SLIDE 1

Prior to our presentation, we want you to be aware that amidst our discussion, we will be
having an interactive game where we'll ask you some questions regarding our topic but with
a twist. Whoever will give the correct answer will be awarded with chocolate and on last
portion of our discusion we will choose a person on who could summarize or provide their
learnings regarding our topic and that person will have this tobleron as a prize. So all ears on
me para ma orient mo sa atong game. Atong dula is if mo ingon ko ug XX dapat mo tindog
babae, and if mo ingon ko ug XY dapat mo tindog tanan lalaki. And if mo ingon ko ug column
1, tindog mo diri tanan na side. If column 2 naman, kani na side, and column 3 for this side
naman. Row 1, row 2, row 3. (Explain siomai and siopao game) and if kinsay maulahi sa
inyoha kay mao ang mo answer.

Tan: At first thought of the skeletal system, you might think of a lot of bones with a lot of
names to memorize. That’s fair. You might know bones consist of a protein known as
collagen as well as minerals. But one thing many don’t realize is that bones are a LIVING
tissue. And there are so many things going on in bones - and we are here today on our field
trip with a theme "Skeleworld: The Expedition Towards The Depths of Skeletal System"
to learn interesting facts about the skeletal system. Please read this brochure regarding our
field trip for an overview regarding our topic. So gear up! Sit back, and relax while learning.

A pleasant day, everyone! We are group 2 and we will facilitate you all throughout our
journey on unravelling the interesting facts about the skeletal system.

SLIDE 2
There are different kinds of skeletal systems in different organisms. For example,
earthworms have a hydrostatic skeleton - a skeleton that is filled with liquid and kept under
pressure. We also have insects. Insects have an exoskeleton – a hard outer skeleton made
of chitin. In order to grow, most insects have to molt which involves shedding their old
exoskeleton. And then many other animals have a hard skeleton on the inside called an
endoskeleton: humans, for example, have an endoskeleton.

(Game: Question; Name the different kinds of skeletal system) - TAN

SLIDE 3
Now our focus is going to be on the human skeletal system. This system includes bones and
also connective tissue like: (1) ligaments - generally connecting bone to bone, (2) tendons –
which generally connect muscle to bone – and also (3) cartilage which we’ll get to later.

Interesting fact! Our bones are alive. They’re actually as dynamic as any of your organs, and
are made of active connective tissue that’s constantly breaking down, regenerating, and
repairing itself throughout our lifetime. In fact, you basically get a whole new skeleton every
7 to 10 years! In short, your bones do way more than just providing your squishy sack of
flesh with support and scaffolding and the ability to move around. Your bones are basically
how you store the calcium, phosphate, and other minerals you need to keep neurons firing
and muscles contracting.

SLIDE 4
The skeletal system has an important job of supporting your body and protecting the organs
inside. But your skeletal system also provides storage of important minerals, involves the
making of red and white blood cells, and ---along with the help of muscles of course ----
movement. A reminder that body systems don’t work in isolation. In fact, the term
“musculoskeletal system” used in a lot of textbooks combines the skeletal system with the
muscular system – highlighting their work together.

They’re also crucial to hematopoiesis, or blood cell production which we highlighted just
earlier. All of your new blood -- and we’re talking like, a trillion blood cells a day! -- is
generated in your bone marrow, which also helps store energy as fat. Bones even help
maintain homeostasis by regulating blood calcium levels and producing the hormone
osteocalcin, which regulates bone formation and protects against glucose intolerance and
diabetes.

Average elderly person experiences 1-2 percent bone loss every YEAR. Given everything
your bones do for you, that’s really serious. And while most of that loss is reversible, it’s not
as easy as chugging some banana smoothies and shakes. Rehabilitation can take years of
hard work, and that’s just after a few months in orbit…

An average human body contains 206 bones - a few more when they were a baby but some
of the bones fuse together by adulthood. The bones ranges in shape and size from the tiny
stapes of the inner ear to the huge femur of the thigh. That’s a lot of bones to keep tabs on,
so anatomists often divide these structures first by location, into either axial or appendicular
groups.

SLIDE 5
Mordeno: As you might guess, your axial bones are found along your body’s vertical axis --
in your skull, in your ears (those are called ossicles), bones in your throat (called the hyoid),
vertebral column, and rib cage. They’re kind of like your foundation, the stuff you can’t really
live without -- they carry your other body parts, provide skeletal support, and organ
protection.

As you can imagine, muscles attach to bones in the axial skeleton to let you move parts of
your body like your head and neck as well as breathe. It also offers a foundation to the other
division: the appendicular skeleton.

(Game: Question; What is the division of skeletal system that comprises your skull,
bones in your ears and throat, vertebral column, or any bones that is found in vertical
axis?) - MORDENO
SLIDE 6
All the bones of the arms and the shoulder girdle where they attach are included – essential
for the functioning of arms and hands- and all the bones of the legs and the pelvic girdle
where they attach are essential for movement. From there, bones are generally classified by
their shape, and luckily those names are pretty obvious.

(Game: Question; What is the division of skeletal system that comprises the bones of
the arms and the shoulder girdle?) - AVRIL
SLIDE 7
Avril: The followings are the classification of bones according to their shapes.

SLIDE 8
Avril: Long bones: You know, it’s not that they have to be “long”, it’s more about their
cylinder shape and the fact that they’re longer than they are wide. These bones tend to be
moved in muscle contraction. The femur in the leg is a great example of a long bone. The
tibia and fibula in the legs are also long bones. In the arms, you can have the humerus,
ulna, and radius. And part of the hands, you have metacarpals and phalanges - and part of
the feet, you have metatarsals and phalanges.

Short bones: Unlike long bones, these are more like a cube as their length and width are
close to equal. These bones are also moved using muscle contraction and these bones can
offer stability. Carpals in the wrists and tarsals of the ankles are examples.

Sesamoid bones: like a sesame seed, they are roundish. They’re great about handling
pressure. The patella is an example.

SLIDE 9
Mayorca: Flat bones: so unfortunately you don’t want to just go on the name because they
aren’t necessarily flat. They’re often curved and thin. Skull bones (aka cranial bones) and
shoulder blade bones (aka scapulae) are examples.

Irregular Bones: a shape that is…irregular. Basically there isn’t a specific shape description
you can use to define them. Irregular bones can be protective from an assortment of forces.
Vertebrae are a great example.

(Game: Question; Give at least 2 or 3 classification of bones according to their

shape?) - MAYORCA
But despite their variations in size, shape, and finer function, all bones have a similar internal
structure. They all have a dense, smooth-looking external layer of compact, or cortical bone
around a porous, honeycomb-looking area of spongy bone. This spongy bone tissue is made
up of tiny cross-hatching supports called trabeculae that help the bone resist stress.

SLIDE 10
Let’s talk a bit about what’s going on inside the bones. There are two general types of bone
tissue. Compact bone tissue: an outer layer that is hard and then spongy bone tissue, a
layer where you will find bone marrow.

SLIDE 11
Some of it is yellow marrow and it stores fat, which is important for long term energy storage.
And then red marrow. That’s where blood cells can be made. Red blood cells – which
transport gases - and white blood cells - are important for defending the body.
(Game: Question; What are the two general types of bone tissue?) - TAN
SLIDE 12-13
Tan: Now, the cells involved with bone or cartilage is our topic. First, osteoblasts. These are
cells that make bone. They can mature into another type of cell called osteocytes; these
cells maintain bone structure and make up the majority of bone cells present. Osteoclasts –
these cells actually break down bone structure and the way they do it is cool: remember the
organelles called lysosomes? Well, osteoclasts have a lot of lysosomes. In lysosomes, there
are enzymes there and together with acids, they can help dissolve bone. You might wonder:
why would you want to normally break down bone? Well, the body is always responding to
stresses and some parts of old bone is removed and then some parts are rebuilt in what is
called “bone remodeling,” so osteoclasts are needed for this normal process. It’s estimated
that every year, approximately 5-10% of a skeleton is remodeled. Although the two kinds of
cells do exact opposite jobs, they’re not mortal enemies. In fact, I’m happy to report that they
get along fabulously, and create a perfect balance that allows your bones to regenerate. So
remodeling in the skeletal system means bone that has been damaged or is just old is
reabsorbed and replaced. If you get injured or if you do a lot of exercise, this can also impact
remodeling. In addition, the process of breaking down bone also releases minerals the body
may require.

Moderno: A major mineral bone store is calcium. Specific hormones from the endocrine
system actually can signal whether calcium in the bones may need to be released; specific
hormones also signal when calcium is deposited. Calcium has a lot of functions for body
processes; for example, in our muscle contraction, the calcium is very important for muscle
contraction to occur.

Bone cells work alongside other cells. For example, chondroblasts. Chondroblasts make
connective tissue cartilage. Chondroblasts can mature into chondrocytes which maintain this
cartilage; they make up the cartilage.

Avril: Cartilage supports bone; it’s important in joints where bones are connected. It also is a
template for bone placement. In fetal development, it is cartilage – made by chondroblasts -
that is meant to serve as the matrix for the bones. Eventually bone will replace most – but
not all – of the cartilage matrix.

With the help of osteoblasts, bones grow in length usually until early adulthood. Osteoblasts
-- from the Greek words for “bone” and “germ” or “sprout” -- are the bone-building cells, and
they’re actually what construct your bones in the first place. Bones can also grow in
diameter, even after they stop growing in length. The process for bone growth is complex: it
involves learning about different zones, including the growth plate zone.

Mayorca: what happens when a bone breaks? So typically after a break, there is a fracture
hematoma- which is a collection of blood that forms at the site of the break because again
bones are very vascular - and because blood is blocked from getting to the bone cells that
exist near the fracture, those bone cells generally die. But thanks to the help of chondrocytes
and osteoblasts – an internal callus and external callus is made there to keep it all together.

The internal callus is mainly cartilage and the outer callus is a mix of cartilage and bone. So
what’s going to remove the damaged part of the bone? Osteoclasts, right? And they do. And
osteoblasts will get to work on the remodeling – which means – they ultimately will make
new bones there. It takes time for this to occur though: many fractures heal in 6-8 weeks but
it can be longer depending on an assortment of variables and the type of bone that was
broken. It can also matter on the fracture.

(Game: Question; What are the cells involved in or with bones?) - MAYORCA
SLIDE 14
Tan: Thank you for being with us all throughout our field trip, in which we are successful in
exploring the interesting knowledge regarding the skeletal system. Once again, this is
Christine Jade Tan, Phionna Nichole Mordeno, Christine Joy Mayorca, and Avril, your field
trip facilitators group 5, and this encapsulate our creative reporting of skeletal system.