CHAPTER I

INDRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The overwhelming majority of adult smokers began smoking before age

18 and many were addicted before they even finished high school. So, why do

kids pick up that cigarette in the first place?

First their parents are smokers, second peer pressure-their friends

encourage them to try cigarettes and to keep smoking, third they see smoking

as a way of rebelling and showing independence, forth they think that everyone

else is smoking and that they should too, fifth the tobacco industry has used

clever marketing tactics to specifically target teenagers, sixth most teenagers

simply like to try new things, but they aren’t matured enough to think of the

long-term consequences and last nicotine is a “feel-good” drug without

intoxication.

The majority of children in elementary school and the early part of

middle school have never tried a cigarette. Most will tell you that they never will

smoke cigarettes and they mean what they’re saying. But as they get older,

some will become more open to the idea of smoking.

(https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/helping-teens-quit/why-kids-start-

smoking)
 This study is based on the Theory of Behaviorism by John B. Watson,

(1913), This is to further strengthen and improve the foundations of the study.

The study states that behaviorism is a theory of learning based on the idea that

all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs

through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our actions

are shaped by environmental stimuli.

In simple terms, according to this school of thought, also known as

behavioral psychology, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable

manner regardless of internal mental states. Behavioral theory also says that

only observable behavior should be studied, as cognition, emotions, and mood

are far too subjective.

Strict behaviorists believe that any person—regardless of genetic

background, personality traits, and internal thoughts— can be trained to

perform any task, within the limits of their physical capabilities. It only

requires the right conditioning.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to know the common reasons among grade 12 students of St.

Anthony’s High School of Barbaza Inc. for Smoking.

1.What are the reasons among grade 12 students of St. Anthony’s High

School of Barbaza Inc. in smoking?

2.What are the factors that makes the students of St. Anthony’s High

School of Barbaza Inc. addicted to smoking?

3.Is there any ways or techniques to help mitigate, lessen, or stop the

students of St. Anthony’s High School of Barbaza Inc. from smoking?

Null Hypothesis

Based on the questions, the researchers hypothesized the following:

1. There are no reasons for the grade 12 students of St. Anthony’s High

School of Barbaza Inc. in smoking?

2.There are no factors that makes the students of St. Anthony’s High

School of Barbaza Inc. addicted to smoking?

3.There are no ways or techniques to help mitigate, lessen, or stop the

students of St. Anthony’s High School of Barbaza Inc. addicted to smoking?

Significance of the Study

This study may be beneficial to the following:

Parents. Parents should set an example to their children and guide them

in the right path.

Teachers. Teachers should teach the students about the risks in using

cigarettes and give students advice so that they can avoid the risks of smoking.

Students. Students should know the disadvantages of smoking and

make right choices to be successful in the future.

Future Researchers. The results in this study can help other future

researchers in making studies relevant to this area.

Definition of Terms

The terms used in this study are given their conceptual and operational

meaning.

Smoking – in this study smoking is the action or habit of inhaling and

exhaling the smoke of tobacco by using the end of a lit cigarette, cigar, pipe,

etc, (Oxford English Dictionary, 2019)

In this study, smoking refers to the action in using cigarettes.

Students – the term refers to a person who goes to school to learn.

(Merriam Webster).
 In this study, students refer to the students of St. Anthony’s High School

of Barbaza Inc.

Reason – an explanation or justification of an act or idea. (Collins

Dictionary, 2010)

In this study, reason refers to cause of the students of St. Anthony’s High

School of Barbaza, Inc. in smoking.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

This study was generally concern with the common reasons among grade

12 students of St. Anthony’s High School of Barbaza Inc. for Smoking. The

respondents of this study are the randomly selected Grade 12 STEM boys high

school students of St. Anthony's High School of Barbaza Inc. the researchers

will use the “Random Sampling Method” to pick the respondents which will

take part in the study.

Quantitative research design was used in this study. Quantitative

research is more objective than qualitative research. Research questions are

usually geared towards measuring hypothesis using statistical tools, (Avilla,

2016).
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter is composed of different literatures related to the study.

This study is supported by three (3) sub-topics namely: (1) Cause and Effect of

Smoking; (2) Health Benefits of Quitting Smoking and (3) Risk of Tobacco to

Nonsmoker.

Cause and Effect of Smoking

Nicotine is the main additive substance in cigarettes and other forms of

tobacco. Nicotine is a drug that affects many parts of your body, including your

brain. Over time, your body and brain get used to having nicotine in them.

About 80-90% of people who smoke regularly are addicted to nicotine.

Nicotine reaches your brain within 10 seconds of when it enters your body. It

causes the brain to release adrenaline, and that created a buzz of pleasure and

energy. The buzz quickly fades, though. Then you may feel tired or a little down

– and you may feel that buzz again.

 Your body is able to build up a high tolerance to nicotine, so you’ll need

to smoke more cigarettes to get that same buzz. This up and down cycle

happens over and over. That’s what leads to addiction. When people don’t

smoke, they may have withdrawal symptoms. That’s because their bodies have

to get used to not having nicotine. Withdrawal symptoms may include:

 Feeling down or sad

 Having trouble sleeping

 Feeling irritable, on edge, grouchy

 Having trouble thinking clearly and concentrating

 Feeling restless and jumpy

 Slower heart rate

 Feeling hungrier or gaining weight

(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)

When you smoke, harmful chemicals enter your lungs and spread through

your body. They can:

 Reach your brain, heart and other organs within 10 seconds of your first

puff.

 Go everywhere your blood flows, harming every part of your body.

The nicotine in tobacco is highly addictive. It makes your brain release a

chemical called dopamine. Dopamine is a “feel good” chemical that:

 Makes you feel happy

 Helps you to concentrate

 Gives you more energy

But this effect doesn’t last long. As the nicotine levels in your body fade,

your brain craves more dopamine. The longer you have been smoking, the

more dopamine you need to feel good. You become dependent on nicotine.

Once you are dependent on nicotine, without it you will have withdrawal

symptoms. You may find it difficult to concentrate or feel nervous, restless,

irritable or anxious.

These two things - nicotine dependence and nicotine withdrawal – make

you want to smoke more. You become addicted to tobacco.

The chemicals in tobacco smoke can damage your body in many ways.

For example:

Nicotine narrows your veins and arteries this can

o Damage your heart by forcing it to work faster and harder.

o Slow your blood and reduce oxygen to your feet and hands.
 Carbon monoxide deprives your heart of the oxygen it needs to pump

blood around your body. Overtime, your airways swell up and let less air into

your lungs.

 Tar is a sticky substance that coats your lungs like a soot in a chimney.

 Phenols paralyses and kill the hair-like cells in your airways. These cells

sweep clean the lining of your airways and protect them against infections.

 Tiny particles in tobacco smoke irritate your throat and lungs and cause

‘smoker’s cough’. This makes you produce more mucus and damages lung

tissue.

 Ammonia and formaldehyde irritate your eyes, nose, and throat.

 Cancer-causing chemicals make your cells grow fast or abnormally. This

can result in cancer cells.

Smoking tobacco can:

 Cause yellow-brown stains on your fingers, tongue and teeth.

 Increase your risk of tooth loss and bad breath.

 Make your skin saggy and give you early wrinkles.

 Make your hair lose its natural shine.

If you smoke you:

 Reduce your life expectancy and your quality of life.

 Increase your risk of many conditions and diseases as well as of dying

prematurely.

It can be a long time before smokers get a smoking-related conditions or

diseases. Because of this, some people believe it won’t happen to them.

2
In fact, up to of long-term smokers will:
3

 Die of a smoking-related disease.

 Have their life cut short by about 10 years on average, compared to non-

smokers.

There is also growing evidence to suggest that smoking has a negative

impact on mental health. For example, some studies show that smoking is

associated with increased rates of anxiety, panic attacks, depression, suicide

attempts and schizophrenia.

 Cancer

Smoking causes most lung cancers and can cause cancer almost

anywhere on the body. This includes the lips, tongue, mouth, nose, esophagus,

throat, voice box, stomach, liver, kidney, pancreas, bladder, blood, cervix,

vulva, penis and anus.

 Breathing problems and chronic respiratory conditions

Smoking is the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a

serious, progressive and disabling condition that limits airflow in the lungs.

Active smoking also worsens asthma in active smokers and is associated with

an increased risk for asthma in adolescents and adults.

 Heart disease, stroke and blood circulation problems

Smoking is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart disease

and stroke. Smoking increases the risk of blood clots, which block blood flow to

the heart, brain or legs. Some smokers end up having their limbs amputated

due to blood circulation problems caused by smoking.

 Diabetes

Smoking causes type 2 diabetes, with the risk of developing diabetes 30 to 40%

higher for active smokers than non-smokers. Smoking may also worsen some

of the health conditions related to type 1 diabetes, such as kidney disease.

 Infections

Smoking weakens your immune system so you’re more likely to get bacterial

and viral infections.

 Dental problems
 Smoking increases the risk of gum diseases, tooth loss and tooth

sensitivity. Once a person has gum damage, smoking also makes it harder for

their gums to heal.

 Hearing loss

Smoking reduces blood flow to the inner ear. Smokers may also lose their

hearing earlier than a non-smoker.

 Vision loss

Smoking damages the eye and can lead to macular degeneration — the main

cause of blindness in Australia.

 Fertility problems

Smoking can make it more difficult to fall pregnant and affect sperm quality.

Find out more about smoking and tobacco and pregnancy.

 Osteoporosis and menopause

Smoking is a risk factor for osteoporosis and in women, may result in early

menopause compared to a non-smoker.

As a smoker, you can affect the health of other people when they breathe

in your second-hand smoke. This means they’re breathing in the same toxic

and cancer-causing chemicals that you are.There is no safe level of smoking.

To reduce your risk, the best option is to quit smoking. You’ll feel the health

benefits almost straight away. (U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services. Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA:

U.S Department and Human Services, Center for Disease Control and

Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health

Promotion)

Health Problems Caused by Smoking

Smoking can cause long-term negative effects on the body, including

heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Whether smoked or chewed, tobacco is dangerous to your health. Tobacco

products contain unsafe substances, from acetone and tar to nicotine and

carbon monoxide. The inhaled substances can affect your lungs and the other

organs in your body.

Smoking can lead to ongoing complications and long-term effects on your

body systems. While smoking can increase your risk of certain health

conditions over years, like glaucoma, cancer, and issues with blood clotting,

some of the bodily effects happen immediately. But quitting smoking can

reverse many of these effects on your body. Tobacco smoke is incredibly

harmful to your health. There’s no safe way to smoke. Replacing your cigarette

with a cigar, pipe, e-cigarette, or hookah won’t help you avoid the health risks.

According to the American Lung Association, cigarettes contain about

600 ingredients. Many of these ingredients are also in cigars and hookahs.

When they burn, they generate more than 7,000 chemicals, many of which are

toxic. At least 69 of them are carcinogenic, or known to cause cancer.

In the United States, the mortality rate for smokers is three times that of

people who never smoked. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC) note that smoking is the most common Trusted Source

preventable cause of death in the United States.

While not all the effects of smoking are immediate, the complications and

damage can last for years. The good news is that quitting smoking can reduce

many risk factors for the conditions and diseases below.

Overall health and cancer risk

Smoking can harm the organs in your body and negatively impact your

overall health. Smoking can increase inflammation throughout your body and

negatively affect your immune system. This may make you more susceptible to

infection. Smoking is an environmental risk factor for Trusted Source

conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, though researchers do not yet

understand the mechanism behind the connection.

A well-studied link also exists between smoking and many types of cancer.

Smoking can increase your risk of developing cancer almost anywhere in your

body. This includes the following cancer types:

 bladder cancer

 acute myeloid leukemia

 cervical cancer

 colorectal cancer

 esophageal cancer

 kidney and uterine cancer

 laryngeal cancer

 liver cancer

 oropharyngeal cancer (which can include parts of your throat, tongue,

tonsils, and soft palate)

 pancreatic cancer

 stomach or gastric cancer

 tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer

If you quit smoking, the risk of developing most of these types of cancers

decreases in about 10 to 20 years, depending on the type of cancer. However,

your risk will still be higher than that of people who have never smoked.

 Central nervous system

One of the ingredients in tobacco is the mood-altering drug nicotine. Nicotine is

habit-forming and highly addictive. It is one reason why people find it so

difficult to quit smoking. Nicotine reaches your brain in seconds and can

energize you for a while. But as the effect wears off, you may feel tired and

crave more. Physical withdrawal from nicotine can impair your ability to think

and make you feel negative emotions. These may include:

 anxiety

 irritability

 depression

 Withdrawal can also cause headaches and trouble sleeping.

 Vision

Smoking long-term can affect your vision and optic nerve. It may lead you to

develop certain conditions that affect the eyes. These can include:

 glaucoma, in which the pressure in the eye increases, which puts

pressure on the optic nerve causing damage and loss of sight.

 cataracts, which cause cloudy vision.

 age-related macular degeneration, which causes damage to a spot in the

center of your retina and causes loss of your central vision.

 Respiratory system

Smoking damages the airways, air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, and cilia, which

are tiny hair-like structures that prevent dirt and mucus from entering your

lungs.

Lung damage

Smoking causes lung damage and tissue loss that never comes back.

Damage to the respiratory system can also make you more susceptible to

certain infections that affect the lungs, like tuberculosis and pneumonia, and

increase the possibility of death from those illnesses.

Smoking can cause you to develop a chronic cough. It can also asthma attacks,

if you have asthma.

 Cancer risk

Lung damage from smoking can cause lung disease or lung cancer. Smoking is

the leading cause of lung cancer, and people who smoke are 20 times more

likely than nonsmokers to be diagnosed with lung cancer.

 Chronic lung conditions

People who smoke are at higher risk for chronic nonreversible lung conditions

such as:

 emphysema, the destruction of the air sacs in your lung

 chronic bronchitis, permanent inflammation that affects the lining of the

breathing tubes of the lungs

 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of lung diseases

 lung cancer

 adult-onset asthma

Withdrawal from tobacco products can cause temporary congestion and

respiratory discomfort as your lungs and airways begin to heal. Increased

mucus production right after quitting smoking may be a positive sign that your

respiratory system is recovering.

 In infants, children, and teens

Babies may be born with underdeveloped lungs if the pregnant person smokes

during pregnancy.

Children whose parents or caregivers smoke cigarettes may also experience

certain health conditions at a higher rate than children whose caregivers do

not smoke. These can include:

 coughing
 wheezing

 asthma attacks

 pneumonia

 tuberculosis

 bronchitis

 reduced lung function

 impaired lung growth

 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Teens who smoke can end up with lungs that are smaller and weaker

than the lungs of teens who don’t smoke.

 Sexuality and reproductive system

Nicotine affects blood flow to the genital areas of both men and women.

 Fertility problems

Smoking may also contribute to fertility issues and lower sex hormone levels in

males and females, leading to decreased sexual desire.

 In people with vaginas

For people with vaginas, it can result in sexual dissatisfaction by decreasing

lubrication and the ability to reach orgasm. Menopause also may occur earlier

in smokers than in nonsmokers.

Smoking influences hormone production and can make it harder for people

with vaginas to become pregnant. It can also increase the risk:

 early delivery

 low birth weight

 stillbirth

 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

 ectopic pregnancy

 cleft palate and lip in infants

 In people with penises

For people with penises, smoking can decrease sexual performance.

Smoking can negatively affect the function of blood vessels, which may restrict

the blood flow needed to achieve an erection in people with penises. This may

result in erectile dysfunction (ED). ED can also lead to fertility problems.

It can also damage the DNA in sperm, making it difficult to conceive and

increasing the risk of miscarriage and certain birth defects.

 Cardiovascular system

According to the CDC, 1 in 4 deaths in the U.S. result from

cardiovascular disease caused by cigarette smoking.

Smoking can damage the cardiovascular system, including your:

 heart
 arteries

 blood vessels

Nicotine causes blood vessels to tighten, which restricts the flow of blood.

Smoking also raises blood pressure, weakens blood vessel walls, and increases

your risk of blood clots.

These factors raise your risk for cardiovascular disease, including:

 atherosclerosis

 coronary heart disease, including heart attack and sudden cardiac death

 stroke

 peripheral artery disease

 abdominal aortic aneurysm

You’re also at an increased risk of worsening heart disease if you’ve already

had:

 heart bypass surgery

 a heart attack

 a stent placed in a blood vessel

Secondhand smoke
Smoking impacts your cardiovascular health and also affects the health of

those around you who don’t smoke. Exposure to secondhand smoke carries the

same risk to a nonsmoker as someone who does smoke. Risks can include:

 stroke

 heart attack

 heart disease

 Integumentary system (skin, hair, and nails)

 Smoking cigarettes can affect your skin, hair, and nails.

 Skin

Substances in tobacco smoke can change the structure of your skin. This may

contribute to:

 premature skin damage associated with aging

 wrinkles

 delayed wound healing

 developing hidradenitis suppurativa, a skin condition that causes painful

boils

 developing psoriasis, or triggering more severe psoriasis

 developing certain types of skin cancer

Smoking can increase the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma (skin

cancer) on the lips.

 Hair

There’s also a link between smoking and androgenic alopecia, a condition that

causes hair loss in males. Smoking causes hair loss due to:

 vasoconstriction

 DNA damage

 generation of free radicals

 hormonal effects

 Nails

It may also affect your fingernails and toenails and increase the likelihood of

fungal nail infections.

 Digestive system

Cigarette smoking can affect the digestive system in multiple ways.

Cancer risk

Smoking increases the risk of cancer in the organs of the digestive system. This

can include cancer of the:

 mouth

 throat

 larynx
 esophagus

 stomach

 pancreas

 colon and rectum

Even people who “smoke but don’t inhale” face an increased risk of mouth

cancer.

Type 2 diabetes

Smoking also has an effect on insulin, making it more likely that you’ll develop

insulin resistance. People who smoke cigarettes have a 30% to 40% greater risk

of developing type 2 diabetes and its complications.

Type 2 diabetes tends to develop faster in people who smoke than people who

do not smoke, as it may be harder to control.

Periodontal disease

Smoking can raise your risk for periodontal disease or disease affecting

the gums. This happens because smoking causes inflammation around the

teeth and increases your risk for bacterial infections. The gums may become

swollen and bleed (gingivitis) and eventually begin to pull away from the teeth

(periodontitis).

 Skeletal system
Smoking can negatively impact your bone health by reducing your bone

density and contributing to bone loss.

Tobacco use is linked to developing conditions like osteoporosis or experiencing

bone fractures. Smoking can also have a negative impact on bone healing if

you experience a fracture.

In females, smoking may cause menopause to come earlier. Menopause speeds

up bone loss. Combined with smoking, it may accelerate these effects, leading

to osteoporosis.

Smoking also affects the health of your teeth and may cause tooth decay and

loss.

Smoking cigarettes increases your risk for health conditions that can

affect the whole body. Smoking can cause cancer in many of the body’s organs.

It can also reduce fertility, increase the chance of developing type 2 diabetes,

and contribute to bone loss. But quitting smoking reduces many of these risks.

It also has both short and long-term benefits.

Since smoking affects every body system, finding a way to quit can help

you live a longer and healthier life. Smoking cessation programs may help.

Doctors may also recommend prescription and nonprescription medications to

help you quit. You can turn to our smoking cessation resource center, which

has tips for how to stop smoking, information on smoking cessation therapies,
and more.https://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/effects-on-

body#takeaway

Risk of Tobacco to Nonsmoker

Secondhand smoke is what you inhale accidentally (called passive

smoking) when you are near sources of tobacco smoke. For example, at parties

or public gatherings, you might mingle with people who smoke. You may not

feel any changes, but breathing secondhand smoke can affect your health.

Secondhand smoke is smoke you don’t mean to breathe in. Exposure to

secondhand smoke comes from side stream or mainstream smoke. Burning

tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars or pipes, releases side stream

smoke. A person actively smoking nearby exhales mainstream smoke. Both

sources release harmful chemicals into the air that affect nonsmokers.

All smoke from burning nicotine products contains harmful chemicals (toxins).

Even nonsmokers inhaling other people’s smoke breathe in these toxins. Side

stream smoke from the end of a cigarette, cigar or pipe is unfiltered. It has

more harmful toxins than mainstream smoke that someone breathes out.

How does secondhand smoke affect nonsmokers?

Secondhand smoke damages the body in many different ways. Adults exposed

to secondhand smoke may experience:

 Cardiovascular (heart, veins and arteries) disease like high blood

pressure, atherosclerosis, heart attack or stroke.

 Lung problems like chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and

asthma.

 Increased risks of lung cancer and cancers in the brain, bladder,

stomach, breast and more.

 Children exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to experience:

 Frequent coughing, sneezing, shortness of breath or other breathing

problems.

 Frequent ear infections.

 Frequent and more severe asthma attacks.

 Respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia.

 Damage to eyes (like cataracts) and teeth (like tooth decay).

 Learning and behavior problems.

 SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).

Studies have shown that damage from secondhand smoke occurs in as

little as five minutes:

 After five minutes: Arteries becomes less flexible, just like they do in a

person who is smoking a cigarette.

 After 20-30 minutes: Blood starts clotting, and fat deposits in blood

vessels increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

 After two hours: An irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) can develop and

trigger a heart attack or other serious cardiac problems.

Secondhand smoke affects anyone near burned or exhaled tobacco, but some

groups have more smoke exposure:

 Service industry workers, such as restaurant servers and bartenders:

Anyone who works near groups of smokers may be unable to avoid secondhand

smoke.

 Pregnant women: Secondhand smoke affects unborn children and their

mothers. Lower amounts of oxygen available for the baby can increase fetal

heart rates or lower the birth weight. Women may experience miscarriage,

stillbirth, premature delivery or ectopic pregnancy.

 Infants, children and pets: young children and animals can’t always

choose to leave a smoke-filled room. The constant exposure increases the

harmful effects of secondhand smoke.

 Most people who inhale secondhand smoke are not tested for exposure. If

you regularly breathe in someone else’s smoke, your doctor may test your

saliva (spit), urine or blood for amounts of inhaled nicotine.

Your healthcare provider also may test your lung (pulmonary) function

to measure damage. Pulmonary function tests can identify conditions related to

secondhand smoke dangers, like asthma.

There is no treatment for breathing in secondhand smoke. But there are

ways to manage your exposure and treat conditions related to secondhand

smoke inhalation.

If you are regularly near secondhand smoke, you can reduce the danger by:

 Moving away from the smoker and finding a smoke-free place.

 Making sure guests to your home know they cannot smoke inside.

 Not letting passengers smoke in your car — even with the window down.

Your healthcare provider may treat specific symptoms or diseases caused by

secondhand smoke exposure. For example, you may need medications to

manage high blood pressure or inhalers to treat asthma or COPD.

The best way to avoid exposure is to stay away from areas where people smoke.

This means avoiding restaurants and bars where smoking is still permitted.
Open windows and air filters don’t remove all secondhand smoke. But they

may help a little by lowering some of the toxins found in burning tobacco. It’s

okay to ask people not to smoke in your car or in your home.

Regular exposure to secondhand smoke can damage your heart and

lungs. The best way to stay healthy is to avoid secondhand smoke.

Many cities and several states now ban smoking in public places. These bans

lower but don’t remove your risk for secondhand smoke exposure.

You may want to visit your provider if you inhale secondhand smoke regularly.

You can ask about secondhand smoke dangers and ways to stay healthy. If you

develop heart disease or trouble breathing because of constant secondhand

smoke exposure, talk to your provider about management options. Often,

secondhand smoke exposure happens because someone in the family or a close

friend smokes tobacco product. If this is the case, suggest they quit smoking

for their health and yours.

A note from Cleveland Clinic If you smoke, remember that your burning

tobacco affects others around you. You could be making family members sick.

If you are not ready to quit, find ways to reduce their exposure to secondhand

smoke, such as smoking only outside.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10644-secondhand-smoke-

dangers
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research design, the respondents of the

study, the data gathering procedure.

Research Design
 Quantitative research is the methodology which researchers used to test

theories about people’s attitudes and behaviors based on numerical and

statistical evidence. Researchers sample a large number of users (e.g., through

surveys) to indirectly obtain measurable, bias-free data about users in relevant

situations.

(www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/quantitative-research)

Quantitative research design utilizes various statistical tools and

techniques to achieve the desired outcomes of the said study. Using the said

design is believed to be the most appropriate approach due to the various

variables and factors that the topic covers.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the students from Grade 12

STEM Boys. Slovin’s formula was used to determine the sample size of the

respondents from the chosen sample pool of the population.

Where;

N
n= 2
(1+ Ne )
N= Population n= Sample Size

e= Margin of Error

After the calculations of the respondents using the slovin’s formula, the

researchers will use the “Random Sampling Method” to pick the respondents

which will take part in the study. The lottery method or fishbowl method is a

method where there is a need for a complete listing of the members of the

population. The names or codes of all members are written on pieces of paper

cards and placed in a container. The researcher drew the desired number of

samples from the container. The process is relatively easy for small population

but relatively difficult and time consuming for a large population,

(https://www.slideshare.net/ludymae/chapter-8sample-sampling-techniques).

Data Gathering Procedures

In this study, the data were gathered with the use of the

questionnaires provided by the researchers. In the use of questionnaires, the

researchers provided the respondents with fixed questions where they will

answer through their own opinions and ideas. These fixed questions provided

answers regarding the said study that the researchers conducted. Thus,
answering the said questionnaires used patterned questions that enables the

researchers to obtain different answers from the respondents.

COMMON REASONS AMONG GRADE 12 - STEM OF ST. ANTHONY’S

HIGH SCHOOL OF BARBAZA INC. FOR SMOKING FOR THE

SCHOOL YEAR 2022-2023

A Proposed Program

Presented to:
 Remelyn Fillomena, MAEd

Teacher

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in

Research Project

by:

Audrhee Faye Suelon

Mar Liberty Payne Necesito

Rhea Nambong

Mary Lorien Claro

Helen Jane Maghari

April, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study__________________________________________1

Statement of the Problem__________________________________________3

Null Hypothesis___________________________________________________3

Significance of the Study__________________________________________4

Definition of Terms________________________________________________4

Scope and Delimitations of the Study______________________________5

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature_______________________________________6

Cause and Effect of Smoking______________________________________6

Health Problems Caused by Smoking______________________________10

Risk of Tobacco to Nonsmoker_____________________________________25

Chapter 3

Research Methodology____________________________________________31

Research Design__________________________________________________31

Respondents of the Study _________________________________________32

Data Gathering Procedure_________________________________________33

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study is the hard work of many minds and done with a
hardworking task, the researchers were pleased to express their
appreciation to:
 The power of our Savior Jesus Christ with intercession of St.
Anthony of Padua for the knowledge, cooperation, guidance, and
protection for keeping the researchers persevere and hopeful in making
this study, for it was because if Him, this work is presented.

Dr. Rowena O. Esparagoza, the researcher’s teacher and school

principal, for the consideration, support and guidance.

The Researchers,

Audrhee Faye Suelon

Mar Liberty Payne Necesito

Rhea Nambong

Mary Lorien Claro

Helen Jane Maghari

References

https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/helping-teens-quit/why-kids-start-
smoking

Oxford English Dictionary, 2019

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Smoking Cessation

A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta

GA: U.S Department and Human Services

Center for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Merriam Webster

Collins Dictionary, 2010