CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press ‘The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK www.cambridge.org, Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521532891 © Cambridge University Press 2004 This publication is in copyright, Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 7th printing 2005 Printed in Singapore by KHL Printing Co Pte Led A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-521-53289-1 Edition with answers ISBN-10 0-521-53289-2 Edition with answers ISBN-13 978-0-521-53290-7 Edition withour answers ISBN-10 0-521-53290-6 Edition without answers ISBN-13 978-0-521-53762-9 Edition with CD-ROM ISBN-10 0-521-53762-2 Edition with CD-ROM ISBN-13 978-0-521-84311-9 Hardback edition with CD-ROM ISBN-10 0-521-84311-1 Hardback edition with CD-ROM. ISBN-13 978-3-12-534086-2 Klett edition with CD-ROM ISBN-10 3-12-534086-1 Klett edition with CD-ROM ISBN-13. 978-3-12-534084-8 Klett edition ISBN-10 3-12-534084-3 Klett edition79° Singular and plural 80 Noun + noun (a tennis ball / a headache) 81-8 (your sister's name) and of ... (the name of the book) Pronouns and determiners 82 Myself/yourself/themselves etc. 83 Afriend of mine My own house On my own / by myself 84. There ... and it 85. Some and any 86 Noinonelany Nothing/nobody ete. 87 Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty 88 All/allof most/most of no/ none of etc. 89 Both /both of neither / neither of cither / cither of 90 All, every and whole 91 Each and every Relative clanses 92 Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/thaywhich 93 Relative clauses 2: clauses with and without who/that/which 94 Relative clauses 3: whose/whom/where 95 Relative clauses ‘tra information clauses (1) 96 Relative clauses 5: extra information clauses (2) 9° ing and -ed clauses (che woman talking to Tom, she boy injured in the accident) Adjectives and adverbs 98 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc:) 99 Adjectives: a nice new house, you look tired 100 Adjectives and adverbs 1 (quick/quickly! 101 Adjectives and adverbs 2 (wellfaselate, hard/hardly) 102 Se and such 103 Enough and too 104 Quite, pretty, rather and fairly 103 Comparison | (cheaper, more expensive etc.) 106 Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better) 107 Comparison 3 (as... as/ than) LOS. Superlatives (the longest, the most enjoyable etc.) 109 Word order 1: verb + object; place and time 110 Word order 2: adverbs with the verb Ht yet and already Any more / any longer / no longer 112 Even Coniwections and prepositions 113 Although / though / even though In spite of / despite 114 In case 115 Unless As long as Provided/providing 116 As (As I walked along the street ... / As Twas hungry...) 117 Like and as TLS Asif fas though / likeng 120 For, during and while By and until By the time Prepositions 121 122 123 14 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 Avfoniin (rime) On time and in time — At the end and in the end Inavion (position) | In/avion (position) 2 In/avion (position) 3 Tofavininto In/avion (other uses) ‘By Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of ete.) Adjective + preposition 1 Adjective + preposition 2 ‘Verb + preposition 1 to and ar ‘Verb + preposition 2 aboutforlof/ater ‘Verb + preposition 3. about and of ‘Verb + preposition 4 offfortfromion ‘Verb + preposition 5 in/inta/with/tfon Phrasal verbs 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 45 Phrasal verbs 1 Introduction Phrasal verbs 2 in/out Phrasal verbs 3 out Phrasal verbs 4 onioff (1) Phrasal verbs 5 onloff (2) Pheasal verbs 6 up/down Pheasal verbs 7 up (1) Pheasal verbs. 8 up (2) Pheasal verbs § awaylback ‘Appendix 1 Regular and irregular verbs 292 Appendix 2 Preseat and past tenses 294 Appendix 3 The furure 295 Appendix 4 Modal verbs (can/eould/williwould ete.) 296 Appendix § Shore forms (I'm J you've / didn't ete.) 297 Appendix 6 Spelling 298 Appendix 7 American English 300 Additional exercises 302 Study guide 326 Key to Exercises 336 Key co Additional exercises 368 Key to Study guide 372 Index 373To the teacher English Grammar in Use was written as a self-study grammar book, but teachers may also find it useful as additional course material in cases where further work on grammar is necessary ‘The book will probably be most useful at middle- and upper- intermediate levels (where all or nearly all of the material will be relevant), and can setve both as a basis for revision and as a means for practising new steuctures. Ir-will also be useful for some more advanced students who have problems with grammar and need a book for reference and practice. The book is not intended to be used by elementary learners. The units are organised in grammatical categories (Present and past, Articles and nowts, Prepositions etc.). They are not ordered according co level of difficulty, so the book should not bbe worked through from beginning to end, Irshould be used selectively and flexibly in accordance with the grammar syllabus being used and che difficulties seudents are having. The book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision or remedial work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual seudents needing extra help. The left-hand pages (explanations and examples) are written for the student to use individually, bur they may of course be used by the teacher as a source of ideas and information an which to base a lesson, The student then has the left-hand page a8 a record of what has been taught and can refer to it in the furure. The exercises can be done individually, in class or as homework. Alternatively {and additionally) lual students can be directed ro study certain units of the book by themselves if they have particular difficulties not shared by oher students in their class, Don't forget the Additional exercises at the back of the book (see To the student), ‘The book is sold with or withour a CD Rom. This contains further exercises on all the units in the book, as well as a bank of 1,700 test questions from which users can select to compile their own tests. The CD Rom is also available separately. An edition of English Grammar in Use without the Key is also available. Some teachers may prefer this For use with their students. —E ——= English Grammar in Use Third Edition | This is a new edition of English Grammar im Use. The differences between this edition and the second edition are: © There are eight new units on phrasal verbs (Units 138-145). There is also a new unit on wish (Unit 41), Units 42-81 and $3-137 all have different numbers from the second edition, © Some of che material has been revised or reorganised, and in mast units there are minor changes in the examples, explanations and exercises. 0 The Additional exercises have been extended, The new exerci and 37-41, © The book has been redesigned with new colour illustrations. © There is a new CD Rom with further exercises to accompany the book. sare 14-16, 25, 30-31,English Grammar in UsePresent continuous (I am doing) Study this example situation: ‘Sarah is in her car. She is on her way to work, driving to work. This means: she is driving row, at the time of speaking. The action is not finished. ‘Améisiare + -ing is the present contimious: Tam (= driving helhelit is working welyouthey are doing, ete. aay) Tam doing something = I'm in the middle of doing it; I've started doing it and [ haven't inished yet: 1 Please don't make so much noise. I'm trying to work. (not I try) © ‘Where's Mark?" *He’s having a shower.” (not He has a shower) © Let’s go our now. It isn't raining any more. (not It doesn’t rain) 0 (ata party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (not Do. you enjoy) 5 Whar's all that noise? What's going on? (= What's happening?) The action is not necessarily happening. at the time of speaking, For example: Steve is talking to a friend on the phone, He says: Fm reading a really goad book at the mament. Ws about a Fin wo Steve is not reading the book at the time He means thar he has started it, bur has not He is in the middle of reading i speaking. Some more examples: © Kate wants to work in Iraly, 30 she’s learning Iealian. (bur perhaps she isn’t learning, Italian at the time of speaking) (© Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope to finish it next summer. © a: You're working hard today, (not You work hard today) Yes, { have a lot to do. © The company I work for isn't doing so well this year. ae) ‘You can use the present continuous with today / this week / this year etc, (periods around now): Wie use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now, especially wwith these verbs: get change become increase rise fall grow improve begin start Jish getting better? (not Does your English get better! © The population of the world is increasing very fast. (nor increases) 0 At first I didn’t like my job, but I'm beginning to enjoy it now. (not I begin) © Is your En 5 ened amram ences as =e ens tee te ies cateExercises 11 Complete the sentences with the following verbs in the corr get happen look lose make — start sta : “ng. hard today.” *Yes, | have a lor to do. for Christine. Do you know \ .. dark. Shall [ turn on the hgh They don’t hasens anyw! ete to live at the moment. They .. until they find somewhere. Things are not so good ar work. The company Have you gor an umbrella? It . = You .. Lorsuwmnnn & lot of noise, Can you be to concentrate. 8 Why are all these people here? What ....... whe we > Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the 1 Please don’t make so much noise. 1. trying... (try) to wi Let’s go out now. It isn't raining _ (rain) any more. You can turn off the radio, 1 .... pcb aia casainh Kate phoned me last night. She’s on holid y in France. She a great time and doesn’t want to come back. I want to lose weight, so this week I . Andrew has just started evening classes. He Paul and Sally have had an argument. They ........... Tice a inciinininininiennn (Et) tiréd..1 need a rest. Tim ....... .. (work) this week, He’s on we oe 1 tn so 0 Complete the conversations. 1 a: I saw Brian a few days ago. 8: Oh, did you? What's he dog... these days? (what : He's at paiventer woe # (What / he / study) Psychology. a ow it? (he / enjoy) iin tk i ita tas a Wan hie eaten tote eoWare Present simple (I do) Study this example situation: Alex is a bus driver, but now He is not driving a bus. (He but He drives a bus. (He is « Drive(s)/workts}/do(es) ete. is law ely civheg drive/w ork/de he/she/it_ driv edfevrocks! = We use the present simple to talk abour things in general. W happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true © Nurses look after patients in hospitals. I usually go away at weekends. The earth goes round the sun. 0 The café opens at 7,30 in the morning, Remember: Iwork .... but He works... They teach... but For spelling (-s or -es), see Appendix 6, We use :dalabre to make questions and negative sentences: is | I/we/you/they | Ihvel/you/they don’t does | he/she/it do? he/she/it doesn’t o ot come from Canada. Where do you come from? 1 I don’t go away very often. 5 © What does this word mean? (not What means this w © Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates.Exercises 21 2.2 23 24 Complete the sentences using the following verbs: cause(s) connectis) — drink(s) —_—live(s) — opens) 1 Tanya ..SP&95... German very well. 2. Vida Potten nctimincitmene, Coffer: 3 The swimming pool cooumewe at 7.30 every morni 4 Bad driving ...... many accidents. 5 My parents .... eww: a very small flar. 6 The Olympic Games 0.000000... place every four ye: 7 The Panama Canal «WW... rhe Adantic and Paci Put the verb into the correct form. 1 Julie doesn’f drink (nor / drink) tea very often. 2 What time ase aera . (the bank 3 I've gor a computer, bur [Too ine 4 ‘Where (Martin / cor 5 “Wha (you / do)? 6 If _. (take) me an hour Look ar this sentence. What 8 David isn’t very fit. He... . (it / take) you? 4 Use the following verbs to complete the sentences. Sometim believe eat flow go grow make rise 1 The earth . round the sun. ~ 7 An interpre 2. Rice: Ww... in Britain. language in 3 The sun inthe east. 8 Liars are pe 4 Bees ... honey. the truth, 5 Vegetarians . . meat. 9 The River . 6 An atheist .... . in God. into the Aq You ask Liz questions about herself and her family. Write th 1 You know thar Liz plays tennis. You want to know how a a | =Exercises 3.1 3.2 WRn ewe 10 Paul is never late. He’s always getting to work on time. 11 They don’t get on well. They're always arguing. 10 Rachel is in London at the moment. Sh 11 Can we stop wal 12 a: Can you drive? Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where ne Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. OK. The water boils, Can you turn it off? is. Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? The moon goes round the earth in about 27 days. J must go now, Ir gets late. T usually go to work by car. “Hurry up! It’s time to leave. “OK, I come.” I hear you've got a new job. How do you get on? on Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or presen’ 1 Let’s go our. It bint. raunung (not / rain) now. 2 Julia is very good ar languages. She ...$P¢4*5.... (speak) four la 3 Hurry up! Everybody... (wait) for you. 4° .. (you / listen) to the radio?” ‘N oe * - (you / listen) to the radio every 6 The River } .. (flow) into the Mediter 7 The river (flow) very fast today — muc 8 We usually (grow) vegetables in our gi =e not / grow) any. 9 a: How B: Not bad. I think it (improve) slowl there when she’s in | (start) to She always ....... Br Tiss (learn). My father . .. (finish) work ar five, bur th (work) ine six to earn a little more m eePresent continuous and pre (1 am doing and | do) We use continuous forms for actions and happenings that h eating / it is raining etc.). Some verbs (for example, know a way. We don’t say ‘Iam knowing’ or ‘they are liking’; we si The following verbs are not normally used in the present cc | like love hate want need prefer know realise suppose mean understand believe r belong fit contain consist seem 5 I’m hungry. I want something to eat. (or 'm wantit © Do you understand what I mean? © Ann doesn’t seem very happy at the moment. Think When think means ‘believe’ or ‘have an opinion’, we do no 0 I think Mary is Canadian, but I'm not sure. (not I'm 0 What do you think about my plan? (= Whar is your When think means ‘consider’, the continuous is possible: 0 I’m thinking about what happened. I often think abo 0 Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. (= she is con: He is selfish and He is being selfish He’s being = He’s behaving / He’s acting. Compare: © [can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t (being selfish = behaving selfishly at the moment) © He never thinks about other people. He is very selfis! (= He is selfish generally, not only at the moment) We use am/is/are being to say how somebody is behaving. | other sentences:Exercises Unit 4 al 42 4a 44 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them where necessary. 1 Nicky is thinking of giving up her job, Ok. 2 Are you believing in God: . 3 Him fecling hungry. Is there anything to eat? 4 This sauce is great. It's tasting really good. 5 Umthinking this is your key. Am I right? Use the wards in brackets ta make sentences. (You should alsa study Unit 3 before you do ‘this exercise.) (you | not seem J very happy today) You don't seem very hazpy today, No, i's fee. J Put the verb into the correct form, present continuaus ar present simple. 1 Are you hungry? ..Pe_yes Went. (you / wane) something to eat? 2 Don’t put the dictionary away. To. ——— {wee} 3 Don't pur the dictionary away, 1 (need it, 4 Who is that man? What ~ ——— (he / want? 5 Who is that man? Why ss (he / book} at us? 6 Alan says he’s 80 years old, bur nabo - — (believe) him. 7 She told me her name, but 1 _- {not / remember) it now. st (think) of selling my car. Would Sou be interested in buying it? 91 (think) you should sell your ear. You (not / use) i very often, 10 Air — _... (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of be. Sometimes you must use the simple (amjis/are) and sometimes the continuous is more suitable (amjis/are teeing). 1 Tcan’t understand why 022 2609 .. so selfish, He isn’r usually like thar. Sarah : ‘very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why. You'll like Debbie when you meet her, She a very nice, You're usually very patient, so why _ so unreasonable about waiting ten more minutes? Why isn't Steve at work today? : a ile butsitis 10 Past simple (I did) Study this example; Wolfgang Amadeus Mazart was an Austrian fmusician and composer. He lived from 1756 ro 1791, He started composing at the age of five and wrete more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died. edistarted/wrote/wasidied are all past simple. Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs): 6 I work in a travel agency now. Before ehat I worked in a department store. © We invited them to our party, bur they decided nor to come. 10 The police stopped me on my way home last night. © Laura passed her examination because she studied very hard. For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6. But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does ot end in -ed, For example: write wrote Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see saw We saw Rase in town a few days age. go went CI Went ro the cinema three times last week, shut + shut © Ie was cold, so I shut the wi For a list of irregular werbs, see Appendix 1. In questions and negatives we use did/didn't + infinitive (enjoy/seetgo:etc.): enjoyed | vou | snioy? | t enjoy she saw did | she | see? she didn't see | they | went they | go? they gO 5 a: Did you go out lastnight? Yes; I went to the cinema, but | didn’t enjoy the film much. © When did Mr Thomas die?” “About ten years ago." © They didn't invite her ro the party, 40 she 1 “Did you have time to- write the letter?” In the following examples, do is the main verb in the sentence (did ... do / didn’t do} © Whar did you do at the weekend? (nor What did you at the weekend?) didn’t do anything, (wor | didn’t anything) ‘The past of be (am/is/are) is kar Whe/shefit wasiwasn't was he/she [wefyauthey wereiwerent | were welyoulthe Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were: © Twas angry because they were late. 1 Was the weather good when you were on holiday? 5 They weren't able to come because they were so busy. Did you go out last night or were you tuo tired? Past simple and past continuows —* Unit 6 Past simple and present perfect — L)Past continuous (I was doing) Seudy this example situation: ‘Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and finished at 11.30, So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis. They were playing = they were in the middle of playing. They had not finished playing. Wheishelie was welyoulthey were working etc. EE) Iwas doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time, but had not finished: Uri doing Iwas doing Lene doing past past now © This time last year I was living in Brazil, © Whar were you doing at 10 o’clock last night? © Tswaved to Helen, but she wasn't looking. Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and prast simple (I did): Past cntimwous (in the middle of an action) | Past simple (complete action) © Towas walking home when I met Dave. I walked home after the party last night. (in the middle of an action) (= all the way, completely) © Kate was warching television when ‘Kate watched television a lor when she wwe arrived. was ill Last ye We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else: © Matt phoned while we were having dinner. It was raining when I got up. Isaw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. © Uhurt my back while I was working in the garden. But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another: © [was walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped, and we had a chat. Compare: © When Karen arrived, we were having 3 When Karen arrived, we had dinner, dinner, (= we had already started before (= Karen arrived, and then we had she arrived) dinner} Some verhs (for example, know and want} are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 44}: ‘We were good friends. We knew cach other well. (rot We were knowing) 5 Twas enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (wor was wanting)Whilhg Yiey Present perfect 1 (I have done) GY Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it He has lost his key. He has lost his key = He lost it recently, and he still doesn’t have it Haveshas lost isthe present perfect simple Vwehheyiyou have (= Ive sic. | Siished ions . lost done helshe/it has he’s ete.) ‘arm Gee | The present perfect simple is haveshas + past participle, The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.}, but many important verbs are érregidar (losdane/written etc.) For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. I) bene say that ‘something has happened’, this is usually new information: 3 Ow! I've cut my finger. 1 The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident. © (fram the mews) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery. When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with note. The action in the past has a result mow: * Adon’ know, I've lostit.” (= [don't have it now) He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (= 1 can't remember it now) Js Sally here?" °No, she’s gone out.” (= she is our now} 5 Lean’ find my bag, Have you seen it? (= Do you know where it is wow?) De You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet. | Just = a short time ago: © ‘Are you hungry?" ‘No, I've just had lunch.” ist arrived? © Hello, Have you | ‘We use already to say that something happened seaner than expected: “Don’t forget te send the letter’ “I've already sent it.” © ‘What time is Mark leaving?” ‘He's already gone.” | ‘Yet = until now, Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: > Has it stopped raining yet? © Pve written the letter, bur I haven't sent i yet. a Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to: © Jim is on holiday, He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there} 1 © Jane is back home now, She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back} Present perfect = Units 8, 11 Been to Units 84, 1268 Present perfeet continuous —* Units 8-10 14 Present perfect and past — Units 12-14 Yet and already —+ Unit 111 American English -> Appendix ?