UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 9 0 1 9 9 0 8 6 1 2 *

BANGLADESH STUDIES 0449/02

Paper 2 Environment and Development of Bangladesh May/June 2013
1 hour 30 minutes
Additional Materials: Insert

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the boxes above.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a pencil for any sketch maps, diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE ON ANY BARCODES.

Write your answer to each question in the space provided.

If additional space is required, you should use the lined page at the end of this booklet. The question number(s)
must be clearly shown.

Answer three questions.

You are advised to spend about 30 minutes on each question.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 2.

The Insert is not required by the Examiner.

This document consists of 22 printed pages, 2 blank pages and an insert.

DC (LEG/SW) 70116
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1 (a) Study the map of Bangladesh (Fig. 1) and name the following features. For
Examiner’s
Use
0 20 40 miles
0 30 60 kms
N

A E

Fig. 1

• area A .......................................................................................................................

• river B .......................................................................................................................

• main crop grown in area C .......................................................................................

• power generated at D ...............................................................................................

• hills E ................................................................................................................... [5]

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(b) (i) Study Fig. 2, which shows arsenic pollution of groundwater in parts per billion. For
Examiner’s
Use
0 20 40 miles
0 30 60 kms
N

Key
Pollution level
over 1000 ppb
500 – 1000 ppb
50 – 499 ppb
under 50 ppb

Fig. 2

Using Fig. 2, describe the distribution of arsenic pollution levels in Bangladesh.

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(ii) Explain how groundwater becomes polluted with arsenic.

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(iii) What effects does arsenic pollution have on the people who drink the water? For
Examiner’s
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(c) Study Fig. 3, a climate graph of Bogra.

temperature °C mm rainfall
30 400

20 350

10 300

250

200

150

100

50

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
months

Fig. 3

(i) What is the highest temperature? ......................................... °C [1]

(ii) Which month has the lowest temperature? ......................................... [1]

(iii) What is the highest rainfall? ......................................... mm [1]

(iv) Which month has the lowest rainfall? ................................................. [1]

(v) Explain why there are seasonal variations in the climate.

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(d) Study the two statements below. For

Examiner’s
A ‘The climate of Bangladesh is ideal for growing crops.’ Use

B ‘Many problems are caused for farmers by Bangladesh’s climate.’

(i) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A.

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(ii) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B.

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(iii) Which statement do you agree with the most? Give reasons for your answer.

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[Total: 25]

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2 (a) (i) Study Photograph A on the Insert, which is a satellite image of part of the Padma For
(Ganges) delta. Examiner’s
Use

Describe the river features seen in the photograph.

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(ii) Explain how a delta, such as the Padma (Ganges), is formed.

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(b) (i) Study Fig. 4, which shows areas of drought and coastal floods. For
Examiner’s
Use
0 20 40 miles
0 30 60 kms
N

Key
drought

coastal floods

Fig. 4

Describe the location of areas affected by drought and coastal floods.

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(ii) Explain how coastal floods are caused. For

Examiner’s
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(iii) What can people and organisations do to limit the damage caused by coastal
floods?

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(c) Study the two statements below. For

Examiner’s
A ‘Climate change is causing heavier and less reliable rainfall.’ Use

B ‘Climate change is causing less rainfall.’

(i) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A.

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(ii) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B.

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(iii) In your opinion, which pattern of climate change poses the greater threat to
Bangladesh, A or B? Give reasons for your answer.

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[Total: 25]

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3 (a) (i) Aquaculture is also known as the Blue Revolution. For

What is aquaculture? Examiner’s
Use

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(ii) Study Fig. 5, a graph of aquaculture production in Bangladesh.

thousand tonnes
1000

800

600

400

200

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
years

Fig. 5

Using Fig. 5, describe the general trends in aquaculture production in Bangladesh.

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(iii) Why is aquaculture important to the people of Bangladesh? For

Examiner’s
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(b) (i) What is meant by ‘sustainable development’?

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(ii) Explain how the sustainable development of natural resources, such as forests,
can be achieved.

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(c) (i) Study Fig. 6, which shows coal production in Bangladesh. For
Examiner’s
Use
thousand short tonnes
1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
years

Fig. 6

Using Fig. 6, describe the changes in coal production between 2002 and 2009.

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(ii) How can the use of coal help to reduce deforestation?

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(d) There were many differing opinions when it was proposed to open a new coal mine at For
Phulbari. Below are two different views. Examiner’s
Use

Coal under the

I do not want to lose ground is worth
my home and fields more than growing
to a coal mine. rice on the surface.

local farmer government official

(i) Give one piece of evidence in support of the farmer.

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(ii) Give one piece of evidence in support of the government official.

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(iii) Which opinion do you agree with the most? Give reasons for your answer.

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[Total: 25]

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4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 7, a graph of the production of two food crops, wheat and pulses, For
between 1989 and 2010. Examiner’s
Use

thousand tonnes
2000
Key
wheat
pulses
1500

1000

500

0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
years

Fig. 7

Using Fig. 7, compare the production of wheat and pulses, noting the differences
and similarities.

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(ii) Explain how technological advances, such as the Green Revolution, may have For
caused the changes in wheat production between 1989 and 1999. Examiner’s
Use

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(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows simple technology that helps farmers to grow crops on the
infertile sand bars (chars).

A pit is dug into the After a few days, four

sand bar, one metre to six seeds are placed
deep and one metre into the sack.
in diameter.

One jute sack filled with compost is placed in the hole. In At harvest time, farmers should be
some areas, farmers are able to use compost generated from able to reap up to ten gourds or
the previous year’s crop, making the programme sustainable. pumpkins from each pit.

Fig. 8

Explain how the farmers can grow crops in the infertile sand.

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(c) Complete the table below to compare a cottage industry and a large-scale industry. For
Examiner’s
Use
cottage industry large scale industry
example
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labour
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machinery
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export and
earnings ................................................ ................................................

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(d) Study the two statements below. For

Examiner’s
A ‘It is important to encourage more cottage industries to reduce unemployment.’ Use

B ‘Investment in large-scale industries is necessary for Bangladesh’s continuing

development.’

(i) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement A.

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(ii) Give one piece of evidence which supports statement B.

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(iii) In your opinion, which statement will be the more beneficial to Bangladesh? Give
reasons for your answer.

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[Total: 25]

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5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 9, which shows the percentage of the population living in rural and urban For
areas in Bangladesh. Examiner’s
Use

Key
rural urban

1969

1979

years 1989

1999

2009

0 50 100 %

Fig. 9

On Fig. 9, complete the bar for 2009 when 73% lived in rural areas and 27% lived
in urban areas. (It has been left blank for you to fill in.) [2]

(ii) What does Fig. 9 show about the changes to rural and urban populations in
Bangladesh?

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(iii) What are the effects in rural and urban areas of the changes shown in Fig. 9?

in rural areas ............................................................................................................

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in urban areas ..........................................................................................................

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(b) (i) Study Fig. 10, which shows the population structure of Bangladesh in 1979 and 2009. For
Examiner’s
Use
1979 2009
0% 0%

75% 25% 75% 25%

Key
0 – 14 years
50% 15 – 64 years 50%
65+ years

Fig. 10

Using Fig. 10, describe the changes that took place in each age group between
1979 and 2009.

0–14 years ................................................................................................................

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15–64 years ..............................................................................................................

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65+ years .................................................................................................................

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(ii) Explain how improvements in health care have led to the changes in the 0–14 years
age group that you described in (b)(i).

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(iii) Give one reason for the change in the 65+ age group.

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(c) (i) Study Fig. 11, which shows the percentage of children at secondary school in three For
countries in 1973 and 2003. Examiner’s
Use

% % Key
50 50
1973

40 40 2003

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
sh

n
di

ta
de

In

kis
la

Pa
ng
Ba

Fig. 11

Using Fig. 11, describe how the percentage of children in secondary schools in
Bangladesh changed compared to India and Pakistan.

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(ii) In Bangladesh, the percentage of children in primary schools is 95%. Why is there
such a decrease when children go to secondary school?

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(iii) Why is secondary education important? For

Examiner’s
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(d) ‘Developing occupational skills is more important than university qualifications for the
economic development of Bangladesh.’

How far do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer and examples
where possible.

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[Total: 25]

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Additional Page For

Examiner’s
If you use the following lined page to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question Use

number(s) must be clearly shown.

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BLANK PAGE

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BLANK PAGE

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 1(b)(i) © adapted: http://www.nvo.com/ghosh_research/arseniccontaminationinthebengalbasin1.

Question 2(a)(i) © NASA.
Question 2(b)(i) © adapted: http://climatechangepsychology.blogspot.com/2010/12/deborah-phelan-bangladesh-cop16-real.html.
Question 3(a)(ii) © adapted: http://www.fao.org/fi/figis/graphs/countrysector/Aquaculture/16.gif.
Question 4(a)(i) © adapted: http://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=bd&commodity=wheat&graph=production.
Question 4(b) © adapted: http://praticalaction.org/appeal_bangladeshcompost.
Question 5(a)(i) © adapted: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/bangladesh/school-enrolment-secondary-percent-gross-wb-data-html.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2013 0449/02/M/J/13