Test Bank for Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach, 8/E 8th Edition Joyce S Osl

Test Bank for Organizational Behavior: An

Experiential Approach, 8/E 8th Edition Joyce S
Osland, David A. Kolb, Irwin M Rubin, Marlene E.
Turner

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 Chapter 9
PERCEPTION AND ATTRIBUTION

Workbook Exam and Review Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following is not a step in the processing of stimuli during perception?
a. selection
b. organization
c. evaluation
d. synthesis (Easy; p. 220-222)
e. none of the above—all are correct

2. If you and your neighbor, who belongs to a different political party, both listen to the
same presidential debate but come away with opposite conclusions about who won
the debate, which of the following would be the best hypothesis to explain this?
a. central tendency
b. distinctiveness
c. projected similarity
d. selective attention (Moderate; p. 220)
e. self-serving bias

3. Which of these is not an internal factor that affects perception?

a. motives
b. salience (Moderate; p. 220)
c. attitudes
d. expectations
e. none of the above

4. Which of the following is not one of the external factors that influence what we
perceive?
a. novelty
b. intensity
c. temperature (Moderate; p. 221)
d. salience
e. motion

5. The quadrant of the Johari Window characterized by information known by the self
and unknown to the other is called the _____.
a. façade (Moderate; p. 226)
b. arena
c. blindspot
d. unknown
e. none of the above

197
6. Which of the following is not true?
a. Perception relates to stereotyping and how we attribute behavior or attitudes to
others.
b. The drawbacks to perception are that it prevents us from taking in everything we
should and makes our interpretations open to question.
c. Another drawback is that perception limits stimuli subconsciously
(Moderate; p. 223)
d. There are numerous perceptual distortions one should try to avoid.
e. none of the above

7. _____ are cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge about a given
concept, event, or type of stimulus.
a. Projected similarities
b. Schemas (Easy; p. 221)
c. Attributions
d. Social identities
e. none of the above

8. Good communication is most likely to occur when which of the four quadrants is the
largest?
a. unknown
b. facade
c. blindspot
d. arena (Easy; p. 226)
e. none of the above

9. According to attribution theory, if several subordinates agree that their boss does not
know how to delegate, what type of information would we be using to explain what
caused one of them to complain about him?
a. consensus (Moderate; p. 228)
b. distinctiveness
c. fundamental attribution error
d. consistency
e. none of the above

10. Which of the following statements describes the extent to which a person behaves I
the same way in other contexts in attribution theory?
a. distinctiveness (Easy; p. 228-229)
b. consistency
c. coherence
d. consensus
e. none of the above

198
11. The most important lesson to be learned about perception is that one’s perceptions are
_____.
a. seldom totally accurate (Moderate; p. 242)
b. able to respond to all of the quadrants of the Johari window
c. always salient
d. easily controlled
e. none of the above

12. People who share a social identity are more likely to _____.
a. distrust others with the same social identity
b. share more information with others who have a different social identity
c. perceive things similarly with others who share the same social identity
(Moderate; p. 222)
d. cooperate less with others who share the same social identity
e. all of the above

13. Which of the following are sources of misinterpretation in cross-cultural interactions?

a. subconscious cultural blinders
b. lack of cultural awareness
c. projected similarity
d. answer choices a, b and c (Moderate; p. 227)
e. none of the above

14. The D. I. E. model consists of _____.

a. description, interpretation, evaluation (Easy; p. 227)
b. description, internalization, evaluation
c. discussion, interpretation, evaluation
d. discussion, internalization, evolution
e. design, interaction, elimination

15. A person acts consistently in the same way in different situations. According to
attribution theory, you would most likely make what kind of attribution?
a. external
b. internal (Moderate; p. 228)
c. intermediate
d. extreme
e. none of the above

16. Which term refers to the tendency to perceive oneself and others in terms of social
categories rather than as individuals?
a. social comparison
b. social identification
c. social categorization (Easy; p. 222)
d. social consensus
e. none of the above

199
17. Which of the following is not a basis for social identity theory?
a. social comparison
b. social identification
c. social integration (Easy; p. 222)
d. social categorization
e. none of the above

True or False Questions

18. Once established, schemas determine what stimuli we attend to and remember. _____
True or _____ False? Why?

True. These cognitive frameworks organize knowledge, so we are more likely to

attend to stimuli that fits into already established schemas.
(Challenging; p. 222)

19. People evaluate and interpret stimuli in an objective fashion. _____ True or _____
False? Why?

False. They do it in a subjective fashion.

(Moderate; p. 241)

Short Answer Questions

20. _____ means that people do not see or hear all of the stimuli that are actually present.
(Selective attention; Easy; p. 220)

21. The _____ is the tendency for people to attribute their own successes to external
factors while blaming external factors for their failures.
(self-serving bias; Easy; p. 228-229)

22. The _____ is the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and
overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the
behavior of others.
(fundamental attribution error; Easy; p. 229)

23. _____ are cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge about a given
concept, event, or type of stimulus.
(Schemas; p. 221)

Essay Questions

24. Give an example that explains how internal factors affect what we perceive.

(Challenging; p. 220-221)

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Test Bank for Organizational Behavior: An Experiential Approach, 8/E 8th Edition Joyce S Osl

25. According to attribution theory, what is the difference between an internal cause and
an external cause? Provide a behavioral example of each cause.

Internal causes have to do with personal characteristics (intelligence, initiative, hard

work, etc.). External causes are factors not under an individual’s control (demanding
boss, too much work, interdepartmental problems, competitive industry, etc.); student
examples.

(Challenging; p. 228)

26. Explain three perceptual distortions that can bias the evaluation process and define
them.

• Stereotyping - attributing behavior or attitudes to a person on the basis of the

group or category to which the person belongs
• Halo effect - our perception of another is dominated by only one trait
• Central tendency - avoiding extreme judgments and rating everything as
average
• Contrast effects - evaluations are affected by comparisons with other people
we have recently encountered who are better or worse in terms of this
characteristic
• Projection - tendency to attribute one’s own attitudes or feelings to another
person
• Self-fulfilling perceptual defenses - screens that block out what we do not
wish to see and allow through stimuli that we wish to see

(Challenging; p. 224-225)

201

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