CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE WITH SCIENCE AND
Science, Technology, and Society
Jhanna Yvone A. Lachica
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) & the Theory of Heliocentrism
-a Polish who is best known for his groundbreaking theory of
heliocentrism
Heliocentrism-which revolutionized our understanding of the solar
system.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) & the Theory of Natural Selection
-was a British naturalist and biologist who is best known for his theory
of natural selection
-Darwin's work revolutionized our understanding of how species evolve
and adapt over time.
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
- a fundamental concept in the field of evolutionary biology.
-Darwin observed that within any population of organisms, there is
natural variation
-Darwin's theory of natural selection was first introduced in his book
"On the Origin of Species (1859),". The book presented a wealth of
evidence from the fields of paleontology, biogeography, and
comparative anatomy to support his theory.
Sigmund Freud & Psychosexual Theory
Oral Stage: Birth to 1 year, Erogenous Zone: Mouth
Anal Stage: 1-3 year, Erogenous Zone: bowel and bladder control
Phallic Stage: 3-6 year, Erogenous Zone: Genitals
Latent Stage: 6-puberty, libido inactive
Genital Stage: Puberty to Death Maturing Sexual Interests
Albert Einstein & Theory Of Relativity
-theory of relativity holds that what we perceive as the force of gravity
arises from the curvature of space and time.
Isaac Newton & Law of Motion
- laws of motion explain the relationship between a physical object and
the forces acting upon it.
SCIENCE
- pursuit of knowledge
- serves as source of knowledge for technological possibilities
- gives structure for technology and engine-ring
TECHNOLOGY
- create products that solve problems and improve human living
condition
- paves way for research and development in the field in science
TECHNOLOGY
(DISENCHANTMENT WITH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY)
1.OUTDATED CURRICULUM - Many studies show that
pupils perceive school science as lacking relevance.
2.DIFFICULT AND UNTRENDY - In a world where so many ‘channels’
compete about the attention of young people, science subjects
become untrendy.
3. ANTI- and QUASI-SCIENTIFIC TRENDS AND
‘ALTERNATIVES’ - an upsurge of ‘alternative’ beliefs in
the metaphysical, spiritual, and supernatural.
4.THE POSTMODERN ASSAULT ON SCIENCE-Scientific authorities
are not only questioned on the quality and honesty of their experts but
also attacked, by postmodernism, on the scientific method and its
universality
5.STEREOTYPICAL IMAGE OF SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS-
Scientists are often perceived to be authoritarian, closed, bored—and
somewhat crazy
6.DISAGREEMENT AMONG RESEARCHERS- Recently,debates are
also taken to the mass media and are (as before) confined to
professional conferences and journals.
7. PROBLEMATIC ETHOS AND VALUES-Absence of ethics,
empathy, and concern for the social implications
8. DISLIKE OF OVERAMBITIOUS SCIENCE - People have emotional
and rational fear about scientist who are ‘tampering with Nature’ and
‘Playing God’.
9. THE NEW IMAGE- The earlier image of scientists being dissidents
and rebels has been replaced with a less exotic image of scientists
being loyal workers in the service of power and authority.
10. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION- Many put the blame of the
current problems on science and technology.
11.THE NEW ROLE MODELS - The current social climate does not
create an atmosphere where it is easy to convince young people that
they should concentrate on their science learning.
12.COMMUNICATION GAP - The public understanding of science and
technology is deteriorating.
ARTIFACTS
Mesopotamia
- ‘first cities’ in the world.
-cradle of the world’s earliest known civilization and was first
established in the region in around 3600 BC.
Sumerian Civilization- Sumer, site of the earliest known civilization,
located in the southernmost part of Mesopotamia, between the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers, in the area that later became Babylonia and is
now southern Iraq.
Cuneiform
-It is the first writing system
-set of word pictures depicted in symbols made in triangular marks
around 3100 BC.
- an ancient writing system that was first used in around 3400 BC.
- Distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets
- first appearing even earlier than Egyptian hieroglyphics.
- In the Philippines, it waswidely used in Luzon,prior to and during the
16th and 17th centuries before being replaced by the Latin alphabet
during the period of Spanish colonization.
Baybayin
-comes from the Tagalog root word baybay, which means “to spell.”
-For many years the script was incorrectly referred to as “alibata,”
based on the arrangement of another alphabet system – Arabic, in
which the first letters are called alif, ba, and ta.
Clay Tablet
- contains the Sumerian historical information and culture.
- began as record keeping for trade and evolved into the use of
symbols for writing down laws and stories.
Potter’s Wheel
-grew out of a mechanical device that the Sumerians had evented
Sailboats
- Since Mesopotamia was situated between two famous rivers, namely
the Euphrates and Tigris, they needed water transportation for travel
and trade.
Sexagesimal
- This system of counting in units of 60 serves as basis 360 degree
circle and the 60 minute hour.
Babylonian
- the ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates river.
- serves as commerce and religious center in the valley.
HAMMURABI
- first leader of the old Babylonian Empire
- promulgated the law code that served as rule and standards which
helped maintain a period of stability in the region.
HAMMURABI’s LAW CODE
-viz.—civil code
-penal code
-code of procedure
-commercial code.
The basic aim of this code was ”An eye for an eye and a tooth for a
tooth”.
Nebuchadnezzar II
-the Neo Babylonian Emperor who ordered the construction of one of
the seven wonders of ancient world.
Babylonians also contributed to the development of science and
technology such as:
-Irrigation system of canals flanked by earthen dikes
-Multiplication and division
-system of bookkeeping and double-entry accounting
-Calculations using geometry
Nile River
- the longest river in the world.
- river flows northward for 4,160 miles from east-central Africa to the
Mediterranean
- provided ancient Egypt with fertile soil and water for irrigation, as well
as a means of transporting materials for building projects.
-its vital waters enabled cities to sprout in the midst of a desert.
Egyptian Civilization
- Ancient Egypt was a civilization in North Africa situated in the Nile
Valley which provided a fertile delta.
Hieroglyphs
- Egyptian writing wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of
papyrus reeds
-their writing was in the form of pictorial
Medu Neter (Egyptian Hieroglyphics) - Hieroglyphs in Ancient Egypt
were the mystical Medu Neter. This term means "words of God,"
"divine words," "sacred words," or something that conveyed this
meaning.
Egyptian civilization
- Their knowledge of human anatomy,physiology, surgery, and medical
plants enabled themselves master the art and science of embalming
the dead.
- Ancient Egyptians also practiced surgical techniques such as
trepanation (making holes in the skull) to treat head injuries and cranial
diseases.
- The Ebers Papyrus, one of the oldest medical texts, contains
information about various medicinal plants and treatments.
Obelisk
- a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a
pyramid-like shape at the top.
- originally called ‘tekhenu’ by the builders of Ancient Egyptian.
- a reverential monument, commemorating the dead, representing their
kings, and honoring their gods.
Sundial
- instrument tells time by the shadow and casted by the gnomon as
reflected by sun.
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE IN ASIA
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN ASIA
ASIA
-biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient
civilization.
-It is a host to many cultural, economic, scientific and political
activities of all ages.
- Great civilization have stood out in INDIA, CHINA, and the MIDDLE
EAST civilization. This civilization were comparable in terms of their
contribution to the development of knowledge during their time.
INDIA
- a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by
huge mountains in its northern borders.
- famous in medicine. One example is Ayurveda. (AYURVEDA is a
system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before
2500 B.C. This practiced is a form of alternative medicine.)
- also notable in the field of astronomy. They develop theories on the
configuration of the universe, the spherical self supporting Earth, and
the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.Sama (2008)
noted that their interact in astronomy was evident in the first 12
chapters of Sidhantta Shiromani written in the 12th century.
- Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. Bhist (1982) noted
that the earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian
subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley civilization.
-Mohenjo-Daro ruler which is measurement of length to the high
degree of acre centimetres in the ruler.
- Aryabhatiya introduced the number of trigonometric functions,
tables, and techniques as well as algorithm of algebra.
CHINA
-ancient civilization with substantial contribution in many areas of life
like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and
music
among others.
- known on their traditional medicines. ACUPUNCTURE is an example
of their practice in medicine.
-Chinese is also known to develop many tools. Most of their famous
discoveries are COMPASS, PAPERMAKING, GUNPOWDER, and
PRINTING TOOLS. They also invented other tools like iron plough,
wheelbarrow, andpropeller etc.
- In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records
on this such as supernova’s, lunar and solar eclipse and comets which
were carefully recorded….
- Chinese are also known in seismology. These made them more
prepared in the times of natural disasters.
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
-dominantly occupied by Muslims with the spread of Islam in the 7th
and 8th centuries.
- A period of Muslim scholarship or what is called the golden age of
Islam lasted until 13th century
-the mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa al Kwarizmi gave his
name to concept of the algorithm while the term algebra is derived
from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications.
- In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered the science of
experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical
trials.
-He’s two most notable works are Book Of Healing and The Canon of
Healing.
-Among his many contributions are the discovering of the continuous
nature of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical
pharmacology.
AFRICAN TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
- A period in which a technology is replaced by another one in a short
amount of time.
- era of accelerated technological progress characterized by
innovations whose rapid application and diffusion typically cause an
abrupt change in society.
AFRICAN INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
- considered the oldest civilization on the earth.
- first societal intellectual revolution.
Mathematics - Books on division, multiplication, and geometry formulas
were created in Egypt, while the Yoruba people of Zaire and Nigeria
created their own numeration systems.
Yoruba system required abstract reasoning and required subtraction to
identify numbers.
Chemistry - The early use of chemistry dates back to the ancient
civilization of Egypt. The Egyptians figured out the use of fire in
extracting copper from their ores.
Metallurgy and Tools - The earliest ironworking site so far was
discovered in Carthage.
Architecture & Engineering – African developed a unique architectural
development. The stone architecture in Zimbabwe is the largest stone
structure south of the Sahara and was constructed somewhere in the
11th century.
Astronomy - Ancient African cultures made significant astronomical
discoveries, including Egyptians, African Stonehenge, and Dogon
people of Mali.
Medicine - Ancient African peoples employed advanced treatments like
salicylic acid, kaolin, and extracts for pain, diarrhea, and killing Gram-
positive bacteria.
-Africans discovered ouabain, capsicum, physostigmine, and
reserpine.
Navigation - Ancient Africans sailed to South America and Asia
hundreds of years before Europeans, using thousands of waterways
across Africa as trade routes.
ADVANCEMENT IN MODERN SCIENCE
- Africa’s intellectual revolution are considered as the base of
knowledge in modern science.
- Numerous essentials are derived from the knowledge of
ancient civilization in Africa.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING
HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
● Science and Technology in the Philippines first started during Pre-
colonial period.
● Spaniards arrived in 1521.
Source of Information
● Contemporary archaelogical findings
● Accounts by early traders and foreign travelers
● Narratives about conditions in the Philippines archipelago
written by the first Spanish missionaries and colonial officials.
STONE AGE
- Around 50,000 years ago the modern men (homo sapiens)
first came over-land across narrow channels.
- They also formed settlements in the major Philippine islands.
FIRST CENTURY A.D
- Filipinos were weaving cotton, smelting iron, making
pottery and glass ornaments and were also engaged in agriculture.
- Filipinos had also learned to build boats for the coastal trade.
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
- There were relatively sufficient and autonomous communities long
before the Spaniards arrived.
- These communities exhibited uneven technological development.
- Filipinos were highly superstitious. They did not develop written
literary tradition.
COLONIAL PERIOD
- The galleon trade has brought additional technology and
development in the Philippines.
-Trades allowed other ideas, corps, tools, cultural, practices,
technology, and western practices to reach the country.

THE SPANISH REGIME
- spaniards established schools, hospitals and started scientific
research
- Science and Technology were shaped by the religious orders who
played a major role in the establishments of the educational system.
- Science courses were taught by lecture/recitation method.
- The Spaniards introduced the technology of town planning and
building with stones, brick ad ties.
- At the end of the Spanish regime, the Philippines evolved into a
primary agricultural exporting economy.
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- According to Padilla-Concepcion (2015), in response to the ASEAN
2015 Agenda, the government, particularly the Department of Science
and Technology (DOST), has sought the expertise of the National
Research Council of the Philippines to consult various sectors in the
society to study how the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the
ASEAN 2015 Goals.
THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF THE
PHILIPPINES (NCRP)
● Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and
Governance
● Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth and Space
Sciences, and Mathematics
● Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Biological Science
Socials, Agriculture, and Forestry
SCIENCES, HUMANITIES, EDUCATION,
INTERNATIONAL POLICIES AND GOVRNANCE
● Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to
the curriculum
● Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
● Develop School infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband;
● Local food security
Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research,
Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
● Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment opportunities
● Outright grants for peer monitoring
● Harnessing Science and Technology as an independent mover of
development
● Review of RA 9104
Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
● Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-
harmonized standards by full implementation of the Food and Drug
Administration
● Creating and education council dedicated to standardization of
pharmaceutical services and care
● Allocating two percent of the GDP to research
● Legislating a law supporting human genome projects
Biological Science Socials, Agriculture, and Forestry
● Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of
existing law
● Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous people's
conservation
● Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
● Formulation of common food and safety standards
EXISTING PROGRAMS SUPPORTED BY THE PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT THROUGH THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY (DOST);
● Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science
and technology
● Providing scholarships
● Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School
System
● Balik Scientist Program
● Developing science and technology parks in academic campuses
● The establishment of the National Science Complex and National
Engineering Complex within the University of the Philippines campus in
Diliman,
THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING (PAASE, 2008) IDENTIFIED SEVERAL CAPACITY-
BUILDING PROGRAMS SUCH AS:
● Establishment of national centers of excellence;
● Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the
Engineering and Science Education Program (ESEP) to produce more
PhD graduates in science and engineering
● Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries;
AREAS AND FIELDS THAT THE COUNTRY IS LOOKING
FORWARD TO EMBARK VARIOUS RESEARCH PROJECTS;
● Use of alternative and safe energy
● Harnessing mineral resources
● Finding cure for various diseases and illness
● Increasing food production
● Preservation of natural resources
● Coping with natural disaster and calamities
● Infrastructure development
PHILIPPINE-CALIFORNIA ADVANCED RESEARCH INSTITUTES
(PCARI)
● PCARI Project is a new approach to enhance the skills and
expertise of faculty and staff of Philippine universities and colleges,
through scholarships, training, and research partnerships with top-
notch research universities in California, USA, in the priority areas of
information infrastructure development (IID) and health innovation and
translational medicine (HITM).
Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science
DR. ANGEL ALCALA
- known and recognized because of his ARTIFICIAL CORAL REEFS
invention.
- Alcala may be best known for his research related to the
rehabilitation of coral reefs.
- In 1977, he created the first artificial reef, and this reef became a
model for many other fisheries development programs around the
world.
- With his notable contribution to biological sciences,
his research on the Philippine amphibians and reptiles was honored,
making his name appear in the Asian Scientists 100 by The Asian
Scientist Magazine (ASM).
FE DEL MUNDO
-a pioneer in child health care system and Filipino medical doctor
-a pediatrician with a passion for the welfare of children.
-founded The Children's Medical Center Foundation in 1957.
-was the President of the Medical Women's International Association.
-a consultant of the World Health Organization.
-she was the first Filipino woman to be named a national scientist.
-credited with studies that led to the invention of the incubator and a
jaundice relieving device.
-revolutionized Philippine medicine, making major breakthroughs in
immunization
- An incubator made out of bamboo is her most famous invention
- founded the first pediatric Philippine hospital and focused on
addressing what the country lacked regarding medical equipment in
specific communities like rural areas.
- incubator made out of bamboo is hermost famous invention.
GEMINIANO DE OCAMPO
- Father of Eye Care in the Philippines
-His corneal dissector is one of the essential innovations,
revolutionizing corneal transplant surgery.
- the only National Scientist in the Philippines specializing in
ophthalmology.
- the first person to diagnose and treat specific eye problems in the
country.
- the one who established the very first Philippine eye hospital
RAMON BARBA
-His corneal dissector is one of the essential innovations,
revolutionizing corneal transplant surgery.
-His invention, widely used today, revolutionized the Philippine mango
industry, making the crop one of the country’s top export earners.
- developed technology for inducing mangoes to flower out of
season and all year round.
JULIAN BANZON
-A Pioneer in Renewable Energy
-A Filipino biochemist noted for his research on alternative fuels.
-Focused on these esters as a renewable energy source because of
their low carbon footprint.
-famous for extracting residual coconut oil from the fruit that paved the
way for future innovations in alternative fuel sources
- investigated the use of indigenous crops as sources of renewable
fuels and chemicals.
FRANCISCO SANTOS
-He developed a program that would help improve Filipinos’ diets
-He believed that if you eat right, you can live right.
-focus was on food security and food availability for all people.
-studied how people eat—what they ate, when, and what they
cooked with.
GREGORIO Y ZARA
- was born on March 8, 1902, in Lipa City, Batangas, Philippines.
-earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a master's in aeronautical
engineering (summa cum laude) at the University of Michigan.
- In 1954, his airplane engine powered by alcohol had a successful
test flight at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
-He invented the earth induction compass, which is still used by pilots
-In the middle of the 1950s, long before the start of the digital age,
Zara developed the first videophone or two-way television-telephone.
-He is best known for inventing the videophone, which he patented in
1955. Zara’s video telephone invention enabled the caller and recipient
to see each other while conversing, laying the foundation for video-
conferencing.
- Zara patented 30devices.
- received the National Scientist Award for his work on various devices
that make communication easier for people.
- made a plane engine that ran on alcohol. This got hima lot of
attention in the scientific world.
EDGARDO DIZON GOMEZ
-An Expert in Conservation Biology
-founded the Marine Science Institute at the University of the
Philippines Diliman.
-spent his whole life protecting the coral reefs and other marine
resources in the Philippines.
-led the initiative of replanting corals.
-led a program to conserve giant clam species in the Philippines
GAVINO TRONO
-successfully developed pond and open-water culture technologies
and management of stocks of economically important seaweed
species of the Philippines.
-an active mentor to graduate students and research associates and
still currently implementing projects on biodiversity as well as the
culture technology development of other economic seaweed
species.
-successfully implemented more than 25 locally and/or foreign-
funded research projects which resulted to the production of 170
scientific and technical publications.
ALFREDO LAGMAY
-Father of Psychology in the Philippines
-a Filipino psychologist notable for introducing behavioral studies to
psychology.
-also known for his contributions to hypnosis and relaxation
techniques.
-most important contribution was his research on how to change
people’s behavior and how that could help treat mental illnesses.
Gregorio T. Velasquez
-Father of Phycology in Philippines
-a Filipino botanist who pioneered the field of phycology (the
study of algae).
-He was also one of the people to receive the National Scientist title.
-made the first intensive study of the local bluegreen algae
Dioscoro L. Umali
-Father of Philippines Plant Breeding
-a Filipino agricultural scientist born in Laguna, Philippines.
-As plant breeder, Dr. Umali specialized in the breeding
of rice, corn, abaca and mussaenda.
THE CONCEPT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION
SCIENCE EDUCATION
-the teaching and learning of science to school children, college
students, or adults within the general public.
Teaching science means exploring pedagogical theories and models.
Learning science includes both pedagogy and the most interesting
aspect.
Understanding science implies developing and applying science-
process skills and using science literacy.
When was the concept of science invented?
Science's earliest roots can be traced to Bronze Age Egypt and
Mesopotamia around 3000 to 1200 BCE.
When was science education in the Philippines introduced?
September 5 1964 – The first Philippine Science High School
was established in Diliman, Quezon City under Republic Act
No. 3661, known as the PSHS Charter.
Who gave the concept of science?
Aristotle is considered by many to term postdates him by more than
be the first scientist, although the two millennia.
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN BASIC AND TERTIARY EDUCATION
Basic Education:
• Science education helps students learn important concepts and facts
that are related to everyday life including important skills such as
process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills.
• Science education develops positive attitude such as: the love for
knowledge, passion for innovative things, curiosity to study about
nature, and creativity.
• Science education will develop a strong foundation for studying
science and for considering science-related careers in the future.
Tertiary Education:
• Deals with developing students’ understanding and appreciation of
science ideas and scientific works.
• Focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers
and other professionals in various science-related fields such as
engineering, agriculture, medicine and health sciences.
• The state also provides scholarships to encourage more students to
pursue science courses.
Focus of Science in Education in Tertiary
◼ Science education at the tertiary level focuses on the preparation of
science teachers
◼ Scientists
◼ Engineers
◼ And other professionals in various science-related fields such as
engineering
◼ Agriculture medicine
◼ And health sciences.
SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)
• A government program for gifted students.
• under Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
• Offering free scholarship for the secondary course with special
emphasis to science subjects.
Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project
• in pursuant to DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008, and DepEd Order No. 51
s. 2010.
• Started in June 2007 with 57 identified elementary schools identified
as science elementary schools in the country. Today is grows more
than 60 schools nationwide.
• The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped with
scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values.
Quezon City Regional Science High School
• It is established on September 17, 1967.
• Originally named Quezon City Science High School.
• Turned into Regional science high school for the National Capital
Region in 1999.
• The school is well-supported by the local government unit and by the
Parents and Teachers Association (PTA).
Manila Science High School (MSHS)
• It is established on October 1, 1963.
• It is the first science high school in the Philippines.
• MHSH aims to produce scientists with souls.
• The school administers an entrance exam, the Manila Science High
School Admission Test (MSAT)
Five parts of MSAT:
1. Aptitude in Science
2. Aptitude in Mathematics
3. Problem Solving Test in Science
4. Problem Solving Test in Mathematics
5. Proficiency in English
Central Visayan Institute Foundation
• It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-based
innovation known as Dynamic Learning Program (DLP).
• DLP is a synthesis of classical and modern pedagogical theories
adopted to foster the highest level of learning, creativity, and
productivity.
• The school takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical Physics
(RCTP) established in 1992.
STS (Science, Technology and Society) education aims to
meet the goal of scientific literacy by promoting the teaching and
learning of science through the context of the individual in society so
that students gain essential science skills and the ability to think
critically, make informed decisions, solve problems and workc
ollaboratively.

INDIGINOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLGY IN THE

PHILIPPINES
Philippine mythology
- the body of stories and epics originating from, and part of, the
indigenous Philippine folk religions, which include various ethnic faiths
distinct from one another.
-attempts to explain the nature of the world through the lives and
actions of deities (called anitos in the north and diwatas in
the south), heroes, and mythological creatures.
INDIGENOUS PRACTICES
1.PREDICTING WEATHER CONDITIONS AND SEASON
2. USING HERBAL MEDICINE
3.FOOD PRESERVATION
4.WINES AND JUICE FROM LOCAL FRUITS
5. TRADITIONAL/ ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
MANGHIHILOT
acts as a midwife, a chiropractor or massage therapist to promote
health and healing.
MANGTATAWAS
This practitioner uses alum, candles, smoke,paper, eggs and other
mediums to diagnosea the cause of illness associated byprayers and
incanteations.
ALBULARYO
practitioner who uses a combination of healing modalities that may
include prayers, incantations, mysticism, and herbalism.
FAITH HEALERS
a practitioner who claims divine power bestowed by the HOLY SPIRIT
or GOD. A patient is required to have faith and believe in divinepowers
to effect healing.
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
1. METEOROLOGY
2. FOOD TECHNOLOGY
3. PHARMACOLOGY
LAWS IN PRESERVING INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8371
-The State shall recognize and promote all the rights of Indigenous
Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples (ICCs/IPs) here under
enumerated within the framework of the Constitution.
• The State shall recognize, respect and protect the rights of ICCs/IPs
To preserve and develop their cultures, traditions and institutions.
• The State shall guarantee that members of the ICCs/IPs regardless
of sex,shall equally enjoy the full measure of human rights and
freedoms without distinctionor discrimination