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Slovaks
The Slovaks (Slovak: Slováci, singular: Slovák, feminine: Slovenka, plural: Slovenky) are a West
Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history Slovaks
and speak Slovak. Slováci

In Slovakia, c. 4.4 million are ethnic Slovaks of 5.4 million total population. There are Slovak
minorities in many neighboring countries including Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine and sizeable populations of immigrants and their
descendants in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, United Kingdom and the United States among
others, which are collectively referred to as the Slovak diaspora.
Total population
Name c. 6–7 million[1]
Regions with significant
The name Slovak is derived from *Slověninъ, plural *Slověně, the old name of the Slavs (Proglas,
populations
around 863).[a] The original stem has been preserved in all Slovak words except the masculine
noun; the feminine noun is Slovenka, the adjective is slovenský, the language is slovenčina and the Slovakia 4,567,547[2]
country is Slovensko. The first written mention of adjective slovenský (Slovak) is in 1294 (ad United 797,764[3]
parvam arborem nystra slowenski breza ubi est meta).[19] States

The original name of Slovaks Slověninъ/Slověně was still recorded in Pressburg Latin-Czech Czech 116,817 / 191,818 -
Dictionary (the 14th century),[20] but it changed to Slovák under the influence of Czech and Polish Republic 400,000[4]
(around 1400). The first written mention of new form in the territory of present-day Slovakia is United 85,000[5]
from Bardejov (1444, "Nicoulaus Cossibor hauptman, Nicolaus Czech et Slowak, stipendiarii Kingdom
supremi"). The mentions in Czech sources are older (1375 and 1385).[21] The change is not related
to the ethnogenesis of Slovaks, but exclusively to linguistic changes in the West Slavic languages. Canada 72,290[6]
The word Slovak was used also later as a common name for all Slavs in Czech, Polish, and also Germany 62,235[7]
Slovak together with other forms.[21] Serbia 52,750[8]

In Hungarian, "Slovak" is Tót (pl: tótok), an exonym. It was originally used to refer to all Slavs Austria 32,052[9]
including Slovenes and Croats, but eventually came to refer primarily to Slovaks. Many place names Hungary 29,794[10]
in Hungary such as Tótszentgyörgy, Tótszentmárton, and Tótkomlós still bear the name. Tóth is a
France 23,000[11]
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common Hungarian surname. Brazil 17,200[12]

The Slovaks have also historically been variously referred to as Slovyenyn, Slowyenyny, Sclavus, Romania 17,226[13]
Sclavi, Slavus, Slavi, Winde, Wende, or Wenden. The final three terms are variations of the Australia 12,000[14]
Germanic term Wends, which was historically used to refer to any Slavs living close to Germanic Ireland 10,801[15]
settlements.
Ukraine 6,397[16]
4,712[16]
Ethnogenesis Croatia
Norway 4,000[16]
The early Slavs came to the territory of Slovakia in several waves from the 5th and 6th centuries and Belgium 4,000[16]
were organized on a tribal level. Original tribal names are not known due to the lack of written
Italy 2,500–3,000[17]
sources before their integration into higher political units. Weakening of tribal consciousness was
probably accelerated by Avars, who did not respect tribal differences in the controlled territory and Portugal 393[18]
motivated remaining Slavs to join together and to collaborate on their defense. In the 7th century, Languages
Slavs founded a larger tribal union: Samo's empire. Regardless of Samo's empire, the integration
Slovak
process continued in other territories with various intensities.[22]
Religion
The final fall of the Avar Khaganate allowed new political entities to arise. The first such political
Majority Roman Catholics with
unit documented by written sources is the Principality of Nitra, one of the foundations of later
Minorities of Lutherans, Eastern
common ethnic consciousness.[23] At this stage in history it is not yet possible to assume a common
Catholics, other
identity of all ancestors of Slovaks in the neighboring eastern territories, even if it was inhabited by
closely related Slavs. The Principality of Nitra became a part of Great Moravia, a common state of Related ethnic groups
Moravians (Czech ancestors were joined only for a few years). The relatively short existence of Great Other West Slavs
Moravia prevented it from suppressing differences which resulted from its creation from two (Czechs · Moravians · Chodové ·
separate entities, and therefore a common "Slovak-Moravian" ethnic identity failed to develop.[23]
Silesians)
The early political integration in the territory of present-day Slovakia was, however, reflected in
linguistic integration. While dialects of the early ancestors of Slovaks were divided into West Slavic
(western and eastern Slovakia) and non-West Slavic (central Slovakia), between the 8th and 9th centuries both dialects merged, thus
laying the foundations of a later Slovak language.

The 10th century is a milestone in the Slovak ethnogenesis.[24] The fall of Great Moravia and further political changes supported their
formation into a separate nation. At the same time, with the extinction of the Proto-Slavic language, between the 10th and 13th
centuries Slovak evolved into an independent language (simultaneously with other Slavic languages). The early existence of the
Kingdom of Hungary positively influenced the development of common consciousness and companionship among Slavs in the Northern
Hungary, not only within boundaries of present-day Slovakia.[23] The clear difference between Slovaks and Hungarians made adoption
of a specific name unnecessary and Slovaks preserved their original name (in Latin e.g. Slavus), which was also used in communication
with other Slavic peoples (Polonus, Bohemus, Ruthenus).[25] In political terms, the medieval Slovaks were a part of the multi-ethnic

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political nation Natio Hungarica, together with Hungarians (or, more exactly, Magyars), Slavonians,
Germans, Romanians and other ethnic groups in the Kingdom of Hungary. Since a medieval political
nation did not consist of ordinary people but nobility, membership of the privileged class was
necessary for all these peoples (nobiles Hungary).[26]

Like other nations, the Slovaks began to transform into a modern nation from the 18th century
under the idea of national romanticism. The modern Slovak nation is the result of radical processes
of modernization within the Habsburg Empire which culminated in the middle of the 19th
century.[27] The transformation process was slowed down by conflict with Hungarian nationalism
and the ethnogenesis of the Slovaks become a political question, particularly regarding their
deprivation and preservation of their language and national rights. In 1722, Michal Bencsik,
professor of law at the University of Trnava, published a theory that nobility and burghers of Trenčín
should not have same privileges as Hungarians, because they are descendants of Svatopluk's people
(inferior to Magyars). Neither Bencsik nor his Slovak opponent Ján Baltazár Magin put the
continuity of settlement into serious question. Also, the first history of Slovaks written by Georgius
Papanek (or Juraj Papánek), traced the roots of the Slovaks to Great Moravia[28] in Historia gentis Ján Hollý (portrait from 1885)
Slavae. De regno regibusque Slavorum... (1780) ("History of the Slovak nation: On the kingdom and
kings of the Slovaks").[29] Papánek's work became a basis for argumentation of the Slovak national
revival movement. However, the Slovak national revival not only accepted the continuity of population but also emphasized it, thus
proving that Slovaks are equal citizens of the state and neither a Hungarian "unique statesmanlike gift" nor Christianization was
required for the foundation of the state.

In 1876, Hungarian linguist Pál Hunfalvy published a theory about missing continuity between Slovaks and Slavs before the arrival of
the Hungarians. Hunfalvy tried to prove that ancestors of Slovaks did not live in the territory of the present-day Slovakia before arrival
of the old Hungarians (Magyars), but Slovaks emerged later from other Slavs who came to the Kingdom of Hungary from neighbouring
countries after the 13th century.[30] János Karácsonyi assumed that central and northern Slovakia were uninhabited (1901) and in his
next work "Our historical right to the territorial integrity of our country" (1921) he claimed that the remainder of the original Slavs were
assimilated by Magyars and modern Slovaks are descendants of immigrants from Upper Moravia and Oder (the population density on
these territories was too low in that time and large numbers of colonists coming from these areas was not possible[30]). The theory was
then misused by inter-war Hungarian revisionists, who questioned continuity to support Hungarian claims on Slovakia. In 1982, when
rich archaeological evidence proving the opposite was already available,[31] a similar theory was published by Hungarian historian
György Györffy.[31] Györffy accepted that smaller groups of Slavs could remain in the territory of Slovakia, but stated that the Slovaks'
origin was in sparse settlement of various Slavic groups strengthened by later colonization. According to Ferenc Makk, the medieval
Moravians are not the ancestors of Slovaks and the majority of the Slovak people are descended from later Slavic newcomers.[32]

The opposite theory, supporting the supposed former common past of the Czech and Slovak nations, thus also legitimizing the creation
of the united Czechoslovak nation,[33] gained political support in inter-war Czechoslovakia.[33] Like Karácsonyi, Czech historian Václav
Chaloupecký assumed that northern and central parts of Slovakia remained uninhabited until the 13th century and that the south-
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western part was inhabited by Czechs. Yet, in 1946 Chaloupecký assumed that the Slovak nation
emerged from neighboring Slavs and had been formed only in the 17th century. His theory about the
lack of population in the greater part of Slovakia covered by forests had already been scientifically
refuted by Daniel Rapant (e.g. in O starý Liptov, 1934), and was proven wrong by numerous
archaeological finds[note 1] and rejected by Czechoslovak historiography. On the other hand, inter-war
Slovak autonomists, opposing ethnic Czechoslovakism, dated the existence of the Slovak nation to the
time of Pribina (trials to document existence of Slovaks in early Slavic era, i.e. in the time of Samo's
empire, are marginal and exist outside of modern mainstream Slovak historiography).

After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the formation of independent Slovakia motivated
interest in a particularly Slovak national identity.[34] One reflection of this was the rejection of the
common Czechoslovak national identity in favour of a purely Slovak one.[34]

History
A statue of Svätopluk I

Slavs of the Pannonian Basin

The first known Slavic states on the territory of present-day Slovakia were the Empire of Samo and the Principality of Nitra, founded
sometime in the 8th century.

Great Moravia

Great Moravia (833 – ?907) was a Slavic state in the 9th and early 10th centuries, whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and
Slovaks.[37][38] Important developments took place at this time, including the mission of Byzantine monks Cyril and Methodius, the
development of the Glagolitic alphabet (an early form of the Cyrillic script), and the use of Old Church Slavonic as the official and
literary language. Its formation and rich cultural heritage have attracted somewhat more interest since the 19th century.

The original territory inhabited by the Slavic tribes included not only present-day Slovakia, but also parts of present-day Poland,
southeastern Moravia and approximately the entire northern half of present-day Hungary.[39]

Kingdom of Hungary

The territory of present-day Slovakia was split in two parts between the Kingdom of Hungary (under Hungarian rule gradually from 907
to the early 14th century) to Upper Hungary and Royal Hungary (under the Habsburgs from 1527 – 1848 (see also Hungarian
Revolution of 1848)) until the formation of Czechoslovakia in 1918.[40] However, according to other historians, from 895 to 902, the
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whole area of the present-day Slovakia became part of the rising

Principality of Hungary, and became (without gradation) part of
the Kingdom of Hungary a century later.[41][42][43] A separate
entity called Nitra Frontier Duchy, existed at this time within the
Kingdom of Hungary. This duchy was abolished in 1107. The
territory inhabited by the Slovaks in present-day Hungary was
gradually reduced.[44]

When most of Hungary was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in

1541 (see Ottoman Hungary), the territory of present-day
Gallery of famous Slovak people,
Slovakia became the new center of the reduced kingdom[45] that
active in different areas (history,
remained under Hungarian, and later Habsburg rule, officially
literature, education, religion,
called Royal Hungary.[45] Some Croats settled around and in science). Published on occasion of
present-day Bratislava for similar reasons. Also, many Germans establishing Matica slovenská
settled in the Kingdom of Hungary,[45] especially in the towns, as ("Slovak Foundation"), major
work-seeking colonists and mining experts from the 13th to the patriotic organization. List of
Pribina, ruler of Principality of 15th century. Jews and Gypsies also formed significant portraited personalities: Ján Mallý-
Nitra,[35] established and ruled the populations within the territory.[45] During the period, most of Dusarov, Juraj Tvrdý, Jozef
Balaton Principality from 839/840 to present-day Slovakia was part of Habsburg rule, but Ottoman Kozáček, Štefan Moyzes, Martin
861.[36] ruled southern and southeasternmost parts of it. Čulen, Karol Kuzmány, Štefan
Závodník, Michal Chrástek, Viliam
After the Ottoman Empire was forced to retreat from present-day Pauliny-Tóth, Michal Miloslav
Hungary around 1700, thousands of Slovaks were gradually settled in depopulated parts of the Hodža, Štefan Marko Daxner, Ján
restored Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Hungary, Romania, Serbia, and Croatia) under Maria Francisci-Rimavský, Ján Gotčár,
Theresia, and that is how present-day Slovak enclaves (like Slovaks in Vojvodina, Slovaks in Andrej Ľudovít Radlinský, Jozef
Hungary) in these countries arose. Miloslav Hurban, Jonáš Záborský,
Jozef Karol Viktorin, Mikuláš Štefan
After Transylvania, Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia) was the most advanced part of the Ferienčík, Ján Kalinčiak, Martin
Kingdom of Hungary for centuries, but in the 19th century, when Buda/Pest became the new capital Hattala, Ján Palárik, František
of the kingdom, the importance of the territory, as well as other parts within the Kingdom fell, and Víťazoslav Sasinek, Andrej
many Slovaks were impoverished. As a result, hundreds of thousands of Slovaks emigrated to North Sládkovič, Daniel Gabriel Lichard,
America, especially in the late 19th and early 20th century (between cca. 1880–1910), a total of at Ján Čipka, Juraj Slota, Andrej
least 1.5 million emigrants. Kossa

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Slovakia exhibits a very rich folk culture. A part of Slovak customs and social convention are common with those of other nations of the
former Habsburg monarchy (the Kingdom of Hungary was in personal union with the Habsburg monarchy from 1867 to 1918).

Czechoslovakia

People of Slovakia spent most part of the 20th century within the framework of Czechoslovakia, a new state formed after World War I.
Significant reforms and post-World War II industrialization took place during this time. Slovak was strongly influenced by Czech during
this period.[46]

Culture
The art of Slovakia can be traced back to the Middle Ages, when some of the greatest masterpieces of the country's history were created.
Significant figures from this period included the many Old Masters, among them the Master Paul of Levoča and Master MS. More
contemporary art can be seen in the shadows of Koloman Sokol,[47] Albín Brunovský, Martin Benka,[48] Mikuláš Galanda,[47] Ľudovít
Fulla.[47] Julius Koller and Stanislav Filko, in the 21st century Roman Ondak, Blažej Baláž. The most important Slovak composers have
been Eugen Suchoň, Ján Cikker, and Alexander Moyzes, in the 21st century Vladimir Godar and Peter Machajdík.

The most famous Slovak names can indubitably be attributed to invention and technology. Such people include Jozef Murgaš, the
inventor of wireless telegraphy; Ján Bahýľ, Štefan Banič, inventor of the modern parachute; Aurel Stodola, inventor of the bionic arm
and pioneer in thermodynamics; and, more recently, John Dopyera, father of modern acoustic string instruments. Hungarian inventors
Joseph Petzval and Stefan Jedlik were born of Slovak fathers.

Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Matej Bel, Ján Kollár, and its political revolutionaries,
such Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubček.

There were two leading persons who codified Slovak. The first one was Anton Bernolák whose concept was based on the dialect of
western Slovakia (1787). It was the enactment of the first national standard language for the Slovaks. The second notable man was
Ľudovít Štúr. His formation of Slovak had principles in the dialect of central Slovakia (1843).

The best known Slovak hero was Juraj Jánošík (the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood). The prominent explorer and diplomat Móric
Beňovský, Hungarian transcript Benyovszky was Slovak as well (he comes from Vrbové in present-day Slovakia and is e.g. listed as
"nobilis Slavicus – Slovak nobleman" in his secondary school registration).

In terms of sports, the Slovaks are probably best known (in North America) for their ice hockey personalities, especially Stan Mikita,
Peter Šťastný, Peter Bondra, Žigmund Pálffy, Marián Hossa and Zdeno Chára. For a list see List of Slovaks. Zdeno Chára is only the
second European captain in history of the NHL that led his team to win the Stanley Cup, winning it with Boston Bruins in season 2010–
11.

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For a list of the most notable Slovak writers and poets, see List of Slovak authors.

Maps

Slovaks in The language

Vojvodina, Serbia spread of Slovak in
(2002 census) the United States
according to U. S.
Census 2000 and
other resources
interpreted by
research of U. S.
English Foundation,
percentage of home
speakers

Statistics
There are approximately 5.4 million autochthonous Slovaks in Slovakia. Further Slovaks live in the following countries (the list shows
estimates of embassies etc. and of associations of Slovaks abroad in the first place, and official data of the countries as of 2000/2001
in the second place).

The list stems from Claude Baláž, a Canadian Slovak, the current plenipotentiary of the Government of the Slovak Republic for Slovaks
abroad (see e.g.: 6):

United States (1,200,000 / 821,325*) [*(1) there were, however, 1,882,915 Slovaks in the US according to the 1990 census, (2) there are some
400,000 "Czechoslovaks" in the US, a large part of which are Slovaks] – 19th – 21st century emigrants; see also United States Census[49]

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Czech Republic (350,000 / 183,749*) [*there were, however, 314 877 Slovaks in the Czech Republic according to the 1991 census] – due to the
existence of former Czechoslovakia
Hungary (39,266 / 17,693)
Canada (100,000 / 50,860) – 19th – 21st century migrants
Serbia (60,000 / 59,021*) [especially in Vojvodina;*excl. the Rusins] – 18th & 19th century settlers
Poland (2002) (47,000 / 2,000*) [* The Central Census Commission has accepted the objection of the Association of Slovaks in Poland with respect
to this number] – ancient minority and due to border shifts during the 20th century
Romania (18,000 / 17,199) – ancient minority
Ukraine (17,000 / 6,397) [especially in Carpathian Ruthenia] – ancient minority and due to the existence of former Czechoslovakia
France (13,000 / n.a.)
Australia (12,000 / n.a.) – 20th – 21st century migrants
Austria (10,234 / 10,234) – 20th – 21st century migrants
United Kingdom (10,000 / n.a.)
Croatia (5,000 / 4,712) – 18th & 19th century settlers
other countries

The number of Slovaks living outside Slovakia in line with the above data was estimated at max. 2,016,000 in 2001 (2,660,000 in 1991),
implying that, in sum, there were max. some 6,630,854 Slovaks in 2001 (7,180,000 in 1991) in the world. The estimate according to the
right-hand site chart yields an approximate population of Slovaks living outside Slovakia of 1.5 million.

Other (much higher) estimates stemming from the Dom zahraničných Slovákov (House of Foreign Slovaks) can be found on SME.[50]

See also
History of the Slovak language
Slovakia portal
Slovaks in Austria
Slovak Americans
Slovaks in Bulgaria
Slovak Australians
Slovak Canadians
Slovaks of Croatia
Slovaks in the Czech Republic
Slovaks in Hungary
Slovaks of Romania
Slovaks in Serbia
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Slovaks in Vojvodina
Slovenes
List of Slovak Americans
List of Slovaks
Romani people in Slovakia

Notes
a. The Slovaks and Slovenes are the only current Slavic nations that have preserved the original name. For Slovenes, the adjective is
still slovenski and the feminine noun "Slovene" is still also Slovenka, but the masculine noun has since changed to Slovenec. The
Slovak name for their language is slovenčina and the Slovene name for theirs is slovenščina. The Slovak term for Slovene is
slovinčina; and the Slovenes call Slovak slovaščina. The name is derived from proto-Slavic form slovo "word, talk" (cf. Slovak sluch,
which comes from the IE root *ḱlew-). Thus Slovaks as well as Slovenians would mean "people who speak (the same language)",
i.e. people who understand each other.

1. For example Slavic mounds in Krasňany near Žilina, cemetery in Martin, magnate mounds in Turčianska Blatnica, Malý Čepčín and
Žabokreky, settlements in Liptovský Michal, Liptovská Mara (unearthed during construction of the water dam), Vlachy, Liptovská
Štiavnica, Paludza, Sokolče, Lisková, Podtureň, Prosiek, Bobrovník, Likavka – all of them from 8–10th century. (Uhlár, 1992, p. 326)

References
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-za-hranicami-Slovensko-mam-rad-ale-mojim-domovom-uz-nie-je.html) [How do Slovaks live abroad? I like Slovakia but it is no
longer my home.]. Sme.sk. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170803005021/https://www.sme.sk/c/2422124/ako-ziju-slovaci-
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Sources
Slovaks in Czech Republic (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/czechia/)
Slovaks in Hungary (http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/24/tables/load1_4_1.html)
Baláž, Claude: Slovenská republika a zahraniční Slováci. 2004, Martin
Baláž, Claude: (a series of articles in:) Dilemma. 01/1999 – 05/2003

Further reading
Marsina, Richard (1995). Nové pohľady historickej vedy na slovenské dejiny. I. časť. Najstaršie obdobie slovenských dejín (do
prelomu 9.-10. storočia) (in Slovak). Bratislava: Metodické centrum mesta Bratislavy. ISBN 978-80-7164-069-1.
Marsina, Richard (1997). Ethnogenesis of Slovaks, Human Affairs, 7, 1997, 1. Trnava, Slovakia: Faculty of Humanities, University of
Trnava.
Marsina, Richard (2009). "K problematike etnogenézy Slovákov a ich pomenovania". In Marsina, Richard; Mulík, Peter (eds.).
Etnogenéza Slovákov (in Slovak). Martin: Matica slovenská. ISBN 978-80-7090-940-9.
Marek, Miloš (2009). Národnosti Uhorska [Nationalities in the Kingdom of Hungary] (in Slovak). Trnava: University of Trnava.
ISBN 978-80-8082-470-9.
Uličný, Ferdinand (1986). "Najstarší výskyt slova slovenský z roku 1294" (http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/sr/1986/2/sr1986-2-lq.pdf)
(PDF). Slovenská Reč (in Slovak). Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press (2).
Uhlár, Vlado (1992). "Osídlenie Liptova a dolnoliptovské nárečia" (http://www.juls.savba.sk/ediela/sr/1992/6/sr1992-6-lq.pdf) (PDF).
Slovenská Reč (in Slovak). Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press.
Kamusella, Tomasz (2009). The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Basingstoke, UK (Foreword by
Professor Peter Burke): Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230550704.
Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (March 1995). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival (https://web.archive.org/web/200809250412
06/http://us.macmillan.com/ahistoryofslovakia). New York: Palgrave Macmillan; St. Martin's Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-312-10403-0.
Archived from the original (http://us.macmillan.com/ahistoryofslovakia) on 25 September 2008.

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9/24/23, 4:26 PM Slovaks - Wikipedia

Eberhardt, Piotr (2003). Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data,
Analysis. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5.
Mikuš, Joseph A. (1977). Slovakia and the Slovaks. Three Continents Press. ISBN 9780914478881. "The work is superbly
illustrated by Martin Benka, a Slovak painter of comparable"

External links
Some studies on the early Slovaks and Slavs, on Slovak and Slovak hydronymy (https://web.archive.org/web/20050307094103/htt
p://www.snm.sk/old/zbornik/zbornik_text.htm)
Slovaks in America (Library of Congress) (https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imsk/slovakia.html)
The Slovaks in the Kingdom of Hungary according to the (disputed) 1910 census (http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netr
e/11.gif)

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