𝑑𝑉 = −𝑤𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝐷 𝑥𝐷
න 𝑑𝑉 = − න 𝑤𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝐶 𝑥𝑐
𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉𝐶 = −(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐶 − (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Load Diagram to Shear Force Diagram

+↑ ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑉 − 𝑉 + ∆𝑉 − 𝑤∆𝑥 = 0
∆𝑉 = −𝑤∆𝑥
𝑑𝑉 = −𝑤𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝐷 𝑥𝐷
න 𝑑𝑉 = − න 𝑤𝑑𝑥
𝑉𝐶 𝑥𝑐
𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉𝐶 = −(𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝐶 − (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Shear Force Diagram to Bending Moment Diagram

+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐶′ = 0
∆𝑥
−𝑀 + 𝑀 + ∆𝑀 − 𝑉∆𝑥 +
= 𝑤∆𝑥
0 =0
2
∆𝑀 − 𝑉∆𝑥 = 0
d𝑀 = 𝑉𝑑𝑥
𝑀𝐷 𝑋𝐷
න 𝑑𝑀 = න 𝑉𝑑𝑥
𝑀𝐶 𝑋𝑐

𝑀𝐷 − 𝑀𝐶 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Shear Force Diagram to Bending Moment Diagram

+↺ ෍ 𝑀𝐶′ = 0
∆𝑥
−𝑀 + 𝑀 + ∆𝑀 − 𝑉∆𝑥 + 𝑤∆𝑥 =0
2
∆𝑀 − 𝑉∆𝑥 = 0
d𝑀 = 𝑉𝑑𝑥
𝑀𝐷 𝑋𝐷
න 𝑑𝑀 = න 𝑉𝑑𝑥
𝑀𝐶 𝑋𝑐

𝑀𝐷 − 𝑀𝐶 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚

𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Areas
𝑽 = න 𝒘𝒅𝒙 Load (𝒘) to Shear Force (𝑽)

𝑴 = න 𝑽𝒅𝒙 Shear Force (𝑽) to Bending Moment (𝑴)

𝑬𝑰𝜽 = න 𝑴𝒅𝒙 Bending Moment (𝑴) to Slope (𝜽)

𝒚 = න 𝜽𝒅𝒙 Slope(𝜽) to Deflection (𝒚)

1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Areas
𝒅𝑽
𝒘=
𝒅𝒙 Load (𝒘) to Shear Force (𝑽)

𝒅𝑴
𝑽=
𝒅𝒙
Shear Force (𝑽) to Bending Moment (𝑴)

𝒅𝜽
𝑴 = 𝑬𝑰
𝒅𝒙
Bending Moment (𝑴) to Slope (𝜽)

𝒅𝒚
𝜽= Slope(𝜽) to Deflection (𝒚)
𝒅𝒙
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Areas
Five Theorems relating the load, shear force, and
bending moment diagrams.
1. The load intensity at any section of a beam is equal to
the negative of the slope of the shear force diagram
at the section.
2. The shear force at any section is equal to the slope of
the bending moment diagram at that section.
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Areas
3. The difference between the
shear forces at two sections of
a beam is equal to the negative
of the area under the load
diagram between those two
sections.

𝑩
𝑽𝑩 = 𝑽𝑨 − 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝒘 − 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦 𝑨
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Areas
4. The difference between the
bending moments at two
sections of a beam is equal to
the area of the shear force
diagram between these two
sections.

𝑩
𝑴𝑩 = 𝑴𝑨 + 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝑽 − 𝐝𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦 𝑨
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Method of Areas
5. If the load diagram is a polynomial of degree 𝒏, then the
shear force diagram is a polynomial of degree (𝒏 + 𝟏),
and the bending moment diagram is a polynomial of
degree (𝒏 + 𝟐).

LOAD (𝑤) SHEAR FORCE (𝑉) BENDING MOMENT (𝑀)

0° 1° 2°
1° 2° 3°
2° 3° 4°
𝑛° (𝑛 + 1)° (𝑛 + 2)°
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Sample Problem 5 𝑴
Draw the shear force and
bending moment diagrams for 𝑳
the following cantilever
beams.
𝑽

𝑴
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

𝑷
Sample Problem 5
Draw the shear force and
bending moment diagrams for 𝑳
the following cantilever
beams.
𝑽

𝑴
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

Sample Problem 5 𝒘

Draw the shear force and

bending moment diagrams for 𝑳
the following cantilever
beams.
𝑽

𝑴
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

𝒘
Sample Problem 5
Draw the shear force and
bending moment diagrams for 𝑳
the following cantilever
beams.
𝑽

𝑴
1 2 3 4. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 5

𝒘
Sample Problem 5 𝟐°

Draw the shear force and

bending moment diagrams for 𝑳
the following cantilever
beams.
𝑽

𝑴
1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Method of Superposition

Since beams are used primarily to resist bending stress, it is

important that the moment diagram accompany the solution
for their design.

If we use the principle of superposition, however, each of the

loads on the beam can be treated separately and the
moment diagram can then be constructed in a series of parts
rather than a single and sometimes complicated shape.
1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Method of Superposition

It can be done by treating a certain point on the beam

as a fixed support. The moment diagrams of the
support reactions and external reactions shall be drawn
separately with respect to the chosen fixed point.
1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Sample Problem 6

Draw the moment diagram by parts with respect to A.

1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Sample Problem 6
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Sample Problem 7

Draw the moment diagram by parts with respect to the

midspan.
1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Sample Problem 7
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Sample Problem 8

Draw the moment diagram by parts with respect to B.

1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Sample Problem 8
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Sample Problem 9
Draw the moment diagram by parts with respect to B.
1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Sample Problem 9
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Sample Problem 10
Draw the moment diagram by parts with respect to A.
1 2 3 4 5. Bending Moment Diagram by Method of Superposition

Sample Problem 10
Given:

Required:
Solution:
END
MODULE 3
Cables and Arches

Lecturer: Aljhon Morana

Chapter Outline
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable
2. Parabolic Cable
3. Catenary Cable
4. Arches
Objectives
1. Understand the analysis of cable structures;
2. Analyze cables subjected to a concentrated loads,
3. Analyze cables subjected to uniform distributed loads;
4. Analyze cables carrying its own weight;
5. Familiarize with different types of arches and analyze
three-hinged arches.
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

CABLES

Cables are often used in engineering structures for support

and to transmit loads from one member to another.
When used to support suspension roofs, bridges, and trolley
wheels, cables form the main load-carrying element in the
structure.
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Concentrated Loads on Cable

When a cable of negligible weight supports several

concentrated loads, the cable takes the form of several
straight-line segments, each of which is subjected to a
constant tensile force.
When performing an equilibrium analysis for a problem of this
type, the forces in the cable can also be obtained by writing
the equations of equilibrium for the entire cable or any
portion thereof.
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Concentrated Loads on Cable

When a cable of negligible weight supports several

concentrated loads, the cable takes the form of several
straight-line segments, each of which is subjected to a
constant tensile force.
When performing an equilibrium analysis for a problem of this
type, the forces in the cable can also be obtained by writing
the equations of equilibrium for the entire cable or any
portion thereof.
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Sample Problem 1

Determine the tension in each

segment of the cable and the
cable’s total length.
 1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Sample Problem 1
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Sample Problem 1
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Sample Problem 1
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Sample Problem 1
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Sample Problem 2

The cable supports the loading

shown. Determine the distance, 𝑥𝐵 ,
the force at point B acts from A.
Set 𝑃 = 40 𝑙𝑏.
 1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Sample Problem 2
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Sample Problem 2
1. Concentrated Loads on Cable 2 3 4

Sample Problem 2
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Parabolic Cable

Cables provide a very effective means

of supporting the dead weight of
girders or bridge decks having very long
spans.

A suspension bridge is a typical

example, in which the deck is
suspended from the cable using a
series of close and equally spaced
hangers.
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Parabolic Cable
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Parabolic Cable
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Parabolic Cable
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Parabolic Cable
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Parabolic Cable

𝟐
𝒘𝟎 𝒙
𝒚=
𝟐𝑭𝑯
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Sample Problem 3

The cable supports the

uniform load of 𝑤0 =
600 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 . Determine the
tension in the cable at each
support A and B.
 1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Sample Problem 3
Given: 𝑤0 = 600 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡

Required:
Solution:
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Sample Problem 3
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Sample Problem 3
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Sample Problem 4

Two poles are 100m away from each other. The difference
in elevation of the top of the poles is 10m. A parabolic
cable connects them such that the vertical distance of the
lowest part of the cable is 5m from the top of the lower
pole. If the minimum tension in the cable is 200kN,
determine the tensile forces of the cable on both poles and
the uniform load being carried by the parabolic cable.
 1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Sample Problem 4
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Sample Problem 4
1 2. Parabolic Cable 3 4

Sample Problem 4
1 2 3. Catenary Cable 4

Catenary Cable

When a cable is subjected

only to its significant linear
weight, the geometry of the
sag becomes a catenary.
1 2 3. Catenary Cable 4

Catenary Cable

𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐
𝒙
𝒔 = 𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡
𝒄
𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡
𝒄
𝑻 = 𝒘𝒚
1 2 3. Catenary Cable 4

Sample Problem 5

A uniform flexible cable 200m long

weighs 5000N. The resultant
tensions at the ends of the cable
are 8000N and 8800N, respectively.
Calculate the difference in
elevation of the two ends and the
horizontal distance between the
ends.
 1 2 3. Catenary Cable 4 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐
𝒙
Sample Problem 5 𝒔 = 𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡
𝒄
𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡
𝒄
Given: 𝑻 = 𝒘𝒚

Required:
Solution:
1 2 3. Catenary Cable 4 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐
𝒙
Sample Problem 5 𝒔 = 𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡
𝒄
𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡
𝒄
𝑻 = 𝒘𝒚
1 2 3. Catenary Cable 4 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒔𝟐
𝒙
Sample Problem 5 𝒔 = 𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡
𝒄
𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡
𝒄
𝑻 = 𝒘𝒚
1 2 3 4. Arches

Arches

If an arch has a parabolic shape and it is subjected to a

uniform horizontally distributed vertical load, then from
the analysis of cables it follows that only compressive
forces will be resisted by the arch.
Under these conditions, the arch shape is called a funicular
arch because no bending or shear forces occur within the
arch.
1 2 3 4. Arches

Geometry of an Arch
1 2 3 4. Arches

Types of Arches
1 2 3 4. Arches

Three-Hinged Arch
1 2 3 4. Arches

Three-Hinged Arch
1 2 3 4. Arches

Sample Problem 6

The tied three-hinged arch

is subjected to the loading
shown. Determine the
components of reaction at
A and C and the tension in
the cable.
 1 2 3 4. Arches

Sample Problem 6
Given:

Required:
Solution:
1 2 3 4. Arches

Sample Problem 6
END
MODULE 4
Influence Lines

Lecturer: Aljhon Morana

Chapter Outline
1. Quantitative Influence Lines
2. Qualitative Influence Lines
3. Influence Lines for Floor Girders
4. Influence Lines for Trusses
5. Series of Concentrated Loads
6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment
Objectives
1. Sketch the influence line for a statically determinate
structure;
2. Determine the absolute maximum live shear and moment
in a member.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Influence Lines

An influence line represents the variation of either the

reaction, shear, moment, or deflection at a specific point
in a member as a concentrated force moves over the
member.
Once this line is constructed, one can tell at a glance
where the moving load should be placed on the structure
so that it creates the greatest influence at the specified
point.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Influence Lines

Furthermore, the magnitude of the associated reaction,

shear, moment, or deflection at the point can then be
calculated from the ordinates of the influence-line
diagram.
For these reasons, influence lines play an important part in
the design of bridges, industrial crane rails, conveyors, and
other structures where loads move across their span.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Quantitative Influence Lines

• Place a unit load at various locations, x, along with the

member, and at each location use statics to determine
the value of the function (reaction, shear, or moment) at
the specified point.
• If the influence line for a vertical force reaction at a
point on a beam is to be constructed, consider the
reaction to be positive at the point when it acts upward
on the beam.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Quantitative Influence Lines

• If a shear or moment influence line is to be drawn for a

point, take the shear or moment at the point as positive
according to the same sign convention used for drawing
shear and moment diagrams.
• All statically determinate beams will have influence
lines that consist of straight-line segments. After some
practice, one should be able to minimize computations
and locate the unit load only at points representing the
endpoints of each line segment.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Quantitative Influence Lines

• To avoid errors, it is recommended that one first

construct a table, listing unit load at x versus the
corresponding value of the function calculated at the
specific point; that is, reaction R, shear V, or moment M.
Once the load has been placed at various points along
the span of the member, the tabulated values can be
plotted and the influence-line segments constructed.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Quantitative Influence Lines

• The influence line can also be constructed by placing the

unit load at a variable position x on the member and
then computing the value of R, V, or M at the point as a
function of x. In this manner, the equations of the
various line segments composing the influence line can
be determined and plotted.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 1

Construct the influence line for the vertical reaction at A of

the beam in the figure.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 1
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 1
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 1
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 1
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 2

Construct the influence line for the vertical reaction at B of

the beam in the figure.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 2
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 3

Construct the influence line for the shear at point C of the

beam in the figure.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 3
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 3
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 3
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 3
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 3
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 3
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 4

Construct the influence line for the moment at point C of

the beam in the figure.
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 4
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 4
1. Quantitative Influence Lines 2 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 4
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Muller-Breslau Principle

In 1886, Heinrich Müller-Breslau developed a technique for

rapidly constructing the shape of an influence line.
Referred to as the Müller-Breslau Principle, it states that
the influence line for a function (reaction, shear, or
moment) is to the same scale as the deflected shape of
the beam when the beam is acted upon by the function.
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Muller-Breslau Principle
Support Reaction
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Muller-Breslau Principle
Support Reaction
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Muller-Breslau Principle
Shear Force
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Muller-Breslau Principle
Shear Force
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Muller-Breslau Principle
Bending Moment
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Muller-Breslau Principle
Bending Moment
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 5
For each beam, sketch the influence line for the vertical reaction at A.
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 5
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 5
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 5
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 5
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 6
For each beam, sketch the influence line for the shear at B.
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 6
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 6
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 6
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 6
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 7
For each beam, sketch the influence line for the moment at B.
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 7
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 7
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 7
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 7
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Ordinates
Support Reaction
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Ordinates
Shear Force
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Ordinates
Bending Moment
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 8

Determine the maximum positive moment that can be developed at

point D in the beam shown due to a concentrated moving load of
4000𝑙𝑏, a uniform moving load of 300𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 and beam weight of
200𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡.
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 8
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2. Qualitative Influence Lines 3 4 5 6

Sample Problem 8
1 2 3. Influence Lines for Floor Girders 4 5 6

Influence Line for Floor Girders

Floor girders supports the floor beams that carry the floor
slabs.
The spans of each panel of the floor slabs are considered as
simply supported. To construct the influence line of the
floor girder, a unit load shall be moved across the floor
slabs.
1 2 3. Influence Lines for Floor Girders 4 5 6

Sample Problem 9

Draw the influence line for the shear in panel CD of the

floor girder in the figure.
1 2 3. Influence Lines for Floor Girders 4 5 6

Sample Problem 9
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3. Influence Lines for Floor Girders 4 5 6

Sample Problem 9
1 2 3. Influence Lines for Floor Girders 4 5 6

Sample Problem 9
1 2 3. Influence Lines for Floor Girders 4 5 6

Sample Problem 9
1 2 3. Influence Lines for Floor Girders 4 5 6

Sample Problem 9
1 2 3. Influence Lines for Floor Girders 4 5 6

Sample Problem 9
1 2 3. Influence Lines for Floor Girders 4 5 6

Sample Problem 9
1 2 3 4. Influence Lines for Trusses 5 6

Influence Lines for Trusses

Member forces in trusses vary depending on where the
loads are placed.
To construct the influence line for a truss member, a unit
load shall be placed on each joint of the bottom members.
1 2 3 4. Influence Lines for Trusses 5 6

Sample Problem 10
Draw the influence line for the force in member GB of the
bridge truss shown in the figure.
1 2 3 4. Influence Lines for Trusses 5 6

Sample Problem 10
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3 4. Influence Lines for Trusses 5 6

Sample Problem 10
1 2 3 4. Influence Lines for Trusses 5 6

Sample Problem 10
1 2 3 4. Influence Lines for Trusses 5 6

Sample Problem 10
1 2 3 4. Influence Lines for Trusses 5 6

Sample Problem 10
1 2 3 4. Influence Lines for Trusses 5 6

Sample Problem 10
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Series of Concentrated Loads

Considering a series of concentrated loads, we super

position the influence of each load to a specific point.
We have to consider several cases by placing every load at
exactly at the point that creates the greatest influence.
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Maximum Shear
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Maximum Shear
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Maximum Shear
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Maximum Shear
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Maximum Moment
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Sample Problem 11

Determine the maximum positive shear created at point B

in the beam shown in the figure due to the wheel loads of
the moving truck.
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Sample Problem 11
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Sample Problem 11
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Sample Problem 11
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Sample Problem 11
1 2 3 4 5. Series of Concentrated Loads 6

Sample Problem 11
1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Absolute Maximum Shear

For a cantilevered beam the absolute maximum shear will
occur at a point located just next to the fixed support.

The maximum shear is found by the method of sections,

with the loads positioned anywhere on the span.
1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Absolute Maximum Shear

For simply supported beams the absolute maximum shear
will occur just next to one of the supports.

For example, if the loads are equivalent, they are

positioned so that the first one in sequence is placed close
to the support.
1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Absolute Maximum Moment

The absolute maximum moment for a cantilevered beam
occurs at the same point where absolute maximum shear

occurs, although in this case the concentrated loads should

be positioned at the far end of the beam.
1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Absolute Maximum Moment

The absolute maximum moment in a simply supported
beam occurs under one of the concentrated forces, such

that this force is positioned on the beam so that it and the

resultant force of the system are equidistant from the
beam’s centerline.
1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Absolute Maximum Moment

1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Sample Problem 12
Determine the absolute maximum shear and moment for
the simply supported bridge deck shown.
1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Sample Problem 12
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Sample Problem 12
1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Sample Problem 12
1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Sample Problem 12
1 2 3 4 5 6. Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

Sample Problem 12
END
 MODULE 5
Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Lecturer: Aljhon Morana

Chapter Outline
1. Indeterminate Trusses
2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads
3. Portal Frames with Truss
4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method
5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method
Objectives
1. Use approximate methods in analyzing indeterminate
structures such as trusses, building frames, and portal
frames.
2. Approximate the support reactions and internal forces of
vertically loaded building frames.
3. Approximate the support reactions and internal forces of
laterally loaded building frames.
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Indeterminate Trusses

Most of the trusses with

cross bracing becomes
statically indeterminate.
We have two acceptable
methods in solving
indeterminate trusses.
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Indeterminate Trusses

Method 1
If the diagonals are long and
slender, it is reasonable to
assume that they cannot carry
compressive forces. The
panel shear is entirely carried
by the tension diagonal.
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Indeterminate Trusses

Method 2
If the diagonals are made of
large rolled sections, it is
reasonable to assume that the
tension and compression
diagonals equally share the
panel shear.
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1

Approximate the force in each

diagonal. Assume that the
diagonals are made of long
and slender members.
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1

Approximate the force in each

diagonal. Assume that the
diagonals are made of long
and slender members.
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 1
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 2

Approximate the force in each

diagonal. Assume that the
diagonals are made of large
rolled sections.
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 2
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 2
1. Indeterminate Trusses 2 3 4 5

Sample Problem 2
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Building Frames with Vertical Loads

Building frames often consist of girders that are rigidly

connected to columns so that the entire structure is better
able to resist the effects of lateral forces due to wind and
earthquake.

In practice, a structural engineer can use several

techniques for performing an approximate analysis of a
building bent. Each is based upon knowing how the
structure will deform under load.
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Building Frames with Vertical Loads

1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Building Frames with Vertical Loads

One technique would be to consider only the members

within a localized region of the structure.

This is possible provided the deflections of the members

within the region cause little disturbance to the members
outside the region. Most often, however, the deflection
curve of the entire structure is considered.
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Building Frames with Vertical Loads

From this, the approximate location of points of inflection,

that is, the points where the member changes its
curvature, can be specified.

These points can be considered as pins since there is zero

moment within the member at the points of inflection.
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Building Frames with Vertical Loads

Consider a typical girder located

within a building bent and
subjected to a uniform vertical
load as shown. The column
supports at A and B will each exert
three reactions on the girder, and
therefore the girder will be
statically indeterminate to the
third degree.
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Building Frames with Vertical Loads

There are two extreme conditions

that may happen:

(1) The supports are extremely

stiff.
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Building Frames with Vertical Loads

There are two extreme conditions

that may happen:

(2) The supports are extremely

flexible.
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Building Frames with Vertical Loads

In summary then, each girder of

length 𝑳 may be modeled by a
simply supported span of length
𝟎. 𝟖𝑳 resting on two cantilevered
ends, each having a length of 𝟎. 𝟏𝑳.
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Sample Problem 3

Approximate the support

reactions at A.
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Sample Problem 3
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Sample Problem 3
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Sample Problem 3
1 2. Building Frames with Vertical Loads 3 4 5

Sample Problem 3
1 2 3. Portal Frames with Truss 4 5

Portal Frames with Truss

Portal frames are frequently used over the entrance of a

bridge and as a main stiffening element in building design
in order to transfer horizontal forces applied at the top of
the frame to the foundation.

On bridges, these frames resist the forces caused by wind,

earthquake, and unbalanced traffic loading on the bridge
deck. Portals can be pin supported, fixed supported, or
supported by partial fixity.
1 2 3. Portal Frames with Truss 4 5

Pin Supported
1 2 3. Portal Frames with Truss 4 5

Fixed Supported
1 2 3. Portal Frames with Truss 4 5

Partial Fixity
1 2 3. Portal Frames with Truss 4 5

Partial Fixity
1 2 3. Portal Frames with Truss 4 5

Portal Frames with Truss

1 2 3. Portal Frames with Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4

Determine by approximate
methods the forces acting in the
members BD, CD, and BH of the
Warren portal shown in the figure.
1 2 3. Portal Frames with Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3. Portal Frames with Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
1 2 3. Portal Frames with Truss 4 5

Sample Problem 4
1 2 3 4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method 5

Portal Method
A building bent deflects in the same way as a portal frame
and therefore it would be appropriate to assume that the

inflection points occur at the center of the columns and

girders.
1 2 3 4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method 5

Portal Method
Two portals that are adjacent to each other may be
imagined as two separate portals. Each support will carry a

shear force V.
1 2 3 4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method 5

Portal Method
Combining the two adjacent portals will result to a base
shear at the interior column equal to twice of the base

shear of the exterior column.

1 2 3 4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method 5

Sample Problem 5
Approximate the support reactions of the building frame at
A, B, and C using portal method.
1 2 3 4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method 5

Sample Problem 5
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3 4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method 5

Sample Problem 5
1 2 3 4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method 5

Sample Problem 6
Approximate the horizontal internal reactions at O, P, Q, J,
K, and L using portal method.
1 2 3 4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method 5

Sample Problem 6
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3 4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method 5

Sample Problem 6
1 2 3 4. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Portal Method 5

Sample Problem 6
1 2 3 4 5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method

Cantilever Method

The cantilever method is based on the same

action as a long cantilevered beam
subjected to a transverse load. In the figure,
the load 𝑷 will try to tip the structural
segment clockwise but the internal forces
will react to it as shown.
1 2 3 4 5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method

Cantilever Method

This concept may be applied to building

frames that are tall and slender, or has
columns with different cross-sectional areas.

The stresses will vary linearly as shown.

1 2 3 4 5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method

Cantilever Method

The horizontal distance between the point

of zero vertical reaction is 𝒙
ഥ distance from
the left column. 𝑨 is the area of a column.

σ 𝒙𝑨
ഥ=
𝒙
𝑨
1 2 3 4 5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method

Sample Problem 7
Approximate the vertical internal reactions at L, M, N, O,
E, F, G, and H using cantilever method.
1 2 3 4 5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method

Sample Problem 7
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3 4 5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method

Sample Problem 7
1 2 3 4 5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method

Sample Problem 7
1 2 3 4 5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method

Sample Problem 7
1 2 3 4 5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method

Sample Problem 7
1 2 3 4 5. Building Frames with Lateral Loads: Cantilever Method

Sample Problem 7
END
MODULE 6
Beam Deflections

Lecturer: Aljhon Morana

Chapter Outline
1. Beam Deflections
2. Double Integration Method
3. Moment-Area Method
4. Conjugate Beam Method
Objectives
1. Familiarize with the different methods in quantifying beam
deflections.
2. Calculate beam deflections using the Double Integration
Method.
3. Calculate beam deflections using the Moment-Area Method.
4. Calculate beam deflections using the Conjugate Beam
Method.
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Beam Deflections
The deflection of statically determinate beams will be considered
in this lecture. Because the design of beams is frequently

governed by rigidity rather than strength, the computation of

deflections is an integral component of beam analysis.
Excessive deflection of a beam not only is visually disturbing but
also may cause damage to other parts of the building.
Deflections also play a crucial role in the analysis of statically
indeterminate beams. They form the bases for the compatibility
equations that are needed to supplement the equations of
equilibrium.
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Beam Deflections
A number of analytical methods are available for
determining the deflections of beams. Their
common basis is the differential equation that
relates the deflection to the bending moment.
The various methods of deflection analysis are
essentially different techniques for solving this
differential equation.
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Deflection Diagram
The deflection diagram represents the elastic
curve or locus of points which defines the displaced
position of the centroid of the cross section along
the members.
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Deflection Diagram
Supports
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Deflection Diagram
Inflection Point

The point where the

concavity of the elastic
curve changes.
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Deflection Diagram
Inflection Point

The point where the

concavity of the elastic
curve changes.
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Deflection Diagram
Elastic Curve
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Deflection Diagram
Elastic Curve
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Deflection Diagram
Elastic Curve
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Deflection Diagram
Elastic Curve
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Deflection Diagram
Elastic Curve
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Deflection Diagram
Elastic Curve
1. Beam Deflections 2 3 4

Methods in Solving Beam Deflections

1. Double Integration Method

2. Area-Moment Method
3. Conjugate Beam Method
1 2. Double Integration Method 3 4

Double Integration Method

This method is fairly straightforward in its

application, but it often involves considerable
algebraic manipulation.
The primary advantage of the double-
integration method is that it produces the
equation for the deflection everywhere along
the beam.
1 2. Double Integration Method 3 4

Double Integration Method

Differential Equation of the Elastic Curve

𝑬𝑰𝒚′′ = 𝑴
1 2. Double Integration Method 3 4

Double Integration Method

1 2. Double Integration Method 3 4

Double Integration Method

Notice that the

distributed loads extend
until the right end of the
beam.
1 2. Double Integration Method 3 4

Sample Problem 1

Determine (a) the equation of the deflection of the elastic

curve for the overhanging beam; and (b) the value of 𝐸𝐼𝑦 at
the right end of the overhanging beam.
1 2. Double Integration Method 3 4

Sample Problem 1
Given:
Required:
Solution:
1 2. Double Integration Method 3 4

Sample Problem 1
1 2. Double Integration Method 3 4

Sample Problem 1
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Moment-Area Method
The Moment-Area Method is a semi-graphical

procedure that utilizes the properties of the area

under the bending moment diagram.
It is the quickest way to compute the deflection at
a specific location if the bending moment diagram
has a simple shape. The method is not suited for
deriving the deflection as a function of distance
along the beam without using a computer program.
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Moment-Area Method
First Moment-Area Theorem

The first moment-area theorem states that the area of the M/EI
diagram between any two points A and B on the elastic curve is
equal to the change in slope 𝜽𝑩/𝑨 between these two points.
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Moment-Area Method
Second Moment-Area Theorem

The second moment-area theorem states that the moment (about

point B) of the area of the M/EI diagram between the two points
A and B is equal to the tangential deviation of point B with
respect to the tangent located at point A. This tangential
deviation is denoted as 𝒕𝑩/𝑨 .
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 2
Determine the slope at points B and C and the
deflection at point C of the beam shown in the
figure. Take 𝐸 = 29 × 103 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝐼 = 600 𝑖𝑛4 .
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 2
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 2
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 2
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 3

Determine the slope and deflection at point C of the

beam shown in the figure. Take 𝐸 = 29 × 10 𝑘𝑠𝑖
3
and 𝐼 = 600 𝑖𝑛4 .
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 3
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 3
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 3
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 4
Determine the deflection at point C of the beam
shown in the figure. 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = 250 ×
106 𝑚𝑚4
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 4
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3. Moment-Area Method 4

Sample Problem 4
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

The conjugate-beam method was developed by H.

Müller-Breslau in 1865.
Essentially, it requires the same amount of
computation as the moment-area theorems to
determine a beam’s slope or deflection; however,
this method relies only on the principles of statics,
and hence its application will be more familiar.
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

The Conjugate Beam Method requires the conversion

of the REAL BEAM to its corresponding CONJUGATE

BEAM.
After conversion, the M/EI Diagram is applied on the
conjugate beam as its loads. The loads are directed
away from the conjugate beam.
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

First Conjugate Beam Theorem

The slope at a point in the real beam is

numerically equal to the shear at the
corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

Second Conjugate Beam Theorem

The displacement of a point in the real beam is

numerically equal to the moment at the
corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

Conversion
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

Conversion
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

Conversion
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

Conversion
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

Conversion
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

Conversion
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

Real Beam Conjugate Beam
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Conjugate Beam Method

Real Beam Conjugate Beam
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 5
Determine the slope and deflection at B and the
maximum displacement of the beam. Take 𝐸 =
29 × 103 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝐼 = 500 𝑖𝑛4 .
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 5
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 5
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 5
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 5
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 5
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 6
Determine the slope and deflection at C.
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 6
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 6
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 6
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 6
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 6
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 7
Determine the slope and deflection at B and C.
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 7
Given:
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 7
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 7
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 7
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 7
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 7
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 7
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 8
Determine the slope and deflection at C. The
moment of inertia is 400 × 106 𝑚𝑚4 .
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 8
Given: 𝐼 = 400 × 10 𝑚𝑚
6 4
Required:

Solution:
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 8
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 8
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 8
1 2 3 4. Conjugate Beam Method

Sample Problem 8
END