A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

UNDERTAKEN AT

BOND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, AWE, OYO STATE

BY

YUSUF MARIAM OLUWATOYIN

U17CH1068

SUBMITTED TO:

THE DEPARTMENT CHEMISTRY

AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA. KADUNA, ZARIA

IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELORS OF SCIENCE (B.SC) DEGREE IN CHEMISTRY

JULY-DECEMBER, 2021
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this report of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
programme was carried out by Yusuf Mariam Oluwatoyin, Student of Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria with the Matric number U17CH068 at Bond Chemical Industry, Awe, Oyo, Oyo State.

............................... ..............................

PROF. A A OYEWALE

SIWES SUPERVISOR Date and Sign

................................ ..............................

DR. S A UBA

SIWES SUPERVISOR Date and Sign

................................ ..............................

DR. HAMISU

SIWES SUPERVISOR Date and Sign

................................ ................................

Head of Department Date and Sign

i
 DEDICATION

This technical report is dedicated to the Almighty Allah, for His unconditional love and mercy
granted to me throughout the period of my Industrial Training.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praise is to God Almighty, the beginning and the end, who made it possible for me to witness
the start and the end of my industrial training scheme.

I wish to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my beloved parents, my sister, my brother-in-
law, and all my friends for their love, care and support, both morally and financially.

Also, I am grateful to the entire staff of Quality control department at Bond Chemical Industry,
Awe, Oyo, Oyo State for their endless support and love shown to me during the training period.
The knowledge impacted on me has been enormous. May God bless them and their families.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................. i
DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...............................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background and History of SIWES ................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of SIWES ......................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................. 3
2.0 Description of Bond Chemical Industry............................................................................. 3
2.1 Location and Brief History of Bond Chemical Industry .................................................... 3
2.1.1 Quality Control And Assurance Unit ................................................................................ 3
2.1.2 Production Unit.................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.3 Sales and Distribution ........................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Objectives of Bond Chemical Industry ............................................................................. 4
2.3 Organisational Structure of Bond Chemical Industry (Organogram) ............................... 4
2.4 Units in Bond Chemical Industry .................................................................................... 10
B. Raw Material Department .............................................................................................. 10
2.5 Safety Precautions in the Laboratory ............................................................................. 12
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.0 Work Done and Experience Gained ............................................................................... 14
3.1 Quality Control and Assurance ...................................................................................... 14
3.2 Production Department .................................................................................................. 15
3.3 Drug ................................................................................................................................ 16
3.3.1 Drug Composition .......................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Chemical Analysis.......................................................................................................... 17

iv
 3.4.1 Chemical Analysis On Water ......................................................................................... 18
Chemical Analysis .......................................................................................................... 18
3.4.2 Chemical Analysis of Finished Products ........................................................................ 18
Assay of Metronidazole in Bonagyl Tablet .................................................................... 18
Procedure ........................................................................................................................ 19
Standard Preparation ....................................................................................................... 19
Sample Preparation ......................................................................................................... 19
2. Assay of Paracetamol in Bonadol .................................................................................... 19
Standard Preparation ......................................................................................................... 20
Sample preparation ........................................................................................................... 20
Calculation ........................................................................................................................ 20
3. Ferrotogen Tonic ............................................................................................................... 21
Method of Analysis: Titrimetric Method of Analysis....................................................... 21
3.5 Chemical Analysis Unit ................................................................................................... 21
3.5.1 Equipment Used, Functions and Description of Their Usage .......................................... 22
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................... 26
Conclusion and Recommendation .............................................................................................. 26
4.1 Conclusion:....................................................................................................................... 26
4.2 Recommendation:............................................................................................................. 26
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 27

v
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction
The Students' Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skills training programme that is
coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in conjunction with National University
Commission (NUC).

This is a programme engaged by students in various degree programme in order to provide the
student with practice experience on various field of studies and to expose them to actual working
experience.

This is a programme involving the ITF, the students and the Industries. It is meant to bridge the
gap between the theory and practical work in order to sharpen students' skills and understanding
of physical planning and practices on the various fields.

1.1 Background and History of SIWES

The Industrial Training Fund National Conference held in Jos in the year 1988 mandated all
collaborating agencies which include NCCE, NBTE and NUC to draw up job specifications for
all degree programmes including the Students' Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). As
at that time, the specification of the job was to guide the industrialist and institutional supervisors
in the industrial placement of students in order to meet the expected requirement of minimum
industrial exposure preparatory for employment.

The National University Commission (NUC) recognized the importance of job specification in
SIWES and decided to set the ball rolling soon after the resolution was taken in 1988. Thus, from
the year 1989-1993, the drawing up to the minimum academic document by the National
University Commission secretariat, Abuja did not make known the actualization of the set goal.

In January 1996, at a 3-day national workshop in Jos, the job specifications were drawn or all
programmes that have the components of the industrial attachment in their minimum academic
standard documents.

Nine panels each headed by a senior academic were constituted for all the forty-six programmes.
The panel drew up the job specification during a 2-day meeting. Due to the job specification that
was drawn, a one-day meeting was held in which five papers were presented and the procedure,
content and format for presentation of the job specifications, documents were decided. The first
1
draft of the document was sent to all universities, ITF industries and all professional bodies
involved in the running of the scheme for their comment and input. Their comments were then
considered by the panel comprised of the nine chairmen of the discipline groups and those found
relevant were incorporated to produce the final job specification documents. The final job
specification for each programme was organised into the following four parts; the Introduction,
Objectives, Physiology and Job schedule.

1.2 Objectives of SIWES

The main objectives of SIWES include the following:

i) To provide an avenue for students in industries to acquire industrial skills and experience
in their various field of study.
ii) To provide students the chance to apply knowledge in real work situation thereby bridging
the gap between theory and practical.
iii) To make the process of exchange from schools to world of work and enhance students
contact for later job placement.
iv) To expose students to work, methods and techniques in handling equipment and machines
that may not be available in their institutions.
v) To make transition of students from university to industries upon graduation easy.
vi) To enlist and strengthen industries involvement in university education.
vii) To satisfy accreditation requirement set by National University Commission.
viii) To enable university educators access the effectiveness of their curriculum and make
modification where necessary.

2
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Description of Bond Chemical Industry

BOND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY is among the first indigenous fully owned private
pharmaceutical company in Nigeria whose major responsibility is to produce or manufacture
drugs of high quality and standard to the society at large.

2.1 Location and Brief History of Bond Chemical Industry

BOND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY is a fully owned private pharmaceutical company in Nigeria

which was commissioned on 18th March, 1998 and commenced pharmaceutical manufacturing.
This installed capacity of Oyo Awe factory which is devoted mainly to the production of external
preparation is 500,000 litres and 1,000,000 litres of liquid products annually. All activities done
in Bond Chemical Industry are controlled by 3 major units which are; i. Quality control and
assurance unit ii. Production unit iii. Sales and distribution unit

2.1.1 Quality Control and Assurance Unit

BOND CHEMICAL INDUSTRY is an organization committed to excellence in every aspect of

its UNIT operations. Their chemical and microbiological laboratories are fully equipped. The
cooperate policy of the company is to produce the best and not to compromise standards in areas
of product development and quality assurance certifications. This policy draws its origin from
the facts that the founder is a pharmacist of high ethical value.

2.1.2 Production Unit

All BOND CHEMICAL products are registered with the Food and Drugs Administration and
Control (FDA&C) now National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control
(NAFDAC).

The company's production line encompasses 37 products made up of oral tablets, syrups and
external liquids. The internal preparations include; analgesics, anti-malaria, antibiotic, anti-
infections, antacids to mention a few while external preparations are mainly antiseptics,
disinfectants and scabicides.

BOND CHEMICAL, being one of the 3 pharmaceutical companies with sugar-coating facilities
in Nigeria has some of its tablets in sugar coated forms. The standard of production mirrors Good
3
Manufacturing Practice (GMP), while its quality assurance programme is a reflection of
excellence, little wonder then that the company has always earned favourable reports at each
inspection visits by the Inspectorate Division of the Food and Drugs Administration and Control
(FDA&C) to the manufacturing plant.

2.1.3 Sales and Distribution

Consequent on two locations of the company's production plant, the company is in a unique
position of servicing the whole country with ease because of the advantage of reaching most state
capitals within 10hours by road, Kaduna state, Sokoto state inclusive. The only exception being
Borno and Gongola state capitals which are both serviced from the Kano depot within the same
10-hour period. The country's distribution network covers all major teaching hospitals, state
governments, medical stores with the private sector market.

2.2 Objectives of Bond Chemical Industry

BOND CHEMICAL being one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the state exist for one
purpose only, which is to supply pharmaceutical products of optimum quality, produced and
deliver on time at competitive prices both to the home and export markets.
Being a member of the Nigerian Export Promotion Council, the company is capable and willing
to engage in export business intentionally.

2.3 Organisational Structure of Bond Chemical Industry (Organogram)

The day-to-day operations of the company at each point is ruled by a team of dedicated
professional made up of Pharmacists., Chemists, Microbiologists, accountant and Human
Resources Managers. This is headed by plant manager who is a pharmacist with substantial
industrial experiences. A senior management staffs is also assigned the responsibility for the
compliance of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).

The administration of the plant is co-ordinated by a general manager, who is an experienced

industrial pharmacist in both production area and quality control. He is responsible to the board
of directors of the company which is made up of experienced industrialists who have
distinguished themselves in different area of public endeavours.

The organisational structure of the company can be illustrated below:

4
5
6
7
8
Organisation chart of BOND Chemical Industry

9
2.4 Units in Bond Chemical Industry

BOND Chemical Industry is divided into various units/sections.

The units/sections include:
A. Water Purification Unit

This is the section/unit where water to the factory is being treated and purified before usage for
production.

B. Raw Material Department

This is the department where all raw materials are kept safe for use. This department/unit has
some sub-units which include:

i) The Quarantine Section: This is a sub-section in the raw material department where
all incoming and supplied materials are first kept. Raw materials in this section are
yet to be tested or approved for use.
ii) Sampling Room/Booth: This is a well-enclosed, air-tight, temperature regulated and
sterile room. This room is designed for sampling raw materials for both chemical and
microbial analysis, to ensure the materials are free from being contaminated.
Sampling utensils are usually sterile equipment.
iii) Weighing Room: This is a room in the raw material department where raw materials
to be used for production are weighed, as weighing balances and other necessary
facilities/machine are kept there.
iv) Approved Raw Material Room: This is a sub-section in the raw materials
department where raw materials that have been tested and approved for use are kept.
Such raw materials have undergone both chemical and microbial analysis and its
potency has been confirmed.
v) Cold Room: In this room, approved raw materials that are temperature specific are
kept at their specified temperatures.
vi) Reject Room: This is a room where raw materials that has failed the required tests
are Kept. Raw materials in this room are known as 'reject' as they are not suitable for
use.

C. Production Department
Production of various types of drugs takes place in this section. This unit has various sub-units
which include:
10
 i) Washing Room: In this room, bottles and container are washed and sterilized before
release for use at the filling room.
ii) Compounding Room: This is a section in the production department where oral
liquid drugs like: Suspensions, Syrups and Expectorants are produced.
iii) Liquid Filling Room: This room links the compounding room. It has several filling
and capping machines stationed in it. Oral liquids from compounding room are
channeled into this room for filling and capping.
iv) Packaging Room: This is where bottled drugs are packed into inner cartons, checked
and certified appropriately into transit cartons. From this room, approved products are
released to the store for transit/sales.

v) Granulation Room: This is the tablet section of the production department where
specified raw materials are mixed, dried and milled to granules before they are
compressed into tablets.
vi) Compression Room: This is the section where granules are compressed into tablets
with the aid of the compression machine.
vii) External Compounding Unit: This is a sub-unit of the production department where
external products such as Antiseptic, germicides and purity are produced, filled and
packaged for final release.

D. Finished Goods Store

This is where all packaged, checked and certified products are stored temporarily for
transit/sales to customer.

E. Beta-Lactam Section/Department

This is an isolated department from the factory where capsulated antibiotics (capsules) are
produced. It also has sub-units which include:

i) Weighing Area: This is a place/area where raw materials needed for blend are
weighed using weighed balances.
ii) Blending Area: This is the section at the beta-lactam where raw materials are mixed
to make blends.
iii) Filling/Capsulating Room: This is the section where the blends are filled into empty
gelatin capsules with the help of a manual filling machine or semi-automatic filling
machine.

11
 iv) Blistering Area: This is an area at the beta-lactam, where capsules are blistered into
sachets with the aid of blistering machine.
v) Packaging Area: This is the section where blistered capsules are packaged into their
respective packs. Here, they are also checked and sealed before transfer to the finished
goods store.

F. Quality Assurance and Control Department

The quality assurance and control are after quality products and they function to see that the
products being produced are of high quality and standards by performing both chemical and
microbial tests to attest the potency of the products. The quality control department can be
subdivided into:

i) Chemical Laboratory: This is where various chemical analyses on raw materials,

intermediates and finished products take place. The department also monitors the
Good Manufacturing Practice, thereby ensuring good/quality productivity.
ii) In-Process Laboratory: This is a sub-section of chemical laboratories where
production/product in-progress is monitored. Various tests such as pH, L.O.D,
running weight etc. are carried out intermittently to ensure uniformity.
iii) Microbiological Laboratory: This is the department where microbial analyses are
done on raw materials, water, semi finished products and finished products. They
also help to provide sterile environment for production of drugs.
iv) Retention Sample Room: This is a section in the quality control department where
samples of each batch of products produced are kept for future purposes. This is done
to monitor the stability and the shelf-life of the drugs and in case of any complaints
about the product by customers so as to enable tracing the product batch and run full
analysis on it.

2.5 Safety Precautions in the Laboratory

Irrespective of which laboratory is involved in the quality control department, several

rules/guidelines are obeyed to avoid hazard in the laboratories. Such includes;

i) Always put on safety glasses/ goggles when working with dangerous materials.
ii) Always put on lab coat before entering laboratory in order to avoid contact with some
chemicals in the laboratory on spillage during some practical work.
12
iii) Ensure to know where all the laboratories safety equipment is located and know their
uses.
iv) Tell the instructor of any accidents immediately.
v) Keep foods and drinks out of the laboratory.
vi) When dealing with chemicals, ensure you read labels carefully to be absolutely sure
you have the right chemical, also, check the label for concentration of the chemical.
vii) Never mix chemical that you haven't been told to mix (carry out only experiment you
are being instructed by the instructor).

13
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Work Done and Experience Gained

At Bond Chemical industry, I was assigned to the following departments/units;

a) Quality control and assurance (worked as a quality control analyst)

b) Chemical analysis unit (analysis of raw materials and finished products i.e. drugs)

3.1 Quality Control and Assurance

The term quality assurance and control are often used to refer to ways of ensuring the quality of
a service or products. For each analytical procedure, quality assurance and control is extremely
important.

i) Quality Assurance: This is the sum total of the organised arrangement made with the
object of ensuring that the product will be of good quality required by their intended user.
Quality assurance is a wide ranging concept covering all measures which individually or
collectively influences the quality of a product. It incorporates Good Manufacturing
Practice and other factors including those outside the scope of these guidelines such as
product design and development.
ii) Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP): This is that part of quality assurance which
ensures that products are consistently produced and controlled to the quality standard
appropriate to their intended use and as required by the marketing authorization. GMP
aim primarily at diminishing the risk inherent in any pharmaceutical production. Such
risks include: cross contamination and mix-up caused by for example false labels being
put on container.
iii) Quality Control: is that part of GMP concerned with sampling, making specifications
and testing and with the organised system, documentation and release procedures which
ensure that the necessary and relevant tests are actually carried out and that only materials
and products with satisfactory quality are released for use and for sale/supply
respectively. It is not confined to laboratory operations; it also include all decisions
concerning the quality of the product.

14
The basis requirement of quality control includes:

i) Adequate facilities, trained personnel and approved procedures must be available for
sampling, checking and testing of starting materials, packaging materials,
intermediate products, bulk products and finished products where appropriate for
monitoring environmental conditions for GMP's purposes.
ii) Tests must be validated.
iii) Ingredients of finished products must comply with the specified quality requirement
of the products. It must be stored in suitable containers with correct labels.
iv) Sufficient samples of starting materials and products must be retained for future
testing whenever they may be necessary. The product sample should be retained in its
final pack unless the pack is exceptionally large.
v) An authorized person should ensure that each batch of products complies with the
requirement of the marketing authorization and so certify the products released for
sale or supply.
vi) Records must be made manually and/or by recording instrument to demonstrate that
all the required sampling, checking and testing procedures have actually been carried
out and that any deviations must be fully recorded and investigated.

However, the objectives of a quality assurance and control programme include:

i) To document the procedures and methods of sample collections, preparations and

analysis.
ii) To provide assurance as to reliability of analysis using replicate samples and cross
laboratory checks
iii) To provide assurance as to the accuracy from using recognised reference standards.
iv) To provide a chain of custody of samples.
v) To provide assurance as to the precision and accuracy from the duplicate samples.

3.2 Production Department

The production deals only with the manufacturing of drugs. The drugs produced can be in liquid
form or solid form (tablets). All drugs produced in Bond Chemical Industry are in line with the
standard of NAFDAC (National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control) and
each drug has a NAFDAC number as a sign of approval from the national body.

15
3.3 Drug

A drug is any substance that when is absorbed into a living organism, it alters the normal body
function.
In pharmacology, a drug is any chemical substance that is used for the treatment, cure, prevention
or diagnose a disease to enhance the physical and mental wellbeing of the recipient.
Also, W.H.O defined a drug as any chemical substance or product that is used/intended to be
used to modify/explore the physiological system/pathological state for the benefit of the
recipient.

Traditionally, drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants but more recently
also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drug may be used for a limited duration or a regular
basis for chronic disorder.

All drugs can be administered via a number of routes and many can be administered by more
than one.

Such ways are:

i) Inhaled as an aerosol or dry powder (this includes smoking of substances). ➢ Bolus.

ii) Injected as a solution, suspension, or emulsion, either: intramuscular, intravenous,

intraperitoneal or intraosseous.
iii) Insufflation or snorted into the nose.
iv) Orally, as a liquid or solid that is absorbed through the intestines.
v) Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.
vi) Topically, usually as a cream or ointment.
vii) Vaginally as a peccary, primarily to treat vaginal infections.
viii) Sublingually, diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue. Drugs generally
are introduced into the body for improvement in the system.

3.3.1 Drug Composition

A dosage of pharmaceutical drug is composed of 2 major ingredients which are:

❖ ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT ❖ EXCIPIENT

These 2 ingredients perform different but important functions and role in the drug.

16
 i) ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT is the ingredient in a pharmaceutical
drug that is biologically active. Drugs are chosen primarily for their active ingredients;
some medication product may contain more than one active ingredient.
ii) EXCIPIENT on the other hand is a substance that is biologically inactive in a
pharmaceutical drug. They are used as a carrier of active ingredients for medication. In
many cases, an active substance may not be easily administered an absorbed by the human
body; therefore, the substance in question may be dissolved into or mixed with an
excipient.

S/N EXCIPIENTS FUNTIONS EXAMPLES

1 Sweeteners These are added to make drug more Saccharine, Aspartame,
palatable, especially in infant drug. Sucrose.
2 Solvents It acts as vehicles for the drug. Water, ethanol, propylene glycol,
glycerine, sorbitol.
3 Antimicrobial Used to prevent drug from the Sodium Benzoate, propyl
preservatives attack of micro-organisms which paraben, methyl paraben.
would contaminate the drug and
render it toxic.
4 Suspending It is used to keep the drug in a Aerosil.
Agents homogeneous state.
5 Thickening Helps to convert watery substance Sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose
into a viscous liquid.
Agents (sodium cmc).
6 Flavouring Agents It helps to give drugs a pleasant Orange flavour, Banana flavour,
odour. Apple flavour.

3.4 Chemical Analysis

Chemical analysis is the science of making chemical measurement and characterization. It deals
with the central task of finding out identity of an unknown substance, determining its properties
and structure, isolating it from other components and detecting it and quantifying its amount in a
given sample.

Chemical analyses are often performed in specialized chemistry laboratories as the equipment
are readily available and specialized because handling of certain chemicals are hazardous.
17
3.4.1 Chemical Analysis On Water

i) Physical Characteristics: Colourless, odourless liquid & tasteless.

ii) PH: the pH of a purified water is between 5.0 -7.0
iii) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): sum of the cations and anions in the water.
iv) Conductivity: Is a measure of water's capability to pass electrical flow. It's related to the
concentration of ions in the water.

Chemical Analysis

i) Alkalinity Test: measure out 100ml of water add 10 drops of phenolphthalein

indicator solution. If the sample does not turn pink, there is no phenolphthalein
alkalinity present. Using the retained sample from the phenolphthalein alkalinity test,
add 3 drops of methyl orange indicator solution. The sample will turn yellow. Titrate
with 0.2M H2S04, stirring continuously until the colour changes to orange (If the
colour changes to red, too much acid has been added and the test should be repeated.
ii) Chloride Test: Using the previous sample add 10 drops of potassium chromate
32W21 indicator solution, the sample will turn deep yellow. Titrate with 0.03M silver
nitrate solution stirring continuously until the yellow colour changes to a brown tinge.
iii) Total Hardness: Determination of total hardness of water involves the determination
of both calcium and magnesium ions present in the water. 2ml of ammonia buffer pH
10.9 to 100ml of the water sample and add 6 drops of mordant black indicator
solution. Titrate with standard 0.01M disodium edetate until the colour changes from
wine red through mauve to pure blue.

3.4.2 Chemical Analysis of Finished Products

1. Assay of Metronidazole in Bonagyl Tablet

Assay of bonagyl tablets are done to find the actual amount of metronidazole present in it and
compared with the claim given.
Batch No: 21040
Instrument used: UV – VIS Spectrophotometer (ultra violet visible)

18
 Procedure

Standard Preparation

1. Weigh 0.1g of metronidazole reference standard (RS) into 100ml volumetric flask
containing 60 ml of 0.1M Hydrochloric acid and shake.
2. Dilute to 100 ml mark with 0.1M hydrochloric acid and filter.
3. Pipette 1 ml of the solution into another 100ml volumetric flask and dilute to mark with
0.1M Hydrochloric acid

Sample Preparation

1. Weigh the randomly selected 20 tablets individually and find the average weight. Powder
the tablets.
2. Weigh 0.298g into 250ml conical flask and add 60ml of 0.1M hydrochloric acid.
3. Shake for 15 minutes using the mechanical shaker.
4. Transfer into 100ml volumetric flask and make up to the mark with 0.1M hydrochloric acid.
5. Filter the solution.
6. Pipette 1ml into 100ml volumetric flask and dilute to the mark with 0.1M hydrochloric acid.
7. Measure the absorbance of both standard and sample preparation at the wavelength of
maximum absorbance at 277nm, using 0.1M hydrochloric acid as blank.

Calculation mg/tablet=
Au×0.1g×100×100×Averagewt×Px1000/As×100×100×0.026×5×100%
composition= mg/tablet obtained × 100/200 mg

Where
Au = Absorbance of Sample
As = Absorbance of Standard
P= % purity of standard.

2. Assay of Paracetamol in Bonadol

Assay of Bonadol tablets are done to find the actual amount of Paracetamol present in it and
compared with the claim given.
19
 Batch No: 21120
Instrument used: UV – VIS Spectrophotometer (ultra violet visible)

Standard Preparation

1. 0.075g of paracetamol reference standard was accurately weighed into 100ml volumetric
flask.
2. 25ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide was added and 75ml of distilled water and mechanically
shake for 15 minutes, and it was diluted to 100ml mark with distilled water. then it was
mix and filter.
3. 1ml of filtrate was added into 100ml volumetric flask and mark with 0.01M sodium
hydroxide shake properly.

Sample preparation

1. The weight of 20 tablets was determined individually, finding the average weight and it was
grinded to a fine powder.
2. 0.084of the powdered tablets were weighed into a 100ml volumetric flask containing 2.5ml of
0.1M sodium hydroxide and 75ml of distilled water.
3. It was shook mechanically for 15minutes.
4. It was dilute to 100ml mark with distilled water and mix.
5. It was filtered and the first 20ml of filtrate was reget.
6. 1ml of the filtrate was pipetted into another 100ml volumetric flask and was diluted to mark
with 0.01M sodium hydroxide and was shaking very well.
7. Absorbance of both standard and simple preparation of wavelength of maximum absorbance
at about 257nm was determined. Using 0.0IM sodium hydroxide as blank.

Calculation

Paracetamol (mg/tablet) = Av ×0.075g × Av, wt × p x 1000/ As × 100 × 100 × 0.085g × 100 %

composition = mg/caplet obtained ×100 500
Where
Au = absorbance of sample
As = absorbance of standard

20
 Av wt. = average weight 20 caplets
P = % priority of reference standard

3. Ferrotogen Tonic

Assay of Ferrotogen Tonic is done to confirm the Iron content present in it and compared with
the claim given.
Batch No: 21050

Method of Analysis: Titrimetric Method of Analysis

PROCEDURE:
1. 5.50g of ferrotogen tonic was weighed into 250ml conical flask
2. 100ml of water was weighed and poured into the conical flask, allow the gas to escape
3. 5ml of concentration hydrochloric acid was added.
4. 2g of potassium iodide was added, stopper was inserted and it was allowed to stand
protected away from light for 15- 24minutes.
5. 25ml of water was added and 1ml of starch solution was used as indicator
6. Liberated iodine was titrated with 0.1M sodium thiosulphate (colour changes from blue
black to yellow).
7. Blank determination was performed. (Using water as the base and all other procedure
numbers 2-6 followed accurately).

Calculation
Each ml of 0.1M Na2S2O is equivalent to 0.00055185g of FE2+ composition = 10 ×
0.0005585 × F × wt/ml × 5 × 100/5.50 × 0.01432
Test parameter released specification pH:
˂6.5 – 7.0

3.5 Chemical Analysis Unit

In this laboratory under the control unit, various chemical analysis on both raw materials and
finished products were carried out. Such chemical analysis includes; identification tests,

21
solubility test, flame test, assays etc. Acquired raw materials, intermediate and finished
products were usually subjected to these test before approved for use or rejected.

The laboratory is saddled with the responsibility of ensuring quality products, therefore, it is
well equipped to ease the duties/operations performed in the laboratory. The equipment in the
chemical laboratory includes:

Instruments and Devices used at the Lab

1. Weighing Balance
2. pH Meter
3. Polarimeter
4. UV – Vis Spectrophotometer
5. Hot Air Oven

6. HPLC System
7. Heating Mantle
8. Refractometer
9. Mechanical Shaker
10. Laboratory flasks

3.5.1 Equipment Used, Functions and Description of Their Usage

Bond Chemical Industry is well equipped with modern equipment for the analysis of raw
materials and drugs, culturing of microorganisms and growth media, production of drugs (both
in solid and liquid form), weighing of raw materials for production etc.

The equipment I used during my SIWES duration at Bond Chemical Industry are given below
with a clear description of their usage:

a. Weighing Balance: This is a machine used in weighing samples. The samples to be weighed
are always in form of tablet, crystals or powder.

For an accurate weighing; the weighing balance should be placed on a levelled platform
(weighing stage) and should be kept in an air tight place. In Bond Chemical Industry there are
two different type of weighing balance.

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 Weighing Balance

b. Ph Meter: It is used to measure the exact value of acidity/alkalinity in a sample.

pH Meter

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c. Polarimeter: It is used to measure the angle of rotation. By passing polarized light through
an optically active substance.

Polarimeter

d. UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETER: it is used to measure the amount of photons

(intensity of light) absorbed as a function of wavelength after it passes through a sample
solution.
Also the amount of a known chemical substance (concentration) can be determined by
measuring the intensity of light detected.

UV-Visible spectrophotometer
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e. Refractometer: This is used to measure the refractive index of a of liquid, which changes
according to the moisture content.

refractometer

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 CHAPTER FOUR

Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1 Conclusion:

The six-month training enabled me to learn how to carry out chemical analysis on drug and raw
materials used in producing the drugs as a quality control officer using available apparatus and
equipment in the laboratory.

It has also sharpened my practical knowledge and developed my skills in handling various
types of equipment and apparatus used in the laboratory.

4.2 Recommendation:

i) The duration of the program should be extended so as to help students acquire more
insight and skills in their respective fields.
ii) The private and public sectors should be oriented so as to provide the necessary awareness
and also more enable environment for students to acquire the necessary experience.
iii) The students should be encouraged financially so as to increase their enthusiasm to go to
their place of Internship.

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