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III-ლექცია ხსნარი
III-ლექცია ხსნარი
gaxsnis procesis Sesaxeb ori ZiriTadi Teoria arsebobs: fizikuri da qimiuri. fi-
zikuri Teoriis mixedviT (vant-hofi, areniusi) gamxsneli ganixileba inertul ared,
romelSic Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli gaxsnili nivTierebis nawilakebi, maT Soris qi-
miuri urTierTqmedebis gareSe.
gaxsnis qimiur Teorias safuZveli d.i. mendeleevma Cauyara XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi.
eqsperimentul monacemebze dayrdnobiT man wamoayena Teoria xsnarebSi gamxsneli da gax-
snili nivTierebebis qimiuri urTierTqmedebis produqtebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. urTier-
T- qmedebis produqtebi kompleqsebia, romelTac zogadad solvatebs uwodeben, xolo
wyalxsnarebis SemTxvevaSi – hidratebs.
hidratacia, rogorc saerTod, solvatacia, gamxsnelisa da gaxsnili nivTierebis
bunebisagan damokidebulebiT sxvadasxva gziT xorcieldeba: ion-dipoluri, dipol-
dipoluri; donorul-aqceptoruli. am ukanaskneli meqanizmiT miiReba magaliTad,
protonisa da amiakis hidratebi:
H2O + H+ → H3O+
NH3 + HOH ↔ NH4OH
hidrataciis an solvataciis dros SeiZleba wyalbaduri bmebis warmoqmnasac
hqondes adgili (ix. qvemoT, spirtis wyalSi gaxsna).
ion-dipolur urTierTqmedebas adgili aqvs wyalSi ionuri naerTebis
(magaliTad, NaCl ) gaxsnisas, xolo dipol-dipolur urTierTqmedebas – wyalSi
polaruli naerTebis gaxsnisas (magaliTad, qlorwyalbadis – HHCl).
garda energetikuli faqtorisa, gaxsnis procesis qimiur xa-siaTze sxva
faqtorebic miuTiTeben. magaliTad, eTilis spirtis wyalSi gaxsnisas xsnaris
moculoba aRebuli nivTierebis (spirti da wyali) saerTo moculobis 3.5 %-iT
mcirdeba, rac hidratebis warmoqmnasTan aris dakavSirebuli. amjerad, spirtisa da
wylis molekulebis dakavSireba wyalbaduri bmebiT xorcieldeba:
zogjer gaxsnas feris cvlilebac axlavs. magaliTad, TeTri feris CuSO4-is wyalSi
gaxsnisas CuSO4-is cisferi xsnari miiReba, rac spilenZis aqvakompleqsis warmoqmnas-
Tan aris dakavSirebuli (ix. qvemoT, kompleqsnaerTebi). misi struqtura rTulia:
2
wylis oTxi molekula koordinirebulia Cu2+-is sibrtyeSi, SO 4 -is ori jgufi am
sibrtyeze gamavali RerZis gaswvriv aris ganlagebuli, xolo wylis mexuTe
molekula asrulebs xiduris rols da erTmaneTTan akavSirebs spilenZTan koor-
2
dinirebul wylis molekulasa da SO 4 -is jgufs.
4. xsnaris Sedgenilobis
raodenobrivi gamosaxvis xerxebi
nebismieri xsnaris mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels misi Sedgeniloba warmoadgens. gax-
snili nivTierebis raodenobas, romelsac Seicavs xsnaris an gamxsnelis gansazRvruli
raodenoba, xsnaris koncentracias uwodeben. xsnaris koncentraciis miaxloebiTi Se-
fasebisaTvis praqtikaSi xSirad gamoiyeneba cnebebi: koncentrirebuli da ganzavebu-
li.
xsnari, romelic gaxsnili nivTierebis mniSvnelovan raodenobas Seicavs (gamomdi-
nare misi xsnadobidan), iTvleba koncentrirebulad. magaliTad, HCl-is 37%-iani xsnari
maqsimalurad koncentrirebulia, gogirdmJavas koncentracia ki mis koncentrirebul
xsnarSi 98 %-s SeiZleba aRematebodes. ganzavebuli xsnari ki gaxsnili nivTierebis ga-
cilebiT mcire raodenobas Seicavs.
arsebobs xsnaris Sedgenilobis gamosaxvis ramdenime xerxi:
1. gaxsnili nivTierebis masuri wiliT (ω):
gaxsnili nivTierebis masuri wili gaxsnili nivTierebis masis xsnaris masasTan
fardobis tolia:
m(gaxsn) m(gaxsn)
(gaxsn) = an gaxsn % = 100 (10.5)
m(xsn) m(xsn)
gaxsnili nivTierebis masuri wili uganzomilebo sididea. magaliTad, 20 %-iani
Saqris xsnari niSnavs, rom am xsnaris 100 grami Seicavs 20 gram gaxsnil nivTierebas da
80 gram anu 80 ml wyals, e.i. procentiT gamosaxuli gaxsnili nivTierebis masuri wili
gviCvenebs 100 gram xsnarSi gaxsnili nivTierebis masas.
gaxsnili nivTierebis moluri wili (φ) tolia gaxsnili nivTierebis molebis ricx-
vis fardobisa xsnarSi Semavali yvela nivTierebis (maT Soris gamxsnelisac) molebis
ricxvis jamTan:
(X)
(X) =
(X) + gamx (10.6)
sadac φx aris gaxsnili nivTierebis moluri wili, ν(x) – misi molebis ricxvi.
gamxsnelis moluri wili, romelic aRiniSneba berZnuli asoTi φ, Semdegi gantolebiT
gamoisaxeba:
gamx
gamx =
(x) + gamx (10.7)