EXAMS OFFICE

2 hrs 30 mins 27 / 09 /2021 USE ONLY

University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

Course or topic No(s) CIVN4010A

Course or topic name(s)

Paper Number & title HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING

Examination/Test* to be held during

month(s) of (*delete as applicable) September 27, 2021 – Online Examination

Year of Study (Arts & Science leave blank) FOURTH

Degree/Diplomas for which

This course is prescribed BSc (Eng)
(BSc (Eng) should indicate which branch)

Faculty/ies presenting candidates ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Internal examiner(s) and

Telephone extension number(s) Prof A Taigbenu x77136

External examiner(s) Dr M Ncube

Special materials required

(graph/music/drawing paper, maps, Graph paper
diagrams, tables, computer cards, etc.)

Time allowance Course No CIVN4010A Hours 2.5 hrs

 Answer all questions

 All calculations should be done by hand with a
scientific calculator
Instructions to candidates  It is an open book exam
(Examiners may wish to use this space
to indicate, inter alia, the contribution
made by this examination or test towards
the year mark, if appropriate)

Internal Examiners or Heads of Department are requested

to sign the declaration overleaf
QUESTION 1
A reservoir with a uniform plan area of 60 km2 discharges over a sharp crested shaft spillway
whose plan and sectional elevations are presented in Figure Q1.
(a) Estimate the discharge over the spillway if the reservoir level is 1.3m above the weir crest.
(Assume negligible approach velocity and a weir discharge coefficient of 0.6)
(8 marks)
(b) If there is no inflow into the reservoir and it is assumed that the weir discharge coefficient
remains the same, estimate the time it takes for the water level in the reservoir to fall from
1.3m to 0.9m. (12 marks)

Figure Q1

2
QUESTION 2
A 12-metre wide gravity spillway with a vertical upstream face should be designed to
accommodate a 100-year flood flow of 220 m3/s. The water level in the reservoir should not
exceed 115 m at a location where the bottom elevation of the spillway is 109 m. The stilling
basin that is downstream of the spillway is also at an elevation of 109 m.
(a) Provide the profile for the spillway crest and face. (10 marks)
(b) Calculate the velocity at the toe of the spillway. (2 marks)
(c) Calculate the radius of the transition arc from the toe of the spillway to the horizontal
stilling basin. (2 marks)
(d) Calculate the depths before after the hydraulic jump in the stilling basin. (4 marks)

The chart in Appendix 1 should be used to facilitate the solution.

QUESTION 3
(a) For the pipe-pump system shown in Figure Q3a, determine the maximum flow that can be
delivered by the pump, its head and power requirement if the pressure at the entrance to
the city is 30m head of water. The pump characteristics are:
Head delivered by pump, H (metres) = 60 –3×Q2, and
Efficiency, η (%) = 60+20×Q–3.5×Q2
Where Q is in m3/s, and neglect minor losses and use the Hazen-Williams equation for the pipe
friction: hL  3  Q 2 , where hL is in metres, Q in m3/s. (7 marks)

Hint: If you use the graphical solution approach, plot the pump head, efficient and pipe
system curve at intervals 0.5 m3/s up to a maximum of 3 m3/s for the discharge, Q.

(b) If the water demand by the city increases to 2.5 m3/s, what will be the reduced pressure
of the pipe at the entrance to the city with the pump in operation. (6 marks)

(c) With this increased demand of the city of 2.5 m3/s, two identical pumps are connected in
series so as to still maintain a head of at least 30m at the entrance of the city. With this
series arrangement at the demand of 2.5 m3/s, determine the pressure at the entrance of
the city. What is the power requirement of the series arrangement? (7 marks)

3
 Figure Q3a

QUESTION 4
Analyse the branch pipeline system that is shown in Fig. Q4 by carrying out only one iteration
to estimate the flows in the pipes and hydraulic heads at junctions 2 and 5. There is a supply
of 40 l/s at junction 5, and the water elevations in all the reservoirs are indicated in Fig Q4. Use
the head loss relationship hL =KQ2, where hL is the head loss in metres, K is given for each pipe
in Table Q4 and Q is in m3/s. Start the solution process with an initial estimate for the hydraulic
head at Junction 2 to be 143.4m and at Junction 5 to be 134.0m.
Clearly indicate the flows in each pipe and hydraulic heads at each junction after the first
iteration. (20 marks)
Table Q4: Pipe Characteristics
Pipe 12 32 52 45 65
Length (m) 500 500 500 600 500
Diameter, D (mm) 250 200 200 200 250
K 200 300 300 350 200

4
 Figure Q4

QUESTION 5
Implement only one iteration to determine the flows in the pipes and hydraulic heads at the
junctions of the network in Figure Q5. Use the initial estimates of the flows (in litres/sec) that
are indicated in Figure Q5 to start the solution iteration process. Use hL =KQ2, where hL is the
head loss in metres, K is given for each pipe in Table Q5 and Q is in m3/s.
Clearly indicate the flows and their directions in each pipe after the first iteration.
Furthermore, calculate the hydraulic head at each node after the first iteration.
(22 marks)

Table Q5
Pipe AD BC BD DE CE CF
Length (m) 1500 1000 700 800 1000 1500
Diameter (mm) 1000 600 600 450 600 1000
K 60 110 90 150 110 60

5
Figure Q5

6
Appendix 1