RESEARCH IN

HOSPITALITY
BERNADETTE C. BEGORNIA
Instructor
PARTS OF THE RESEARCH
PAPER
 TITLE PAGE

The title page in a research paper is the first

page of the document and serves as a formal
introduction to your study. It typically includes
essential information about the research paper
and its authors.
 PRELIMINARIES

Refers to the initial or introductory sections that precede the main body of the paper. These
preliminary sections provide essential information and context for readers before they delve into the
core content of the research. While the specific content and organization may vary depending on the
style and requirements of the paper, common preliminary sections include:
Title page
Approval Sheet
Result of Oral Examination
Certifications of the Editor, Statistician and Secretary
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures and Tables
Acknowledgment
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

 INTRODUCTION

The introduction in a research paper is the opening

section that provides readers with an overview of the
study, sets the context, and outlines the purpose and
objectives of the research. It serves as the "front door" to
your research paper, inviting readers into the topic and
guiding them toward an understanding of what to expect
in the rest of the paper.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM/
OBJECTIVES
This is where you clearly state the issue or problem
that your research aims to address. It helps set the
context for your study. It serves to clarify the
purpose of your study, outline what you intend to
investigate, and define the research questions or
objectives.
ASSUMPTIONS/ HYPOTHESES

A hypothesis is a testable statement or educated guess about

the expected outcome or relationship between variables in a
research study.
Assumptions in research refer to underlying beliefs or
premises that are taken for granted or accepted as true
without requiring direct evidence. These assumptions form
the foundation of a research study and guide the research
process.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE
STUDY
The scope of a research study outlines the specific boundaries and
extent of the research. It defines the range of topics, variables, or
aspects of the study that will be included and investigated. In other
words, the scope sets the parameters for what the research will cover.
Delimitation refers to the limitations or boundaries that are placed on
the research. It identifies the factors or areas that will not be covered or
considered in the study. Delimitations are important because they help
set realistic expectations for what the research can achieve and prevent
the study from becoming overly broad or unmanageable.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The Significance of the Study section in a

research paper or thesis is a crucial component that
explains the importance and relevance of your
research. It answers the question of why your study
matters and why it is worth conducting.
 SETTING OF THE STUDY

The Setting of the Study in a research paper or thesis refers to

the specific context or environment where the research is
conducted. It includes details about the physical, geographical,
temporal, and sometimes social or cultural conditions under
which the study takes place. Describing the setting of the study is
important because it helps readers understand the context in
which your research was conducted and the potential
implications of that context on your findings
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
In a research paper or thesis, the Definition of Terms section is where you provide
clear, concise, and precise definitions of key terms, concepts, and jargon used in your
study. The purpose of this section is to ensure that readers have a common
understanding of the terminology you use. There are two primary types of definitions
typically included in this section:
Operational Definition. Operational definitions specify how a particular term or
concept will be measured, quantified, or observed in the context of your research.
These definitions are practical and provide guidance on how you intend to use the
term in your study.
Conceptual Definition. Conceptual definitions provide a broader, theoretical
understanding of a term or concept. They explain the meaning and significance of a
term within the theoretical framework or context of your study. Conceptual
definitions help readers grasp the underlying concepts.
 NOTES
Refer to additional information or comments that are provided as annotations or references
to the main text. Notes serve various purposes, such as providing explanations, citations,
clarifications, or additional insights related to specific points in the research. There are two
common types of notes:
Footnotes. Footnotes are notes that appear at the bottom of the page, just below the
main text to which they are related. They are usually numbered or marked with a symbol
(such as an asterisk or dagger) and provide additional information or references.
Endnotes. Endnotes are similar to footnotes but are placed at the end of a chapter or the
entire document, rather than at the bottom of individual pages. They are often used when
a document has many notes, and it's more practical to compile them in one section.
Endnotes are usually numbered or marked with symbols, and readers can refer to them
by corresponding numbers or symbols in the main text. The purposes of endnotes are
similar to those of footnotes: citations, explanations, translations, and comments.
EXAMPLE OF A FOOTNOTE
EXAMPLE OF AN ENDNOTE
 CITATION STYLES
APA Style (American Psychological
Association)
Commonly used in the social sciences,
including psychology, sociology, and
education.
Features in-text citations with author-date
format (e.g., Smith, 2020).
Provides guidelines for formatting
references, including books, journal
articles, websites, and more.
Includes rules for writing and formatting
research papers, including headings, page
setup, and more.
MLA Style (Modern Language
Association)
Predominantly used in the humanities,
such as literature, language, and cultural
studies.
Employs in-text citations with author-
page number format (e.g., Smith 45).
Offers guidance on citing various
sources, including books, articles, poetry,
and digital media.
Specifies formatting rules for research
papers, including margins, headings, and
page numbers.
 CITATION STYLES
Chicago Manual of Style (CMS)
Utilized in a wide range of disciplines, including
history, art history, and some social sciences.
Allows for two citation styles: notes
and bibliography (common in
humanities) and author-date
(common in sciences).
In notes and bibliography, it employs
footnotes or endnotes for citations.
Provides comprehensive guidance on
formatting and citing sources, as well
as manuscript preparation.
IEEE Style (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers):
Primarily used in engineering,
computer science, and related fields.
Employs a numbered citation system
(e.g., [1]) within square brackets for in-
text citations.
Provides specific formats for citing
technical reports, conference
proceedings, and online sources.
Focuses on the citation of technical
and scientific documents.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES
 RELATED LITERATURE

Refer to the body of existing published works,

studies, and scholarly sources that are relevant and
directly related to the topic or subject of your
research. These sources provide a foundation of
knowledge, context, and insights that help support
and inform your own research.
 TWO (2) TYPES OF RELATED
LITERATURE
1. Foreign Literature. Foreign literature refers to published
research, studies, and scholarly works that originate from
researchers, scholars, or institutions outside of your own
country or region.
2. Local Literature. Local literature, on the other hand,
consists of research, studies, and scholarly works
conducted and published within your own country or
region.
 RELATED STUDIES

Refer to previously conducted research, studies, or

investigations that are relevant and connected to the
topic or subject of your own research. These
studies provide a foundation of knowledge, context,
and insights that inform and support your own
research.
TWO (2) TYPES OF RELATED STUDIES

1. Foreign Studies. Foreign studies are research studies, scholarly

articles, or investigations conducted by researchers, scholars, or
institutions from countries or regions outside your own. These studies
offer insights and findings from an international or global perspective.
2. Local Studies. Local studies are research studies, scholarly articles, or
investigations conducted within your own country or region. These
studies provide insights and findings that are specific to the local
context, issues, and developments.
 SYNTHESIS OF THE
STATE – OF – THE – ART
A critical component of research that involves
systematically reviewing, analyzing, and summarizing
existing literature and research on a specific topic or
subject. This process aims to provide a
comprehensive and up-to-date understanding of the
current state of knowledge in the field.
 GAP BRIDGED BY THE STUDY

Refers to the specific void or

deficiency in existing literature or
knowledge that your research aims
to fill or address.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A theoretical framework in research is a structured and

systematic collection of concepts, theories, principles, and
models that provide a framework for understanding and
interpreting a specific research problem or phenomenon. It
serves as the theoretical foundation upon which a research study
is built. The theoretical framework helps researchers organize
their thoughts, guide their research design, and make
connections between different aspects of the study.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A conceptual framework in research, often represented as an "input-

process-output" framework, is a visual or conceptual model that
outlines the key components, variables, and relationships involved in
a research study. This framework is used to provide a clear and
structured representation of how various factors interact to produce
specific outcomes or results. The "input-process-output" framework
is commonly used to illustrate the flow of activities, data, and
variables within a research context.
NOTES
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD AND

PROCEDURE
 RESEARCH METHOD

Research methods in a research study refer to the

systematic procedures and techniques used by researchers
to collect, analyze, and interpret data in order to answer
research questions or investigate a particular topic. The
choice of research methods depends on the nature of the
research, the research questions, and the goals of the
study.
TWO (2) TYPES RESEARCH
METHOD
 Quantitative Research Method
Quantitative research involves the collection of numerical data and the use of statistical and
mathematical techniques to analyze and interpret the data. It is typically used to measure and
quantify variables and test hypotheses. Common quantitative research methods include:
Surveys: Administering structured questionnaires to collect data from a large sample of
participants.
Experiments: Controlled studies where researchers manipulate variables to observe their
effects on an outcome.
Observational Studies: Systematic observations of individuals or phenomena to gather
data.
Content Analysis: Analyzing the content of documents, texts, or media to identify patterns
and trends.
Statistical Analysis: Applying statistical tests and analyses to determine relationships and
associations between variables.
 Qualitative Research Method

Qualitative research focuses on exploring and understanding the underlying meanings,

experiences, and perspectives of individuals or groups. It involves collecting non-numerical data
and using techniques such as thematic analysis. Common qualitative research methods include:
Interviews: Conducting in-depth, open-ended interviews to gather rich narrative data.
Focus Groups: Group discussions with participants to explore shared experiences and
opinions.
Case Studies: In-depth examination of a single case or a small number of cases to gain
insights into a particular phenomenon.
Ethnography: Immersive and long-term fieldwork to study cultures, communities, or social
settings.
Content Analysis: Qualitative content analysis can also be used to examine themes,
patterns, and meanings within texts or media.
 SOURCES OF DATA

Sources of data in research refer to the origins or

locations from which researchers obtain the
information, facts, or material needed to conduct
their research. These sources can vary widely
depending on the type of research, research
objectives, and the nature of the data required.
COMMON SOURCES OF
DATA IN RESEARCH
 PRIMARY SOURCES

Primary data are original data collected directly from the source for a specific research study. Researchers gather primary
data to address their research questions. Common sources of primary data include:
Surveys and Questionnaires: Researchers design and administer surveys or questionnaires to collect data directly
from respondents.
Interviews: In-depth interviews are conducted to gather qualitative data through one-on-one conversations with
individuals or participants.
Experiments: Researchers conduct experiments to manipulate variables and collect data on the effects of those
manipulations.
Observations: Observations involve systematically watching and recording behaviors or phenomena in their natural
settings.
Fieldwork: Ethnographic fieldwork and participant observation involve immersing researchers in a specific
community, culture, or environment to collect firsthand data.
Tests and Measurements: Researchers create tests, assessments, or measurements to collect specific data, such as
cognitive or physical measurements.
Focus Groups: Focus group discussions gather qualitative data from a small group of participants who discuss a
specific topic.
 SECONDARY SOURCES

Secondary data are existing data that have been collected, recorded, or published by someone else for purposes other
than the current research. Researchers access and use this data to address their research questions. Common sources
of secondary data include:
Published Sources: These include books, academic journals, articles, reports, and other written documents
available in libraries or online. Researchers extract relevant data from these sources.
Government Sources: Government agencies often collect and publish a wide range of data on demographics,
economics, health, and more. Examples include census data, economic reports, and health statistics.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) or
the United Nations (UN) compile and publish data on various global issues.
Databases: Online databases like academic research databases, government databases, and statistical repositories
contain vast amounts of secondary data that researchers can access.
Archives: Historical and archival materials, such as letters, diaries, and records, can be used as secondary data for
historical or qualitative research.
Surveys and Studies: Data from previous surveys, studies, or research projects can be reused or repurposed by
researchers for different investigations.
 RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

In a research study, "respondents" refer to the individuals or

participants who provide responses or information related to the
research questions or objectives. These respondents are selected or
recruited based on the specific criteria of the study, and their input is
crucial for collecting primary data and generating insights. The term
"respondents" is commonly used in research, particularly in survey-
based or questionnaire-based research, and it may also be used in
interviews and focus group discussions.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In research, a "research instrument" refers to any tool,

device, or document used to collect data or information
from participants or sources as part of a research study.
Research instruments are designed and employed by
researchers to systematically gather data in a standardized
and consistent manner. These instruments vary depending
on the research methods and objectives of the study.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
 SURVEY AND QUESTIONNAIRES

Surveys and questionnaires are structured sets of

questions or statements designed to collect data from
respondents. They are often used in quantitative research
to gather information on attitudes, opinions, behaviors,
or demographics. Research instruments in this category
may include printed or online surveys.
 INTERVIEW GUIDES

Interview guides or protocols are structured outlines

used by researchers in qualitative research to conduct
interviews. They contain a list of questions and
prompts to guide the conversation and ensure
consistency across interviews.
 CHECKLISTS

Checklists are lists of items or criteria used to

systematically record observations or characteristics.
They are often used in observational research to
ensure that specific behaviors, events, or conditions
are noted during data collection.
 TEST ASSESSMENTS

Tests and assessments are instruments used to

measure specific attributes or variables, such as
intelligence, personality traits, or academic
achievement. Examples include IQ tests, personality
assessments, and standardized academic tests.
 EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS

In experimental research, research instruments may

include experimental stimuli, such as images, videos,
or text, presented to participants to manipulate
independent variables and measure their responses.
 SCALES AND RATING SCALES

Scales are structured instruments used to measure the

intensity or degree of a particular trait, attitude, or
behavior. Rating scales, such as Likert scales, are
commonly used to gauge agreement or disagreement
with statements.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS

In studies involving physiological measurements,

instruments like heart rate monitors, blood pressure
cuffs, EEG (electroencephalogram) machines, and
other devices are used to collect physiological data.
ONLINE TOOLS AND SOFTWARES

Researchers may use online survey

platforms, data analysis software, or data
collection apps as research instruments to
facilitate data collection and analysis.
 VALIDATION OF RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
Validation of a research instrument in a research study is the
process of ensuring that the instrument accurately measures
what it is intended to measure and produces reliable and valid
results. The validation process is crucial to establish the
trustworthiness and credibility of the data collected using the
instrument. Researchers use various techniques and methods to
validate their research instruments, and the specific approach
depends on the type of instrument and the research objectives.
 KEY ASPECTS OF INSTRUMENT
VALIDATION
Content Validity. Content validity assesses whether the items or questions in the
instrument adequately represent the construct (the concept being measured). It involves
expert judgment to ensure that the instrument's content is comprehensive and relevant to
the research objectives.
Pilot Testing. Before conducting the main data collection, researchers often pilot-test the
instrument with a small sample of participants to identify and address any issues, such as
ambiguities, wording problems, or response biases.
Peer Review and Expert Consultation. Researchers seek input and feedback from
colleagues and experts in the field to review the instrument and provide insights into its
validity and reliability.
Ethical Considerations. Ensuring that the instrument respects ethical principles, such as
protecting participant confidentiality and minimizing participant burden, is also essential in
the validation process.
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The data gathering procedure in a research study outlines

the systematic process and steps followed by researchers to
collect data from participants or sources. A well-structured
data gathering procedure is essential to ensure that data is
collected accurately, ethically, and in a manner that aligns
with the research objectives.
 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
DATA COLLECTION
Most especially in data collection, it is very important to
practice ethics. As collecting data entails several processes,
the researcher must properly ensure that the techniques
employed are ethically based on established standards for
the participants or respondents. The following are some
considerations in ethically conducting research:
When collecting data, be sure to introduce yourself (your name, the
organization, and the reason the data will be collected) when asking
them to participate in the research.
The researcher needs to inform the participants or respondents that
their involvement in the research is voluntary and that the researcher
needs permission for the data collection to commence. The
participants or respondents should also be informed that they are
free to withdraw from participating at any time they want to.
The researcher also needs to avoid or minimize any instances that
may put the participants or respondents in danger or may cause them
physical, mental, or emotional harm. Make the participants or
respondents fully comfortable in their participation in the research.
As discussed earlier, the researcher should remain neutral and
unbiased in any of the issues that may be tackled during data
collection. It is suggested not to let personal opinion intervene in the
data collection process.
Ensuring confidentiality and anonymity is also a basic requirement
in observing ethics while doing data collection. The researcher needs
to inform and ask permission from the participants or respondents
if, in any way, the confidentiality clause has a chance to be broken in
any untoward incidents.
As much as possible, avoid getting participants or respondents
because of easy access to them. Remember that for the researcher to
get the best data, he or she needs to go to the best sources.
Be mindful of the people's time and efforts, if
possible, and compensate the participants or
respondents.
Always ensure to protect the data you collected.
Whenever there is personal information cited,
make sure to address each one properly.
It is also good to share the results with your
participants or respondents.
 STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Statistical treatment in research refers to the application of

statistical methods and techniques to analyze and interpret
the data collected during a research study. This treatment
involves the use of statistical tools to summarize, organize,
describe, and draw conclusions from the data. The specific
statistical treatments applied depend on the research
objectives, the type of data collected, and the research design.
Descriptive Statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and present
data in a meaningful way. Common descriptive statistics include measures of central
tendency (mean, median, mode) and measures of variability (range, variance,
standard deviation). These statistics help researchers provide a clear overview of
their data.
Statistical Tests: Depending on the research questions and data type, various
statistical tests may be applied. Common tests include t-tests, analysis of variance
(ANOVA), chi-square tests, correlation analysis, and regression analysis.
Data Visualization: Data visualization techniques,
such as histograms, bar charts, scatterplots, and box
plots, are used to visually explore data and identify
patterns or trends.
Statistical Software: Researchers typically use
specialized statistical software packages (e.g., SPSS, R,
SAS, STATA) to perform statistical analyses efficiently
and accurately.
NOTES
 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

 ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
A critical component of the research report as
it presents the results of the data analysis and
provides an in-depth understanding of what
the data means in the context of the research
questions or objectives.
Data Presentation: This section begins with the presentation of the
collected data. Researchers use tables, graphs, charts, and descriptive
statistics to display the data in a clear and organized manner. This visual
representation helps readers grasp the main characteristics of the data.
Data Interpretation: This is the core of the chapter. Researchers
interpret the findings by explaining what the data mean in the context of
the research questions. They discuss the significance of the results,
drawing connections between the data and the theoretical framework or
literature review.
Implications: Researchers discuss the practical and theoretical
implications of the findings. They explore how the results contribute to
the understanding of the research problem and its relevance to the
broader field.
NOTES
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
 SUMMARY

This chapter serves as the culmination of the

research study, where the researcher summarizes
the key findings, draws conclusions, and
provides recommendations for future research
or practical applications.
 FINDINGS

This chapter serves as a detailed and

comprehensive discussion of the research
results, showcasing what the researcher
discovered through data analysis.
 CONCLUSIONS

A section where the researcher offers a

concise and comprehensive summary of the
study's key points and findings. It serves as
the final remarks and allows the researcher to
draw overarching conclusions from the
research.
 RECOMMENDATIONS

A section where the researcher provides suggestions

and guidance based on the study's findings.
Recommendations are forward-looking and aim to
offer practical suggestions for future actions or
decisions.
 AREAS FOR FURTHER STUDY

A section in the research paper where the researcher

suggests specific topics or areas that warrant additional
investigation or exploration in subsequent research
endeavors. This section is forward-looking and aims to
guide future researchers by highlighting gaps or
unanswered questions arising from the current study.
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A bibliography a list of sources, references, or citations that you have
consulted or cited in your study. A bibliography typically includes the
following information for each source:
Author(s) or editor(s)
Title of the work (e.g., book, article, report)
Publication date
Publisher (for books)
Journal name and volume (for articles)
Page numbers (for articles or book chapters)
URL or DOI (for online sources)

The specific format and style of the bibliography (e.g., APA, MLA,
Chicago) depend on the citation style you are required to follow.
APPENDICES
Appendices refers to supplementary materials or additional
content that is included at the end of the paper but is not part of
the main body of the text. Appendices are used to provide
readers with detailed information that supports or complements
the research presented in the main text. Here are some common
types of content that can be included in appendices:
Sample computation for the treatment of data
Questionnaire
Letters
Consent Forms
Curriculum Vitae
“ After all, the ultimate goal of
research is not objectivity but
truth. ”
Helen Deutsch
 Thank you and good
luck, young researchers!