rmwdum

1/ ed'gef;

2/ w&m;ykkv’ifcH

3/ okwfqdkwm rsOf;BudK;bJ

4/ omoemhrsOf;aMumif;uav;

5/ t&d,m0gow&m; rsOf;aMumif;

6/ t&d,myk*¾dKvf (8) yg;

7/ t&d,mwdkY\ pHaetdrf

8/ t&d,m0go(10)yg; acgif;pOfygVd

9/ &[ef;ESpfrsdK;

10/ t&d,m0gow&m; (10) yg; acgif;pOf

11/ 1-2 t&d,m0go

12/ 3-t&d,m0go

13/ 4-5 t&d,m0go

14/ 6-7 t&d,m0go

15/ 8-t&d,m0go

16/ 9-10-t&d,m0go

17/ tapmifhta½Smuf t&d,m0go

18/ owdaumif;yHk

19/ udk,fwdkif tm;xkwfMunfhMu

20/ pma&;q&mBuD;wa,mufu

21/ aomwmyef[m vludk owfEdkifao;owJh

22/ t[ðomw&m;
23/ oGm;vQifoGm;w,fvdkY odygwJh

24/ oHvsifu xGufwJh pmtkyfBuD;

25/ igoHk;rsdK;

26/ bkef;BuD;vdkYvJ tpu r,Hkbl;

27/ udk,fwdkif tm;xkwfMunfhwJhtcg

28/ orm"dÓPf &ifhvmawmh

29/ owif;pm wapmifu

30/ bkef;BuD;wdkY oGm;aeus vrf;twdkif;

31/ awGYNyD;odrS ÓPftppf

32/ owdaumif;vdkY ÓPfaumif;vmyHk

33/ owd tapmifhta½Smuf xm;ay;Mu

34/ jzpfwdkif;rSwf½I owdjyK

35/ olowfAdkvfBuD; wrÁ'gXdu

36/ t½Sifom&dykwå&m <uvmwJhtcg

37/ EGm;EdkY ,m*kvSL

38/ 'geuxm oDvuwm ponf

39/ y&d,m,feJY ar;

40/ tEkavmrÓPf

41/ wrÁ'gXdu aoqHk;

42/ wkodwm ewfjynfa&muf

43/ "eOÆmeDykaPÖ;rjzpfyHk

44/ tm;xkwfMunfhMuprf;yg

45/ rSD&mav;yg; ½Sd&r,fqdkwJh t&d,m0go

46/ w&m;tm;xkwfvdkY aowJhrom r½Sd

47/ w&m;tm;xkwfqJrSm a½SmifbdkY&m

48/ y,fvSefoifhwmawG y,fvSefypf

49/ tar&duHom; rpöwm'kaAm

50/ t*Fgig;yg;udk y,fyHk

51/ ESpfoufvdkcsifwm umrpäE´

52/ umr*kPfqdkwm om;wpfyrm

53/ a<u;NrDeJYwlwJh umrpäE´

54/ jzpfwdkif;rSwf½I

55/ &[ef;ESifh oef;0w¬K

56/ pdwfESifh½kyf uGmjcm;yHk

57/ umrpäE´y,fbdkY&m bk&m;ay;aomenf;

58/ t&d,m0gotdrfaqmuf&mrSm o'¨gqdkwJH p&dwf½Sd&r,f

59/ qE´ESifh 0D&d,vJ vdkw,f

60/ w&m;r&jcif; taMumif; 2-ck

61/ ayó0w¬K

62/ pdwf"mwfjyKjyifa&;rSm owdy|mefw&m;[m ta&;yg

63/ w&m;&xdkufayrJh w&m;r&

64/ rdwfaqGraumif;u w&m;r&

65/ t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 'kwd,ydkif;

66/ jzpfwdkif;rSwf½I owdjyK

67/ aemufqHk;pum;awmf

68/ av;wefrSD&mrsm;
69/ pdwfysufpdwfqdk; a&m*grsdK;

70/ a0a'[dum0w¬K

71/ tcsif;csif; arwåmysufwm a'go

72/ xdkif;rdIif;ysif;&d xderd'¨

73/ w&m;t&om[m b,ft&omeJYrS rwlbl;

74/ ysHUvGifhrI ylyefrI O'¨pö ukuúKpö

75/ ,HkrSm;rI[m 0dpdudpäm

76/ xif½Sm;&m vG,f&m pNyD;½I

77/ oGm;vQif oGm;w,frSwf

78/ tm;xkwfMunfh,if BudKufr,f

79/ 0ga,m"mwfudk odyHk

80/ 'ku©a0'emudk odyHk

81/ pdwfudkodyHk

82/ ½kyfeJYemrf uGJyHk

83/ taMumif;ESifh tusdK;rQ xifyHk

84/ or®oeÓPf

85/ O',AÁ,ÓPf

86/ b*FÓPfrS ocFg½kayu©mtxd

87/ t*Fg 6-yg;ESifh jynfhpHkyHk

88/ udk,fh[mudk,f ppfaq;Munfh

89/ aomwmyef vlxGuf

90/ udk,fwdkifawGYrS odrSm

91/ oD;oefY opömawG

92/ ½SmrSD;jcif; oHk;rsdK;

93/ MuHpnfrIawGvJ Munfvif&r,f

94/ vGwf,if vGwfaMumif; odonf

95/ w&m;tqHk; ed*Hk;csKyf

96/ aemufqufwGJ trSwf(1) ½Sif;vif;csuf

97/ trSwf (2) ½Sif;vif;csuf

98/ trSwf (3) ½Sif;vif;csuf

99/ 0ga,m\ ypöKy|mefvnf; y&rwfyif

t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (þpmtkyftrSm) 1

þpmtkyt
f rSm
þt&d,m0gow&m;awmfudk ,ckvdk tcsdet
f cgrsKd;ü pufwifyEHk ydS cf iG &hf onfrmS tcsdeaf umif; tcgaumif;
rdvo
S nf[k ,lqygonf/

taMumif;um; ,cktcsdet f cgonf jrefrmEkid if t

H &yf&yfü owdy|mef (ur®|mef;)w&m;ukd yGg;rsm; ½Irw
S Mf uol
&[ef; ½Sif vl olawmfpif a,m*D taygif;wkYd rsm;jym;vmaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

ok;H avmu xG#x

f m; jrwfb&k m;onf uk½w k idk ;f ur®mo"r®e*d ;Hk ü aexkid Mf uukeaf om &[ef; ½Sif vl y&dowf
av;yg;wkYd tm; pdwf tnpftaMu;rS uif;a0; pifMu,f&efç t&d,mr*fudk &&efç edAmÁ efudk rsufarSmufjyK&ef wckwnf;
aom vrf;rSejf zpfaom r[mowdy|mefow k u
f dk a[mMum;awmfrcl ohJ nf? xkt d csderf pS í uk½w k idk ;f ü t&d,mtusifu h dk
usifMh uolwYdk onf qxufwbk;d wk;d wuf rsm;jym;vmcJah vonf/ ,kwpf mG t h qk;H tm;jzifh a&cyf&m Akid if if&h mwkYd ü
yifvQif owdy|mefrw S yg; tjcm;aom pum;ukd ajymqkad vhr½SMd u[k t|uxmq&mwkYd u zGijhf yMuavonf/

þt&d,mtusifjh zpfaom owdy|mef (ur®|mef;) w&m;ukd yGg;rsm; ½Irw S Mf uolwYdk tvGef wk;d wuf rsm;jym;
vmonft h cg jrwfpmG bk&m;onf ,cifu r[mowdy|meokwu f dk a[mMum;awmfrcl ahJ om uk½w
k idk ;f ur®mo"r®e*d ;Hk ü
yifvQif t&d,m0gookwf w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;awmfrjl yefavonf? xkYd aMumifv h nf; uk½w k idk ;f olwidk ;f om; &[ef;
½Sif vl olawmfpif trsm;wkYd rmS t&d,mwkYd \ pHtdrfac:ç t&d,mwkdY\ aea&; w&m;wkYd udk Mum;emMu&í t&d,m
wkYd \ pdwaf eoabmxm; ÓPf&nf ÓPfomG ;wkYd udk aumif;pGm odMu&ayonf/

uREkyf w
f Ydk \ aus;Zl;awmf½iS rf [mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;BuD;onfvnf; 1311-ckEpS f wefaqmifrek ;f vjynfah usmf
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jrefrmEkid if t
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a½S;uxuf wk;d wuf rsm;jym;vmcJah vonf/

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f l olawmfpiftaygif;wkYd wk;d wuf
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ac: t&d,mwkYd \ aea&; w&m;ukd odMu&ef tvkYd igS þt&d,m0go okww f &m;awmfudk a[mMum;awmfral vonf/

þt&d,m0go okwu f m;- t*Fw

k &å edum,f 'ouedygwf q|rl pmrsuEf mS 279-280-281- 282- wkYd ü
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d t&d,m0go ESpof w
k ½f o
dS nft
h euf 'kw,
d t&d,m0gookwf jzpfygonf/

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wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; 9-&ufç 10-&ufaeY nrsm;u (ausmufwef;ûrdY anmif0idk ;f ½Gmausmif; odro f rkwyf rJG S tjyef)
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OD;zk;d vS trª;jyKonfh a,m*Da[mif;taygif;wkYd u yifah vQmufawmif;yefaomaMumifh oHvsiûf rdY omoe"Z "r®mp&d,
t*¾r[mtausmf t½Sif0PÖoD&d\ rif;ausmif; yxrjyef pmoifwu dk üf þ t&d,m0go w&m;awmfBuD;ukd a[mMum;
awmfrpl Ofu w&m;olBuD; OD;ode;f [Honf toHzrf;,lcahJ vonf? w&m;pmtkyjf zpfay:vmyku H dk þpmtkyf ed'gef;wGif
azmfjyxm;ygonf/

aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnf q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;onf þt&d,m0gow&m;awmfudk a½Tbûdk rdY qdycf eG ½f mG ç &efuek ûf rdU
urÇmat; r[m*E¨m½kaH usmif;wku d f odraf usmif;a&pufcsyGçJ yJc;l ûrdY Mucwf0idk ;f ausmif;wku
d f odraf usmif; a&pufcsyGçJ
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f m odro f rkwyf çJG &efuek ûf rdU bk&m;vrf;usm;ul;"r®m½kçH rEÅav;ûrdY 0if;vku d ½f yk ½f iS ½f Hk
ykid ½f iS f OD;pde0f if; a':,Of,OfwYdk \ tdraf ½SUw&m;yGw
J Ydk üvnf; a[mMum;awmfrcl o hJ nfjh yif tdrrf ûJ rdYç ajrmif;jrûrdYç
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (þpmtkyftrSm) 2

0g;c,frûrdYç anmifO;D ûrdYç awmifwiG ;f BuD;ûrdYç ysOf;rem;ûrdYç Aef;armfûrdYç rk;d wm;ûrdYç a½Tbadk usmufajrmif;ç rif;vSûrdY paom
ûrdYrsm;üvnf; a[mMum;awmfrcl ahJ Mumif; od&ygonf/

þt&d,m0go w&m;awmfudk pmtkyt f jzpf ykEH ydS &f ef avQmufxm;ol 'g,um-a'gufwm OD;jrifah qGum;-
w&m;bufü 0goemygol wOD;jzpfygonf? q|oH*g,emwacwfv;Hk rSm oD&rd *Fvmuke;f ajrokYd q|oH*g,emwif&ef
ax&0g' ig;Ekid if rH S <ua&mufvmawmfrMl uukeaf om oHCmawmf ajrmufjrm;pGm wkYd tm; apwem 0efxrf; omoemh
tusKd;aqmif tjzpfjzifh aq;0g;uko&if; xif½mS ;aom w&mawmfBuD;rsm;tm; w&m;pmaywkYd udk ar;avQmufavh
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wOD; jzpfygonf/

a'gufwm OD;jrifah qGonf uk, d af wGUw&m;tm;xkwaf eolvnf;jzpfaomaMumifh þt&d,m0gow&m;awmfudk

Mum;em&onft h cg "r®yw D rd sm; jzpfvmí rdrd Mum;em&ovkd trsm;aom "r®rw d af qGwYdktm;vnf; Mum;emapvkyd g
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vnf; þ t&d,m0go w&m;awmfudk pd md tkyt f jzpfoYdk a&mufatmif aqmif½u G jf cif; jzpfygonf/

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t&d,mwkYd \ aea&;w&m;wkYd udk odMu&aomaMumifh t&d,mwkYd \ ½kyf&nfç t&d,mwkYd \ taetxkdifç t&d,mwkdY\
pdwaf e oabmxm;ç t&d,mwkYd \ ÓPf&nf ÓPfomG ;wkYd udk rSe;f qí odEidk Mf uayawmhrnf? ,ckacwfü w&m;
tm;xkwNf yD;ç tm;xkwqf J &[ef; ½Sif vl a,m*D taygif;wkYd tm;vnf; cGjJ cm;a0befí MunfnKdEidk Mf uawmhrnf
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r*FvmygcifAsm;-

r*Fvm-atmifjrifh

1325-ck? 0gqkv
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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 3

ed'gef;
b0wk oAÁr*FvH

þt&d,m0go w&m;awmfBuD;pmtkyf jzpfay:vmyHk taMumif;udk a&;om;&mwGi-f

1/ uRefawmfü i,f½, G pf Ofu todÓPf jzpfay:vmcJyh /kH
2/ aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnf q&mawmfb&k m;xHoYkd uRefawmf a&mufcyhJ ?kH
3/ uReaf wmf w&m;vdu k pf m;cJyh ?kH
4/ t&d,m0go w&m;awmfBuD;udk emMum;cJyh ?kH
5/ pmtkytf jzpf yHEk ydS &f ef êud;pm;cJyh -kH -

[lí tydkif; 5-ydik ;f cGu

J m a&;om;vdyk gonf/
uRefawmfi,f½G,fpOfu

uReaf wmfonf rEÅav;ûrdYü xif½mS ;ausmaf pmcJah om q&m0efBuD; OD;pHMuL;ESihf ZeD;a':rrav;wdYk rS zGm;jrifchJ
aom tBuD;qH;k om; jzpfygonf/

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f iG f xif½mS ;ausmfapmcJyh gonf/

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H o
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l OD;jzpfí aumif;rGepf mG a0zefEikd pf rG ;f aom todÓPf
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vGrJ mS ;pGm ,lqrdcyhJ gonf/

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f 0guvnf; BuD;jyefonft h jyif
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d pf ufcahJ om
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k cgusrSyif ]]vlwYkd ü tcsdet
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todÓPfwYkd uRefawmfrh mS ay:vmygawmhonf/

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 4

aevmcJMh urSmbJ? rl;olurl;ç aomufpm;olu aomufpm;ç &rf;um;olu &rf;um;ç rawmfrw&m;awG vkyo f u l vkyef YJ
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rSmb,fy?kH b,fEpS t f wGi;f rSm b,fvt kd qift
h wef;a&muf&r,f[k pDru H ed ;f awGcsNyD; arQmfvifch sufBuD;awGeYJ pdwu f ;l
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J mcJMh uNyD}} [k
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vGecf &hJ m? ol\½ky<f uif;rSm aq;½HBk uD; &ifc½JG o
kH Ykd a&mufvmygawmhonf? tavmif;udk oGm;a&muf Munf½h aI omtcg
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r[mpnfq&mawmfxH a&mufcJhyHk

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f kd
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f kd tomcsí avmuBuD;\ jzpfyykH suyf kH
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wckaom ncsrf;ü 1313-ckEpS ?f wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf 14-&ufaeYnu t*¾r[my@dw r[mpnf

q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;onf toHviT hf XmerS toHviT ahf [mMum;cJah om r[mowdy|mef w&m;awmfBuD; pmtkyu
f kd zwf½I
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xdw
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f nf/
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a[mMum;awmfrol nfh w&m;yGrJ sm;odYk vnf; oGm;a&muf emMum;vdpk w
d f jzpfay:vmygawmhonf/

tvkyu
f pd rö sm;aom uRefawmfrmS pdwo f mG ;wdik ;f ud,
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f modYk xdpk Ofu
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w&m;vdkufpm;jcif;

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kd nf; OD;nGwrf yd gonf?
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vJaumif; jzpfaeygawmhonf/

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfudk emMum;&jcif;

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onf t&d,m? þolonf t&d,m r[kw}f }[k rkcsodjrifEikd o f nf[k anmif&rf; 0depd , ä aygif;csKyfusrf; yXrtkyf
pmrsufEmS (627)ü azmfjyxm;onfukd zwf½rI w S o
f m;&ygonf/ odYk &mwGif uRefawmftaetm;jzifh yj nfph v kH akH vmufpmG
em;rvnfcyhJ g? rnfoYkd em;vnfatmif ûyvky&f ygtHeh nf;[k awmifwh arQmfvifrh yd gonf/
uRefawmftzdYk tarSmifuckd iG rhf nfh aea&mifç va&mifwYkd onf wckNyD;wck xGuaf y:vmouJo
h Ykd uRefawmf
odvo
kd nfh w&m;wdYk ukd wrf;wírQ rMumjrifrh D odbYkd &m taMumif; qHv
k m êuHvmwwfonfu rsm;ygonf/

waeYaom aomMumaeY\ naecsr;f 0,f omoemh&yd o f modYk a,m*Drsm;tm; aq;0g;ukoay;&eftoGm;?

uRefawmfwYkd EiS hf &if;ES;D vSaom "r®rw
d af qGBuD; a,m*D a':at;Munfu q&mMum;embdYk iSg;vmygw,f? at;at;aq;
aq;zGiNhf yD Mum;emyg[k ajym&if; wdwaf cGrsm;udk ay;vmygonf/

¤if;wdwaf cGrsm;um; aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;BuD;onf oHvsiûf rdYü (2) nwdik w

f ikd f a[mMum;
awmfrcl ahJ om t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD;udk w&m;olBuD; OD;ode;f [Hu toHzrf;,lvmcJah om wdwaf cGrsm;jzpfaMumif;
od&ygonf? uRefawmhtzdYk twdik ;f xuftvGef 0rf;omvSygonf/

xdak eYnwGi;f csi;f yif &dyof mrStjyef vrf; 50-½Su

d Refawmf\rdwaf qGBuD; OD;xGe;f wiftrd o
f Ykd oGm;a&mufum
¤if;wdYk trd o
f m;rsm;ESit hf wl zGiíhf Mum;emMu&ygonf? uRefawmfonf wBudrw f cgrQ r&bl; rjrifb;l aom &wemxkyf
ud&k ouJo h Ykd twdik ;f xuftvGef 0rf;omrqH;k jzpfygonf? OD;xGe;f wifwYkd tdrof m;rsm;vnf; t&d,m0gow&m;awmf
BuD;udk 2-em&DcefYrQ Nidro f ufpmG jzifh w½dw
k ao emMum;Muonfukd awGY&ygonf/

uRefawmfrmS þt&d,m0gow&m;awmfukd emMum;vdYk r0Edik yf g? þw&m;awmfBuD;udk odem;vnf&ygrl

aumif;avpG[k pdwüf jzpfay:vmygonf? okYd aomfvnf; ynmoifMum;csed u f ygarmu©u jzpfap? uxduujzpfap
ta&;BuD;aom ynm&yfwYkdukd 1-em&DcefYrQ oifMum;ydYk csNyD;aemuf twef;tjyifoYkd jyefxu G v
f mMuaomtcg tyHk
100-yHvk Qif 25-rQom rSwrf Md uonfu rsm;ygonf? tyHk 100-yHv k Qif 50-rQ rSwfrdolum; tvGef½Sm;yg;ygonf?
tvGerf wS Ó
f Pfaumif;olwYkd onfomvQif tyHk 100-\ xuf0ufcefY rSwrf Md uygonf? ¤if;t&d,m0gow&m;awmf
BuD;udk 2-em&DcefYrQ emMum;&aom uReaf wmfrmS um; w&m;emqJüom 0rf;yef;womjzpfNyD;vQif emíaumif;aomf
vnf; w&m;yGJ NyD;aomtcg tyHk 100-\ 25-yHck efYavmufom jyefvnfrw S rf yd gawmhonf/

pmtkyftjzpfyHkESdyf&ef

uRefawmhtzdYk rmS um; þt&d,m0go w&m;awmfBuD;udk xyfwvJvJ Mum;emcsifygonf? trsm;aom "r®

rdwaf qGwYkd uvkd nf; emMum;apcsifygonf? okYd &mwGif þw&m;wdwaf cGrsm;rSm uRefawmfyikd f r[kwyf g? tu,fíom
w&m;toHrS pmtjzpfoYkd ul;,lum yHEk ydS jf zefYcsD&vQif rdrt d wGuaf &m trsm;aom "r® rdwaf qGwYkd twGuyf g
vGepf mG aus;Zl;rsm;vdrt hf [ hH k tMuHjzpfay:vmygonf? "r®'geukov kd u
f v
kd nf; ,lvykd gonf? þodYk tMuHjzpfonfh
tavsmuf aemufwaeYwiG f aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;xHoYdk oGm;a&mufz;l ajrmfí? t&d,m0go w&m;awmf
BuD;udk pmtkyt f jzpf yHEk ydS cf iG ûhf yyg&ef ½dak opGm cGiyhf efavQmufxm;cJyh gonf/

q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;xHrS cGiûhf ycsu&f cJNh yD;aemuf? ¤if;wdwaf cGay:ü½Sad om toHw&m;udk pmw&m;jzpfvm
atmif ul;,la&;twGu?f trsKd ;om;pDru H ed ;f XmerS vufa&;wdk pma&;jzpfol uReaf wmfEiS hf cifrif&if;ES;D aom wlrav;
rEkEt
k m; tultnDawmif;&jyefygonf/

rEkEok nf i,f½, G o
f jl zpfaomfvnf; &wemoH;k yg; q&morm;wdYk ukd ½dak oav;pm;wwfol wOD;jzpfonfh
tavsmuf? uReaf wmfawmif;cHonfh tultnDukd 0rf;ajrmufpmG ulnrD nf jzpfygaMumif; uwdûyNyD;vQi?f jzLpifaom
apwemjzifh toHrpS mjzpfvmatmif (5)&uftwGi;f tNyD;ul;,lay;cJyh gonf/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 9

pmrlukd q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;xHoYkd jyefvnfqufuyf&m? q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;onf wvcefY tcsed , f í

l wnf;
jzwfjyifqif ay;oem;awmfrcl yhJ gonf? pmtkyt f jzpfyEkH ydS &f eftwGuf uRefawmftm; pmayudpEö iS hf ywfowfí tul
tnDay;avh½adS om Ak'"¨ r®avmu w&m;pmapmift,f'w D m r*FvmOD;atmifjrift h m; tultnD awmif;cH&jyefygonf/

r*FvmOD;atmifjrifu
h þpmrlü ed'gef;vdyk gao;onf? þpmtkyjf zpfay:vmjcif;rSm q&m\ êud;pm;rIaMumifh
jzpf&m ed'gef;udv
k nf; q&monfyifvQif a&;oifyh gonf[k wdu
k w
f eG ;f jyefaomaMumif?h þed'gef;udv
k nf; wlrav;
rEkE\k tultnDjzifyh if a&;om;cJyh gonf/

þt&d,m0go w&m;awmfBuD;pmtkyu f kd r*FvmOD;atmifjrif\

h tultnDjzifh £pämo,yHEk ydS w f u
kd üf yHEk ydS cf yhJ g
onf? pmtkyjf zpfay:vmjcif;\ taMumif;ed'gef;um; þrQjzifh jynfph v kH akH vmufygNyD? okYd &mwGif "r®rwd af qGwYkd oYkd
tcGio
hf mcdu
k rf mS wdu
k w
f eG ;f pum; a&;om;vdyk gao;onf/

"r®rw
d af qGtaygif;wdYk ? uRefawmfwYkd wawG[m oHo&mrSm usifvnfaeMuwJh olawG jzpfavawmh rtdck sif
bJEiS v hf nf; tdMk u&onf? remcsib f EJ iS vhf nf; emMu&onf? raocsib f EJ iS vhf nf; aoMu&onf? aoNyD;jyefawmhvnf;
wzef b0opfü rjzpfcsiaf yrJh jzpfMu&OD;rnf? jzpfjyefawmhvnf; ud, k jf zpfcsi&f m b0ücsn;f jzpf&onfr[kw?f
ouúm,'d|u d if;ao;aom yk*Kd¾ vfrmS qdv k Qif i&Jüvnf; jzpfEikd o
f nf? wd&pämefüvnf; jzpfEikd o f nf? Nydwmå üvnf;
jzpfEikd of nf? tok&um,fqo kd nfh tyg,fb0üvnf; jzpfEikd o f nf? rjzpfygapESi[ hf k awmifw
h vdYk vnf; &onf
r[kw?f ûyvkycf ahJ om uHtm;avsmpf mG oljzpfcsi&f mrSm jzpfomG ;wwfygonf/

xdYk aMumifh oHo&mqdw k m aoaocsmcsmodvQif tvGeaf Mumufp&m aumif;ygonf? oHo&mab;BuD;rS vGwf

ajrmuf&ef edAmÁ efa&mufaMumif;jzpfonfh 0dyóemw&m;udk tm;xkwMf ubdYk txl; wdu
k w
f eG ;f vdyk gonf/

oHo&mwckv;kH u rvGwaf jrmufao;awmifrS tyg,foo H &mrS vGwaf jrmufatmif w&m;tm;xkwMf ubdYk

vkyd gonf? tyg,foo
H &mab;BuD;odYk usapEdik o
f nfh ouúm,'d|pd BJG uD;udk t<uif;rJyh ,fEikd af tmif tm;xkwrf v
S nf;
tyg,foo H &mu vGwyf grnf/

]]ouúm,'d|u
d kd t<uif;rJh y,fEikd w
f hJ t&d,mr*fzv
kd w
f &m;awG avmukw&å m oDv orm"d ynmawGeYJ jynfph kH
atmif tm;xkw&f r,f}} vdYk aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;BuD;\ 0dyóemtvkyaf y;w&m;awmfBuD; pmtkyüf
qdx
k m;ygonf/
«b,fvt kd m;xkw&f rnfukd odvokd nfh pdwjf zpfay:vmí ur®|mef;q&mawmfrsm;jzpfaom OD;y@dwESihf OD;Z0e
wdYk xüH ½dak opGmcsOf;uyfNyD; tvkyaf y;w&m;awmfBuD;udk ay;oem;awmfr&l ef avQmufxm;ygonf/ ur®|mef;q&mawmf
t½Sijf rwfrsm;uvnf; q&mawmfBuD; jyoawmfral om enf;twdik ;f jyoawmfryl gonf/»

uRefawmfonf 1962-ck? ZEé0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYrpS NyD; aeYpOfeeH ufwikd ;f 5-em&DrS 6-em&Dtcsdew

f ikd af tmif 1-
em&DMumrQ 0dyóemw&m; tm;xkwMf unfch yhJ gonf/

cE¨mud,
k af y:wGif jzpfay:orQwdYk ukd ½Irw S Mf unfah omtcg 0rf;ydu
k o
f nf ,ciftwdik ;f yif azmif;vduk yf ed v
f u
kd f
ESihf jzpfaeonfukd odae&ygonf/ xdu k o hJ Ykd odaeonfMh um;xJu uReaf wmf\ vlrrmrsm;udk rsuaf phxw J iG f jrifvmyg
onf/

wzefvrl rmrsm;\ rsuEf mS awG aysmufu, G Nf yD; cifrif&if;ES;D aom rdwaf qGtcsi;f csi;f &,fp&m armp&majymcJh
onft h aMumif;rsm;udk jyefvnfawG;rdygonf/ awG;rd&mrS wzefajcaxmufü emusijf cif;ESihf em;0ü tcH&cufavmuf
atmif,m;,Hjcif; aysmufomG ;NyD;aemuf aygifusifvmjyefonfukd owdûyrdygonf/ aygifuusifaeonfah e&modYk
pdwaf &mufomG ;&mrS wcsed u f wOD;wa,mufEiS hf pum;ajymrwJí h pdwq f ;kd cJ&h aom taMumif;rsm;jyefNyD; ay:vmonf
udo
k wd&vmygonf/ uRefawmfonf ½Irw S o
f rQwdYk ukd q&mawmft½Sijf rwftm; avQmufxm;Munf&h m? q&mawmf
t½Sijf rwfwYkd u ]]wumBuD; w&m;xdik &f if; ay:vmorQ aumif;qd;k cHpm;rIawG odraI wG t&ifuêuHawGUcJ&h wJh
taMumif;rsKd ;pHak wGukd cyfMumMum pdu k Nf yD;awmhom ½Irw S Mf unhyf g/ wu,fvYkd wumBuD; BuHqxm;wmawGxu J
w&m;xdik wf t hJ csderf mS ay:vmvdYk ½v
dS QifvJ wjcm;udk pdwrf a&mufapbJ 'DawG;awm BuHqrIawG tay:rSmom tm½Hpk u kd f
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 10

NyD; ½Irw
S yf g/ bmudb k aJ wG;awG; emwm? usiw
f m? anmif;wm? udu
k w
f m? xHw
k mawGukd b,fvb
kd J cHpm;ae&ae&
pdwrf ysufeYJ }} [k rdeYf awmfryl gonf/

qDG'iftrsdK;orD;oDv½Sif

uReaf wmfonf waeYvQiw f Budr?f wBudrv f Qif wem&DrQom w&m;xdik v f mcJ&h mrS wvausmrf Q MumvmcJah omf
vnf; w&m;awmf\t&omudk b,fvckd pH m;&rSe;f rodí pdwyf suo f vdjk zpfvmygonf? pdwyf suo f nfMh um;xJuJ wzef
jyefíawG;rdjyefaomtcg omoemh&yd o f modYk vma&muf w&m;tm;xkwMf uaom olawmfpiftaygif;wdYk onfw&m;awmf
\t&omudo k Nd yD; ÓPfpOfemoGm;Muonf/ omoemh&yd o f mrS rdik af ygif;rsm;pGm a0;uGmvSaom Oa&mywdu k f taemuf
urf;ajc? qG'D ifjynfrS qG'D ifvrl sdK; oDv½Sirf BuD; a':trdwmå uyif ÓPfpOfemNyD;aomtcgü "Meditation is a very
Marvellous Process" (t"dyÜg,frmS w&m;tm;xkw& f wm odyx f ;l qef;'gbJ) [k uReaf wmhtm; omoemh&yd o f m
aq;cef;xJwiG f xkwaf zmfajymoGm;cJb h ;l onf/

rsm;pGmaom oltaygif;wdYk onf w&m;awmf\ t&omudk wu,frcHpm;&bJEiS hf cHpm;&onf[k ajymMurnfh

yk*d¾Kvfrsm;r[kwf/ 8-yg;oDvudk apmifx h ed ;f xm;Muaom olrsm;jzpfonf/ t&omtppftrSeu f kd awGUíom ajymjyoGm;
wef&monf/ q&mawmfrsm;uvnf; w&m;xdik &f if; ay:vmorQudo k m ½IrwS of mG ;yg/ ½Irw
S o f mG ;&if;u w&m;\
wu,ft h &momudk awGY&vdrrhf nf[k wdu k w f eG ;f Muonf/ igvnf; ZGo J efoefjzifh w&m;udk tm;xkwMf unfOh ;D rnf[k
pdwu f wkd if;um jyefNyD;w&m;udk ½Irw S jf yef&m taumif;tqd;k cHpm;rIrsm;ESihf êuHawGUrIrsm; ay:vmonfh tcgwdik ;f
½Irw
S v f mcJ&h if;u uRefawmf\ pdwo f nf xdt k m½Hrk sm;ay:üom usa&mufaeygonf/
xduk ohJ Ykd ½Irw
S af vhvmMunf&h mrS ay:vmorQ? xdawGYrrI sm;? aumif;qd;k cHpm;rIrsm;onf rnfoYkd jzpfomG ;onf
udk od½v
dS mygonf/ emusijf cif;rsm;? anmif;nmjcif;? udu k cf jJ cif; paomcHpm;rIrsm;onf ay:NyD;aysmufu, G o
f mG ;
onfudk od½Sd&ygonf/
w&m;t&om

1962-ck? ZEé0g&Dv 1-&ufaeYrpS NyD; w&m;xdik v f mcJ&h mrS 1962-ck? 'DZifbmvxJoYkd a&mufvmaomtcg
eHeufcif;wcsed w
f iG f uReaf wmfonf razmfjyEdik af om w&m;t&omuav;udk cHpm;vdu k &f ygonf/

xdt
k &omuav;rSm uReaf wmf\ woufwmwGif cHpm;cJ&h aom rnfonft h &omESirhf Q rwlaMumif;udk od½dS
oGm;ygonf/ xdt
k &omuav;udk cHpm;&NyD;aemuf 1963-ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv 25-&ufaeYnae 4;30-em&Dtcsdew f iG f
uRefawmfonf ÓPfpOfw&m;udk ½dak opGmemMum;cGihf &oGm;ygonf/

ÓPfpOfw&m; emNyD;jcif;onf w&m;tm;xkwo f nft

h vkyf NyD;qH;k oGm;ao;onf r[kwaf o;yg/ qufvufNyD;
tm;xkw&f ef½ydS gao;aMumif;udk od½ydS gonf/ odYk ygaomfvnf vlYavmutv,fü yvdaAm"rsdK;pHak wGukd aeYpOfEiS t
hf rQ
&ifqikd af e&aom uReaf wmhtzdYk w&m;tm;xkwjf cif;ESihf uif;uGm&rnfh taMumif;onf ay:aygufvmcJyh gonf/

avmukw&å me,fy,fü arGUavsmaf ecJah om uReaf wmfonf rvGrJ a½SmifEikd af omtaMumif;aMumifh avmuDe,f
twGi;f odYk jyef0ifvu
kd &f jyefygonf/ p&Pukov dk ûf y&eftwGuf urÇmat;oHCaq;½HBk uD;ü wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef
taMumif; ay:vmcJyh gonf/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 11

0rf;ydkufem

oHCaq;½HBk uD;wGif wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&if;u uRefawmfonf 1966-ck? Mo*kwv f 11-&ufaeYn 10-

em&Dtcsdew
f iG f aetdro
f Ykd jyefa&mufNyD; tdy&f m0ifaomtcg woufwiG f wBudrw f cgrQ rcHpm;&bl;cJh aom 0rf;ydu
k ef m
udk cHpm;vdu
k &f ygonf/ 0rf;ydu k t
f wGi;f ütlrsm;udk wtm;vufjzifh qGq
J yk x
f m;ovdk tcH&cufvaS om emusifrBI uD;
onf uRefawmhtm; pwifEydS pf ufvmygawmhonf/
uReaf wmf\0rf;ydu k w
f iG ;f u atmifo h vdv
k kd emovdv k v
kd nf; xif&ygonf/ tcH&cufaom a0'emaMumifh
yufvufvnf; tdyv f Ykd r&? arSmufvsufvnf; tdyv f Ykdrjzpf? apmif;aejyefvQiv
f J w'ku© jzpfaeygonf/ 0rf;oGm;ypf
vdu
k vf Qifa&m*g oufomoGm;vdrrhf nf[k xifro d nft h avsmuf 0rf;EIwaf q; u&if;atmh(zf) ruf*eDq, D m (Cream
of Magnesia) ud, k íl aomufvu kd yf gonf/ roufomvSyg? roufomonft h wGuf ZeD;jzpfot
l m; 0rf;csLcdik ;f
jyefygonf/

ZeD;jzpfou
l 0rf;csLay;aomfvnf; oufomroGm;yg/ 0rf;oGm;vdYk r&í ig\tlvrf;aMumif; ydwaf eNyD[k od
oGm;ygonf/

tlvrf;aMumif;ydwNf yD[k odonfEiS w

hf ûydief uf ao&awmhrnfh ta&;udk awG;rdvmygonf/ awG;rdonfEiS hf
wûydief uf r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;BuD; a[mMum;awmfro l nfh Owå,
d ax&f O'gef;usL;&ifah wmfral om atmufyg
ax&*gxmuav;udk owd&rdvmygonf/

tmAma" arorkyaÜ Eé?

owd ar O'yZÆx/
tmAma"m ar orkyaÜ Eém?
umavm ar e yrZÆw d /kH

(þ*gxmuav;\ t"dygÜ ,fukd r[mpnf q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;\ EIwcf eG ;f qufw&m;awmf pmtkyx

f rJ mS
awGU½SEd ikd fygonf/)

½IrSwfjcif;om axmufwnf&m

jyif;xefpmG cHpm;ae&aom 0rf;ydu k ef musirf t

I wGuf nnf;ñlaejcif;jzifh tusKd ;xl;rnf r[kw?f a'gojzpfNyD;
ab;em;½Sv
d rl sm;udk Budr;f armif;qJqakd ejyef,ifvJ a&m*gaysmufrnfr[kw?f tukov kd of m jzpfawmhrnf? ao&rnfh
twlwl ,cifu ½Irw S cf ahJ om w&m;awmfuo kd m axmufwnf&mtjzpf jyefvnf½rI w S af wmhrnf[k pdww f iG f ydik ;f jzwf
vdkufygonf/

pdwyf ikd ;f jzwfNyD;onfEiS hf wûydief uf 1962-ckEpS t

f wGi;f w&m;tm;xkwpf Ofu uRefawmf\cE¨mud, k wf iG f
ay:vmaom a0'emqd;k rsm;tay:ü uRefawmf\todpw d uf av;udk wxyfwnf;usaeatmif wifxm;NyD; pl;pdu
k Mf unfh
ygawmhonf/

w&m;tm;xkwpf Ofu êuHawGY&aom a0'emonf cE¨mü½Sv d sufom aeonfukd txift½Sm;odc&hJ onf/

w&m;omxdik rf Munfch v
hJ Qif a0'emrsm;½Sad eonfukd od&efc,
J Of;vdrrhf nf xifygonf/

rnfuo hJ Ykdaom a0'emrsKd ;udk cHpm;ae&onf jzpfap? tcH&cufaeonfh cE¨mtpdwt

f ydik ;f ay:üom uRefawmf
\pdwu
f kd wifxm;NyD; ½Irw
S Mf unfch &hJ mwGif atmufygtwkid ;f awGY&ygonf/

0rf;ydu
k t
f wGi;f ½Sd tlawGrmS wif;MuyfpmG ñSpx f m;bdouJo h Ykd xif&ygonf/ ydwq f Ykd aeonfh tpmtdrEf iS thf l
rsm;wdYk rmS azmif;um;aeNyD; tpma[mif;rsm;ESihf jynfEh u S vf suf½odS nfuykd g owdûyrdygonf/ tpmtdrEf iS t hf rl sm; azmif;
wufaeonft h wGuf uRefawmf\ 0rf;ydu k wf jyifv;kH rSm *syfjym;uJoh Ykd wif;rmvsuf ½Sad eonfukd owdûyrdygonf/
0rf;ydu
k t f v,fukd ½Irw S af e&if;u uRefawmfonf b,fbufoYkd apmif;csifvmygonf/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 12

apmif;csiof nfh pdwaf y:vmí b,fbufoYkd apmif;ypfvu kd af omtcg 0rf;ydu k t

f v,fü ay:aeaom a0'em
onf aysmufu, G of mG ;ygonf/ wzef b,fbufab;wae&mwGif emusifaom a0'emonf ay:vmjyefygonf/
oufomovdx k ifí nmbufoYkd apmif;csifonfph w d f ay:vmjyefaomtcg ½Irw S Nf yD; vSnv
hf u
kd yf gonf/ b,fbuf
ydu
k w f jcrf;rS a0'emaysmufNyD; nmbufyu kd w
f ae&mwGif emusiaf oma0'em ay:vmonfukd owdûyrdjyefygonf? þ
okYd EiS hf uRefawmf½rI wS af eaom pdwt
f pOfonf wydu k v
f ;kH ü emvdu
k f aysmufvukd jf zpfaeaom ae&mtESYH tjym;ay:üom
usaeygawmhonf/

uReaf wmf\pdwo f nf a0'em\tEdik u f kd rcH? t½I;H vnf; ray;bJ ½Irw S Nf rJ ½Irw

S af eygonf? ZeD;jzpfou l
wwfprG ;f orQûypkNyD; a&m*gESiyhf wfoufaom tusdK;taMumif;ar;jref;onfuykd if ½Sn½f n S af 0;a0; rajzbJ twdck sKyf
om tajzay;NyD; a0'emudo k m ½Irw S v f sufaeygonf? xdn k tzdYk tvGeq
f ;kd 0g;NyD; wif;usyfemusifvaS om 0rf;ydu k ef m
udk ½Irw
S vf sufyif ukpm;í rd;k xdexf ed f vif;oGm;cJyh gonf/

1966-ck? Mo*kwv f 12-&uf/ / rd;k vif;vmcJah omfvnf; a0'emrSm aysmufu, G í

f roGm;yg? tlvrf;aMumif;
yGio
hf mG ;&ef ntcsed u f 0rf;EIwaf q;aomufNyD; 0rf;csLcHaomfvnf; 0rf;rSm vH;k 0roGm;yg? 0rf;ydu
k rf mS wcsed x
f uf
wcsdef ydí k wif;rmNyD; azmif;wufíom vmaeygonf/

ZeD;jzpfoo l nf w,fvzD ek ;f rSaeNyD; &efuek af q;½HBk uD;rS cGpJ wd t

f xl;uk q&m0efBuD;xHoYkd taMumif;Mum;vdu k f
ygonf/ ]]q&mhrw d af qG nuwnf;upNyd; ydu k ef mwm tcktcsdet f xd roufombl;? 0rf;EIwaf q;wdu k Nf yD; qyfjym
&nfEiS hf 0rf;csLay;wmvJ ESpcf g½SNd yD? ckcsdex
f d 0rf;vH;k 0roGm;bl;? tefvJ tefw,f? tefwmu ESpBf udr½f ydS gNyD? wqdwf
aus;Zl;ûyNyD; vma&mufMunhyf g}} qdak om ZeD;jzpfou l aq;½Hrk S q&m0efBuD;tm; w,fvzD ek ;f rSaeNyD; yefMum;aeonfh
toHonf uRefawmf\em;wGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufvmygonf? 0ifa&mufvm&mrS wzef aysmufu, G o
f mG ;jyefygonf?
rMumrD txl;ukq&m0ef\ toHonfvnf; uRefawmf\em;0ü ay:vmygonf? xdYk aemuf uRefawmf\ydu k rf mS ol\
vufjzifh prf;oyfjcif;udk cHvu kd &f ygonf? q&m0efonf uReaf wmhukd ar;cGe;f trsKd ;rsKd ;xkwyf gonf? uReaf wmfonf
vd&k if;avmufuo kd m ajzMum;&if; pdwu f kd a0'emay:üom wifxm;ygonf/

tlvrf;aMumif;ydwfa&m*g

0rf;EIwaf q;wdu
k í
f jzpfap? 0rf;csLíjzpfap 0rf;roGm;vQif (Intestinal Obstruction) tlvrf;aMumif;ydwaf e
wwfonfukd q&m0efwikd ;f tuJcwfEikd Mf uygonf/ odYk aomf ydu k u
f ckd MJG unfrh o
S m ydw&f onft h aMumif;rSeuf kd wyftyf
aocsm odEikd yf gonf? tlvrf;aMumif;udk ydwaf pwwfonfh a&m*gaygif;pHw k Ykd ½o
dS nft
h euf uifqma&m*gonf
aMumufp&mtaumif;qH;k ESihf q&m0efrsm;ukvYkd raysmufaom a&m*gjzpfygonf? tlvrf;aMumif; ûAH;ueJyw d of mG ;aom
tcg vlrrmonf aobdYk EiS ½hf iS b
f Ykd teuf aobdYk om rsm;aeonfukd txl;ukq&m0efBuD;vnf; odygonf/ uRefawmf
vnf; odygonf/

txl;uk q&m0efonf uReaf wmfEiS w hf uG uReaf wmf\ ZeD;tm; tm;ri,f&efEiS hf olu, kd wf ikd f tpGr;f ukeêf ud;
pm;NyD; ukrnft h aMumif; tm;ay;pum;ajymygonf? uRefawmfrmS aMumufpw d rf ½Syd g? pdwu f kd 0rf;ydu k wf jyifv;kH üom
ay:aeaom a0'emrsm;ay:üom wifxm;ygonf/ rkcs ao&awmhrnf[, k ql í rdr\ d cE¨mud, k af y:ü ay:NyD;&if;
aysmufomG ;&if;jzpfaeaom a0'emtm½Hrk v S NJG yD; rnfonft h m½Hq
k o
D Ykd rQ uRefawmf\ pdwt f a&mufrcHyg/ rdryd ikd yf pön;f
udv
k nf;owdr&? ZeD;ESio hf m;orD;rsm;udvk nf; owdr&awmhyg? pGv J rf;p&mtm½Hrk eS o f rQ wckwavrQ ray:vmawmh
bJ wif;rmazmif;wuf emusiaf eaom a0'emonfomvQif uReaf wmf\pdwüf ay:vdu k f aysmufvu kd f jzpfaeonfukd
odae&ygonf/ uRefawmfrmS rvIy½f mS ;Edik af wmhbJ tdy&f may:ü yufvuf vJaeygNyD/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 13

bmrQtusdK;roufa&muf

txl;ukq&m0efonf uReaf wmf\0rf;ydu k u f kd aphpyfpmG MunfNh yD;rS ol\nmvufjzifh aocsmpGmprf;oyf&if;

uReaf wmf\ZeD;tm; aemufxyf tvSqq D yfjym&nfjzifh 0rf;csLay;&efrmS Mum;NyD; olYtrd o f Ykd jyefomG ;ygonf/ ntcsdef
uuJo h Ykd 0rf;xyfcsLaomfvnf; bmrQtusdK;roufa&mufyg? qyfjym&nfç tvSqw D Ykd om jyefxu G v f mygonf/ ½Irw
S f
vsufaeaompdwo f nf a0'emESihf wxyfwnf;vdk usaecJ&h mrS xkad eYnydik ;f odYk a&mufaomtcg txl;ukq&m0efonf
olu, kd wf ikd f vma&mufNyD; uRefawmhtm;aq;½Ho k Ykd ac:aqmifomG ;ygonf/ wcsdex f uf wcsdef uRefawmf\a&m*grSm
ydNk yD; qd;k vmygonf/ ½Irw S v f Ykd r&Edik af tmif jzpfvmcJah omfvnf; ½Irw S o
f nfph w d w
f Ykd ukd tavQmhray;cJyh g/
uReaf wmf\ cE¨mud, k o
f nf yufvufwrsdK;wnf; raeEdik af wmhyg/ tdy&f may:wGif vdrahf eygonf/ emusif
aoma0'emrS oufomcGi&hf &ef b,fbuf';l udk auG;NyD; nmbufajcovH;k udk b,fbuf';l ay:odYk wifum oufom
vdk oufomjim; prf;Munfyh gonf/

½IrwS af eaompdw?f jyif;xefpmG ay:vGiaf eaom a0'em? tvl;tvJjzpfaeaom cE¨mud,

k w
f Ykd onf olomigEdik f
wdu
k yf 0JG ifaeouJo h Ykd xif&ygonf/

uReaf wmf\ aetdrrf S aq;½HBk uD; ta&;ay:XmetwGi;f cef;odYk a&mufonfw h ikd af tmif jyif;xefvaS om a0'em
wdYk onf ay:vdu k ?f todpwd uf av;rsm;onfvnf; aysmufomG ;vdu k ?f ywf0ef;usifrS qlnaH om toHwYkd onf em;xJ
0ifvmvdu k Ef iS hf wvSnphf D xdt
k m½Hq
k ;kd rsm;qDoYkd om a&mufaeygawmhonf/ wcgw&Hü jyif;xefaom a0'emonf ay:
vGiaf eygonf/

uRefawmfonf tcef;eHygwf(3)ESihf (4)wGi½f dS vGwaf eaom ckwifwae&may:ü a&mufomG ;ygonf/

ckwifay:ü vJavsmif;NyD; cHpm;rIrsm;ESihf ay:&mtm½Hrk sm;wdYk uo

kd m pdu
k Nf yD; ½Irw
S v
f sufaepOf cGpJ w
d t
f xl;uk
q&m0efa&mufvmNyD; a&m*ga0'em\ ordik ;f jzpfpOfukd xyfraH r;jrefygonf/ ar;jrefNyD;aemuf 0rf;ydu k uf kd "mwfreS f
½du
k &f eftwGuf "mwfreS Xf meodYk tvsiftjref ac:oGm;&ef q&mrESihf olemûyvufaxmufrsm;tm; apcdik ;f vku d yf gonf/

olemûyESihf vufaxmufrsm;onf "mwfreS Xf meodYk uReaf wmhukd aqmifomG ;Muygonf/ pd;k &drrf ?I aMumufvefYr?I
idak <u;rI? a'goxGurf rI sm; vH;k 0ay:rvmyg/ "mwfreS Xf meü uReaf wmf\ yduk u
f kd "mwfreS ½f u
kd Nf yD;aomtcg uRefawmf
\ tltv,fyikd ;f rSm ydwq f Ykd aeonfukd awGYjrif&ygonf/ "mwfreS yf g&*luvnf; tltv,fyikd ;f ydwv f sufaeonf[k
yif rSwcf sufa&;vku d yf gonf/

cGJpdwfuko&ef

olemûyESihf vufaxmufrsm;onf uRefawmhtm; tcef;eHygwf(3)ESihf (4) odYk jyefNyD; ac:aqmifomG ;ygonf/

uReaf wmf\a&m*gtaMumif;udk od&ygonf/ txl;cGpJ w d u f ak y;aom q&m0efü 0rf;yduk u
f kd cGpJ wd Nf yD; ydwaf eaomtl
tpdwt f ydik ;f udk jzwfawmufNyD; jyefquf&ef? odYk r[kwf tltacGvu kd f &pfywfaevQifvnf; aeom;wusjzpfatmif
jyefvnfûyjyif&ef? um;xGuaf eaom tlatmufyikd ;f xJoYkd êuHYaeaom tltv,fyikd ;f u wd;k 0ifaecJv h Qifvnf; jyefvnf
qGx
J w k af y;&ef? 0rf;ydu k u f kd cGpJ w
d Mf unfNh yD;aemuf ydu k t f wGi;f ae&mtESYH tjym;ü tjrpfw, G v
f suaf eaom uifqm
tBudwrf sm;udk awGYjrifí vS;D jzwfy,f½mS ;ypf&ef? rjzpfEikd v f Qifvnf; rnfoYkdrQ rvkyb
f J 0rf;ydu k u f kd jyefvnfyw d yf pf
ay;&ef tcGit hf a&;½Sad eygonf/ cGpJ w d u f o
k ay;onfw h ikd af tmif uRefawmf\ toufraobJ a&m*gaysmufvrd rhf nf[k
tmr rcHEikd yf g/ owdBuD;pGmjzifh pGeYf pm;NyD; cGpJ w d u f o k aomtcg awGYjrif&rnfh 0rf;wGi;f ½Sd a&m*gtpdik t f cJrsm;udk ol\
"m;vufeufjzifv h ;DS jzwfNyD; toufuu kd ,fEikd pf rG ;f ½Sv
d Qif êud;pm;NyD;u,fwifrnf? ru,fq,fEikd v f Qiv f nf; Oayu©m
½Ivdkuf½Hkom ½Sdayonf/

yg&*lonf uRefawmhukd cGpJ w d uf o

k &eftwGuf ZeD;jzpfo\ l oabmwlncD sufukd ,lygonf/ uRefawmf\
ZeD;u cGpJ w
d uf o
k NyD;rS jzpfap? tu,fí cGpJ w
d u f ok &if; uRefawmfaoqH;k oGm;cJv
h Qif ta&;rqdyk g? cGpJ w
d &f ef cGiûhf y
oabmwlno D nfh taMumif;udk vufrwS f a&;xd;k vdu
k yf gonf/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 14

cGpJ w
d t
f xl;ukq&m0efu uRefawmhukd cGpJ w d u
f ok &ef qH;k jzwfvu
kd yf gonf/ ZeD;jzpfou l vnf; oabmwlNyD;
ygNyD/ uRefawmfonf tdy&f may:üyif rsufprd w dS v
f sufay:vmorQ tm½Hw k ikd ;f udo
k m ½IrwS af epOf q&m0efuav;ESihf
olemûyq&mruav;wdYk onf uReaf wmhteD;odYk a&mufvmMuNyD; q&m0efuav;u uReaf wmf\ ESmacgif;ayguf
uav;rSaeNyD; (Ryle's Tube) a&mfbmydu k vf ;kH uav;udk uReaf wmf\ tpmtdrt f wGi;f odYk a&mufatmifx;kd oGi;f vdu
k f
ygonf/ a&mfbm>yefuav;\ wzufpeG ;f onf uReaf wmf\ vnfacsmif;odYk a&mufomG ;&m uReaf wmhvnfacsmif;
twGi;f rSm wpfqYkd aeonfh cHpm;rIukd êuHawGY&ygonf/

a&mfbmydu k v
f ;kH uav;onf vnfacsmif;udk ausmv f eG Nf yD; tpma&rsKd vrf;aMumif; (Oesophagus) udk jzwfNyD;
tpmtdrt f wGi;f odYk a&muf½o dS mG ;aomtcg vnfacsmif;wGi;f ü wpfqYkd aeí tcH&cufaeonfh t½Sed o f nf avsmhusoGm;
onfukd owdûyrdygonf? uReaf wmf\pdwo f nf emaeaom0rf;ydu k t
f ay:ü usonft h cgvnf;usaeonf?vnfacsmif;
wGi;f ü cd;k vd;k ckvk jzpfaeonfukd vnf; owdûyrdygonf/

xdt
k m½Hak wG Mum;xJu uReaf wmf\ vufarmif;rS aeNyD; (Dextrose with Saline) oMum;ESiq hf m; a&mpyf
xm;aom t&nfoiG ;f &eftwGuf q&m0efuav;onf vufarmif;v,frS aoG;jyefaMumxJoYkd cRex f ufaomtyf
uav; xd;k oGi;f vdu k íf emusifaom a0'emuav;udv k nf; od&jyefygonf? tcef;wGi;f ½Sd ay:vmorQaom tm½Hkqdk;
wdYk onf ay:vmNyD;wdik ;f aysmufu, G v
f suf ½Sad eonfuo kd m awGY&onfMh um;xJu wm0efcH txl;ukq&m0efonf n
10-em&Dtcsdewf iG f uRefawmf\tdy&f mem;odYk a&mufvmum ]]cGo J ifw h thJ aMumif;awGuawmh ½Sw
d mbJ/ 'gayrJh
uRefawmfwYkd (Conservative Treatment) rcGb J eJ YJ apmifMh unfch sifao;w,f? ckaetcgrSm (Suction and
Replacement) tpmtdrw f iG ;f rS tykyaf &awG pkwx
f w k &f if; vufarmif;aoG;jyefaMumxJraS eNyD; oMum;ESihf qm;a&
awG oGi;f ay;oGm;tH;k r,f}}/

uReaf wmfonf cGpJ w

d u
f q
k &m0ef ajymqdo k rQwYkdukd em;axmifvsuo f m aeygonf? uReaf wmfu rnfoYkd rQ
jyefrajymyg? q&m0efyif jzpfaomfvnf; xdtk csed u
f vlrrmjzpfaeojzifh cGpJ w
d uf o
k aom q&m0ef\ nTeMf um;csuw
f Ykd
udk waoGrwdr;f vdu k ef m&ygonf/

ay:vdkuf aysmufvdkuf

cGpJ w
d t
f xl;ukq&m0ef xGucf gG oGm;aomtcg wm0efcH q&m0efuav;onf uRefawmf\ tpmtdrt f wGi;f rS
ykyaf [mifNyD; rpifeYH xu
G af eaom pdr;f zefYzefY ta&rsm;wdYk ukd pwifNyD; pkwx
f w
k yf pfygawmhonf/
rpifeYH xu
G af eaom a&rsm;wdYk ukd zef>yefjzifh pkwx
f w
k Nf yD;onft
h cgwdik ;f uRefawmhtem;wGi½f adS om q&m0ef
uav;onf (Kidney Tray) ac: cGuaf umufuav;xJoYkd pGeYf ypfaeygonf? cGuaf umufuav;xJrS xGuaf y:vm
aomrpifeYH onf uReaf wmf\ ESmacgif;xJoYkd a&mufvmygonf/

emaeaom 0rf;yduk ?f cd;k vd;k ckvjk zpfaeaom vnfacsmif;? rpifeYH xu

G af eaom cGuaf umuftwGi;f rS teHYq;kd
rsm;? uReaf wmf\ckwifab;em;rS wjcm; vlrrmrsm;atmfo?H nnf;ñlorH sm;wdYk ukd uReaf wmfonf wrsKd ;NyD;wrsKd ;
awGYae&ygonf? cHpm;&orQ eHorQwdYk onf wvSnphf aD y:vsuf ae&mrS wvSnphf D jyefNyD; aysmufvsufomaeygonf/

n 11-em&Dtcsdew f iG f txl;uk q&m0ef\ nTeMf um;csut

f & q&m0efuav;onf uReaf wmhwifyg;udk
tdyaf q; xd;k ay;vdu
k Nf yD;aemuf em&D0ufcefY Mumaomtcg w&m;pOfukd ½Irw
S af e&if;u uRefawmfonf tdyaf ysmfomG ;
ygawmhonf/
1966-ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv
f 13-&uf/ / paeaeY eHeuf 10-em&Dct
JG csdew
f iG f uRefawmhtm; ûypkaeaom txl;ûy
olemûyq&mr ra|;arudk awGYjrif&ygonf/

uRefawmfonf owdxm;NyD; 0rf;ydu k u

f kd jyefvnf½rI w
S Mf unfah omtcg emusiaf om a0'emrSm ,refaeYuuJh
odYk r[kwaf wmhyg? odoo
d momBuD; avsmu h somG ;onfukd owdûyrdomG ;ygonf? uReaf wmf\ESmacgif;xJrmS vnf; ½Si;f
oGm;onf[k odvmygonf? wud, k vf ;kH rSmvnf; aeomxdik o f m ½Sv d mygonf/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 15

tapmifqh &mru ]]nwke;f u q&m0efuav;awG vmNyD; 2-em&DwBudru f s 0rf;xJu ta&awGukd om;a&

ydu
k v
f ;kH uaeNyD; pkwx
f w
k af y;Muw,f? awmfawmfMumvQifvJ olwYkd vmMuvdrt
hf ;kH r,f}} [k ajymygonf/

uRefawmfonf rSed ;f vsufaeygonf? qd;k 0g;aom'kua© 0'emrS wajz;ajz;ukeq f ;kH vdu

k v
f mygonf? uRefawmf
\pdwo
f nf Nidr;f at;vmNyD; ywf0ef;usifrS tm½Hrk sdK;pHw
k Ykd onf ,refaeYuuJo
h Ykd ay:xGuaf eaomfvnf; uRefawmf
\pdwo
f nf xdt
k m½Hrk sm;udk Oayu©mûyvsuf½EI ikd af eygonf/

naeydik ;f 4-em&Dtcsdew
f iG f uRefawmf\tdro
f m;rsm;ESihf aqGrsdK; rdwo
f *F[rsm;onf aq;½HBk uD;½Sd uRefawmfh
tm; wifxm;aom vlemcef;odYk a&mufvmMuygonf? rdwaf qGrsm;udk EIwrf qufEikd yf g? ûyH;vsuo f mjyEdik yf gonf?
cHpm;cJ&h aom a0'emqd;k BuD;aMumifh tm;tifrsm;rSm ukecf ef;oGm;í toHrmS rxGuaf wmhyg? pum;rajymEdik í f rSed ;f
vsufom ae&ygonf/

udk,fyef;ap pdwfrEGrf;apeJY
aemufwBudrf rsuaf phukd jyefziG Mhf unf&h mwGif omoemh&yd o
f mrS aus;Zl;½Sif r[mpnfq&mawmfb&k m;BuD;\
wynfrh sm;jzpfaom q&mawmf OD;y@dwESihf q&mawmf OD;Z0ewdYk onf uReaf wmf\tdy&f mab;ü &yfaeMuonfukd
awGYjrif&jyefygonf? q&mawmf OD;y@dwonf pu©Ka`E´ukd csxm;&mrS wnfNidrf &ifu h suaf om rsuEf mS awmfukd wajz;
ajz;armhum uRefawmhukd Munf&h if; ]]'g,umBuD; ud, k o
f myef;ap? pdwrf EGr;f ygapESi}hf } [k owday; qH;k rpum;
wcGe;f wnf;udo k m rdeYf Mum;ygonf/

ZeD;ESio
hf m;orD;rsm;rSm aomurD;avmifaevsuf½MdS uygao;onf? aqGrsdK;rsm;ESihf rdwaf qGrsm;rSmvnf; pd;k &drf
aeMuygonf? xl;jcm;onfrmS xdt k csdeu
f ylaqG;aeMuaom rdwaf qGtaygif;wdYk ukd jrifawGYae&aomfvnf; uRefawmf
\pdwrf mS rnfoYkd rQ rjzpfyg/

w&m;awmft& ]]jrifumrwå}} jzpfaeovm;vdYk rajymwwfyg? t½Sijf rwfEpS yf g;onf uRefawmf\ tdy&f mab;
em;wGif &yfawmfrv
l suf tEÅ&m,fuif;y&dww f &m;awmfrsm;udk ½Gwb
f wfawmfrMl uNyD;aemuf omoemh&yd o
f modYk jyef<u
awmfrMl uygonf/

aysmufoavmuf½SdaeygNyD

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 16

oufomvmNyD

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onf/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; (ed'gef;) 17

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tcg uRefawmfonf pufqyk pf &maumif;aom b0wckco k Ykd a&mufomG ; ayvdrrhf nf[k xifryd gonf/

,ckaomf rGejf rwfaomw&mawmfukd tm;xkwx

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qnf;uyfNyD; w&m;tm;xkwrf o
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f m;jcif;
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f m tusKd ;aqmifq&m0ef/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 18

t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBu;D
(24-8-9) yXrn

w&m;yv’ifcH

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

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jrwfpmG bk&m;a[mMum;xm;wJh t&d,m0gow&m;awmfbJ jzpfygw,f? bkeBf uD;wdYk u w&m;a[mvdYk ½, dS if? jrwfpmG
bk&m; a[mMum;awmfrw l hJ okwu f av; wdw k jkd zpfjzpf? ½Sn½f n
S jf zpfjzpf? wckcu k kd yv’icf t
H aeeJY a½S;OD;pGm rlwnfNyD;
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,lNyD;awmh tvGwo f ufoufa[m,ifvJ jzpfawmhjzpfEikd yf gw,f? 'gayr,fv h Ykd jrwfpmG bk&m;ud, k af wmfwikd f a[mxm;
cJw
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xm;ygw,f/

okwfqdkwm rsOf;BudK;bJ

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rSm teuft"dygÜ ,ftrsdK;rsdK;½Syd gw,f? tJ't D rsdK;rsdK;xJrmS txl;pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;wJh teuft"dygÜ ,fuav; wcku
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k f cGpJ w
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D &m;rsO;f aMumif;uav;
twkid ;f bJ vdu k Nf yD;awmh usif&h ygw,f/

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yg;oDvponfjzifh jzpfap? 'Dvt kd opftqef;xGiNf yD;awmh rusi&hf bl;? NyD;awmh orm"dbm0emudk b,fvykd gG ;rsm;&r,f
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k J
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d ,f?
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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 19

'gaMumifh bke;f BuD;wdYk u w&m;a[mawmhr,f qdv k Ykd ½,

dS if (okw)å okwq f w
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hf ufukd ,HMk unf
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t&d,m0gow&m; rsOf;aMumif;

'o ,dar bdua© 0 t&d,m0gom? a, t&d,m tm0oð ok 0g tm0oEÅd 0g

tm0odóEÅd 0g/

bdua© 0? &[ef;wdYk / £ar t&d,m0gom? t&d,mwdYk \ pHae&mjzpfaom þt&d,m0gow&m;wdYk onf/ 'o?

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onf/ tm0oðo0k g? a½S;tcgumvuvJ rS0D aJ exdik cf MhJ u oDwif;oH;k pHaecJMh uavukeNf yD/ tm0oEÅd 0g? ,ckypöKyÜef
umvüvJ pHaeqJ jzpfuek \
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t&d,myk*¾dKvf (8) yg;

t&d,mwdYk \ rS0D aJ exdik &f m pHae&mXmeudk t&d,m0govdYk ac:w,f? t&d,m-qdw k mu t&d,myk*Kd¾ vf(8)yg;?
tm0go-qdw k mu pHae&mtdr?f t&d,m0go-t&d,mwdYk \ pHae&mtdraf ygh? t&d,myk*Kd¾ vf(8)yg;-qdw k hJ aomwmywåd
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yk*Kd¾ vf? ou'g*grfy*k Kd¾ vf? tem*grfy*k Kd¾ vf? &[EÅmyk*Kd¾ vfvYkd 'Dvkd zdv k yf *k Kd¾ vfu 4-yg;? aygif; (8)yg;? tJ'[ D m
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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 26

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 27

aomwmyef[m vludk owfEdkifao;owJh

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 28

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 29

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awmfqef;wmbJvYkd a0befNyD;awmh r,HMk unfbJ ½Sad ecJyh gw,f/ odYk ayrJh aemufxyfvJ pOf;pm;qifjcifrjd yefw,f?
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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 30

udk,fwdkiftm;xkwfMunfhwJhtcg

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rsm;xHrvS mNyD; tm;xkwMf uwJh 'um 'umrawG[m wcsdKUu bmrS A[kow k r½S½d mS Mubl;? 'gayrJh olwYkd rmS tm;xkwf
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D m;xkwcf gpwke;f u 'Dvkd av;ig;ajcmuf
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k if?
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xm;aywmbJ}} vdYk oabmaygufvmygw,f/

orm"dÓPf &ifhvmawmh

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f m[m ykw;D aphuav;
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qifah ysmufomG ;wmudk rjywf awGYae7w,f? 'Dawmh NrJw,fvYkdvJ pGv J rf;p&m r½Sad wmhb;l ? csr;f omw,f aumif;w,f
vdYk vJ pGv
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wJh owdy|mefvrf;bJ? wu,fukd aumif;wJv h rf;ygbJ/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 31

owif;pmwapmifu

tJ'gudk wcsKd UvlawGu ud, k w f ikd v

f J ususee tm;xkwrf Munfb h eJ YJ awmifajym ajrmufajymeJY ajymMuw,f?
tJ'guawmh cufwmygbJ? [dyk *k Kd¾ vf ajymovdv k kd 'Dy*k Kd¾ vf ajymovdv k ekd YJ aoaocsmcsm ppfMunfv h ukd af wmh jrwfpmG
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&efuek rf a&mufrD waxmifo h ;kH &mjynfEh pS af vmufuwnf;upNyD; 'Dowdy|mefenf;vrf;udk a[mMum;nTejf yaeygw,f?
&efuek o f moemh&yd o f m a&mufawmhvJ 'Dtwdik ;f bJ qufvufNyD; a[mMum;nTejf yvmcJyh gw,f? b,fou l b,fvkd
ajymajym bke;f BuD;wdYk u vufawGY jzpfaeawmh rwkev f yI yf gbl;? olrsm;ajymwmawGuv kd J *½krpdu k yf gbl;/ pyfrv d Ykd
ajym&OD;r,f? bke;f BuD;wdYk &efuek u f kd a&mufpavmufuwnf;u vlwa,mufu owif;pm wapmifuaeNyD; bke;f BuD;
wdYk ur®|mef;udk tjypfwifNyD;awmh a&;aew,f? b,fvo kd abmeJY a&;ovJvYkdawmh rodygbl;? bke;f BuD;wdYk ur®|mef;
udk wdu k zf sufa&; vkyaf ewmeJY wlygw,f? 'gayrJh bke;f BuD;wdYk uawmh jyefvnf ajz½Si;f jcif; acsyjcif; qdw k mudk wcg
rS rvkycf yhJ gbl;? ud, k v
hf rf;om uk, d o f mG ;aecJyh gw,f? tJ'o D wif;pmu aqmif;yg;udk êuduw f v hJ al wG tJ'aD qmif;yg;
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uawmh ab;&eftEÅ&m,f wckuif;oGm;w,fvYkd bJ ,lqrdygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'v D ul awmh ravQmhao;bl;? bke;f BuD;wdYk
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avmufay:vm,if omNyD;awmh 0rf;ombdYk ygbJ? tm;vH;k u0dik ;f NyD; axmufct H m;ay;MubdYk b/J 'gayrJh ud, k wf ikd uf
bmrS tm;xkwrf I usifMh uHrI r½Syd gbJeYJ ususee tm;xkwNf yD; a[majymae&mrSm0ifNyD; q&mvkyw f muawmh awmfawmf
udk ae&mruswmygbJ/

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bke;f BuD;wdYk uawmh omoemh&yd o f mudk a&mufomG ;,if bke;f BuD;wdYk oGm;aeus vrf;twkid ;f 'Gg& 6-yg;u
xif½Sm;ay:vmorQudk ½IrSwfcdkif;awmhwmbJ? tJ'Dvdk 'Gg& 6-yg;u ay:vmorQawGukd tukev f ;kH aphiatmifvu kd Nf yD;
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wJh 0ga,m ½kyu f pNyD; ½rI w S cf ikd ;f ygw,f? 0rf;Adu k u
f azmif;wufvmwm ydeu f somG ;wmudk azmif;w,f ydew f ,fvYkd
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BuHpnfraI wGuv kd J jzpfwidk ;f jzpfwikd ;f ½Irw S &f ao;w,f? NyD;awmh a0'emawGvJ jzpfwikd ;f jzpfwikd ;f ½Irw S &f ao;w,f?
NyD;awmh wjcm; ud, k t f rlt&mawGvJ jzpfwikd ;f jzpfwidk ;f ½Irw S &f ao;w,f? 'Dtwdik ;f ½d½k akd oao ½Irw S of mG ;wJh
yk*Kd¾ vfawGrmS awmfawmfMumawmh jrifwikd ;f Mum;wdik ;f eHwikd ;f pm;odwikd ;f awGYxw d ikd ;f auG;wdik ;f qefYwikd ;f vIy½f mS ;
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'Dawmh owm&au©e? trSwf&rI owdtapmifhta½Smuf ½Sdaom/ apwom? pdwEf iS /hf orEém*awm? jynfph w kH ,f-qdw k hJ
'Dt&d,m0go w&m;awmfeYJ tHus udu k n
f o D mG ;ygw,f/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 32

awGYNyD;odrS ÓPftppf

tcsdKUu 'Dvv kd J tBuHÓPf ay;Muao;w,f? w&m;tm;xkwrf nfh yk*Kd¾ vfawGukd ½kyo f abm emrfoabmawG
tedpö tewåoabmawG tao;pdwf tus,foifwef;ay;xm;,if ydNk yD;awmh xifv, G f jrifv, G rf ,fvYkd tBuHÓPf
ay;Muw,f/ tJ'gu olwYkd txifrQygbJ? oifwef;ay;xm;vdYk xifjrifwmawGu onmodawGb?J ud, k w
f ikd af wGUNyD;
odwhJ ynmod r[kwyf gbl;? pdwef YJ nGwNf yD;,lawmh r[kww f mawGuv kd J t[kwf xifvmwwfw,f? 'gaMumifh tJ'v D kd
pdwn f w G Nf yD; ,lwmawG[m raumif;ygbl;? Ak'o ¨ moemudk r,HMk unfwhJ vlawGu ur®|mef; bm0emtvkyu f kd
txiftjrifao;aeMuwmvJ ½Syd gw,f? olwYkd u b,fvadk jymMuovJqakd wmh-Ak'b ¨ mom0ifawG[m tedpö 'ku©
tewåvYkd xifrmS aygh? apmapmuwnf;u q&mu oifMum;xm;wJt h wdik ;f pdwef YJ nw G , f al eMuwmbJ? pdwn f w G ,f if
pdwn f w G wf t hJ wdik ;f xifrmS aygh-vdYk olwYkd u ajymwwfMuygw,f? tJ'v D kd ajymMuwm[m bke;f BuD;wdYk wynfh
a,m*DawGeYJ awmh rqdik yf gbl;? bmaMumifv h q
J akd wmh bke;f BuD;wdYk u ½kyef mrftaMumif; tedpö 'ku© tewå taMumif;udk
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tedpv ö Ykd ESv;kH oGi;f &r,f? 'ku© tewåvYkd ESv;kH oGi;f &r,f? jzpfw,f ysuw f ,fvYkd ESv;kH oGi;f &r,f ponfjzifh wrif
pdwn f w G Nf yD; ½IbYkd nGeMf um;rxm;ygbl;? xif½mS ;ay:vmorQudk olay:vmwJt h wkid ;f bJ ½IbYkd &m nGeMf umxm;ygw,f?
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ydik ;f jcm;odwm? 'Dvo kd w d mu tjzpftysuu f kd odwm? 'Dvo kd w d mu tedpu ö o kd w d m ponfjzifh trnfwyfNyD;
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[kwrf eS w f t hJ wdik ;f ud, k w f ikd af wGYNyD; odMuwmom jzpfygw,f/

owdaumif;vdkY ÓPfaumif;vmyHk

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kd f twGv J u
kd f aysmufaysmuf oGm;wmudck sn;f awGYae&w,f?
ud,k af cgif;vufajc yHo k P²mef txnfj'Afq, kd if bmrQ rawGY&awmhb;l ? w&dy&f yd ef YJ aysmufaysmufomG ;wmudck snf;
awGYae&w,f? 'gaMumifh a,m*Du ]]bmrS rawGY&awmhb;l ? ukeaf ysmufomG ;wmudck snf; awGYaew,f}} vdYk ajymw,f/
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S af e½Hek YJ 'Dvtkd odawG
u tvdv k kd jzpfay:vmygw,f/ 'Dvkd todÓPfeYJ jynfph akH ewJh yk*Kd¾ vfawG[m ,ckw&m;emy&dowfxrJ mS vJ - awmf
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tem*grfusawmh ydNk yD;aumif;vmjyefygw,f? &[EÅmusawmh 'Dowd[m tjynft h pHk aumif;oGm;ygw,f? b,f[mudk
rS trSww f rJh arhomG ;wm&,fvYkd r½Sad wmhb;l ? tukev f ;kH owdxifNyD; trSw&f aeygw,f? 'gaMumif-h

]]£"? þomoemawmfü? bduK© ? &[ef;onf? bduK© ? oHo&mab;udk ½Ijrifí 0dyóem½Iaeaom olonf?

bduK© ½Irw
S í f udavomudk zsufq;D wwfaom yk*Kd¾ vfonf/ owm&au©e? trSw&f rI-owd tapmifhta½Smuf½Sdaom/
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kH nf/ a[mwd? jzpf\}} vdYk 'Dt&d,m0gow&m;awmfu jyqdx
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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 33

owd-tapmifhta½Smufxm;ay;Mu

tdrrf mS tapmift h a½Smuf '&0rf½adS eovdb k ?J pdwwf ikd ;f pdww

f ikd ;f rSm owdtapmift
h a½Smufuav; tNrJwrf;
yg½Sdaeygw,f-wJ/h 'gu ta&;BuD;ygw,f? rdrw d Ykd ud,
k u
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xm;ay;Muaygh/ 'Dtapmift h a½Smuf owdr½Sb d J aeawmh t&d,m rjzpfEikd b f ;l ? aomwmyefvJ rjzpfEikd b
f ;l ? ou'g*grf
tem*grfvJ rjzpfEikd bf ;l ? &[EÅmjzpfzYkd qw
kd mawmh a0;ygao;w,f/ 'gaMumifh aqmify'k u f ]]jzpfwikd ;f rSw½f ?I owdûy?
apmifrh I tpOfxm;}} vdYk qdx k m;w,f? uJ 'gudk qdMk u&r,f/

]]jzpfwikd ;f rSw½f ?I owdûy? apmifrh I tpOfxm;}}-qdk/

'Daqmify'k rf mS jzpfwikd ;f -qdw

k mu jrifrI Mum;rIponf jzpfwikd ;f jzpfwikd ;f vdYk qdv k ykd gw,f? 'gaMumifh jrifwikd ;f
Mum;wdik f eHwikd ;f pm;odwikd ;f awGYxw d ikd ;f oGm;wdik ;f vmwdik ;f auG;wdik ;f qefYwikd ;f vIy½f mS ;ûyjyifwikd ;f MuHwikd ;f awG;
wdik ;f pdwu f ;l pOf;pm;wdik ;f anmif;wdik ;f ylwikd ;f emusifwikd ;f pdwyf sufwikd ;f 0rf;omwdik ;f tukev f ;kH trSw&f aebdYk
ygbJ? 'Dvt kd rSw&f aevQif owd tapmift h a½Smuf uav;eJY jynfph akH ew,fvYkd qd&k ygw,f/ tJ'v D kd jzpfwikd ;f jzpfwikd ;f
udk ½IrwS vf Ykd trSwo f wdu aumif;oavmuf pdww f nfMunfrI orm"duvJ aumif;vmygw,f? tJ'o D wd orm"dawG
aumif;vmoavmuf todÓPfawGuvJ aumif;vmygw,f? 'g[m w&m;tm;xkww f hJ olawGu, kd wf idk f awGY&wJh
oabmw&m;awGygbJ/ aemufq;kH usawmh odp&mqd, k if bmrQ tusefawmhb;l ? pdww f ikd ;f pdww f ikd ;f tukev f ;kH bJ
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wckygbJ/ tJ'D t&d,maetdref YJ vHv k ûkH cHûcH wifw
h ifw h ,fw,f aeEdik af tmif êud;pm;Mu&r,f? wdYk 'um 'umrawG
woHw&mvH;k u tdrrf hJ ,mrJeh YJ aevmvdYk tyg,fqif;&JawGeYJ awGYvmwmvJrsm;vSNyD? oHo&mqif;&JawGeYJ awGYvm
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atmif êud;pm;NyD; 'D t&d,m0goaetdru f kd aqmufMu&r,f/

jzpfwdkif; rSwf½IowdjyK

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vdYk ar;p&m½Syd gw,f/ 'guawmh OyrmeJYajym,if ½Si;f oGm;ygvdrrhf ,f? ,ckavmurSm ud, k yf ikd rf [kww f hJ tdrBf uD;
tdraf umif;awG a[mfw,fBuD;awGqw kd m ½SMd uygw,f? tJ'gawG[m ud, k yf ikd rf [kwaf yrJh xdu k w f efwhJ tcay;,if
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tcay;Edik , f if aecGi&hf ygw,f/ b,fvkd tcawG ay;&rSmvJq, kd if ,HMk unfr-I o'´g qdw k hJ tcvJ ay;&r,f?
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awmh rvkyEf ikd b f ;l ? ]]jzpfwikd ;f rSw½f ?I owdûy}} qdw k hJ 'Dt&d,m0go tvkyu f vJ ½Irw S , f if 0dyóemukov kd jf zpfw,f?
tusdK;½Sw d ,f qdw k mudk ,HMk unfrb S J tm;xkwEf ikd yf gw,f? ,HMk unf½ekH YJ vJ rNyD;ao;ygbl;? 0dyóem r*fzv kd f
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ay;Edik ,
f ifawmh t&d,m0go aetdrBf uD;rSm aecGi&hf ygw,f? ,Hv k J ,Hw k ,f? vdv k J vdv k m;w,f? ysif;vJ rysif;bl;
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wcsufrw S , f if t&d,m0goaetdru f kd wcga&mufomG ;wmbJ? q,fcsufrw S , f if q,fcga&mufw,f? tcsufw&m
rSw, f if tcgw&m a&mufw,f? wrdepfcefYrw S af e,if t&d,m0go aetdrrf mS wrdepfae&w,f? q,fred pfrw S ,
f if
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tdraf umif;eJY ae&wJh enf;vrf;udk nTejf yaeygw,f? tJ'g tdraf umif;eJY vHv k ûkH cHûcH pdwcf svufcsaecsif Mu,if
t&d,m0go aetdrfudk aqmufMu½HkbJ/ ]][m-woHo&mvH;k u aevmcJo h vdk rvHûk cHwhJ omrefuo k vkd f tdrpf w k f
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bJ aeNrJwikd ;f aeMuaygh/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 34

olowfAdkvfBuD; wrÁ'gXdu

½IrwS Nf yD; t&d,m0go aetdrrf mS aeawmh b,fvkd tusdK;ud&k ygovJvYkd qkad wmhaum atmufxpfq;kH tm;jzifh
tyg,fi&Ju vGww f thJ usdK;udk &ygw,f? tJ'g[m tMumBuD; tm;xkwrf S r[kwyf gbl;? wcPavmuf tm;xkww f m
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kd Bf uD;
½Sw
d ,f? tJ'g wcsdKYvJ Mum;bl;Muygvdrrhf ,f? &mZû*dvûf rdYrmS w&m;½H;k u aordeYf ao'PfusvmwJh cd;k olawGukd tJ'D
wrÁ'gXduu owf&w,f? ûrdY&UJ t&yfav;rsuEf mS u zrf;vmwJh ig;&mav;vD ck;d om;'jraygif; ESpaf xmifukd yGOJ ;D xGuf
pNyD; owf&w,f/? tJ'u D aemufvJ aeYpOfaeYwikd ;f bJ olYrmS owfae&wm[m wa,muf ESpaf ,mufponfjzifh
jywfw,fvYkd r½Sv d bS ;l wJ?h tJ'vD ckd snf; olowf&mxl;eJY tvkyv f yk vf mvduk wf m 55-ESpaf wmif MumoGm;owJ?h 55-
ESp½f adS wmh roefprG ;f wJt h wGuf tJ'o D o
l wfAvkd Bf uD; &mxl;u EIwxf uG vf u
kd &f w,f/

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owJ?h tJ'gu bmawGwek ;f qd, k if? olowf&mxl;eJY rif;rIxrf;aewJh ol[m topfpufpuf t0wfukd r0wf&bl;wJ?h
axmywftopfeYJ êudxm;wJh EGm;EdYk ,m*k EGm;EdYk qefûywfuv kd J raomuf&bl;wJ?h jrwfav;yef;udv k J ryef&bl;wJ?h
eYo
H mvJ rvdr;f &bl;wJ?h 'Dav;rsdK;udk roH;k &bl;vdYk tJ'w D ek ;f u tmPmydik f rif;awGu Oya'vkyx f m;owJ/h olowf
tvkyu f tifrwef ½kw&f if;Murf;wrf;wJt h wGuf taumif;tjrwfawGeYJ rwefb;l vdYk ,q l NyD; wm;jrpfxm;[ef wlyg
w,f? ,ckumv vlawGtjrifeYJ qd, k ifawmh &,fp&mjzpfaerSmaygh/ tJ'v D kd wm;jrpfxm;wmawGukd wrÁ'gXduu
oH;k aqmifcsifaewm MumvSNyD? ]],ckrb S J tcGi&hf awmhw,f? tm;&atmif oH;k aqmifvu kd rf ,f}} qdw k hJ taersdK;eJY pDryH g
owJ/h vlqw kd m rvky&f bl;qdw k mudk odyNf yD;vkycf siw f wfw,f? tpm;&bl;qd, k if odypf m;csiw f wfw,f? odyaf umif;
vdrrhf ,fvYkdvJ xifw,f/ 'gaMumifh wrÁ'gXdu[m EGm;EdYk ,m*kukd olrsm;aomufaewm jrif&wdik ;f olu odyaf omuf
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vJ vdr;f ? yef;udv k J yefjyD; tdrjf yefvmcJw h ,f? tdraf &mufawmh toifjh yifxm;wJh EGm;EdYk ,m*kukd aomufawmhr,fvYkd
jyifqifaeygw,f-wJh/
t½Sifom&dykwå&m <uvmwJhtcg

tJ'v D kd jyifqifaewke;f rSm t½Sio f m&dyw k &å m rax&fjrwfMuD;u tbdnmOfeYJ qifjcifMunfv h ukd af wmh wrÁ'gXd
uMuD;udk 'Dvkd jrifawmfryl gw,f? aMomf-wrÁ'gXduBuD;[m ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmu oH;k aqmifciG hf r&cJw h hJ EGm;EdYk ,m*kukd
oH;k aqmifr,fvYkd jyifqifaeygyaum? tJ'gudk oH;k aqmifNyD;,if ,ckeeH ufcif; rMumrDrmS bJ ao½Smawmhr,f? aojyef
awmhvJ olYrmS tm;ud;k p&m ukov kd af umif;rIu bmrSr½S½d mS bl;? 55-ESpu f mvywfv;kH olûyxm;wJh raumif;rI
tukov kd af wGuawmh jynfv h Ykd b?J 'Dtukov kd af wGu olYukd yk'rf trsdK;rsdK;eJY 0&rf;zrf;bdYk toif½h adS ew,f? aoonfEiS hf
wûydief muf tyg,fi&J wcgxJ us½Smawmhr,f? oem;p&maumif;vdu k yf gbdawmhw,f? 'gaMumifh 'DueH w J hJ owå0gudk
i&JuvGwaf tmif igoGm;NyD u,fwifO;D rSbv J Ykd 'Dvq kd ifjcifNyD;awmh t½Sio f m&dyw k &å mrax&fjrwfMuD;u wrÁ'gXdu\
teD;udk ½kww f &ufBuD; qGr;f &yfawmfryl gw,f/ 'Dae&rSm o'¨gw&m; r½Sw d ohJ ql , kd ifawmh ukov kd rf &bJ tukov kd f
awGawmif jzpfzYkd ½adS eygw,f? wrÁ'gXdurSm ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmu aomufciG rhf &vdYk tifrwef aomufcsifaewJh EGm;EdYk
,m*kukd tm;remyg;rem vmNyD;tvSLcH&rvm;vdYk uJ&h UJ NyD;awmh tukov kd af wG jzpfEikd yf gw,f? 'gayrJh wrÁ'gXduu
awmh o'¨gw&m; aumif;½Smygw,f? t½Sio f m&dyw k &å m rax&fjrwfBuD;udk jrif&awmh olYrmS 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omeJY o'¨g
w&m;awG jzpfw,f? jzpfyu kH awmh t½Sio f m&dyw k &å mrax&fjrwfBuD; ,ck<uvmwm tifrwefae&muswmbJ? ,cifu
t½Sio f m&dyw k &å m rax&fjrwfBuD;udk awGY,if vSLp&mu toifrh ½Sb d ;l ? vSLp&mu toif½h w dS t hJ cgvJ rawGY&bl;?
'Dwcgawmh vSLp&muvJ ½Sw d ,f? t½Sio f m&dyw k &å muvJ <uvmw,f w,fae&muswmbJvYkd qifjcifNyD;awmh t½Sif
om&dyw k &å mudk ½dak opGmyifNh yD; EGm;EdYk ,m*kukd qufuyfygw,f-wJ/h o'¨gw&m;[m tifrwef ta&;BuD;ygw,f? o'¨g
w&m;r½S, d if vufr½Sw d meJY wlw,f? vufr½S, d if toH;k uswJyh pön;f tbd;k wefwyhJ pön;f udk awGYayr,fv h Ykd aumuf
r,lEikd bf ;l ? tJ'gvdb k J o'¨gw&m;r½Sw d hJ olrmS bk&m; w&m; oHCm &wem 3-yg;eJY awGYae&ayr,fv h Ykd ukov kd f
aumif;rI rjzpfb;l ? yHrk awmf,if tukov kd af wGawmif jzpfwwfao;w,f? vuf½w dS o hJ rl mS tbd;k wefypön;f udk awGY,if
aumuf,El ikd o f vdbk J o'¨gw&m;½Sw d ohJ rl mS bk&m; w&m; oHCmawmfwYkd eYJ awGY&wJt h cg woHo&mvH;k oH;k írukeEf ikd f
wJh ukov kd f OpömawGukd qnf;yl;Edik w f ,f/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 35

EGm;EdkY,m*kvSL

,ck wrÁ'gXduBuD;rSmvJ o'¨gw&m;qdw k hJ vufu oefoefprG ;f pGr;f ½Sad ewJt h wGuf t½Siof m&dyw k &å mrax&f
jrwfBuD;udyk ifNh yD; tifrwefaomufcsifaewJh EGm;EdYk ,m*kukd olu, kd w f ikd f raomufao;bJ vSL'gef;qufuyfygw,fw/hJ
t½Sio f m&dyw k &å mu ,m*kukd bkO;f ay;aeygw,f? wrÁ'gXduuvJ teD;tyg;rSm ½dak opGmxdik Nf yD; ,yfcyfay;aeygw,f?
'Dvkd ,yfcyfay;ae&if; olYrmS ,m*kuakd omufcsifwhJ pdwaf wG tvGet f uJ jzpfaeygowJ/h jzpfvJ jzpfayrSmbJ? atmifh
vmcJ&h wmu ESpaf ygif;ig;q,fausmfawmif ½Sad eNyD[mud;k ? tJ'gudk t½Sio f m&dyw k &å mu odawmfrw l meJY wrÁ'gXduudk
vJ wae&mrSmoGm;NyD; ,m*kaomufzYkd cGiûhf yvdu k &f w,f? 'Dvckd iG ûhf y&wmuvJ wjcm;aMumifrh [kwb f ;l ? ,m*kaomuf
csiw f phJ w
d af wG jyif;xefae,if w&m;udak umif;aumif; emEdik rf mS r[kwb f ;l ? 'gaMumifh olYukd ,m*k aomufzYkd
cGiûhf yvdu k &f ygw,f/ ,m*k aomufNyD;wJt h cg t½Sio f m&dyw
k &å m\ teD;rSm½dak opGm xdik af ew,f? 'Dawmh t½Sio f m&d
ykw&å mu tEkarm'emw&m;udk a[mawmfrw l ,f/

'geuxm oDvuwm ponf

w&m;awmfqw kd m tifrwef odraf rGYygw,f? yXray;vSLrIeYJ pyfNyD;awmh 'geuxm udk a[m&ygw,f? NyD;
awmh oDvuxmudk a[m&ygw,f? oDvqdw k m olwyg;toufukd rowf&bl;? olwyg; Opömudk rcd;k &bl;? olwyg;
\om;r,m;udk rjypfrmS ;&bl;? olwyg; tusKd ;rJjh zpfatmif rvdr&f bl;? rl;,pfru kd rf aJ pwwfwhJ ao&nfao&ufukd
raomuf&bl; ponfjzifh ud, k ef YJ EIwu f kd apmifph nf;&wJh ud, k u f sifw h &m;ygbJ? tJ'o D vD udk usL;vGe, f if tyg,fi&J
vJ uswwfw,f? vljzpfwhJ tcgrSmvJ toufwjkd cif; temrsm;jcif; &eforl sm;jcif; ypön;f Opöm r½S½d mS ;yg;jcif; tp½Sw d hJ
raumif;usKd ;awGeYJ awGYNyD; qif;&Jwwfw,f? oDvvHûk cH,ifawmh vlYb0 ewfb0 csr;f omwJb h 0awGrmS jzpfaew,f?
jzpf&mjzpf&mrSm touf½n S jf cif;tp½Sw d hJ aumif;usKd ;awGeYJ jynfph NkH yD; csr;f om&wwfw,f ponfjzifh oDvtaMumif;udk
a[m&ygw,f? tJ'gNyD;awmh ewfjynftaMumif; o*¾uxmudk a[m&ygw,f? tJ'gNyD;wmh 0dyóem r*fzv kd ef YJ pyfwhJ
r*¾uxm udk a[m&ygw,f? 0dyóemqdak wmh avmb a'go pdwu f ;l uav;rQ jzpfciG rhf &atmif rjywf½aI eyHu k kd a[m
&wmud;k ? 'Dawmh t½Sio f m&dyw k &å ma[mwJh w&m;awGu tvGeo f rd af rGYaew,f? tJ'v D kd odraf rGYwhJ w&m;awGukd em&
awmh wrÁ'gXdurSm a½S;uolûycJw h hJ raumif;rItukov kd t f aMumif;awGukd jyefay:vmw,f? tJ'gawGukd pOf;pm;NyD;
awmh pdwyf yl efae½Smw,f? ]]aMomf-ighrmS raumif;rIawG rsm;vdu k yf gbd? 'Davmuf raumif;rI rsm;aewJh ig[m
'Davmuford af rGYwhJ w&m;eJYawmh rwefygbl;}} ponfjzifh pOf;pm;NyD;awmh pdwyf sHYviG hf ylyefae½SmowJ/h tJ'gudk t½Sif
om&dyw k &å mu odawmfrw l thJ wGuf pdwaf t;at;csr;f csr;f eJU w&m;emEdik af tmif ar;jref;awmfryl gw,f? ]]'g,um wrÁ
'gXdu? oif[m iga[mwJh w&m;udk pl;pl;pdu k pf u
kd f remEdik bf ;l xifw,f? b,fvjkd zpfaeovJ}} vdYk ar;ygw,f/ ]]t½Sif
bk&m;a[mwJh w&m;uawmh odyaf umif;wmygbJb&k m;? 'gayr,fvYkd wynfah wmfrmS raumif;rItukov kd af wGu
tvGerf sm;aeygw,f? tJ'gawGukd awG;awm qifjcifrw d meJY pdwu f ylavmifNyD; ysHYviG ahf eygw,f bk&m;}}vdYk avQmuf
w,f/ 'Dawmh t½Sio f m&dyw k &å mu wrÁ'gXdurSm pdwyf yl efrI Nidr;f ap&ef &nf½, G Nf yD;awmh y&d,m,feYJ ar;cGe;f rsm;
xkwyf gw,f? ]]wrÁ'gXdu? oif tJ'g raumif;rIawGukd ûywm[m oifu, dk w
f ikd u f ûycsifvYkd yû wmvm;? okYd r[kwf
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f ikd u f awmh
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avQmufxm;ygw,f/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 36

y&d,m,feJYar;

'Dawmh t½Sio f m&dyw

k &å mu-]]aeOD; 'Dvq kd ,kd if tJ'gawG[m oifrh aumif;rIawG [kwyf ghrnfvm;}} vdYk
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t½Sio f m&dyw k &å mu rqdyk gbl;? wrÁ'gXdu pdwo f ufom&m&NyD; w&m;emEdik af tmifvYkd oifrh aumif;rIawG [kwyf ghrnf
vm;vdYk y&d,m,feYJ ar;wmom jzpfw,f? trSeu f awmh raumif;rIqw kd m ud, k o
hf abmtwdik ;f bJ ûyvkyo f nfjzpfap?
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f awmh jzpfwmcsn;f ygbJ? pdwx f ufoef,if tjypfBuD;
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ygw,f? 'gaMumifo h Yl rmS pdwyf yl efraI wG Nidr;f at;NyD;awmh t½Sio f m&dyw k &å m a[mawmfrw l hJ w&m;udk pl;pl;pdu
k pf u kd f
emEdik of mG ;ygowJ/h

tJ'gudk taMumif;ûyNyD;awmh bke;f BuD;wdYk a½Tbu kd 'umBuD;wa,mufu uyfv;kH pum;wckukd ajymw,f?

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'Dawmh olu ]]Munfyh gvm;uG wrÁ'gXdu[m A[kow k todÓPfeYJ jynfph akH evQif ylyefr[ I m Nidr;f rSmr[kwb f ;l ?
]bk&ifrif;jrwfu cdik ;f vdYk vky&f ,if oiftukov kd f [kwyf ghrnfvm;} vdYk t½Sio f m&dywk &å mu y&d,m,feYJ ar;wmudk
olu A[kow k todÓPfr½Sw d hJ xlww l v
l rl Ykd bk&ifrif;jrwf&UJ tukov kd cf snf;bJvYkd wxpfcsqH;k jzwfNyD;awmh pdwf
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avhvm&w,f? A[kow k ½Swd o
hJ al wGukd ar;jref;&w,f/

tEkavmrÓPf

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aoaoeJY pl;pdu k Nf yD; w&m;emaeygw,f? t½Sio f m&dyw k &å muvJ tpOftwdik ;f oDv orm"d ynmawGukd a[moGm;yg
w,f? 'gaMumifh wrÁ'gXdu[m w&m;emae&if; ESv;kH oGi;f NyD; vdu k of mG ;wJt h wGuf tEkavmrÓPfukd &oGm;owJ/h
tEkavmrÓPfqw kd m 3-rsdK;½Sw d ,f/ tedpö 'ku© tewåukd oH;k oyfqifjcifwhJ or®oeÓPfrS pNyD;awmh 0dyóem
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ywård *f&UJ atmufzufu tEkavmrÓPfvYkd qdx k m;wmudk axmufqMunf, h ifawmh aomwmywård *f a&mufvek ;D rSm
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ÓPf? ra&mufrv D Ykd q, kd ifvJ qdb k ,G ½f ydS gw,f? odYk r[kwf w½kP0dyóemvdYk ,ifvJ qdb k ,
G ½f ydS gw,f? tvGeaf 0;wJh
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wJh "r®y't|uxmtvdt k m;jzifh aomwmywård *feYJ ra0;vSwhJ ocFg½kayu©mÓPf t&ifyh ikd ;f udk qdv k wkd ,fvYkd ,loifh
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d u J tEkavmrÓPfukd a&mif,ifawmh
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qdwk muvJ bk&m;jzpfrnfh aemufq;kH b0 bk&m;jzpfrnfh tcsdeu f srSmom r*fzv kd u
f kd a&mufEikd yf gw,f? a½S;a½S; apm
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'gXdu &oGm;w,fqw kd hJ tEkavmrÓPfuv kd J enf;wlbJ ,loifyh gw,f/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 37

wrÁ'gXdu aoqHk;

,ckajymaewJh ]]jzpfwikd ;f rSw½f ?I owdûy? apmifrh t I pOfxm;}}qdw k hJ t&d,m0gow&m;eJYpyfNyD; ajym&,ifawmh

0dyóemÓPf omrefukd ,lvQifvJ oifyh gw,f? atmufxpfq;kH or®oeÓPfukd ,lvQifvJ oifyh gw,f/ ,lcsif&m
,lEikd yf gw,f? b,f[mudb k ,
J ,
l l trSw&f rI-owd tapmifhta½Smuf uav;uawmh yj nfph akH eygNyD? tm;ud;k p&mowd
tapmift h a½Smuf tumtuG,u f av;uawmh olYrmS &oGm;ygNyD? t&d,maetdrx f v J J a&mufaeonf rnfygNyD?
'gaMumifh t½Sio f m&dyw k &å mrax&fjrwfMuD;u ]]'gavmufq, kd if tyg,fab;rS umuG,Ef ikd wf ohJ wd tapmift h a½Smuf
uav;eJY jynhpf o kH mG ;NyD;? 'gavmufq, kd if pdwcf s&NyD? awmfavmufNyD? olYrmS 'gxufvJ wd;k wufp&m r½Sad o;bl;}} vdYk
,lqNyD;awmh w&m;udk ed*;kH csKyf tqH;k owfawmfrv l ukd yf gw,f/ tJ'v D kd w&m;a[mNyD;awmh t½Sio f m&dyw
k &å mvJ jyef
<uawmfrw l ,f? wrÁ'gXduvJ t½Sio f m&dywk &å mudk vdu k yf Ykd NyD; vrf;ckvwfu jyefvmwJt h cgrSm a½S;b0a[mif;awGu
&efNidK;zGYJ vmcJw
h hJ bDv;l ru EGm;ra,mifaqmifNyD; a0SYoufvYkd aoqH;k oGm;&½SmowJ/h

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vJ ,lEikd yf gw,f? 'gu bmaMumifah jym&ovJvYkdqakd wmh? ,ckumvrSm a0befwv hJ al wGu aygvGe;f vdYk usrf;*efxrJ mS
½Sw
d t
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atmif ajym&wmygbJ? olYusrf;pm tqdu k awmh EGm;ra,mifaqmifNyD; a0SYowfw,fvYkd b½J ydS gw,f/

wkodwm ewfjynfa&muf

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k hJ
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'gXduBuD; aoqH;k oGm;w,fqw kd mudk Mum;odMu&wJh &[ef;awmfawGu w&m;obifrmS aqG;aEG;Muw,f? wrÁ'gXdu
BuD;[m 55-ESpf umvywfv;kH tifrwef Murf;êuwfwhJ raumif;rIawGukd ûyoGm;w,f? 'DuaeYbJ tJ'&D mxl;uxGuf
&w,f? 'DuaeYbJ t½Sio f m&dyw
k &å mudk ,m*kqrG ;f vSLNyD; 'DuaeYbJ aooGm;½SmNyD? b,frmS rsm; jzpf½mS avrnfvJ
ponfjzifh aqG;aEG;Muw,f/ tJ't D cg jrwfpmG bk&m;u <uvmawmfrNl yD;awmh wrÁ'gXdu wkow d mewfjynfü jzpf
aMumif;udk a[mMum;awmfryl gw,f/ 'Dawmh &[ef;awmfawGu ]]jrwfpmG bk&m;? 'DvBl uD;[m 55-ESpyf wfv;kH vlawGukd
owfNyD;awmh wkow d mewfjynfukd a&mufomG ;ygovm; bk&m;}} vdYk xyfrNH yD; ar;avQmufMujyefygw,f? jrwfpmG bk&m;
uvJ ]][kww f ,f cspfom;wdYk ? oHo,r½SMd ueJY? olu aocgeD; yef;0ifcsdeu f av;rSm uvsmPrdw-å rdwaf qGaumif;
jzpfwhJ om&dyw k &å mudk trS&D oGm;w,f? om&dyw k &å m\w&m;udk em,lNyD; tEkavmrÓPfukd &oGm;wJt h wGuf tyg,f
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okbmodwH okPw
d mG e? e*a& apm&Cmwaum/

tEkavmrcEÅð v'¨ge? arm'wd wd'0d H *awm/

e*a&? &mZû*d[ûf rdYü/ apm&Cmwaum? wrÁ'gXdu rnfaom cd;k olowf Advk Bf uD;onf/ okbmodw?H t½Sif
om&dyw k &å m aumif;pGma[mMum; jrwfw&m;ud/k okPwd mG e? Mum;em&í/ tEkavmrcEÅ?ð tEkavmr0dyóemÓPfudk/
v'¨ge? &í/ 0g? &aomaMumif/h wd'0d ?H wkow d m rnfaom ewfjynfavmuodYk / *awm? a&mufvsuf/ arm'wd?
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omvsuf ae&ayownf;/

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tapmift h a½Smufuav;om r½S, d ifawmh? wrÁ'gXduBuD;[m vlb0u aoqH;k onfEiS hf wûydief uf tyg,fi&JusoGm;
rSm aocsmaeygw,f? olUtukov kd af wGu olYuq kd cJG sr,fvYkd tqifoifh ½Sad eMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fv h Ykd aocgeD;u
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0ifrqGEJ ikd b
f ;l ? Edik if jH cm; oH½;kH xJ0ifNyD; ckad ewJh vlukd &Jom;awGu zrf;cGirhf &wmESiv hf J cyfww l b
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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 38

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ewf½mG ok*wda&mufzYkduawmh aocsmygw,f? tcsKd Ya,m*Da[mif;awGu olwYkdrmS jyif;jyif;xefxef a&m*ga0'em wck
ck jzpfay:vm,if olYtvdv k bkd J trSwo f wduav;u ay:vmwJt h aMumif;? tJ'v D kd owduav;eJY ½Irw S vf u kd af wmh
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wJh yk*Kd¾ vfrmS 'Dvb kd J trSwo f wdu olYtvkv d kd jzpfvmEdik yf gw,f/ 'gaMumift h yg,fav;yg;rS vGwaf jrmufNyD; ok*wd
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ol wdu k w f eG ;f aeygvdrrhf ,f/

tm;xkwfMunfhMuprf;yg

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bmaMumifv h q
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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 39

rSD&mav;yg½Sd&r,fqdkwJh t&d,m0go

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 41

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 46

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 47

umrpäE´y,fbdkY&m bk&m;ay;aomenf;

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 48

t&d,m0gotdrfaqmuf&mrSm o'¨gqdkwJh p&dwf½Sd&r,f

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 52

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 53

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 54

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 59

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 60

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 61

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 62

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 63

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 64

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 67

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xm;OD;awmh pdww f &m; emrfw&m;awGawmh zGm;zGm; zGm;zGm;vkyNf yD;½IvYkd b,fvrkd rS jzpfEikd yf gbl;? tm½Ho k w d hJ pdwu f av;
udk zGm;zGm; zGm;zGm; vkyMf unfyh g? b,fvjkd zpfvrd rhf mS wke;f ? avmbudk zGm;zGm; zGm;zGm;vkyMf unfph rf;? a'goudv k yk f
Munfph rf;? xif½mS ;awmh xif½mS ;aewmbJ? zGm;zGm; zGm;zGm; yHo k P²mefeYJ awmh rxifEidk yf gbl;? 'kua© 0'emawG[m
xif½mS ;aewmygbJ? zGm;zGm; zGm;zGm;vkyMf unfv h Ykd awmh b,fjzpfvrd rhf mS wH;k ? tJ'aD wmh yHo k P²mefeYJ ½IbYkd vJ r[kwb f ;l ?
trSeu f awmh oabmw&m;awGuo kd m ½IbYkd ygbJ? oabmw&m;udk ½Iawmh olYvu©PmeJY ½I&r,f? olY &o-olY udpeö YJ
½I&r,f? olYypöKy|mef olYxifay:yHk tjcif;t&meJY ½I&r,fw?hJ 'gut|uxmrSm qdx k m;wJph um;yg? bke;f BuD;uajym
wm r[kwyf gbl;? 0do'k rd¨ *f rSm 'Dvkd jyxm;ygw,f/
vu©P-&om'd0aoe y&d*a¾ [wAÁm-wJh/

vu©P-&om'd0aoe? vu©Pmç &o ponfwYkd \ tvdt k m;jzif/h y&d*a¾ [wAÁm? odr;f qnf;tyfuek \
f -
wJh/ ½kyfemrfw&m;awGeYJ yifu, kd &f if; oabm vu©PmeJYvJ ½I&r,f? &oac:wJh udpeö YJ vJ ½I&r,f? NyD;awmh tm'do'´g
t& xifay:yHt k jcif;t&m ypöKy|mefeYJ vJ ½I&r,fw/hJ 'Dyg|du 0do'k rd¨ *fqakd wmh pmBuD; ayBuD; jzpfaeygw,f? a[mvl
wdik ;f ½Siw
f ikd ;f odv, G w f muawmh tbd"r®wo ¬ *F[usrf; u qdx k m;wJh pum;uav;ygbJ? tJ'guawmh ud&k if
uav;awG ausmif;om;uav;awG 'Drif;ausmif;pmoifwu kd rf mS aeMuwJh ud,k af wmfuav;awGtm;vH;k bJ 'Dtbd"r®w¬
o*F[usrf;udk oifb;l Muygw,f? 'gaMumifh ud&k ifuav;awGvJ 'DygVdukd EIww f uf&aewmbJ? tJ'gu tifrwef
xif½mS ;ygw,f? b,fvv kd J qdak wmh/

vu©P &o ypöKy|me y'|me0aoe emr½lyy&d*a¾ [m 'd|0d o d 'k ed¨ mr-wJ?h 'g ud&k ifuav;awGvJ &aeyg
w,f? bke;f BuD;wdYk vJ 'DygVdukd i,fi,fav;uxJu EIww
f uf&vmwm? ,ckxufxd rarhao;bl;/

vu©P &o ypöKy|me y'|me0aoe? vu©Pmtvd&k otvdk ypöKy|meftvdk y'|meftvdk tm;jzif?h emr½ly
y&d*a¾ [m? emrf½yk u
f kd odr;f qnf;jcif;onf/ 'd|0d o
d 'k ed¨ mr 'd|0d o
d 'k rd¨ nf\-wJh/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 68

'd|0d o
d 'k jd¨ zpfcsifvYkd ½,
dS if emrf½yk u
f kd odr;f qnf;&r,f? emrf½yk u f kd b,fvo kd rd ;f qnf;&rvJ? vu©PmeJY odr;f
qnf;yg? &oeJY odr;f qnf;yg? ypöKy|mefeYJ y'|mefeYJ odr;f qnf;ygwJ?h tJ'gygbJ/ [dk ppfuikd ;f ûrdYu pmwwfaywwf
w&m;vJ tm;xkwx f m;wJh ynm½Sd yk*Kd¾ vfBuD; wOD;u 'Dvkd ajymbl;ygw,f? tbd"r®wo ¬ *F[usrf;u vu©P &o
ypöKy|me y'|me0aoe emr½Iyy&d*a¾ [m 'd|0d o d 'k ed¨ mr-qdw
k hJ 'Dpmyd'k u
f av;[m odyaf umif;wmbJ bk&m;wJ?h 'D
pmyd'k u
f av;udk owdrûywJyh *k Kd¾ vfawGu 0dyóemw&m;udak [m,if trIeYf trIeYf awG zGm;zGm;awGa&mufomG ;w,f
bk&m;wJ?h olu 'Dvakd jymw,f/ [kww f ,f 'Dpmyd'k u f av;udk owdrûy,if tJ't D rIeYf trIeYf awG zGm;zGm;awGukd a&muf
ukew f wfw,f? trSeu f awmh ½kyw f &m;awG emrfw&m;awG½, I if olYuv kd u©PmeJY,ifvJ ½IygwJ?h okYd r[kwf &oeJY,if
vJ ½Iygwh?J tJ'aD wmh azmif;w,f ydew f ,f ½Iwt hJ cgrSm bmudk odovJ? 0ga,m"mwfukd odw,fvYkd bke;f BuD;wdYk u
ajzw,f/ 0ga,m"mwfukd b,fvkd odovJ? vu©PmeJYvJ odw,f? &oeJYvo J w
d ,f? ypöKy|mefeYJ vJ odw,f/ 0ga,m
"mwf\ vu©Pmu bmvJ? &ou bmvJ? ypöKy|mefu bmvJ? 'guav; ppfwrf;xkwb f Ykd &m vdv
k mygw,f?
'gaMumifh bke;f BuD;wdYk u 'DrmS aqmify'k u f av; ay;xm;w,f? bke;f BuD;wdYk &UJ wynfah ,m*DawGuawmh 'guav;udk
&aerSmyg? uJ 'guav; qdMk uOD;pdYk /
axmufuef awmifw
h if; avsmjh cif;wrnf-qdk/

0ga,m"mwfudk odyHk

axmufuefwmwJ?h awmifw h mwJ?h wif;wmwJ?h avsmw h mwJ?h tJ'g[m 0ga,m"mwf&UJ vu©Pm bJ/ t|
uxmu b,fE, S qf xkd m;ovJ qdak wmh 0dwr¬ eÇ vu©Pm 0ga,m"mwk wJ?h 0ga,m"mwk? 0ga,m"mwfonf? 0dwr¬ eÇ
vu©Pm? axmufuefjcif; vu©Pm½S\ d wJh/ 0ga,m"mwf qdw k m axmufuefjcif;oabmbJ? axmufuefwm
0ga,m"mwfy?J t&yfxrJ mS awmh axmufuefw,fvYkd toH;k tEH;I odyrf ½Sb d ;l ? enf;enf;bJ½w dS ,f? tdraf wG bmawG,ikd f
ae,if usm;axmufw,f? usm;uefw,fvYkd enf;enf;yg;yg; ajymqdak vh½ydS gw,f? t&yfxrJ mS trsm;oH;k aeMuwm
uawmh awmifw h ,f? wif;w,fvYkd oH;k aeMuygw,f/ ,ck vufuav; qefYNyD;awmh wef;xm;vdu k ?f vufxrJ mS pdwf
eJYpu kd Mf unf?h bmudak wGYw;kH ? awmifw h if;aewmudk awGYw,f? tJ'gudk usrf;*efo;kH pmoH;k eJY qd, k if axmufuefw,fvYkd
ajym&w,f? t&yfo;kH eJYq, kd ifawmh awmifw h ,f? wif;w,fvYkd ajym&wmygbJ/ ,ckxikd af e&if; cg;udpk efYpefYxm;vdu k ?f
cg;xJrmS pdwef YJ pu kd Mf unf?h cg;xJu awmifah ewmudk awGY&w,f? tJ'gvJ pmoH;k eYJ ajymr,fq, kd if axmufuefw,fvYkd
ajym&w,f? 'gaMumifh axmufuefw,f? awmifw h if;w,fqw kd m twlwb l /J NyD;awmh avsmw h ,fqw kd muvJ olYxuf
wif;wmudk axmufNyD;awmh ajym&wmbJ? olYxuf avsmw h meJY ,SOMf unf, h ifawmh olYukd wif;w,fvYkdbJ ajym&w,f?
êud;oH;k acsmif;,SONf yD;awmh wef;xm;w,fqykd gawmh? yXrêud;udk twif;qH;k qGx J m;w,f? 'kw, d êud;udk tv,ftvwf
qGx J m;w,f? wwd,êud;udk tavsmq h ;kH qGx
J m;w,fqykd gawmh? tv,fu êud;uav;eJYajymr,f? tv,fu êud;
uav;[m ravsmrh wif;jzpfaew,f? olYxufwif;wJêh ud;eJY pmMunf, h if tv,fuêud;[m avsmw h ,fvYkd ajym&rSmbJ?
olYxufavsmhwhJ [db k ufu êud;eJY pmMunf, h ifawmh olYukd wif;w,fvYkd ajym&r,f? tJ'gvdb k J wif;w,f avsmhw,f
qdw k m[m t&if;ydik ;f eJY tzsm;ydik ;f bJ? olYxufwif;wmeJY pmMunf, h if owdavsmw h ,fvYkd ac:&w,f? olYxuf avsmh
wmeJY pmMunf, h if olYuw kd if;w,fvYkd ac:&w,f? 'gaMumifrh Ykd axmufuef awmifw h if; avsmjh cif;wrnf-wJh axmuf
uefwm awmifw h if;wmvdb k J avsmhwmvJ 0ga,m"mwfyv J Ykd rSw&f r,f/ tJ'aD wmh azmif;w,f ydew f ,frw S wf t hJ cg
bmudo k o d vJ? tm;xkwcf gpawmh yuwdtwdik ;f bJ ½d;k ½d;k odrmS aygh? Adu k Bf uD;twdik ;f odrmS aygh? bke;f BuD;wdYk u rNiif;yg
bl;? Adu k Bf uD;twdik ;f odayr,fv h Ykd vJ udprö ½Syd gbl;? tm;xkwcf gp ½Sad o;wmbJ? ppcsif; r*fzv kd uf kd b,f&vdrrhf mS wH;k ?
ppcsif; emr½lyy&dapä' ÓPfawmif rjzpfao;ygbl;/ tm;xkwpf rSmawmh ckeuajymwJt h wdik ;f eD0&PawGukd ½Irw S Nf yD;
y,fae&ygw,f? 'De0D &PawG 0dur© eÇ taetm;jzifh ukeNf yDpifNyDqrkd S pdwpf ifMu,fw,f? tJ'v D kd pdwpf ifMu,fwt hJ cgrS
bJ ,ckajymaewJh axmufuef awmifw h if;wJo h abmudk aoaocsmcsm odvmwm? ppcsi;f awmh aumif;aumif; rod
Edik af o;ygbl;? odygw,fvYkd bke;f BuD;wdYk u<um;NyD; wm0efrcHygbl;? ½Irw S zf efrsm;vmawmh eD0&PawG uif;pifuek f
w,f? tJ'D tcgumvusawmhrS azmif;w,fvYkd rw S ,f if 0rf;Adu k x f uJ awmifw h if;wJh oabmawG xif½mS ;vmw,f?
ydew f t hJ cgumvusawmhvJ avsmhwo hJ abmawG xif½mS ;vmw,f? 'Dvrkd xif½mS ;bl;vdYk b,forl rS jiif;Edik b f ;l ? aoao
csmcsm tm;xkwMf unhyf g? aoaocsmcsm xif½mS ;ygw,f? 'Dawmh azmif;w,f? ydew f ,fvYdkrw S w f m[m axmufuef
awmifw h if;wJh oabmudk odaevdYk 0ga,m"mwfukd vu©Pmtm;jzifh trSet f wdik ;f odaewmbJ? 'g[m ½kyw f &m;udk
obm0vu©PmeJY trSet f wdik ;f odwmbJ? vu©Pm&om'd0aoe y&d*a¾ [wAÁmvdYk qw kd hJ 0do'k rd¨ *feYJ vJ nDaewmbJ?
vu©P&oypöKy|me-y'|me0aoe emr½lyy&d*a¾ [m 'd|0d o d 'k ed¨ mr-vdYk qdw k hJ tbd"r®wo ¬ *F[usrf;eJYvJ nDaewm
bJ? rSeaf ewmbJ? uJ-aemufwyd'k f qdMk uOD;pdYk /
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 69

,dr;f ,dik v
f yI ½f mS ; a½GUoGm;wwfonf-qd/k

,dr;f w,f? ,dik w f ,f? vIy½f mS ;w,f? a½GUw,f? oGm;w,fqw kd m twlwcl snf;ygbJ? a0g[m&avmufom
uGaJ ewmyg? 0ga,m"mwf &otm;jzifh ork'&D P&omwJ?h a½GU½Sm;jcif;udpö ½Syd gw,fw?hJ 0ga,m"mwf&UJ &o qdw k m
0ga,m"mwf&UJ tvkyu f pd yö gbJ? 'gaMumifh 0ga,m"mwf&UJ tvkyu f bmwH;k qd,
k if? olY tvkyu f a½GU½Sm;aewmygbJ?
0ga,m qdw k m av½kyyf ?J olu tm;aumif;,if a½GUaewmyJ? ,ckavawG Munfyh g? tm;aumif;,if avawG[m
wae&mu wae&mudk a½GUoGm;aewmbJ? tm;raumif;,ifawmh olu awmifNh yD; Nidraf ew,f/ tJ'aD wmh ,dr;f wm
,dik w
f m a½GUwm oGm;wm vIy½f mS ;wmawG[m 0ga,m"mwf&UJ &o bJ? olYupd b ö ?J olYtvkyu f kd olvyk af ewmbJ?
azmif;w,f ydew f ,fvYkd rw
S wf hJ tcgrSm 'Da½GU½Sm;wJh oabmawGukd rodbaJ evdYk ukd rjzpfb;l ? 'guawmh aoaocsmcsm
odaeawmhwmbJ? azmif;w,frw S ,
f if tjyifbufukd wa½GUcsif; wa½GUcsif; a½GUoGm;wmudk odw,f? ydew f ,frw S ,
f if
twGi;f bufukd wa½GUcsif; wa½GUcsif; a½GUvmwmudk odw,f? 'guawmh txl;ajymp&mrvdyk gbl;? tvGex f if½mS ;yg
w,f? aemufwcku ypöKy|mef wJ/h

olv&kd mbuf wGe;f vsuaf qmifonf-qd/k

0ga,m"mwfu oltvd½k &dS mbufukd wGe;f aqmifomG ;w,fw?hJ auG;jcif; qefYjcif; tp½Sw d hJ pdwZå 0ga,m"mwf
rSmqd, k if pdwt f vd½k &dS mbuf[m 0ga,m"mwf&UJ tvd½k &dS mbufygbJ? 'gaMumifh pdwt f vd½k &dS mbufukd pdwZå 0ga,mu
wGe;f aqmifomG ;w,fw?hJ 'guawmh vufuakd uG;&m qefY&mrSm ydNk yD;xif½mS ;w,f? auG;wJt h cg twGi;f bufukd qGJ
aqmifvmw,f? qefYwt hJ cg tjyifbufuw kd eG ;f aqmifomG ;w,f? oGm;wJt h cgrSm a½SUbufu?kd qkww f t
hJ cgrSm
aemufbufukd pdw&f UJ tvd½k &dS mbufukd wGe;f wGe;f oGm;ovdk qGq J v
JG movdk xif&wwfw,f? azmif;wJyh ed w f t
hJ cgrSmvJ
tjyifbuf twGi;f bufukd wGe;f ydYk aeovd?k qGaJ qmifaeovdk xif&wwfw,f? tJ'gu 0ga,m"mwf&UJ tbde[ D m&
ypöKy|mefw/hJ ypöKy|mef qdw k mu wpHw
k &mudk pOf;pm;vdu k ,
f if pdwx f J ÓPfxrJ mS xifay:vmwJh tjcif;t&m tajc
taeygbJ? b,fv[ kd m uav;bJvYkd xif&wm[m ypöKy|mefygbJ? azmif;w,f ydew f ,f rSww f thJ cgrSm azmif;wJ½h yk f
ydew
f ½hJ yk u
f av;awG[m tjyifbufukd wGe;f ydYk aeovd?k twGi;f bufukd qGv J maeovdk ÓPfxrJ mS xif½mS ;w,f? tJ'g
[m tbde[ D m&ypöKy|mefeYJ xif½mS ;NyD;odwmbJ/ todreS af wGygbJ? 'gaMumifh 0ga,m"mwford w S f jrwfa,m*D-vdYk
bke;f BuD;u aqmify'k u f av; ay;xm;ygw,f? 'gu ta&;BuD;ygw,f? ta&;BuD;vdYk 'guav;udk w&m;a[mwdik ;f
xnfNh yD;a[m&w,f/

axmufuef awmifw h if; avsmjh cif;wrnf?

,dr;f ,dik v
f yI ½f mS ; a½GUoGm;wwfonf?
olv&kd mbuf wGe;f vsuaf qmifonf?
0ga,m"mwf odrw S f jrwfa,m*D-wJh/

0ga,m"mwfukd ½INyD;od,if axmufuef awmifw h if;wJh avsmhwhJ vu©Pm eJY,ifvJ od&r,f? ,dr;f ,dik v f yI f
½Sm;wJha½GUoGm;wJh &o eJY,ifvo J &d r,f? 0ga,m"mwftvd½k &dS mbuf OD;wrf;rd&mbuf pdwt f vd½k &dS mbuf wGe;f aqmif
qGaJ qmifwhJ ypöKy|mef eJY,ifvJ od&r,f? 'D 3-rsdK;xJu wrsdK;rsdK;eJY od&r,fvYkd qdv
k ykd gw,f/

azmif;w,f ydewf ,f ½Irw

S Nf yD; 0ga,m"mwfukd odae&if; uk,
d x
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awmh-

'kuH© a0'eH? qif;&Jaom cHpm;rIu/kd a0',rmaem0g? cHpm;onf ½Sad omfvnf;/ 0g? cHpm;qJ cHpm;pOfvnf;/
'kuH© a0'eH? qif;&Jaom cHpm;rIu/kd a0',mrDw?d cHpm;onf [lí/ yZmemwd? od\/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 70

'ku©a0'emudk odyHk

qif;&Jaom cHpm;rIawG jzpfwt hJ cg anmif;,if anmif;wm[m qif;&JwhJ cHpm;rIb?J yl,if ylwm? em,if
emwm[m qif;&JUwJh cHpm;rIb?J 'Dqif;&JwhJ cHpm;rIawGukd cHpm;wJt h cgrSm b,fvo kd &d rvJvYkdqakd wmh a0',mrd£wd?
cHpm;onf[í l / yZmemwd? od&r,fw/hJ *pämrd-yk'v f bkd J ygVdo'´genf; a,m*eJY ppfaq;Munf, h if a0',mrd-vdYk
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teufjyef&w,f? 'Dae&mrSmvJ ygVdawmfeYJ wdu k ½f u
kd tf nDqv kd Qif igcHpm;\-vdYk rSwaf e&ayvdrrhf ,f? tJ'g[m ygVd&UJ
bmomjyefb?J tJ'gudrk mS ;w,fq, kd if bk&m;ygVdawmfuv kd J pGypf &JG ma&mufygw,f? 'gayrJch pH m;\qdw k hJ bmomjyeft&
cHpm;w,fqw kd hJ Armu w,froH;k bl;/ yl,if ylw,fvYkdbJ ajymygw,f? em,if emw,f? anmif;,if anmif;w,f-
vdYk bJ ajymygw,f? 'gaMumifh yl,if ylw,frw S b f Ykd? em,ifvJ emw,frw S b
f Ykd? anmif;,ifvJ anmif;w,frw S bf Ykd
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xif½mS ;aeygw,f? 'kua© 0'em[m raumif;wJt h awGUtxdrsm;udk cHpm;wJh vu©Pm½Syd gw,f/ 'ku?H© 'kua© 0'emonf/
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raumif;wJt h awGUtxd cHpm;jcif;[m 'kub © wJ /hJ 'Dawmh anmif;w,f anmif;w,f? ylw,f ylw,fvYkd rSwaf ewJt h cg
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tawGUqd;k rsm; cHpm;wwfonf-qdk/

pdwt
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kd m;avsmh oGm;apwwfw,f? 'guawmh
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d J cdik Nf rJjynfph akH ew,f? 'gvJ "r®m'go
NyD;awmh t&d,mwdYk jrwfE;kd wJh ig;yg;oDveJYvJ usdK;jcif; ysufjcif;r½Sb
wckbJ/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 77

t&d,muEÅ? ig;oDv? vH;k 0 jynfph &kH m/

jrwfaomwmyef? w&m;rSe?f av;wef pHv k if&m-wJh/

'D"r®m'gow&m; 4-yg;eJY wdu k q

f ikd Mf unfb
h Ykd vdyk gw,f/ 'DtxJrmS ig;yg;oDveJY jynfph w kH ,fqw kd mu olYyif
ud,k &f if; oabmtwdik ;f udk pifMu,fNyD; jynfph akH e&rSm? igu w&m;tm;xkwaf ewmbJ 'Dov D udk vHak tmifapmifrh b S J
vdYk qifjcifNyD;awmh csKyfw;D NyD; apmifah e&wmrsKd ;udak wmh rqdv k ykd gbl;? usL;vGev
f w
kd phJ w
d çf usL;vGeEf ikd af tmif jyif;xef
wJph w
d uf kd rjzpfvmbJ uif;Nidr;f NyD; jynfph akH ewmudo k m qdv k ykd gw,f? tJ'g jynfph NkH yDvm; rjynfph akH o;bl;vm;qdw k m
prf;aq;Munfb h Ykd vdyk gw,f? 'Dvkd ppfaq;rMunf, h if [d'k umwa,mufvkd aomwmyefvx l uG f jzpfomG ;rSm pd;k &drf
&w,f/

aomwmyef vlxGuf

wcgu 'umwa,mufu bke;f BuD;xH avQmufxm;bl;ygw,f? tJ'D 'um[m atmufwef;pm; omref'um

r[kwyf gbl;? acwfynmvJwwf A[kow k vJ tawmftwef jynfph w kH hJ txufwef;pm; 'umwa,mufygbJ/ olu
ur®|mef;q&mwyg;xHrmS w&m;tm;xkwyf gowJ?h tm;xkwNf yD;wJt h cgrSm olYq&mu olYukd aomwmyefjzpfNyDvYkd qH;k
jzwfay;ygowJ/h t&d,mw&m;ESiphf yfNyD; 'Dvt kd qH;k tjzwfrsKd;udk bk&m;rSwyg; b,f&[EÅm b,frax&furS ay;bl;
w,fqw kd m yd#upmayrSm r½Syd gbl;? bke;f BuD;wdYk uawmh 'Dvkd rqH;k jzwfaumif;bl;vdYk bJ tNrJwrf; ajymjyaeygw,f?
ÓPfpOfw&m;udo k m a[mygw,f? tJ'Ó D PfpOfw&m;eJY wdu k q f ikd Nf yD; olY[molbJ qH;k jzwfbYkd wm0efay;xm;ygw,f/
ckeuajymcJwh 'hJ umuawmh olYq&mu aomwmyefjzpfNyDvYkd qH;k jzwfvu kd w
f meJY oluvJaomwmyefjzpfNyDvYkd ,HMk unf
,lqNyD;awmh ig;yg;oDvudv k J vHûk cHatmifapmifah eygowJ?h waeYaomtcgusawmh olu;kd uG,af ewJh tjcm;q&mawmf
BuD; wyg;xHomG ;NyD;awmh olw&m;tm;xkwcf yhJ kH awGYjrifyEkH iS w hf uG aomwmyefjzpfNyDvYkd qH;k jzwfay;yHak wGukd avQmuf
ygowJ/h tJ'q D &mawmfBuD;u bke;f BuD;wdYk EiS v
hf J &if;ygw,f? q&mvdb k J jzpfaeygw,f? yd#upmayrSm aumif;aumif;
wwfuRrf;wJh q&mawmfBuD;ygbJ? ,ckxufxv d J ½Syd gao;w,f? toufawmfu 80-ausmf 90-eD;yg;½SdaeygNyD/ tJ'D
'um&JU avQmufyu kH -

wynfah wmfb&k m;? w&m;tm;xkwx

f m;ygw,f? ud,
k x f rJ mS ½Ivu
kd ,
f if "mwfawG oabmw&m;awG w½G½G
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,HMk unfaeygw,f bk&m;vdYk olu avQmufowJ/h

'Dawmh tJ'q D &mawmfBuD;u b,fEh , S af jymovJq, kd if ]]rif;[m bmrSr[kwaf o;bl;wJ?h rif;[mw&m;udk

r[kwaf o;bl;? aomwmyefjzpfbYkd qdw k muawmh ta0;BuD;bJ? rif;Opöm bmrSr[kwaf o;bl}}vdYk tqH;k tjzwfay;
vdu
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k ûkH cHûcHeYJ
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rvHak wmhb;l bk&m;}}vdYk tJ'D 'umu ajymygw,f/

tJ'aD wmh bke;f BuD;u olYukd tm;ay;vdu k &f ao;w,f? ]][m 'um 'Dvrkd vkyef YJ ? tpu ud, k [
hf mudk
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k &f ao;w,f? tJ'D 'umvdk aomwmyefvx
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G f rjzpfbYkd ta&;BuD;yg
w,f/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 78

udk,fwdkifawGUrS odrSm

bke;f BuD; ,ckajymaewJh qV*Fak yu©muawmh wu,fukd jzpfwmyg? jzpfyu kH awmh ocFg½kayu©mÓPf a&muf
wJt
h cgrSm jrifwikd ;f jrifwikd ;f tqif;ud½k rI wS Nf yD; tjzpftysufawGukd trSet f wdik ;f odaeygw,f? tJ't D cgrSm 0rf;om
p&m tm½Hu k kd awGYayrJh 0rf;rombJeYJ od½rkH Q ½IaeEdik yf gw,f? tifrwef aumif;ygw,f? ud, k w
f ikd af wGYro
S rd ,f? tJ'g
[m aomwmyef rjzpfao;ygbl;? ykxZk OfbJ ½Syd gao;w,f? 'gayr,fvYkd 'DocFg½kayu©mÓPfu tifrwef aumif;yg
w,f/ b,fvkd ESpo f ufp&m aumif;wJh tm½Hu k kd jrif&ayrJh olYrmS ESpo f ufrI rjzpfb;l ? b,fvkd ESv;kH romp&m tm½Hu k kd
jrifayrJh bmrSrjzpfb;l ? oluonf;cHEikd w f ,f? od½kH od½u kH av;bJ odoo d mG ;aew,f? jzpfNyD; aysmufomG ;çjzpfNyD;
aysmufomG ;eJY jzpfysuw f hJ oabmuav;awGukd odoo d mG ;aew,f? 'gaMumifrh Ykd w&m;tm;xkww f hJ a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vfrmS
&[EÅmyk*Kd¾ vf&UJ 'DqV*Fak yu©m*kPaf wGeYJ jynfph akH ewm? tifrwefukd Munfñpkd &m aumif;ygw,f? olrsm;uawmh
rodvYkd rMunfñckd sifaeygap? udprö ½Syd gbl;? ud, k [ hf mud, k af wmh ud, k w f ikd af wGYaewmrdYk odyMf unfñpkd &m aumif;wm/
pdwu f av;u tifrwef odraf rGU El;nHah ew,f? avmb jzpfp&m tm½Hrk mS vJ avmb rjzpf? a'gojzpfp&m tm½Hrk mS vJ
a'go rjzpf? 0rf;omp&mrSmvJ 0rf;rombl;? pdwyf supf &mrSmvJ pdwrf ysub f ;l ? olY[m wcgxJ nDrQaewmbJ? wem&D
tm;xkwaf e,if wem&Dv;kH ? 2-em&D 3-em&D tm;xkwaf e,if 2-em&Dv;kH 3-em&Dv;kH ? waeYv;kH tm;xkwaf e,if
waeYv;kH od½kH od½u kH av; odoNd yD; rjywfomG ;aew,f? bmrS t½Iyt f axG;r½Sb d ;l ? tifrwefuakd umif;wm/ tJ'v D kd
w&m;t&omawGrsm; awGYcsif,if tm;xkwMf uayawmh? ud, k wf ikd tf m;xkwrf mS awGYrmS ? bke;f BuD;wdYk u ajym½Hek YJ awmh
'Dw&m;t&omawGu ay:rSm r[kwb f ;l ? 'gaMumifh aqmify'k u f ]]&[EÅmtoGi?f a,m*D½iS ?f ½IvQif jzpfEikd af y}} wJ?h
qV*Fak yu©mqdw k m &[EÅmrSmjzpfwhJ *kPaf wGygbJ? 'gayr,fvYkd 0dyóema,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vfrmS vJ ½I,if tm;xkw, f if
jzpfEikd w
f ,fvYkd t|uxmu qdx k m;ygw,f? tJ't D wdik ;f bke;f BuD;wdYk uvJ aqmify'k u f av; pDxm;ygw,f/

&[EÅmtoGif? a,m*D½Sif? ½IvQif jzpfEikd af y-qdk/

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vspfvsL½IaeEdik w
f m[m &[EÅm&JU*kPb f /J 'gayr,fh a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vfrmS vJ ½IvYkd ½,dS if ocFg½kayu©mÓPfa&mufawmh 'D
*kP[f m jzpfEikd yf gw,fw/hJ jzpfovm; rjzpfb;l vm;qdw k m ud, k w
f ikd f prf;oyfMunfah ygh? prf;oyfMunf, h if aoao
csmcsm awGU&ygvdrrhf ,f/

xdYk twl toHMum;&m teHYH e&H mponf tukev f ;kH enf;wl oGm;ayawmh? 'gawGuawmh twdck sHK;NyD; ajym&awmh
r,f? aqmify'k u
f v
kd J twdck sKH ;NyD; a&;xm;w,f? uJ wyk'pf D wyk'pf D qdo
k mG ;MupdYk /

toHMum;&m? ½Irw S cf g? rSepf mG odygap-qdk/

teHY eH&m? ½Irw
S cf g? rSepf mG odygap-qdk/
t&om od&m? ½Irw S cf g? rSepf mG odygap-qdk/
tawGY xd&m? ½Irw S cf g? rSepf mG odygap-qdk/
oabm od&m? ½Irw S cf g? rSepf mG odygap-qdk/
0rf;omrzuf? pdwrf ysuf? ½Ivsuf vspv f sLae-qdk/
&[EÅmtoGi?f a,m*D½iS ?f ½IvQif jzpfEikd af y-qdk/

tJ'gtukefvHk; 'Gg& 6-yg;u qV*Fak yu©m jzpfyakH wGygbJ? twdck sHK;ajym&r,fq, kd if? 'Gg& 6-yg;u b,fvkd
aumif;wJh tm½Hek YJ awGYawGY? bmudb k J jrifjrif? bmudb k J Mum;Mum;? b,fvkd teHYub kd J eHe?H b,fvt kd &omudb k J
pm;&pm;&? b,fvt kd awGYeYJ baJ wGUawGU? b,fvpkd w d u f ;l awG b,fvadk umif;wJh tm½Hak wGbJ ay:vmay:vm? 0rf;rom
ygeJYw?hJ b,fvpkd w d yf sufp&m tm½Hek YJ baJ wGYawGY? pdwrf ysufygeJYw?hJ b,fvakd e&rvJqakd wmh od½o kH ½d ukH av; odNyD;
awmh tnDtrQ vspfvsL½IaeygwJ?h jzpfNyD; aysmufomG ;vdYk rNrJb;l ? jzpfrI ysurf u I ESyd pf ufaevdYk qif;&Jb?J olYoabm
twdik ;f jzpfysufomG ;vdYk tewåoabmw&m;rQbJ qdw k mawG[m yg;pyfu ½Gwq f akd e&wm r[kwyf gbl;? olYtvdv k u
kd kd
odaewmawGyg? ½I&if; ½I&if; tvdv k ukd kd tod½iS ;f aewmawGyg? vufeYJ uikd Mf unf&h ovdk aoaocsmcsm odaewmawG
yg? tJ'v D okd ad eawmh 0rf;omp&mawGrmS vJ 0rf;rombl;? pdwyf sufp&mawGrmS vJ pdwrf ysufb;l ? tnDtrQ vspfvsL½INyD;
aeygw,fw?hJ wem&D½aI e,if wem&Dv;kH vH;k oGm;aewmbJ? ab;u yk*Kd¾ vfawGu bmajymaeae? bmqdak eae? olu
*½krpdu k bf ;l ? ½INrJ½o I mG ;aewmbJ? olYtrSwef YJ olYtm½Hek YJ olYowdeYJ ½INrJ½o I mG ;aewmbJ? ESpef m&DvJ oGm;wmbJ?
oH;k em&DvJ oGm;wmbJ? tifrwefaumif;ygw,f? £&d,mykxaf wGvJ rQaew,f? anmif;jcif; udu k cf jJ cif; rcHomjcif;
r½Sb d ;l ? 'DÓPfa&muf,if rlvu½Sad ewJh a&m*ga0'emawGawmif aysmufaew,f? tcsdKYa,m*DrmS a&m*g[mvH;k vH;k udk
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 79

aysmufomG ;w,f? aemufvJ ray:vmawmhb;l ? wcgxJukd aysmufomG ;w,f? tifrwefaumif;ygw,f/ 'Gg& 6-yg;rSm
tnDtrQ½IEikd w f ,fqw kd hJ 'D*P k af wG[m &[EÅmyk*Kd¾ vfrmS tNrJwrf; jynfph kH ygw,f? 'Djyif yk*Kd¾ vfawGrmS awmh tm;xkwf
aewJh tcgavmufom jynfph EkH ikd yf gw,f? 'gaMumifh 0dyóem a,m*Dy*k Kd¾ vfvJ tm;xkwv f Ykd ½,
dS if &[EÅmyk*Kd¾ vf&UJ *kPf
awGeYJ jynfph NkH yD;awmh aeEdik yf gw,f? ud, k o
hf EÅmefrmS &[EÅm&JU*kPaf wGeYJ jynfph NkH yD; aevdYk ½, dS if tifrwef 0rf;omp&m
aumif;wmaygh? ud, k [ hf mud, k f odyMf unfñpkd &m aumif;wmbJ? olrsm;u odr,fq, kd ifvJ tifrwef Munfñpkd &m
aumif;ygw,f? tJ'v D ykd *k Kd¾ vfukd bmrod nmrodeYJ uJ&h UJ jypfrmS ;rdwhJ olawGrmS vJ trsm;BuD; tjypfawG jzpfomG ;Edik yf g
w,f? tJ'o D wdûyp&m tcsufawGygbJ? NyD;awmh tJ'w D &m;uav;awGukd taMumif;nDnw G w f t hJ cgrSm tm;xkwMf unfh
bdYk &mvJ rarhMueJYayghav? bke;f BuD;wdYk uawmh jrwfpmG bk&m;\ud, k pf m; wqifah [mMum;&wmbJ? a[m½Ho k m a[mEdik f
ygw,f? bk&m;awmifrS a[m½Ho k m a[mEdik wf mbJ? 'DxufyNkd yD; rwwfEikd bf ;l ? yk*Kd¾ vfwikd ;f ud, k w
f ikd u
f sifrh S ud,
k w
f ikd f
awGUNyD;odrmS ? 'Dawmh qV*Fak yu©mtaMumif;udk 'gavmufajym,if awmfavmufygNyD? tcsde½f , dS ifawmh ajymbdYk &m
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ½Syd gao;w,f/

oD;oefYopömawG

]]ig;tify,fav? *kPaf jcmufaxG? pHak papmifw h yg;}} qdw k hJ aqmify'k t f & eD0&Pig;yg;y,fyu kH kd ajymNyD;NyD?
*kPaf jcmufaxGeYJ jynfph ykH v kH J ajymNyD;NyD? tapmifw h yg;eJY jynfph ykH v kH J ajymNyD;NyD? 'gawGNyD;awmh ]]av;&yfru DS m? y,f½iS ;f
&m? opömoD;oefYrsm;}} qdw k hJ aqmify'k x f uJ av;&yfaom rS&D mudk rSyD akH wGvJ NyD;oGm;NyD? opömoD;oefYawG y,fyu kH
awmh twdck sKyfyaJ jym&awmhr,f? 'guawmh twdck sKyfq, kd if oów'd|ed YJ Oapä''d|d 'DEpS cf yk gbJ? avmurSm oów
'd|d t,l½adS ewJo h ul yk*Kd¾ vfowå0g[m aoNyD;awmhvJ wnfNrJwnfaew,f? wae&m&mrSm toufaumiftvdu k f
ajymif;a½TUNyD; ½SNd rJ½adS ew,fvYkd xifw,f? tJ'v D x
kd ifaewJh rdrt d ,lomrSew f ,f? 'Djyif t,l0g'awG tukerf mS ;w,fvYkd
oluy,fw,f? 'g[m rdpämt,l½w d S hJ olawG&UJ vrf;pOfb?J uk, d thf ,lukd rSew f ,f? olrsm;t,lukd rSm;w,fvYkd 'Dv, kd &l
rSmbJ? olrsm;t,lukd rSew f ,fq, kd if ud, k thf ,lukd rSm;w,fq&kd m usaerSmaygh/ NyD;awmh Oapä''d|d t,l½SdwJh oluvJ
yk*Kd¾ vfowå0g[m aooGm;,ifbmrSr½Sad wmhb;l ? tukev f ;kH aysmufomG ;w,fvYkd 'Dv, kd MkH unf,q l xm;w,f? 'gaMumifh
oluvJ aoNyD;wJah emuf [db k 0 'Db0awG ½Sad o;w,fqw kd m tvum; trSm;awG r[kww f [ hJ mawGbJ qdNk yD; y,fcs
w,f? ,ckacwf ½ky0f g't,lrsdK;ygbJ/ tJ'gawG[m ud, k t hf ,leYJ ud, k of m rSeaf ew,f? obm0"r® tppftrSeef YJ csdef
xd;k Munfv h ukd ,f ifawmh trSm;awGcsnf;bJ? 'gaMumifh tJ'rD pd mä t,lawGu oD;oefYopömawGw?hJ tJ'D oD;oefYopömawG
udv k J y,f&r,fw/hJ 'guawmh txl;y,fae&wm r[kwyf gbl;? a½SUydik ;f u ajymcJw h t hJ wdik ;f tapmifo h wduav;eJY
tNrJrjywf ½Irw S of mG ;,if ocFg½kayu©mÓPf a&mufawmh qV*Fak yu©meJY jynhpf w kH ,f? tJ'u D aeNyD; tpOftwdik ;f wuf
oGm;,if aomwmywård *fÓPf a&mufawmh 'Do;D oefYopömawG tukev f ;kH uif;aysmufomG ;ygw,f? 'Drpd mä 'd|ad b;BuD;
awG tukev f ;kH uif;aysmuf oGm;ygw,f? 'gaMumifh 'gvJ NyD;NyDvYkd bx J m;ygawmh/ w&m;a[mqdw k mNyD;csifvmawmhvJ
NyD;NyDvYkd ajym&wmbJ? rNyD;csiaf o;vdYk a[mr,fq, kd ifvJ 'Dae&mrSm a[mp&mawGu awmfawmfrsm;ygao;w,f? 'D
rdpmä t,l0g'pGv J rf;yHu k 10-rsdK;awmif ½Syd gw,f? tJ'gawGukd tEÅ*g¾ [d u'd|d vdYk ac:w,f? tcgwdik ;f awmh aqmify'k f
uav;awGawmif ay;xm;ygao;w,f? 'Dwcgawmh pm½Gux f J rygygbl;? tJ'aD qmify'k af wGu-

(1) owå0g rysufp;D bJ tNrJwnf½adS eonf/

(2) owå0g aovQif ysufp;D onf? tNrJ wnf½adS eonfr[kw/f
(3) owå0g tqHk; tydkif;tjcm; ½Sdonf/
(4) owå0g tqHk; tydkif;tjcm; r½Sd/
(5) toufaumifEiS hf ½kyu
f ,
kd f twlwyl if/
(6) toufaumifu wjcm;? ½kyu f ,kd u
f wjcm;/
(7) owå0g aoNyD;aemufvJ ½Sad o;onf/
(8) owå0g aoNyD;aemuf r½Sad wmhNyD/
(9) owå0g aoNyD;aemuf ½Sv d J ½S\
d ? r½SdvJ r½Sd/
(10) owå0g aoNyD;aemuf ½So d nfvJ r[kw?f r½So d nfvJ r[kw/f

'gawG[m oD;oefYopömvdYk ac:wJh rdpmä t,lawG&UJ ,lqyHak qmify'k af wGygbJ? ,ckawmh tcsderf ½Sv d Ykd tus,f
½Sif;rjyEdkifbl;? 'gavmufeJYbJ tNyD;owf vduk Mf uygpdYk ? ]]av;&yfru
DS m? y,f½iS ;f &m? opöm oD;oefYrsm;}} qdw
k hJ 'Daqmif
yk't
f &ygqd, k if ig;ck NyD;oGm;NyD/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 80

½SmrSD;jcif; oHk;rsdK;

NyD;awmh ]]½SmrS;D uif;pif? BuHMunfvif? xGu0f if Nidr;f apom;}}wJ?h ½SmrS;D rluif;&r,f? ½SmrSD;rIqw kd m ]]umar
oem-umr*kPu f kd ½SmrS;D jcif;? ba0oem-b0udk ½SmrD;S jcif;? jA[®p&da,oem-jrwfaomtusifu h kd ½SmrS;D jcif;}}vdYk
oH;k rsdK; oH;k qif½h wdS ,f? umr*kPu f ½kd mS rS;D jcif; qdw k mu umr*kPt f m½Hak wGukd ESpo f ufom,mNyD; vdu k v
f ½H mS rS;D ae
wmudk qdw k mygbJ? tJ'g[m b,fusrSNidr;f ovJqakd wmh ,ckajymcJw h t
hJ wdik ;f owdeYJ rjywf½NI yD; tm;xkwo f mG ;vdYk ½dS
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tcgusawmhrS olu Nidr;f oGm;w,f? tJ't D cgusawmh umr*kP½f mS rS;D rI[m vH;k vH;k r½Sad wmhb;l ? tukev f ;kH uif;oGm;
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BuHpnfrIawGvJ Munfvif&r,f

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tJ'gudk txl; owdûybdkYygbJ/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 81

vGwf,if vGwfaMumif;odonf

aemufNyD;awmh ]]pdwaf umif;pGmvGw?f ynmvGw?f rcRwf *kPq f ,fyg;}} wJ?h 'guawmh rkcsjynfph &kH rnfh
t&d,m0goawGb?J tpOftwdik ;f tm;xkwo f mG ;vdYk ½,
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omvufrv S J vGwo f mG ;w,f? a'goudavom? arm[udavom vufrv S J vGwo f mG ;w,f? 'guawmh t&[wår*f
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udvk J ud, k [hf mud, k b f J odw,f? tJ'v D kd vGwo f mG ;rSe;f ud,k [hf mud, k f qifjcifNyD; odomG ;wm[m ok0rd w k yå nm wJ?h
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k yf ikd Ó

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f m a½S;ueJY rwlb;l ? ½kyef mrfw&m;awGukd ½kyef mrf
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k m;jzifv h J
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qd,k ifawmh tukev f ;kH vGwaf jrmuf&r,f? tJ'v D kd vGwaf jrmufaewmudv k J jyefqifjcifwikd ;f qifjcifwikd ;f vGwaf jrmuf
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awG rjzpfvmawmhb;l qdw k mudk oufaocHtjzpfeYJ ud, k [hf mud, k f xif½mS ;ae&r,f? 'gudk qdv k w kd ,f/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 82

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t&d,m0gow&m;awGu pHyk gNyD? yXru 10-em&D w&m;odr;f bdYk &nf½,

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t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; NyD;\/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 83

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rwåaomum&D-orm"dEiS hf ynmü wpdww f a'o yrmPtm;jzifh ûyusifah vh ½So d }l } [lí¤if; a[mawmfr\ l ? tem*grf
udkrl ]]oDavok y&dy&l um&D-orm"doð® y&dy&l um&D-oDvESihf tjynfhpHk ûyusifhavh½Sdol}} [lí¤if;? ]]ynm, rwåaom
um&D-ynmü wpdww f a'o yrmPtm;jzifh ûyusifah vh½o dS }l } [lí¤if;? &[EÅmudrk u l m; ]]oDavok y&dy&l um&D-
orm"doð® y&dy&l um&D-ynm, y&dy&l um&D-oDv orm"d ynm oH;k yg;vH;k ü tjynft h pHk ûyusifah vh½o
dS }l } [lí¤if;
a[mawmfr\ l /

txufygokww f Ykd ü tem*grfEiS hf &[EÅmudk ]]oDavok y&dy&l um&D-oDvwdYk ü tjynft h pHk ûyusifo
h }l } [k a[m
ouJo h Ydk aomwmyefuv kd nf; oDavok y&dy&l um&D- oDvwdYk ü tjynft h pHu k sifoh }l }[líyif oDvt&mü wef;wlxm;
í a[mawmfro l nf? xdak Mumifh aomwmyefrmS umr&m*Asmyg'paom udavomtcsdKY ruif;ao;aomfvnf;
aomwmywård *fjzifh NyD;aom o'¨g 0D&, d owd paom£aNE´wYkdtpGr;f aMumifh &[ef;jzpfvQif (avmu0ZÆ) avmujypf
½Sad om odum© yk'wf Ykd EiS hf pyfí oDv tjynft h pHk pifMu,fonf vHûk cHonf [lí¤if;? vl0wfaMumif jzpfvQifvnf;
ig;yg;oDv tjynft h pHk pifMu,fonf vHûk cHonf [lí¤if; rSw&f m\? xdo k YkdrrSe, f bl J ]]aomwmyefrmS umr&m*
Asmyg'paom udavomawG ruif;ao;aomaMumifh touftEÅ&m,f paom tvGet f a&;BuD;onfh taMumif;rsm;ESihf
awGYêuHvQif oDvysufEikd af o;onf}} ponfjzifh rdr\ d ykxZk Ofpw
d Ef iS hf EdiI ;f ,SOBf uHqí ajymqdv k Qif xdo k o l nf jycJh
aom odum© okwf paomjrwfpmG bk&m;\ pum;awmfukd usL;ausmyf ,fzsu&f m a&muf\/

tavsmftm;jzifh BuHq,loifo h nfrmS ...aomwmyefrmS r*fjzifNh yD;aom o'¨gw&m;onf tjynft h pHk cdik Nf rJvsuf
½Sd\ ygwdarmu© oH0&[kac:aom odum© yk'q f ikd &f moDvonf xdo k '¨g\tpGr;f jzifh NyD;pD;jynfph \
kH wdkwdkESifh ½Sif;½Sif;
ajym&vQif...jrwfpmG bk&m;ud,
k MkH unfvQif bk&m;\pum;udk vdu k ef mí oDvjynfph \ kH ? r,Hv k Qif rvduk ef mí rjynfph ?kH
Oyrmtm;jzifh vlrrmonf aq;q&mud, k v
kH Qif xdq k &m\pum;udv k ukd ef m\ r,Hv
k Qif rvdu k ef mouJoh Ykd yifwnf;/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 84

aomwmyefonfum; Aka'¨ta0pöyo Ü ma'e orEém-*awm-bk&m;ü ÓPfjzifo h uf0ifí rwkerf vIyf cdik Nf rJpmG
,HMk unfaom o'¨gw&m;ESihf jynfph akH y\? xdt k wlyif w&m;awmf oHCmawmfwYkdü ,HMk unfaom o'¨gw&m;ESiv hf nf;
jynfph akH y\? xdYk aMumifh jrwfpmG bk&m;u ]]tjypf½o dS nf rûyaumif;}}[k ynwfa[mMum; wm;jrpfxm;aom trI[o l rQ
udk ½dak opGma½SmifMuOf\? toufupkd eG Yf íaomfvnf; apmifph nf;\? xdYk jyif r*fjzifNh yD;aom 0D&, d ESivhf nf; jynfph akH om
aMumifh tacsmifcí kd rw&m;ojzifh ypön;f ½Smjcif;rsdK;udk rûy? vHYk v0D&,
d jzifh tyef;cHí rSeu
f efw&m;aom or®mtmZD0
jzifh ypönf;½Sm\? xdYk jyif a½S;ü ajymcJo h nfth wdik ;f r*fjzifNh yD;aom owdjzifv h nf; trSw&f aeaomaMumifh rxde;f Edik f
rodr;f Edik af vmufatmif jyif;xefaom tyg, *reD, avmb ponf rjzpfEikd ?f þo'¨g0D&, d owdpaom £aNE´wYkd
\tpGr;f aMumifh aomwmyefrmS oDv tjynft h pHk pifMu,fonf vHûk cHonf-[líomvQif BuHq rSw, f o l ifah yonf/

atmufygrSm þ teufukd wdu

k ½f u
kd jf yaom t|uxm pum; jzpfonf/

oapyd b0EÅ&*wH t&d,om0uH twåaem t&d,om0ubm0H tZmeEÅrdÜ aumpd {0H 0a',s

]]£rH ukEu
¦ d ydvu
d’ H ZD0w
d m a0ga&maywGm ouvpuú0gV*aAÇ puú0w
d &då ZÆH y#dyZÆm[D}}wd? ae0 aomwH
ZD0w
d m a0ga&may,s? txmyd eH {0H 0a',sHK ]]oap £rH eCmawóod? oDoH aw qdEó d́ mrm}}-wd?
oDoar0ó qdaE´,sHK? e p aom wHCmaw,s/ (Oy&dyPÖmo t|uxm-75? t*Fw k &å t|uxm 1-353?
oar®m[ 0daem'eD t|uxm-406)/

b0wyg;odYk a&mufaeí rdrt d &d,mjzpfaMumif;udyk if rodaom aomwmyef t&d,mwynfu h kd (ajymqdck iG hf

½So
d )l wpHw
k a,mufu ]]þ yd;k ½G y½Gwq f w
d u
f kd owfNyD;vQif pMum0Vmwwdu k v f ;kH ü pMu0aw;rif; tjzpfukd ûyavh}}
[k tu,fí qdjk im;tH?h xdak omwmyef t&d,m wynfo h nf xdyk ;kd ½G y½Gwq
f wd u f kd rowfEikd &f monfomvQifwnf;?
wenf;tm;jzifvh nf; ]]þtaumifurkd owfvQif oif\OD;acgif;jzifh jzwfuek t f }hH } [k þodYk rv l nf; xdak omwmyef
t&d,m wynfu h kd qdu
k ek jf im;tH?h xdak omwmyef\ OD;acgif;udo k mvQif jzwf&avuke&f m\ xdak omwmyefonfum;
xdt
k aumifukd rowfav&m/ (jrefrmjyef)/

txufyg t|uxmonf jyqdck ahJ om oDavok y&dy&l um&D paom ygVdawmfEiS t

hf nD odv,
G af p&ef yHyk rm
aqmifí jyqdak om pum;jzpfonf/

atmufygrSm aomwmyefy*k Kd¾ vfrsm; rdrw

d Ykd \ tajctaeESihf wdu
k q
f ikd f csed x
f ;kd Munf&h ef jrwfpmG bk&m; a[m
awmfral om "r®m'gookwf (aMu;rHw
k &m;) jzpfonf/

(u) £"meE´ t&d,om0aum Aka'¨ ta0pöyo

Ü ma'e orEém*awm a[mwd £wdyad om
b*0g t&[H/y/ b*0gwd/

(c) "ar® ta0pöyo

Ü ma'e orEém*awm a[mwd oGmu©mawm b*0wm "ar®m/y/ ypöwHå
a0'dwaAÁm 0dñ[
l w
D /d

(*) oHaC ta0pöyo Ü ma'e orEém*awm a[mwd oky#Ü yd aEém b*0awm om0u
oHaCm/y/ tEkw&å H yknau©wHå avmuómwd/

(C) t&d,uaEÅ[d oDav[d orEém*awm a[mwd tca@[d tpäad '´[d toAav[d

tur®m ao[d/y/ omr"do0H wåead u[d/
t,H acgaom tmeE´ "r®m'gaom "r®y&d,ma,m? a,e orEém*awm t&d,om0aum
tmucFrmaem twåem0 twåmeH Asmua&,s ]]cDPed&a,mrSd cDPwd&pämea,med cDPaywå0d o d a,m
cDPmyg, 'k*w ¾ 0d ed yd gawm? aomwmyaEém-[ro®d t0deyd gw"ar®m ed,awm oarÁm"dy&m,aPm}}wd/
(okwrf [m0gygVd-*0? r[m0*¾ oH,w k f ygVd-311)/

(u) tmeE´m þomoemawmfü t&d,mwynfo h nf ]]xdjk rwfpmG bk&m;onf ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrx

l u
kd f
aom taMumif;aMumifv h nf; t&[Hrnfawmfr\ l /y/ bke;f wefc;kd BuD;awmfral om taMumif;aMumifv h nf; b*0g
rnfawmfr\
l }} [k jrwfpmG bk&m;ü rwkerf vIyf Munfñjkd cif;ESihf jynfph \
kH /
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 85

(c) }}w&m;awmfonf jrwfpmG bk&m; aumif;pGm a[mxm;aom w&m;awmfygaywnf;/y/ (t&d,m) ynm½Sd

wdYk om ud,
k pf u
D ,
kd if odEikd cf pH m;Edik af om w&m;awmfygaywnf;}} [k w&m;awmfü rwkerf vIyf Munfñjkd cif;ESihf jynfph kH
\/

(*) ]]jrwfpmG bk&m;\ wynfo h m; oHCmawmfonf aumif;aom tusih½f adS wmfryl gay\/ y/ owå0gtaygif;
\ aumif;rIûy&ef tjrwfq;kH v,fajr jzpfawmfryl gay\}} [k oHCmawmfü rwkerf vIyf Munfñjkd cif;ESihf jynfph \
Hk /

(C) rusKd ; rayguf rajymuf rusm;ukeaf om/y/ orm"dukd jzpfapwwfuek af om t&d,mwdYk ESpo
f uftyf
ukeaf om oDvwdYk EiS hf jynfph \
kH /

þonfyif aMu;rHw k &m;wnf;? ,if;aMu;rHw k &m;ESihf jynfph akH om t&d,mwynfo h nf ajymMum;vdyk grl ]]ighrmS
i&Jy#doaE¨ ukeNf yD? wd&pämefy#doaE¨ ukeNf yD? Nydwmå y#doaE¨ ukeNf yD? tyg,f'*k w ¾ o
d Ykd ysufp;D í usa&mufz,G f ukeNf yD?
igonf aomwmyefjzpf\? tyg,fbo kH Ykd ysufp;D í rusEdik Nf yD? *wdÓPf ude;f aoNrJNyD? txufr*f ÓPf oH;k yg;vQif
aemufq;kH aom a&muf&m½S\ d }} [k rdru
d , kd wf ikd yf if rdrt
d aMumif;udk qH;k jzwfajymMum;Edik f ay\/ (jrefrmjyef)

txufyg "r®m'gookwf (aMu;rHw

k &m;)rS(C) tyd'k o
f nf þüxkwjf yvd&k if;jzpf\? xdt
k yd'k u
f kd t|uxmwdYk
ü atmufygtwdik ;f zGijhf yxm;\/
t&d,uaEÅ[[ D d t&d,meH uaEÅ[d yda,[d remay[d/ yOö [d oDved b0EÅ&*wmyd t&d,m
eaumayEÅ/d {0H awoH yd,med/ wmed oE¨ma,wH 0kw?Hå tca@[Dwt d m'd o'do0aoe 0kw/Hå rkc0¥d,O§d
qdaEéua'om ygwd c@mwd 0kpw ö ?d raZÑbdEmé qd'g´ wd? {uo®ð ya'ao 0dobm*0PÖm*g0D oAvmwd?
ememAdEK´ pdwmå ur®momwd? {0ar0 y#dyg#d,m tm'drdS 0g taEÅ 0g bdEw é må oDvH c@Hemr?raZÑbdEHé qd'?H´
,w¬ uw¬pd 'GEd Hé 0g wdPHÖ 0g y#dyg#d,m bdEHé oAvH? {uEÅ&H bdEHé ur®moH/ awoH a'gomeH tbma0e
tc@m'dwm a0'dwAÁm/y/ orm"do0H wåead u[Dwd tyÜemorm"d H Oypm& orm"d H 0g oH0awåwkH
oraw¬[/d (oH,w k yf |uxm 3-308-ponf)/

t&d,mwdYk ESpo f uftyfuek af om [l&mü t&d,mwdYk onf ESpo f uftyf cspftyf jrwfE;kd tyfuek af om ([k qdk
vd\k )/ rSeaf y\/ ig;yg;oDvwdYk ukd t&d,mwdYk onf b0wyg;odYk a&mufaeukeaf omfvnf; rysufapuke?f þodYk vQif
xdt
k &d,mwdYk onf cspftyfayuke\ f / xdik g;yg;oDvwdYk ukd &nfí }}t&d,mwdYk ESpo f uftyfuek af om oDvwdYk }} [laom
xdpk um;udk qdak yonf/ rusdK;ukef ponfukd wlonf\ tpGr;f jzifh qdt k yfayonf? wlyu kH m; EIwcf rf;a&;ü wpdwf
wydik ;f usdK;yJah omcGuu f kd usdK;yJoh nf[í l ¤if;? tv,füaygufaomcGuu f kd aygufonf[í l ¤if;? wae&mü tqif;
trsdK;uGaJ om EGm;rudk aMumifusm;onf [lí¤if;/ trsdK;rsdK;aom tajymuftuGu½f adS om EGm;rudk ajymufonf[í l
¤if;? ajymqd&k ouJo h Ykd xdYk twlyif odum© yk't f pOftm;jzifh tpüjzpfapç tqH;k üjzpfap wckcyk sufaomoDvonf usdK;
onfrnf\? tv,fü odum© yk'w f ckysufvQif aygufonfrnf\? wae&m&mü odum© yk'f ESpcf o k ;kH ck tpOfvu
kd yf suf
vQif aMumifusm;onfrnf\? wckjcm;ysuv f Qif ajymufonfrnf\? xdo k Ykd aom tjypfrsm; r½So d jzifh rusdK;onft h jzpf
ponfukd odtyf\/y/ orm"dukd jzpfapEdik u f ek af om [l&mü psmef r*f zdvk f tyÜemorm"duakd omf¤if; Oypm orm"dukd
aomf¤if; jzpfapjcif;iSg pGr;f Edik u
f ek af om ([k qdv k \ kd )/ (jrefrmjyef)

txufyg ygVdt|uxmwdYk jzifh aomwmyef t&d,mrSm ig;yg;oDvxJu odum© yk'f wckcrk Q rysufbJ jynfph kH
pifMu,faMumif;? ,ckb0üom r[kw?f aemifb0wdYk üvnf; rysuyf J jynfph pkH ifMu,faMumif; xif½mS ; jy\? xdYk jyif
orm"do0H wåead u[d-orm"dukd jzpfapwwfuek af om[laom *kPyf 'k jf zifh oDvpifMu,frS orm"dtppfjzpfEikd o
f nfukd
vnf; jy\/

atmufyg t*Fw
k &å oH,w
k yf gVdwYkd üum; t&d,myk*Kd¾ vfMuOfa½Smifaom odum© yk'if g;yg;udk toD;toD; xif½mS ;
jyawmfr\
l /

,awm acg *[ywd t&d,omouó yOöb,med a0&med 0lyoEÅmed a[mEÅ?d pwl[d p

aomwmywåd ,a*F[d orEém*awm a[mwd/ aom tmucFrmaem twåem0 twåmeH Asmua&,s
]]cDPed&a,mrSd cDPwd&päme a,med cDPaywå0d o
d a,m cDPyg,'k*w
¾ 0d ed yd gawm? aomwmyaEém [ro®d
t0deyd gw"ar®m ed,awm oarÁm"dy&m ,aPm}} wd/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 86

uwrmed yOö b,med a0&med 0lyoEÅmed a[mEÅ?d ,H *[ywd ygPmwdygwD ygPmwdygwypö,m

'd|"r®u
d rÜd b,H a0&H yo0wd? orÜm&m,d urÜd b,H a0&H yo0wd? apwodurÜd 'kuH© a'greóH
y#doaH 0a'wd? ygPmwd ygwm y#d0&d awm ae0 'd|"r®u
d rÜd b,H a0&H yo0wd? e orÜ&m,durÜd b,H
a0&H a0&H yo0wd? e apwodur0d 'kuH© a'greóH y#doaH 0a'[d? ygPmwdygwm y#d0&d wó {0H wH
b,H a0&H 0lyoEÅH a[mwd/

,H *[ywd t'dEmé 'g,D/y/umarokrpd mä pm&D/y/ rkom0g'D/y/ ok&mar&, rZÆyrm'|m,D

ok&mar&, rZÆyrm'|meypöa,m 'd|"r®urÜd b,H a0&H yo0wd/y/ ol&mar&,rZÆyrm'|mem y#d0&d wó
{0H wH b,H a0&H 0lyoEÅH a[mwd/ £rmed yOö b,med a0&med 0lyoEÅmed a[mEÅ/d

uwar[d pwl[d aomwmywå,

d a*F[d orEém*awm a[mwd? £" *[ywd t&d,om0aum Aka'¨
ta0pöyo
Ü ma'e orEém*awm a[mwd/y/ "ar®/y/ oHaC ta0pöyoÜ ma'e orEém*awm a[mwd/y/
t&d,uaEÅ[d oDav[d orEém*awm a[mwd tca@[d tpäad '´[d toAav[d tur®m ao[d/y/
orm"do0H wåead u[d/

,awm acg *[ywd t&d,om0uó £rmed yOö b,med a0&med 0lyoEÅmed a[mEÅ?d £ar[d p
pwl[d aomwmywå, d a*F[d orEém*awm a[mwd/ aom tmucFrmaem twåem0 twåmeH Asmua&,s
]]cDPed&a,mrS/d y/ aomwmyaEém[ro®/d y/ oarÁm"dy&m,aPm}}wd/

(t*Fw
k &å ygVd wwd,tkyf 205? oH,w
k f yXr 297)

(temxydPf) ol<u,f tMuiftcgü t&d,mwynfhtm; ab;&efig;rsdK;wdkYonf iN rd ;f at;uke\ f aomwmyef

t*Fgav;rsdK;wdYk EiS vhf nf; jynfph \
kH ? xdtk cg xdt k &d,mwynfo h nf ajymMum;vdyk grl ]]igrSm i&Jy#doaE¨uek Nf yD? wd&pämef
y#doaE¨ ukeNf yD? Nydwmå y#doaEÅ ukeNf yD? tyg,f'*k w ¾ o
d Ykd ysupf ;D í usa&mufz, G uf ek Nf yD? igonf aomwmyefjzpf\?
tyg,fbHkodkY ysufp;D í rusEdik Nf yD? *wdÓPf ude;f aoNrJNyD? txufr*fÓPf oH;k yg;vQif aemufq;kH owfa&muf&m½Sd
\}} [k rdrud ,
kd w f ikd f rdrt
d aMumif;udk qH;k jzwfajymMum;Edik af y\/
tb,fab;&efrsdK;wdYk Nidr;f ukeo
f enf;[lrl ol<u,f olYtouf owfoo l nf olYtouf owfjcif; [laom
taMumif;aMumifh rsufarSmufab;&efvnf;yGg;\? wrvGef ab;&efvnf;yGg;\? pdwq f if;&Jjcif; ESv;kH romjcif;udk
vnf; cHpm;&\? owfjcif;rS a½SmifMuOfoo l nf rsufarSmufab;&efvnf; ryGg;? wrvGeaf b;&efvnf; ryGg;? pdwf
qif;&Jjcif; ESv;kH romjcif;udv
k nf; rcHpm;&? olYtouf owfjcif;rS a½SmifMuOfot
l m; þodYk vQif xdak b;&efonf Nidr;f
at;\/

ol<u,foYl Opömudk vk,ufc;kd ,loo

l nf/y/umr*kPwf Ykd ü rSm;,Gi;f pGmûyusifo
h o
l nf/y/ vdrv f nfajymol
onf/y/ ao&nft&uf aomufpm;olonf ao&nft&ufaomufpm;jcif;[laom taMumif;aMumifh rsufarSmufab;
&efvnf;yGg;\/y/ ao&nft&uf aomufpm;jcif;rS a½SmifMuOfotl m; þodYk vQif xdak b;&efonf Nidr;f at;\/

tb,faomwmyef t*Fgav;rsdK;wdYk EiS hf jynfph o kH enf;[lr-l ol<u,f þomoemawmfü t&d,m wynfo h nf

jrwfpmG bk&m;ü rwkerf vIyf Munfñjkd cif;ESihf jynfph \
kH ? w&m;awmfü/y/ oHCmawmfü rwkerf vIyf Munfñjkd cif;ESihf
jynfph \
kH ? rusdK;rayguf rajymufrusm;Edik af om/y/ orm"dukd jzpfapwwfuek af om t&d,mwdYk ESpo
f uftyfuek af om
oDvwdYk EiS hf jynfph \
kH /

ol<u,ftMuiftcgü t&d,mwynft h m; þab;&efig;rsdK;wdYk onf Nidr;f at;uke\

f ? þaomwmyef t*Fg
av;rsdK;wdYk EiS v
hf nf; jynfph \
kH ? xdktcgü t&d,mwynfo
h nf ajymMum;vdyk grl ]]ighrmS i&Jy#doaE¨ ukeNf yD/y/ igonf
aomwmyef jzpf\/y/txufr*fÓPfo;kH yg;vQif aemufq;kH oufa&muf&m½S\ d }} [k rdrud ,kd w
f ikd yf if rdrt
d aMumif;udk
qH;k jzwf ajymMum;Edik af y\/ (jrefrmjyef)

txufyg ygVdü ab;&efjzpfyu

kH kd t|uxmü atmufygtwdik ;f zGijhf yxm;\/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 87

b,H a0&EÅd tw¬awm {uH/ a0&Oö emarwH 'k0"d H a[mwd Am[d&H tZÑwåu d EÅ/d {aue [d
{uó ydwm rm&dawm a[mwd? aom pdaEÅod ]]{awe ud& ar ydwm rm&dawm? t[rÜd wHa,0
rma&ómrD}} wd edow d H ow¬H tm'g, p&wd/ ,m wó tAÇEaÅ & OyÜEaé 0& apwem? £'H Am[d&H
a0&H emr/ ,m ye £w&ó ]]t,H ud& rH rma&ómrDwd p&wd? t[ar0eH yXrw&H
rma&ómrD}} wd apwem OyÜZw Æ ?d £'H tZÑwåu
d H a0&Hemr/ £'H wm0 Ob,rÜd 'd|"r®u d ar0/ ,m
ye wH ed&a, OyÜEHé 'domG ]]{wH y[&dómrD}} wdZvdwH t,rk*&¾ H *PSawm ed&,ygvó
apwem OyÜZw Æ ?d £'ró orÜ&m,duH Am[d&a0&H/ ,mpó ]]t,H eda'´goH rH y[&dómrDwd
tm*päw?d t[ar0 eH yXrw&H y[&dómrD}} wd apwem OyÜZw Æ ?d £'ró orÜ&m,duH
tZÑwåa0&H? ,H yaewH Am[d&a0&H? wH t|uxm,H yk*v ¾ a0&EÅd 0kw/Hå {0Haooya'okyd ]]£rdem
rr b@H [#H? r,SH 'ga&ok pm&dwHå tmyEé?H rkom 0wGm taw¬m ba*¾g? ok&mr'rawåe £'H emr
uwEÅt d m'dem ea,e a0½kywÜ då a0'dwAÁm/ t&d,uaEÅ[w D d yOö[d oDav[d/ wmed[d t&d,meH
uEÅmeH uEÅmed yd,med? b0EÅ&*wmyd t&d,mwmed e 0dZ[EÅ?d wo®m t&d,uEÅmeDwd 0kpEö /dÅ
(oH,wk tf |uxm 'kw, d 68)/

ab;ESi&hf ef þESprf sdK;onf teuft&wl\? &ef [lonfrmS vnf; twGi;f &ef tjyif&ef[í l ESprf sdK;½S\
d
csJYíjy&vQif-vlwa,muf vlwa,muf\tzudk owfvu kd v
f Qif towfc&H ol\ om;u ]]ightzudk þoluowf
owJ?h iguvnf; þoluykd if owfrnf}} [k BuHíxufpmG aom "m;vufeufukd udik af qmifvsuf oGm;vmae\?
þodYk BuHpnfomG ;vmaeaom ol\ ud, k x
f üJ jzpfaom &efNidK; apwemonf tjyif&efol rnf\ ]]igowfvdkufaom
ol\om;onf ighukd owfrnf[k BuHpnfomG ;vmaeowJ?h þtaumifukd iguyif vufO;D owfvu kd rf nf}} [k
olowfom® ;tm; apwem jzpf\? þapwemonf twGi;f &ef rnf\? jyqdck ahJ om þtwGi;f tjyif&efEpS rf sdK;vH;k onf
rsuaf rSmufb0ü jzpfaom &efomvQif jzpfonf/ (vluo kd wfcí hJ ) i&Jü usa&mufaeaom olukd i&Jxed ;f u jrifí
þtaumifukd ykwcf wfrnf-[k &J&aJ wmufaom oHwif;ykwu f kd pGu
J ikd af om i&Jxed ;f rSm jzpfaom apwemonf
wrvGef tjyif&efrnf\? þi&Jxed ;f onf tjypfr½Sad om ighukd ykwcf wfrnf[k vmae\? iguyif olYukd vufO;D ykwf
cwfvu kd rf nf[k i&Jom;rSmjzpfaom apwemonf wrvGef twGi;f &ef rnf\? a½S;t|uxma[mif;ürl tjyif&efukd
yk*Kd¾ vf&efo[ l k qd\k ? <uif;aom t'dEmé 'gef ponfwYkd üvnf; þenf;wlyif ]]þolonf ighOpömudk vk,uf cd;k ,lchJ
\? ig\ r,m;wdYk ü usL;vGecf \ hJ ? rkom;ajymí ightusdK;udk zsufq;D cJ\ h ? ao&nft&uf ,pfr;l um þrnfaom
trIukd ûycJb h ;l \}} þodYk tp½Sad om enf;jzifh &efjzpfyukH kd odtyf\? (t&d,mrSm þ&efrsdK; tm;vH;k uif;onf[k qdv k kd
\) t&d,mwdYk EpS o f uf tyfuek af om (oDvwdYk EiS )hf [lonfum; ig;yg;oDv wdYk EiS hf ([k qdv k \kd )/ rSeaf y\ xdk
ig;yg;oDvwdYk ukd t&d,mwdYk u ESpo f ufuek f cspfjrwfE;kd uke\ f ? b0 wyg;odYk a&mufaeukeaf omfvnf; t&d,mwdYk
onf xdik g;yg;oDvwdYk ukd rpGeYf uek ?f xdak Mumifh t&d,uEÅ- t&d,mwdYk ESpo f ufaomoDv-[k qdt k yfuek \f /
(jrefrmjyef)
þrQaom ygVd t|uxmpum;wdYk jzifh aomwmyef t&d,mtppfrmS rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q ig;yg;oDvrysuf
aMumif; ig;yg;oDv vH;k 0pifMu,f vHûk cHaMumif; ,HMk unfq;kH jzwfEikd Nf yD? xdYk aMumifyh if þodYk aom ygVdt|uxmwdYk ukd
axmufí Ak'b ¨ mom0if &[ef; ½Siv f l [lorQwdYk onf ]]aomwmyefrmS ig;yg;oDv vHûk cHpifMu,fonf? ig;yg;oDvrS
rvHyk J aomwmyef[k trnfcv H Qif xdak omwmyefrmS bk&m;a[m ygVdç xd\ k tzGiçhf t|uxmpaom usrf;*efwYkd EiS hf
nDaom aomwmyef tppfr[kw?f twkty aomwmyef jzpfonf}} [líom wxpfcs rSw, f x l m;Muayonf/

trSwf (1) ½Sif;vif;csuf NyD;\/

t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 88

trSwf(2) ½Sif;vif;csuf

pmrsuEf Sm 214-ü ]],dr;f ,dik f vIy½f mS ; a½GYomG ;wwfonf}} [laom pmyd'k rf mS ork'&D P&o-[laom t|
uxmygXftwGuf jyefqckd sufjzpfonf? emr½lyy&dapä'usrf;ü xdo k rk'&D P&oyk'\ f tpm; orD&P&o-[k qdx k m;
\? tbd"r®m0wm& #Dumopfü ork'&D P&omwd urÜe&om-[k zGiq hf \kd ? xdYk aMumifh ork'D&Pç orD&Pç urÜe-
[laom þoH;k yk'o f nf teufwjl zpfí vIyjf cif;ç vIyaf pjcif; - [laom teufwYkd ukd a[m\? xdw k iG f vIyaf pjcif;
teufu, kd íl r[m#Dumü ayv’e-wGe;f jcif;[k t"dygÜ ,w¬ zGijhf y\? wGe;f jcif;[lonfrmS rdrEd iS hf waygif;wnf;jzpf
aom½kyçf rdrEd iS hf wdu k cf wfrad om ½kyw f Ykd ukd t&yfwyg;ü jzpfap&ef wGe;f uefaomowåad ywnf; ¤if;rSm vIy½f mS ;rIwikd ;f
ü yg0ifvsuf½Sd\? odYk aomfvnf; vufajcponf vIy½f mS ;&mü wGe;f onf[k ajymqdak vhr½SMd u? vIyo f nf [líom
ajymqdak vh½MdS u\? xdYk jyif tjcm;½kyw f Ykd uwkd eG ;f uefaom 0ga,m"mwfrmS vIy½f mS ;jcif;oabmvnf; ½Sd\? 0ga,m"mwf
onf rdru d vIy½f mS ;wwfaomaMumifyh if olwyg;tm; vIy½f mS ;apwwf wGe;f uef wwfayonf? Oyrm- vIy½f mS ;wwf
aom EGm;onf rdrEd iS x hf pd yfvsuf½adS om vSn;f udk vIy½f mS ;apwwf wGe;f wwfouJo h Ykd yifwnf;? xdYk aMumifh wGe;f rIonf
vIy½f mS ;rIü twGi;f 0ifvsuf½\ dS ? vIy½f mS ;rIuo kd vd Qif wGe;f rIuv kd nf; odawmhonf omwnf;? odYk jzpfí trsm;ajymqdk
avh½o dS jzifh em;vnfv, G af om vIy½f mS ;rI udo k m y"meûyí aqmify'k üf ]],dr;f ,dik v f yI ½f mS ; a½GYomG ;wwfonf}} [k
jyqdck ahJ yonf? tu,fí r[m#Dum tzGiEhf iS hf wdu k ½f u
kd n
f aD tmif qdv k v kd Qif ]],dr;f ,dik vf yI ½f mS ; a½GUoGm;aponf}}[k
jyifí qd&k m\/

trSwf (2) ½Sif;vif;csufNyD;\/

trSwf(3) ½Sif;vif;csuf

pmrsufEmS 215-ü ]]olv&kd mbuf wGe;f vsufaqmifonf}} [laom pmyd'k w f iG f ol-[laom emrfpm;jzifh
0ga,m"mwfuq kd o kd nf? vd&k mbuf-[laompum;onf wifpm;íqdak om pum;jzpfonf? tbde[ D m&ypöK-y|meyk'rf S
tbde[ D m&-a½S;½Iaqmifonf-[l&mü a½S;½I-[laom pum;onf okwenf; olrsm; em;rvnfEikd af om todcufaom
pum;jzpfonf? ¤if;jzifh OD;wrf;jcif;ç OD;wnfjcif; teufukd jy\? xdOk ;D wrf;jcif;ç OD;wnfjcif;teufuv kd nf;
okwenf;olwYkdrmS em;vnf&efrvG,v f aS o;? xdYk aMumifh a½S;½Iç OD;wrf;ç OD;wnf[al om xdyk 'k w f Ykd \tpm; ]]olv&kd m
buf}} [k qdx k m;onf? 0ga,m"mwfaqmifomG ; vd&k mbuf a½S;½I OD;wnfr&d mbuf-[k qd\ k ? xdo k Ykd q&kd mü 0ga,m
"mwfrmS tvd[ k í l r½Sjd im;aomfvnf; jrefrmwdYk \ ajym½d;k qdpk Oftm;jzifh ]]rd;k onf ol½mG vd&k m ½Gm\? avonf
olwukd vf &kd m wdu k \ f }} [laom Oyrm pum;wdYk uo hJ Ykd þüvnf; ]]olv&kd mbuf}} [k wifpm;í qdx k m;jcif; jzpfonf/

þwifpm;csufrmS rl uav; oli,frsm; a*:vDv;kH vSrd í hf upm;&müyif ]]'Da*:vDv;kH u 'Dbufukd roGm;csif

bl;? [db k ufukd oGm;csifaew,f}} ponfjzifh ajymqdak vh½adS omaMumifh ]]0ga,m"mwfu olv&kd mbufukd wGe;f aqmif
oGm;onf}}[kqv kd Qif ]]a½S;½I OD;wrf;rd&mbufoYkd wGe;f aqmifomG ;onf}} [k qdv
k akd Mumif; vG,uf pl mG yif odem;vnf
Edik \
f /

þodYk em;vnfv, G af tmifwifpm;í ajymoifah omaMumifyh ifvQif ygVdt|uxm#DumwdYk üvnf; ]]pu©Ktm0dÚä

wd remyda,ok ½layok(oH2-402)? pu©KaywH 0dorZÑmo,H/y/ ½lypdwyå yk v æ wm'd0pd ad wåoak ,0 yetbd&rwd (oH
| 2-111)? pu©KHh acg rm*@d, ½lyg&mrH½yl &wH (r 2-171)? ½layok tm0dÚeä &oH (0do'k d̈ 2-74)? pu©ww D d
0dnmPm"d|wd H or0dorH tmpduE© HÅ 0d,tbdAswåH 0'EÅH 0d, a[mwDwd taw¬m/ (r[m#D 2-87) þodYk ponfjzifh
wifpm;í jyqdak om t&mwdYk onf &maygif;rsm;pGmyif ½Su
d ek \
f /

xdjk yif tbde[ D m&-a½S;½Iaqmifjcif;-[lonfrmS vnf; þt&mü ]]yk&awm tbde[ D ma&m *reEÅd 0kpw
ö }d } [l
aom owdy|meokwt f zGihf t|uxmüuJo h Ykd a½GYomG ;jcif;rQudo
k m qdv
k o
kd nfr[kwaf y? blwoCFm#óa'oEŽyk w Ü då
a[wkbma0g-[laom r[m#DumESit hf nD blw½kyt f aygif;\ t&yftyg;ü jzpfaMumif; jzpfaom (0ga,m\)
wGe;f aqmifru I o
kd m qdvk akd yonf? xdak Mumifh wGe;f vsuf-[laom 0daooe yk'yf g xnfí h ]]wGe;f vsufaqmifonf}}
[k qdx k m;onf/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 89

txl;rSw&f efrmS 0ga,m"mwfonf ur®Z pdwZå OwkZtm[m&Ztm;jzifh 4-rsdK;½S&d mwGif pdwZå 0ga,m vd&k m
buf a½S;½I OD;wrf;rd&mbufonf ¤if;udk jzpfapaom Zeupdw\ f tvd½k &dS mbufyif jzpfonf? xdYk aMumifh auG;jcif;
qefYjcif;paom pdwZå ½ky\ f ypöKy|mefukd ajymaomtcgpdw\ f tvd½k &dS mbufoYkd aqmifomG ;yHjk zifh ½Si;f vif;ajymvQif
odv, G \f ? 0dyóemt&mü xdk0ga,m 4-rsdK;wdYk wiG f auG;jcif; qefYjcif; vIy½f mS ;jcif; ponfjzifh ud, k t f rlt&m pdwå
Z0ga,m½kyfudk trsm;qHk;½IrSwf&\? xdYk aMumifh xdpk w
d Zå 0ga,m\ ypöKy|mefukd ½Si;f jyvduk v
f Qif azmif;rI yderf pI aom
tjcm;0ga,m½kyw f Ykd \ (twGi;f buf tjyifbufpaom vd&k mbuf-a½S;½I OD;wrf;rd&mbufoYkd aqmifomG ;jcif;[laom)
ypöKy|mefuvkd nf; xif½mS ;odEikd af wmhonfomwnf;? okYd jzpfí xdpk myd'k \
f t"dygÜ ,fukd ½Si;f jy&mwGipf w d Ef iS hf pdwZå
0ga,mudk y"meûyí ½Si;f jycJah yonf/

þt&mü ½kyf\ypöKy|mefukd 0dyóem r½Iaumif;[lí¤if;? 0ga,m\ ypöKy|mefukd tusKd ;quf zvypöKy|mef

[lí¤if;? ynwf[í l ¤if; 0dw@0g'Dy*k Kd¾ vfwpku ajymqdak eaom rdpmä 0g'udv
k nf; ½Si;f vif; jyoifah omaMumifh
¤if;udv
k nf; tusOf;csKyf ½Si;f vif;jyOD;tH/h

ypöKy|mef y'|mefwdkYjzifhvnf; ½Ityf\

vu©P&o'D0aoe y&d*a¾ [wAÁm - vu©Pm &oponfwYkd \ tpGr;f tm;jzifh odr;f qnf;tyf uke\ f -[l
aom 0do'k rd¨ *f (2-222) \ tzGihf r[m#Dumü y&d*[
¾ 0dpyd e cE¨ead '´ao 0kawåm {0gwd t"dygÜ a,m-[k rdeYf qakd wmf
rl\/

vu©Pm &o ponfwYkd \ tpGr;f tm;jzifh odr;f qnf;yHk tpD&ifukd 0do'k rd¨ *f cE¨ead '´oü jycJYNyD? tjynft
h pHk
tus,fukd odvv
kd Qif xdck E¨ead '´oü jyefMunfyh g[k qdv
k \
kd /

cE¨ead '´oü Munfv

h Qif apwoduf emrfw&m; odr;f qnf;yHk tpDt&ifu-kd

zkowDwd zaóm? oGm,H zkoevu©aPm? oCF¥e&aom? oEéyd gwypöKy|maem?

tmygw *w0do,y'|maem-

þodYk ponfjzif-h

(1) vu©P (2) &o (3) ypöKy|mef (4) y'|mef wdYk \ tpGr;f tm;jzifh odr;f qnf;yHk ½IykH tpDt&ifukd tjynfh
tpHk jyxm;onfukd awGU&\/

pdw0f Ó
d Pf odr;f qnf;yHk tpDt&ifuv kd nf; pu©K0dnmP"mwfponfjzifh 7-rsdK;cGJí toD;toD; vu©Pm
&o ypöKy|mef y'|mef 4-rsdK;vH;k jzifh tjynft
h pHk jyxm;onfukd awGU&\/

½lyu©Em¨ ½kyw
f &m; odr;f qnf;yHk tpDt&ifuv kd nf; pu©K0dnmP"mwfponfjzifh 7-rsdK;cGJí toD;toD;
vu©Pm&o ypöKy|mef y'|mef 4-rsdK;vH;k jzifh tjynft
h pHk jyxm;onfukd awGU&onf/

½lyu©E¨m ½kyfw&m; odrf;qnf;yHkudkvnf; r[mbkwf "mwfBuD; 4-yg;rSpí xdYk twlyif vu©Pm &o ypöK
y|mefy'|mef 4-rsdK;vH;k jzifh tjynft
h pHk jyxm;onfukd awGU&\? xdw
k iG f "mwf 4-yg;udk þodYk jyxm;\/

blw½lyH pwkA"dÁ H yx0D"mwk tmayg"mwk awaZm"mwk 0ga,m"mwlw?d wmoH

vu©P&o ypöKy|memed pwk"mwk00w¬mae 0kwmå ed? y'|meawm yewm oAÁmyd t0aoo
"mwkw,
å y'|mem? (0do'k rd¨ *f 2-73)/

blw½kyo
f nf yx0D"mwf tmayg"mwf awaZm"mwf 0ga,m"mwf[í l 4-yg;tjym;½Sd\? ¤if;wdYk \ vu©Pm
&o ypöKy|mefwYkdukd pwk"mwk00w¬mefü jyqdck NhJ yD/ rjycJ&h ao;aom y'|meftm;jzifrh u
l m; xd"k mwf 4-yg;vH;k wdYk yif
<uif;aom"mwf 3-yg;vQif eD;aomtaMumif; y'|mef½u dS ek \
f / (jrefrmjyef)
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 90

txufyg 0dok'd̈r*fjzifh "mwf 4-yg;udk vu©Pm &oypöKy|mefwYkd jzifh ½I&eftpDt&ifonf pwk"mwk0 0w¬mef
ü jycJo h nft
h wdik ;f yif [lí¤if;? y'|mef;tm;jzifrh u
l m; rdrrd <S uif;aom tjcm;"mwf 3-yg;[laom y'|mefjzifh ½I&rnf
[lí¤if;qdv k \kd ? xdYk aMumifh pwk"mwk00w¬mefüjycJah om ½Iyt kH pDt&ifukd Munf&h ayvdrrhf nf? Munfv
h Qif atmufyg
twdik ;f awGY&vdrrhf nf/
vu©Pm'dawmwd yx0D"mwk uð vu©Pm uð &om uð ypöKy|memwd {0H pwaómyd
"mwka,m tm0aZÆwmG yx0D"mwk uu©Vwåvu©Pm ywd|me &om orÜ#pd eä ypöKy|me?
tmayg"mwk y*¢&P vu©Pm jAL[e&om o*F[ypöKy|mem? awaZm "mwk OPSwv å u©Pm
y&dygpe &om r'´0gEky'Ü ge ypöKy|mem? 0ga,m"mwk 0dwr¬ eÇ vu©Pm ork'&D P&om
tbde[ D m&ypöKy|memwd {0H vu©Pm'dawm reodumwAÁm/ (pwk"mwk00wåmeftzGihf 0do'k rd¨ *f
1-362)/

vu©Pmponftm;jzif-h [l&mü yx0D"mwfonf tb,fvu©Pm½So d enf;? tb,f&o½So d enf;? tb,f

ypöKy|mef½odS enf;[k þodYk aomenf;jzifh "mwf 4-yg;vH;k wdYk ukd qifjcifNyD;vQif yx0D"mwfonf cufrmjcif; vu©Pm
½Sd\ wnf&mudp½Sö \ dS cHvifjh cif; ypöKy|mef½\
dS ? tmayg"mwfonf ,dpk ;D jcif; vuöPm½S\ d yGg;apjcif; udp½ö \ dS aygif;pk
jcif; ypöKy|mef½\
dS awaZm"mwfonf yljcif;vu©Pm½S\ d &ifu h sufapjcif; udp½ö \
dS El;nHjh cif;udak y;jcif; ypöKy|mef½dS
\? 0ga,m"mwfonf axmufuefjcif; vu©Pm½S\ d vIyjf cif; vIyaf pjcif; (wGe;f jcif;) udp&ö o½S\ d (blwm½kyf
taygif;ud)k a½S;½Iaqmifjcif; ypöKy|mef½\ dS [lí þodYk vu©Pm ponftm;jzifh ESv;kH oGi;f tyfuek \ f / (jrefrmjyef)
,ckxw k jf ycJah om r[m#DumESiw hf uG 0do'k rd¨ *f pum;&yfwYkdjzifh emrfw&m;wdYk u¤kd if;? ½kyw
f &m;wdYk u¤kd if;?
vu©Pm&owdYk jzifh ½ItyfouJo h Ykd yif ypöKy|mefjzifv
h nf; ½Ityf½aI umif;aMumif; tvGeyf if xif½Sm;vSay\? xdjk yif
y'|mefjzifh ½Iaumif;aMumif;vnf; xif½mS ;vSay\/
atmufygt|uxm#DumwdYk jzifrh u
l m; ½kyu
f kd ypöKy|mefy'|mefwYkd jzifh ½Ityf½aI umif;aMumif; omíyifxif½mS ;
ao;\/
£wd½lyEÅd £'H ½lyçH {wåuH ½lyçH £awm O'Ḧ ½lyH ew¬w
D d ½kyeÜ obm0aOö0 blwk
yg'g, ab'Oö tm'ð uwGm vu©P &o ypöKy|me y'|me0aoe te0aoo½lyy&d*a¾ [m
0kawåm/ (okwrf [m0g t|uxm 53)/
£wd½lyH [laom pum;jzifh ]]þonfum; ½kyw f nf;ç þrQavmufonfum; ½kyw f nf;ç þxuftvGef ½kyf
onf r½Sad wmhNyD}} [k azmufjyefjcif; oabmud¤k if;ç blw½kyf Oyg'g½kyf tjym;ud¤k if;ç tpûyí vu©Pm &o ypöK
y|mef y'|mefwYkd\ tpGr;f tm;jzifh t<uif;rJh tvH;k pHak om ½kyu
f kd odr;f qnf;jcif;udk jyqdt
k yf\/ (jrefrmjyef)

ww¬ vu©PH emr wó wó ½ly 0daooó tenom"m&aPm obma0g/

&aom waó0twåaem zvH ywd ypö,bma0g/ ypöKy|meH wóy&rw¬awm 0dZrÆ mewåm
,mxm0awm ÓPó a*gp&bma0g/ y'|meH tmoEéum&PH? aweóypö,m,wå0w k w
då m
'ódwm/ (¤if;\tzGi#hf u
D m 53)/

k iG f vu©Pm rnfonfrmS xdx

xdw k kd (yx0D paom) ½kyt
f xl;\ (tmayg paom) wyg;aom ½kyw f Ykd EiS hf
rqufqaH om (uu©Vwåpaom) oabm&if;aywnf;? &o rnfonfrmS xd½k yk \ f rdrt d usdK;udk pGí
J aus;Zl;ûywwf
onf\ tjzpfaywnf;? ypöKy|mef rnfonfrmS xd½k yk \ f y&rw¬tm;jzifh xif½mS ;½So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumifh [kww f ikd ;f
rSepf mG ÓPf\ usufpm;&m tm½H\ k tjzpfaywnf;? y'|mef rnfonfrmS eD;pGmaom taMumif;aywnf;? ¤if;jzifh
xdk½kyf\ taMumif;ESiphf yfaom jzpfjcif;½So
d nf\ tjzpfukd jytyf\/ (#Dum\ jrefrmjyef)

txufyg okwrf [m0g t|uxm #DumwdYk jzifh ½ky½f yI jkH yaom £wd½lyH [laom ygVdawmfukd zGijhf y\ xdyk gVd
awmfrmS vnf; bk&m; tavmif;awmftm; emr½ly y&d*[ ¾ 0dyóemÓPfjzifh yHu k jkd yaom pum;&yf jzpfayonf? þodYk
½kyo
f ufouf½yI u kH kd jy&müyif vu©Pm &o ypöKy|mef y'|mef 4-yg;vH;k jzifh ½Iyu kH kd wdwu
d sus zGijhf yxm;aomaMumifh
½kyu
f kd ypöKy|mefjzifh ½Iaumif;aMumif;rSm tvGeYf tvGeyf if xif½mS ;vSay\? xdt
k wlyif y'|mefjzifh ½Iaumif;aMumif;
vnf; xif½mS ;vSay\/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 91

þodYk ½kyu
f kd ypöKy|mefjzifh ½Iyu
kH kd ygVdt|uxm #DumwdYk ü tvGex f if½mS ;pGm jyqdxk m;aomaMumifh ]]½kyu f kd
ypöKy|mefjzifh r½Iaumif;}} [k ypfy,fajymqdak omolonf ,ckxw k jf ycJah om okwrf [m0gygVd t|uxm; #DumESihf
0do'k rd¨ *f t|uxm r[m#DumwdYk ukd y,fzsu&f m a&muf\? xkad Mumifh 0dw@0g'D yk*Kd¾ vftjzpfoYkd vnf; a&muf\?
½kyef mrf ESpyf g;vH;k udyk if y'|mefjzifh r½Iaumif;-[k ypfy,fajymqdak om olonfvnf; tvm;wlyif tqdyk g ygVd
t|uxm #DumwdYk ukd y,fzsu&f mvnf; a&muf\? 0dw@0g'D yk*Kd¾ vftjzpfoYkd vnf; a&muf\? 0dw@0g'D yk*Kd¾ vf[l
onfrSm trSefudk trSm;jzpfatmifçtrSm;udk trSefjzpfatmif rmS ;,Gi;f pGm ,lq ajymqdo k jzifh ynm½Sw
d Ykd \ pdwEf v
S ;kH udk
wkev f yI af pwwfaom 0g'½Sad om yk*Kd¾ vfaywnf;/

0ga,m\ ypöKy|mefvnf; y&rwfyif

ypöKy|meH wó y&rw¬awm 0dZrÆ mewåm ,mxm0awm ÓPó a*gp&bma0g-½kyf\ ypöKy|mef rnfonf

rSm xd½k yk \
f y&rw¬tm;jzifh xif½mS ;½Sjd cif;aMumifh [kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG ÓPf\usufpm;&m tm½Ht
k jzpfaywnf;?
(okwrf [m0g#Dum-53)/

txufyg#Dumü ]]y&rw¬tm;jzifh xif½mS ;½Sad omaMumifh [kww

f ikd ;f rSepf mG ÓPf\usufpm;&m tm½Hjk zpfonf}}
[ktxift½Sm; qdx k m;aomaMumifh 0ga,m"mwf\ tbde[D m& ypöKy|mefuv kd nf; y&rw¬tm;jzifh xif½Sm;½Sdaom
[kww
f ikd ;f rSepf mG ÓPfü xifay:vmaom y&rw¬w&m;[líom odtyf\? 0dw@0g'DwYkd qdo k uJoh Ykd ynwf[í l um;
rodtyf rrSwt f yfonfomwnf;/

y&rw¬w&m; jzpf½rkH Qomr[kwaf o;? ½Iv&kd if;"mwftppfvnf; jzpfao;aMumif;udk atmufyg r[m#Dumjzifh

odtyf\/

y'|meH yaew¬ tn"r®wm, e O'¨#-H y'|mefuu

kd m; ½Iv&kd if;"mwfrS wjcm;wyg; tvGww
f &m; jzpfjcif;
aMumifh þvu¨Pm'dawmt& ½Ienf;ü (t|uxmq&m) rxkwjf ytyfay/ (r[m#D 1-449)/

0do'k rd¨ *fü vu¨Pm'dawmt& ½Ienf;udk tus,fjy&mwGif "mwf 4-yg;wdYk ukd vu©Pm &o ypöKy|mefwYkdjzifh
½Iyu kH o
kd mjy\? y'|mefjzifh ½Iyu kH u
kd m; rjyay? xdok Ykd y'|mefjzifh ½Iyu
kH kd rjyjcif;rSm tb,faMumifyh genf;[k ar;bG,f
½Sad omaMumifh r[m#Dumü txufygtwdik ;f ajz½Si;f jyayonf? qdv k okd nfrmS yx0Dpaom "mwfwyg;wyg;\
y'|mefonf rdrrd <S uif;aom tjcm;"mwf 3-yg;yif jzpfonf? odYk jzpfí yx0D"mwfukd ½Ivo kd rl mS yx0D\
y'|mefjzpfaom tmayg awaZm 0ga,mwdYk onf ½Iv&kd if; yx0D"mwfrS wjcm;wyg; tvGwf w&m;omvQif jzpfuek f
\ xdt k wlyif tmaygudk ½Ivo kd rl mS yx0D awaZm 0ga,m wdYk onf¤if;? awaZmudk ½Ivo kd rl mS yx0D tmayg 0ga,m
wdYk onf¤if;? 0ga,mudk ½Ivo kd rl mS yx0D tmayg awaZmwdYk onf¤if; ½Iv&kd if;"mwfrS wjcm;wyg; tvGww f &m;wdYk
omvQif jzpfuek \ f ? xdYk aMumifh ½Iv&kd if;"mwfuokd m wnfw h nfrh wfrwf ½I&ef jyaom þ vu©Pm'dawm t&½Ienf;ü
½Ivdk&if; w&m;ud, k jf zpfaom vu©Pm &o ypöKy|mefwYkd uo kd m jyonf? ½Iv&kd if;"mwfrS wjcm;wyg; tvGww f &m;
jzpfaom <uif;aom "mwf 3-yg;[laom y'|mefuu kd m; rjy-[k qdv k \ kd /

þ#Dumü toD;toD;um; "mwfwyg;wyg;\ y'|mefjzpfaom tjcm;"mwf 3-yg;udk tn"r®-½Iv&kd if;"mwf

rS wjcm;wyg; tvGww f &m;-[k qdok jzifh vu©P'dawm t& ½Ienf;ü jyxm;aom vu©Pm &o ypöKy|mefwYkd ukd
um; ½Ivakd om"mwfrS wjcm;wyg; tvGww f &m;-tn"r® r[kw?f ½Iv&kd if; y&rw¬"mwfw&m;yif jzpfonf? xdYk
aMumifh ¤if;wdYk ukd vu©Pm'dawm t&½Ienf;ü jyonf[í l vnf; qd&k ma&muf\? okYd jzpfí 0ga,m"mwf\ vu©Pm
ESihf &owdYk onf y&rwf0ga,m tppf jzpfouJo h Ykd 0ga,m"mwf\ tbde[ D m&ypöKy|mef udv k nf; y&rwf0ga,m
tppfyif [k NrJNrHpmG rSw,f t
l yfay\/

xdtk bde[D m&ypöKy|mefonf ½Ityf ½Iaumif;aom ½Iv&kd if;vnf; jzpfaom y&rwf0ga,mtppf jzpfaom
aMumifh ½Ityf ½Ioifah om 0ga,mrStvGwf tusdK;quf zvypöKy|mefvnf; r[kw?f ½Iaom 0dyóemÓPftm; a½S;½I
xifay:vmaom tmum&ypöKy|mef omvQijf zpfonf? atmufyg#Dumjzifh NrJNrHpmG qH;k jzwf tyf\/

orÜ#pd eä muma&e ÓPó ypöKywd|wDwd orÜ#pd eä ypöKy|mem-o[Zmwfw&m;wdYk ukd cHvifah om tjcif;

t&mtm;jzifh ÓPftm; a½S;½IxifwwfaomaMumifh orÜ#pd eä ypöKy|mernf\/ (r[m#Dum 1-449)/
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 92

txufyg r[m#Dumonf yx0D"mwf\ orÜ#pD eä ypöKy|meyk'u f kd zGijhf yaom pum;jzpfonf? xdpk um;jzifh
<uif;aom tmaygawaZm 0ga,m"mwfwYkd \ ypöKy|mef wdYk vnf; Oy|memum&ypöKy|mefcsn;f yif jzpfaMumif; odapyg
onf? xdYk aMumihyf if ¤if;"mwf 3-yg;wdkY\ t&mü ypöKy|meyk'u
f kd xyfí rzGijhf ybJ ½Sad vonf/

þrQjzifh 0ga,m"mwf\ tbde[ D m& ypöKy|mefrmS ynwfvnf;r[kw?f tusKd ;quf zvypöKy|mefvnf;

r[kw?f tmum&ypöKy|mef y&rwf0ga,myif jzpfaMumif;? xdYk aMumifyh if ¤if;tbde[
D m& ypöKy|mefjzifv
h nf; 0ga,m
"mwfukd 0dyóem½Ityf ½Iaumif;aMumif; NrJNrHpmG rSw,
f El ikd af vmufayNyD/

þwGif t&d,m0go w&m;awmf aemufqufwGJ

½Sif;vif;csuf NyD;\/

(30-7-64)
t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 93

rSwfcsuf

1/ ½Si;f vif;csuf trSwf (1) aemufqufwrJG mS Munfyh g/

rSwfcsuf
Ä
a'goBuD;wJh tpfr uyfaus;ESifhayguf&m nDrav; ao&½SmyHk

«a½Tref;txl;xHrS»

rEÅav;ûrdU jynfoYl aq;½HBk uD;odYk Zefe0g&Dv 25-&ufaeY nae 3-em&Dtcsdecf efYu ,mbuf &iftw kH iG f
uyfaus;'Pf&mESihf aoqH;k aeaom tavmif;wavmif; rEÅav;c½dik f ykord Bf uD; &JXmemrS wqifh a&muf½v
dS maMumif;/

a'go

aoqH;k olrmS rEÅav;c½dik f ykord Bf uD;ûrdYe,f '[wfawm½Gmae OD;at;\o®D; t&Dqdkol 12-ESpf t½G,f½Sd
rde;f cav;wOD;jzpfí ¤if;\ tpfrt&if; touf 22-ESpft½G,f½Sd rMunfqdkol\ a'gorxde;f Edik rf aI Mumifh ,ckuo
hJ Ykd
r½IrvS aoqH;k &onfqakd Mumif;/

jyZmwfMunfh&ef

jzpfysufyrkH mS Zefe0g&Dv 24-&ufaeYn 7-em&DcJG tcsdecf efYwiG f r&Duav;onf aetdrt f wGi;f ü upm;aepOf
aetdrtf wGi;f ü aq;vdyv f yd af eaom tpfrjzpfol rMunfu ½Gmta½SU bke;f MuD;ausmif;ü ujyaeaom qdik ;f jyZmwfoYkd
oGm;a&muf Munf½h &I efac:&m r&Duav;u rvdu k vf akd Mumif; jiif;ojzifh nDrav;tm; Munfah pvdak om apwemESihf
atmfaigufNyD; ac:ojzifh r&Du tpfrjzpfol rMunftm; jyefveS q f q
J okd nfq\kd /

xdu
k o
hJ Ykd nDrjzpfou l jyefveS qf qJ o
kd jzifh rMunfrmS a'goudk rxdeo f rd ;f Edik af wmhbJ aq;vdyf vdyaf e&if;
jzpfí vufxw J iG f toif½h adS eaom uyfaus;jzifh aygufvu kd &f m r&Duav;\ nmbuf &iftu kH kd uyfaus;oGm;ESihf
xdreS Nf yD; vJusomG ;&m tpfrjzpfol rMunfrmS nDri,fxo H Ykd oGm;a&mufayGU,l ûypkae&if; r&Duav;rSm &½Sad om
'Pf&mESihf tpfrjzpfol rMunf\ &ifciG x f üJ yif aoqH;k oGm;awmhonf qd\ k /

zrf;NyD

xdtk jzpftysuuf kd '[wfawmolBuD;u oufqikd &f m ykord Bf uD;&JXmeodYk oGm;a&muf taMumif; Mum;ojzifh
&JtzGUJ 0ifrsm;u pHpk rf;ppfaq;NyD;vQif tavmif;udk XmerSwqifh rEÅav;jynfoYl aq;½HBk uD;odYk ydYk vu kd af Mumif;
rMunftm; yk'rf 302-t& zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifxm;vduk af Mumif;/

rMunfrmS nDri,fuav; r&Dtm; tvGecf spcf ifojl zpfNyD; ¤if;\ vufcsujf zifh aoqH;k &aom aMumifh ylaqG;
aomua&muf½u
dS m idak <u;írqH;k jzpfaeawmhaMumif;/

«[Hom0wDowif;pm 28-1-61 aeUxkwrf S aumufEw

k f azmfjyygonf/»

rSwfcsuf

2/ ½Si;f vif;csuftrSwf (2) aemufqufwrJG mS Munfyh g/

t&d,m0gow&m;awmfBuD; 94

rSwfcsuf

3/ ½Si;f vif;csuftrSwf (3) aemufqufwrJG mS Munfyh g/