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Evolution - of - Earth - Atmosphere-LECTURA Geoteach
Evolution - of - Earth - Atmosphere-LECTURA Geoteach
Evolution - of - Earth - Atmosphere-LECTURA Geoteach
EARTH'S EARLY
ATMOSPHERE
What was it like?
Phase 1: Our 4.6 billion year old Earth's first atmosphere was probably Helium (He) and
Hydrogen (H2).
Today these highly combustible gases are rare on earth and, if they were the
composition of our atmosphere today, we would not be living here.
Where did these gases go?
● They probably were lost to space due to the fact that these gases are so light and
therefore Earth's gravity could not hold them close to its surface.
● Also, because Earth's magnetic field was not in place (due to a lack of a layered
Earth Interior with a dense core), deflection of solar winds was not possible.
These winds would assist in driving the lighter elements to outer space.
Later in Earth's development, the earth's layers differentiated in the first few hundreds of
millions of years. Heavier elements sank towards the center of Earth and would become
the dense iron and nickel liquid outer core and solid inner core.
Once the cores were formed, heavier gases could then remain close to Earth's surface,
the beginnings of an atmosphere.
Phase 2: Perhaps one of the most important contributions to the formation of a "second
atmospheric evolution" was volcanic outgassing. This is the release of gases, from the
volcano into the atmosphere, during a volcanic eruption. Magma (molten rock below the
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earth's surface) contains very high amounts of dissolved gases, under pressure, and
these gases are released into the air during an eruption.
Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere
Early earth was extremely dynamic volcanically as differentiation into distinct layers was
taking place. Volcanic eruptions emit a wide range of gases, but most important to the
formation of Earth's second atmospheric evolution would be water vapor (H2O), carbon
dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). In addition, volcanic
emissions would have contained: methane, ammonia, chlorine and hydrogen as their
composition.
At this time, there is still no free oxygen (O2) which could support life.
Phase 3: In order for life as we know it today to exist on Earth, free oxygen molecules
had to be part of the atmosphere.
The most important contributors of free oxygen into Earth's atmosphere were:
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). The oldest known fossils were found in Precambrian
rocks of western Australia, dated 3.5 billion years old. (See microscopic photos).
Widespread in the Proterozoic era and preserved in the fossil record, "a layered stromatolite is
produced by the activity of ancient cyanobacteria. The layers were produced as calcium
carbonate precipitated over the growing mat of bacterial filaments; photosynthesis in the
bacteria depleted carbon dioxide in the surrounding water, initiating the precipitation. The
minerals, along with grains of sediment precipitating from the water, were then trapped within
the sticky layer of mucilage that surrounds the bacterial colonies, which then continued to grow
upwards through the sediment to form a new layer. As this process occurred over and over
again, the layers of sediment were created". 1
photosynthesize. The bacteria then returned oxygen back into the air.
Notice the red box around the O2. This oxygen molecule, released during photosynthesis
by cyanobacteria, was critical to the gradual change from an inhospitable atmosphere to
one that would allow an explosion of oxygen-breathing life forms on the planet, including
ourselves.
"For a long time, the oxygen produced did not build up in the atmosphere, since it was
taken up by rocks, as recorded in Banded Iron Formations and continental red beds. To
this day, the majority of oxygen produced over time is locked up in the ancient ‘banded
rock’ and ‘red bed’ formations". 2
In the Proterozoic era alone the amount of free O2 in the atmosphere rose from 1% to
10%. Over time, the amount of Oxygen in the atmosphere continued to increase,
reaching present day levels, achieved approximately 400 million years ago, during the
Cambrian time period.
SEE CHART SHOWING COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE where the percentage of
atmospheric oxygen is boxed in red.
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an oxygenated environment, are limited to places, such as swamps, where O2
levels are low.5
Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere
About 540 million years ago, a sudden and large variety of life forms appeared that did
not appear in the ancestral fossil record. This life explosion occurred during the
Cambrian time period (approximately 540-490 mya). Though this life explosion began in
the Earth's seas, it can certainly be attributed, if only in part, to the increased free
oxygen levels in the warm, stable marine and atmospheric environments.
Once oxygen existed in the atmosphere, the sun's ultraviolet rays split the oxygen
molecules releasing ozone (O3). The ozone shield was created and it was at this point
that life the moved out of the oceans and evolved into land-dwelling organisms capable
of respiration.
"The basic body plans of the major animal phyla are established over a relatively short
period of roughly 10 million years. All the major animal phyla that exist today -- about
three dozen -- evolve from these Cambrian faunas". 6
En este momento, todavía no hay oxígeno libre (O2) que pueda sustentar la
vida.
OXÍGENO LIBRE ATMOSFÉRICO NUESTRA ATMÓSFERA ACTUAL
Fase 3: Para que existiera vida tal como la conocemos hoy en la Tierra, las
moléculas de oxígeno libres tenían que formar parte de la atmósfera.
continuaron creciendo hacia arriba a través del sedimento para formar una
nueva capa. A medida que este proceso se producía una y otra vez, se fueron
creando las capas de sedimento".1
Hace unos 540 millones de años, apareció repentina y gran variedad de formas
de vida que no aparecían en el registro fósil ancestral. Esta explosión de vida
ocurrió durante el período Cámbrico (aproximadamente 540-490 millones de
años). Aunque esta explosión de vida comenzó en los mares de la Tierra,
ciertamente puede atribuirse, aunque sólo en parte, al aumento de los niveles
de oxígeno libre en los ambientes marinos y atmosféricos cálidos y estables.
Una vez que existió oxígeno en la atmósfera, los rayos ultravioleta del sol
dividieron las moléculas de oxígeno liberando ozono (O3). Se creó el escudo de
ozono y fue en este punto que la vida salió de los océanos y evolucionó hasta
convertirse en organismos terrestres capaces de respirar.
"Los planes corporales básicos de los principales filos animales se establecen
en un período relativamente corto de aproximadamente 10 millones de años.
Todos los principales filos animales que existen hoy en día (alrededor de tres
docenas) evolucionan a partir de estas faunas del Cámbrico".