Module 1

General Concepts and Historical Developments

Section 3 Intellectual Revolutions and Society

Intellectual Revolution (science approach) also termed as scientific revolution refers to the
series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking
across critical periods in history. Also described as a new way of thinking about the natural world
and society that challenged traditional views and instead relied upon experimentation and new
science, - developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy),
and chemistry transformed societal views about nature. Although there are many intellectual
revolutions, there are three most important ones that altered the way humans view science and its
impacts on society: 1. Copernican Revolution 2.Darwinian Revolution 3.Freudian Revolution

Copernican Revolution (Nicolaus Copernicus). In this early times, people questioned what
created days and nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moons, and
planets are. This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the
heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the solar
system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth
revolving around it.) This idea and model of the universe was essentially completed in 1510.

Darwinian Revolution (Charles Darwin). Charles Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution.
He changed our concept of the world’s creation and evolution. This has brought a great impact on
how people approach Biology forever. This revolution provided a different than the "theory of
Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of
Species" in 1589 that emphasizes that humans are the result of an evolution.

Freudian Revolution (Sigmund Freud). This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with
Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the human
development contributes to his/her personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for
achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental stage. He also
argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, superego.

These three revolutionizing theories are just some of the many scientific ideas that
transformed and molded societies and beliefs. The changes they brought to the perspectives and
perceptions of the scientific community and the public are evidence and technology’s link to
humanity. Through scientific research and experimentations, people will continue to deepen their
understanding of the world and the universe.

In this lesson, I learned the importance of the Intellectual Revolution that defined the society
to me as a student is that it gives me information and knowledge about the Intellectual Revolutions
and how they come up with the ideas. Just because of their curiosity of how the things was they
discovered things and it gives us information that is a big help for me as a student specially in the
Science institution. Intellectual Revolution has a very important contribution because of it we are
aware of what and how the earth was, where the species came from until it revolves. Intellectual
Revolutions gives me an ideas the we must know how things were from and how to be more
attainable during this times. In the lesson, I realized it is important to provide an evidence so that
people will believe in you. All of their works in has a big impact to the society and it gaining our
knowledge about it. I think that the inventions and works from before are very much still used
nowadays and as the time progress there is still a development. The civilization ages ago are the
blueprint of what we have now.

Module 2
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition
Section 3 The Good Life

This section introduces concepts from Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and examines issues in
contemporary science and technology using the same philosophical lens. It tackles the important
Aristotelian concepts of eudaimonia and arête, and how these can be used to assess one's
relationship and dealings with science and technology.

Everyone is in pursuit of the good life. We do certain things because we want to achieve a life
which will make us happy and content. By studying and working hard, we try to attain this goal not
only for ourselves but only for our loved ones and the rest of humanity. People’s definition of the
good life may vary and differ in the particulars. In general, however, we recognize universal truths
that cut across our differences. Aristotle, an important ancient Greek philosopher whose work spans
from natural philosophy to logic and political theory, attempted to explain what the good is, His
definition may be useful in our pursuit of the truth. In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle stated: All
human activities aim at some good. Every art and human inquiry, and similarly every action and
pursuit, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has been rightly declared as
that at which all things aim (Nicomachean Ethics 2:2). Happiness is the ultimate end of human
action. The good life is marked of happiness brought about of virtuous human actions and decisions
that affect the individual self and the greater community. It is characterized by a life of flourishing of
oneself and of others. A virtue is ruined by any excess and deficiency in own lives and acts. A balance
between two extremes is a requisite virtue. This balance is a mean of excess not in the sense of a
geometric or arithmetic average. Instead, it is a mean relative to person, circumstances and the right
emotional response in every experience (NE 2:2; 2:6). Putting everything in perspective, the good life
in the sense of eudaimonia is the state of being happy, healthy and prosperous in the way one
thinks, lives, and acts. The path to the good life consist of the virtuous of thought and characters,
which are relative mediators between the two extremes of excess and deficiency. In this way, the
good life is understood as happiness bought about by living a virtuous life.

In this lesson, I learned that according to Aristotle, "all human activities aim at some good,
Every art and human inquiry, as well as every action and pursuit are thought to aim at some good;
and for this reason, the good has been rightly declared to be that which all things aim; and for this
reason, both the many and the educated call it happiness, and believe that living well and doing well
are the same as being happy." His notion of a good life is important in today's world since it includes
happiness, which I agree with Aristotle on because everything is moving in the right path; it just
shows itself differently for various individuals and circumstances. For me, happiness connotes
fulfillment; we will be happy with all life has to offer if we achieve a feeling of contentment, and that
is what a good life is, and anything we do, according to him, will lead to a happy life as long as we
desire it. Moreover, a good life, in my opinion, is satisfaction with your surroundings and
contentment with your things, such as being with people who bring joy and happiness into your life,
who provide meaning to your existence, and who make you happy. To have a beautiful existence, we
must be able to perceive things better; we must concentrate on how life functions rather than what
it provides. A good life often includes doing good for others, being ethical and compassionate, being
productive, and having a sense of purpose in life.
 Module 3
Specific Issues in Science, Technology and Society
Section 1 Information Age

This section traces the development of the Information Age and its impact on society. It tackles
the development of the information age from the introduction of Gutenberg's press up to the era of
social media and the various ways the information age and social media have influenced society and
human lives. The Information Age brought about many new inventions and innovations.

Information a word is combination of sounds that represents something. It is this significance

which makes word distinct from just any kind of vocal utterance. Words are made up of sounds and
yet they transmits something more significant. They transmit a message. The words are “informed”
because they carry “information” (Chaisson, 2006;Ben-Naim, 2015). Words are informed with
meaning given by the speaker and intended for the listener. Simple put, they communicate meaning.
The role of language, in the human quest for understanding the natural world, the ability to name
and classify objects found in the nature was seen as a first step in knowing. Thus, the scientific
search for truth early on recognized the usefulness of language and the ability it gave to make sense
of nature. For ancient Greeks, language was an object worthy of admiration. Words have power.

The Information Age refers to the idea that access to and the control of information is the
defining characteristic of this current era in human civilization. Information age is the modern time
in which information has become a commodity that is transmitted freely, easily and quickly by using
personal computer networks. This period is also called the Computer Age, the Digital Age and the
New Media Age. It is the period that started in the last quarter of the 20th century. According to
James R. Messenger who proposed the theory of Information age in 1982, "the Information age is
true age based upon the interconnection or computers via telecommunications, with these
information systems operating on both a real time and as needed basis.” The Information Age
brought about many new inventions and innovations. Many communication services like texting,
email, and social media developed and the world has not been the same since.

In this lesson, I learned that the Information Age is now upon us. In the world today,
technology is used all around us. Through the use of computers, cell phones, pagers, calculators,
video game , and many other technologically advanced products, communication has changed
dramatically. The information age is changing people's everyday activities and making tedious tasks
run more efficiently. Personal use and business-related use of computers and technology are
constantly increasing. Although there are many positive aspects of the Information Age, there are
also many negatives, such as how the Internet is unregulated. Also, there's a very large legal issue
over privacy, as well as many ethical issues computer users face daily. Many believe that this era, as
developed as it currently is, will continue to progress and evolve over the years to come. Moreover,
Ideas such as the information society are important because they shape views about the way in
which the world works and thereby influence the decisions of individuals, firms, and governments.