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Assessment of LEED Indoor

Environmental Quality
Parameters at a New Church
Building In South-central
Kentucky
Emmanuel A. Iyiegbuniwe
Published online: 22 Apr 2013.

To cite this article: Emmanuel A. Iyiegbuniwe (2013) Assessment of LEED Indoor

Environmental Quality Parameters at a New Church Building In South-central
Kentucky, Energy Engineering, 110:3, 6-19

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01998595.2013.10677554

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 6 Energy Engineering Vol. 110, No. 3 2013

Assessment of LEED Indoor Environmental

Quality Parameters at a
New Church Building
In South-central Kentucky
Emmanuel A. Iyiegbuniwe, PhD
Downloaded by [Duke University Libraries] at 22:44 06 October 2014

ABSTRACT

An indoor environmental quality assessment was conducted at a

newly completed Catholic church building in South-central Kentucky as
part of the United States Green Building Council’s (USGBC’s) Leader-
ship in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification require-
ments. From a business perspective, green building certification has be-
come an important staple for demonstrating energy efficiency, environ-
mental stewardship, and sustainability. The LEED certification process
stipulates, among other things, that points be awarded for energy con-
servation as well as documentation that selected indoor air contaminant
concentrations are below certain target levels. (It must be noted that any
decision by a builder or architect aimed at obtaining the LEED credit
point certification involves some financial commitment.) This article
summarizes the results of a comprehensive indoor environmental qual-
ity assessment for four LEED chemical contaminants and selected pa-
rameters present in indoor air, with a view to meeting LEED certification
requirements, protecting public health from risks of chemical exposure,
and improving occupant productivity. The chemical substances—total
volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), particulate matter less than 10 mi-
crometer (PM10), formaldehyde (HCHO), and carbon monoxide (CO)—
have documented health effects and often occur indoors at significantly
high enough concentrations to be a public health concern.
In accordance with the USGBC LEED IEQ 3.2 requirements, indoor
air sampling was conducted for TVOCs, PM10, HCHO, and CO at select-
ed locations of the building. Air sampling was conducted in accordance
with the requirements of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s
“Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Air Pollutants in
Indoor Air.” Additionally, the levels of other indoor air quality param-
 7

eters of public health importance (temperature, relative humidity, and

carbon dioxide) were measured. Airborne samples were collected over
a period of two days at approximately four feet above floor level, using
the GrayWolf Pack DirectSense IAQ Plus™, the PM-205KIT particulate
monitor, and the RK-FP30 formaldehyde meter. The results showed that
all measured LEED chemicals were below their respective USGBC IEQ
target concentrations. TVOC concentrations were below 56 µg/m3, and
PM10 levels were below 6.6 µg/m3, while formaldehyde and carbon
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monoxide concentrations were 0.40 ppb and 0.26 ppm, respectively. The
results of this study suggest that building materials used and installed
at the church had low emissions and met or exceeded the LEED IEQ
3.2 certification requirements. The results also provide some practical
solutions for obtaining LEED credit points for post-construction indoor
environmental quality assessment at the church building. The impact of
LEED certification on the health and productivity of the occupants, as
well as the overall return on investment from integrating LEED prin-
ciples of green building and smart growth, cannot be overemphasized.

Keywords: indoor environmental quality, assessment, LEED certifica-

tion, total volatile organic compounds, particulate matter, formalde-
hyde, carbon monoxide

INTRODUCTION

Clean air is a basic necessity of life, and the quality of indoor air is
a strong determinant of a healthy life and well-being. The indoor envi-
ronment (including built, non-industrial structures such as workplaces,
schools, offices, houses, and apartment buildings) presents a unique set
of problems (Surgeon General’s Workshop on Healthy Indoor Environ-
ment, 2005). Consequently, our natural environment, economy, health,
and productivity are profoundly impacted by the built environment. On
average, Americans spend 85-95% of their time in indoor environments.
Winston Churchill noted, and rightly so, that “we shape our build-
ings and, in time, our buildings shape us.” The relationship between
the indoor environment and health is a complex one, as it encompasses
a broad range of chemical, physical, and biological agents; interactive
factors; individual susceptibilities; and health endpoints (Surgeon Gen-
eral’s Workshop, 2005).
 8 Energy Engineering Vol. 110, No. 3 2013

There is much literature on how the indoor environment exerts

considerable influence on human health, student learning outcomes,
and worker productivity (Fisk and Rosenfeld 1997; Iyiegbuniwe & Ro-
driguez, 2005; IOM, 2011). Experts in the field of indoor environmen-
tal quality assessment have also documented that air, thermal control,
lighting quality, access to nature, ergonomics, and material quality of
prevailing building materials and construction are important building
attributes for energy efficiency and occupant health (Surgeon General’s
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Workshop, 2005). A number of studies have demonstrated that poor in-

door environmental quality resulting from higher than acceptable levels
of contaminants costs the United States economy tens of billions of dol-
lars a year (Fisk and Rosenfeld 1997; IOM, 2011). The economic impact of
health problems due to poor indoor environmental quality are reflected
in increased hospital admissions, higher mortality and morbidity rates,
and lost worker productivity. There is good scientific evidence that the
indoor environment influences allergies, asthma, and the spread of re-
spiratory infections (Surgeon General’s Workshop, 2005).
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) was de-
veloped in 1998 by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). The
USGBC is a nonprofit organization dedicated to transforming and
sustaining the built environment. Its stated mission is to transform
the way buildings and communities are designed, built, and oper-
ated, enabling an environmentally and socially responsible, healthy,
and prosperous environment that improves the quality of lives (USG-
BC, 2007). LEED is an internationally recognized, leading edge, green
building certification system that provides third-party verification that
a building or community was designed and built using strategies aimed
at improving performance across an important set of metrics (USGBC,
2004). LEED, a national standard that integrates the principles of green
building and smart growth for neighborhood design, was described in
a report jointly developed by the USGBC, the Congress for the New Ur-
banism, and the Natural Resources Defense Council (USGBC, 2007). By
providing practitioners in the field of built environment with measur-
able design and construction standards and guidelines for sustainable
building design practices, the USGBC, through LEED, is able to high-
light positive green policy in the United States (USGBC, 2008).
Green building design encompasses several design and construc-
tion practices that significantly reduce or eliminate the negative impact
of buildings on the environment and occupants, including energy sav-
 9

ings, water efficiency, and reduced carbon dioxide emissions, as well as

improved indoor environmental quality, stewardship of resources, and
impact sensitivities. According to the USGBC, the current LEED certifi-
cation process addresses the complete lifecycle of a building from de-
sign to construction and operation by stipulating, among other things,
that points be awarded for energy conservation and other green-related
demonstrations (USGBC 2008). The USGBC has noted that the continued
use of certain green building standards for the purpose of meeting LEED
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certification for new designs will ensure healthier provision of indoor en-
vironmental quality for occupants as well as reduced energy and water
consumption and lower utility bills. Furthermore, there are direct eco-
nomic and quality-of-life benefits for consumers from the implementation
of water and energy efficient technologies. This will generally ensure a
more efficient use of infrastructure in urban areas, where water, sewer,
and electric grid systems would likely be overtaxed (USGBC, 2008).
The LEED Green Building Rating System™ was launched in 2000
as a guide for green and sustainable design, with a view to improving
the environmental and economic performance of commercial buildings,
using established or advanced industry principles, practices, materi-
als, and standards (USGBC 2004). The goal is to evaluate buildings and
award points in six key areas: sustainable site planning, safeguarding
water and water efficiency, energy efficiency and renewable energy,
conservation of materials and resources, indoor environmental quality
(IEQ), and innovation and design process. This rating system involves
a comprehensive and often rigorous process that provides measurable
performance criteria in a set of standards. Suffice it to note that LEED
IEQ-certified buildings must demonstrate that selected air contaminant
concentrations are below certain target levels (IEQ 3.2: Indoor Air Qual-
ity Management Plan After Construction). The USGBC awards 15 points
for IEQ certification (22% of total LEED new construction). Table 1 sum-
marizes the LEED IEQ prerequisite in 10 credit-required areas and/or
points (USGBC, 2004). Not surprisingly, in an effort to meet LEED IEQ
3.2 certification requirements, building designers have adopted the re-
quirements of the American Society for Heating, Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standards titled “Ventilation for Ac-
ceptable Indoor Air Quality” (ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007) and “En-
ergy Standard for Buildings, Except Low-rise Residential Buildings”
(ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007). ASHRAE has also established guidelines
and acceptable levels of “Thermal Comfort Conditions for Human Oc-
 10 Energy Engineering Vol. 110, No. 3 2013

Table 1. LEED Indoor Environmental Quality Prerequisite

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cupancy” for selected IEQ parameters that a majority of building occu-

pants would consider comfortable, including temperature and relative
humidity (ASHRAE Standard 55-2004).
A number of recent studies have evaluated IEQ parameters in
LEED-certified buildings and compared occupant perceptions with
those of non-green buildings. In a recent study that evaluated the IEQ
effectiveness of workplaces in LEED–certified and non-LEED-certified
buildings in the United States, Lee and Kim compared seven criteria in
relation to occupant self-reported satisfaction and performance (Lee and
Kim, 2008). The authors concluded that similar demographic and per-
sonal workspace characteristics were observed among respondents in
both building types. A number of observed mean differences between
respondents were attributed to differences in the physical environment
(Lee and Kim, 2008). A related study, “Occupant Satisfaction with Indoor
Environmental Quality in Green Buildings” (Abbaszadeh, Zagreus, Leh-
rer, and Huizenga, 2006), reported that occupants in green buildings,
compared with non-green buildings, were more satisfied with thermal
comfort and air quality in their workspace. The authors suggested the
need for improvements to be made in lighting control and the provision
 11

of innovative strategies to accommodate sound privacy needs in open

plan or cubicle office layouts.
In this study, a comprehensive indoor environmental quality as-
sessment was conducted at a newly constructed church building in
South-central Kentucky. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate
that airborne levels for four indoor contaminants were below their US-
GBC LEED IEQ 3.2 certification target maximum concentrations.
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METHODS

The LEED IEQ assessment was conducted in accordance with the

requirements of USGBC’s IEQ Credit 3.2 for the following target chemi-
cals: Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs), Particulate Matter less
than 10µm in size (PM10), Formaldehyde (HCHO), and Carbon Monox-
ide (CO). It must be noted that 4-phenyl cyclohexane (4-PCH) was not
included in the assessment because it was established by the building
contractor and architect that this chemical was not present in any of the
building materials used at the new church. The total number of sampling
locations was determined after a walkthrough inspection. Sampling pro-
tocol was based on the size of the building and the number of ventilation
systems installed at the church building. Air sampling occurred during
normal occupancy hours, with all the interior furnishings already in-
stalled and the building ventilation system operating at the minimum
outside air flow rate for the occupied mode throughout the test, in ac-

Table 2. LEED IEQ Chemicals and their Target Maximum Concentrations

 12 Energy Engineering Vol. 110, No. 3 2013

cordance with the requirements of LEED Reference Guide 2009. Table 2

summarizes the measured IEQ contaminants and their target maximum
concentrations (USGBC, 2009).
Primary data collection occurred over a period of two days in mid-
February, 2010 for approximately 6 hours each day. All samples were
collected in the middle of each room or hall at a height of approximately
4 feet above the floor, representing the breathing zone of occupants. Air
samples were collected at nine locations throughout the church build-
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ing: GR-184, S-Hall, OAR-122, PCR-141, COR-132, CWR-123, AR-195,

PR-173, and YCR-176. (See Table 3-2.) The samples were conducted in
accordance with the requirements of the EPA’s “Methods for the Deter-
mination of Air Pollutants in Indoor Air.”
Air samples were collected and analyzed using the GrayWolf Pack
DirectSense Indoor Air Quality (IAQ Plus™), the PM-205KIT particulate
monitor, and the RK-FP30 formaldehyde meter. (See Figures 1 and 2.) The
IAQ Plus™ is equipped with direct-reading and data-logging capabili-
ties. It incorporates the WolfSense PPC application software, WolfSense
PC data analysis and report generation software, and the WolfSense Ad-
vanced Report Generation (ARG) software, IAQ edition. The WolfPack
IAQ Plus™ also measures relative humidity and temperature (for ther-
mal comfort evaluation) as well as carbon dioxide (a surrogate for the
determination of adequate dilution air distribution to specific occupied

Figure 1. WolfPack IAQ Plus™ with PM-205

 13

areas of a building). The IAQ Plus™ has options for differential pressure
testing or pollutant pathway determination that provides measurement
and documentation for maintaining positive pressure in occupied areas
and an assessment of a number of specific gases (e.g., ozone, ammonia,
and hydrogen sulfide) that may be present in indoor air. Total volatile
organic compounds (TVOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements
were made using the WolfPack IAQ Plus™. (See Figure 1.) Particulate
matter (PM10) was measured with the PM-205KIT attached to the Wolf-
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Pack IAQ Plus™, while formaldehyde (HCHO) was measured using the
GrayWolf RK-FP30, a direct-reading, handheld optical meter. (See Figure
2.) In accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions stated in the test
kit, HCHO measurement was conducted over a period of 30 minutes.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results (summarized in Tables 3 and 4) showed that all LEED

chemicals were well below their respective USGBC target concentrations
(Reference Guide, 2009 Edition). TVOCs concentrations ranged from 0.0
to 56 µg/m3,compared to a LEED target level of 500 µg/m3. There were
no PM10 reported in 8 of the 9 locations tested. The S-Hall 107 was the
only location with a detectable PM10 concentration of 6.6 µg/ m3, well
below the LEED target level of 50 µg/m3. Formaldehyde and carbon

Figure 2. DirectSense IAQ Plus. RK-FP30 & PC-3016A

 Downloaded by [Duke University Libraries] at 22:44 06 October 2014

14

Table 3. Air Sampling Results for TVOCs, PM10, HCHO and CO for LEED IEQ Credit 3.2
Energy Engineering
Vol. 110, No. 3
2013
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Table 4. Air Sampling Results for Carbon Dioxide, Temperature and Relative Humidity
15
 16 Energy Engineering Vol. 110, No. 3 2013

monoxide were low in all the locations tested (0.0 – 0.40 ppb and 0.0 –
0.26 ppm, respectively). The results obtained for these LEED chemical
contaminants suggest that the building emission levels were very low
and/or that low chemical-emitting materials have been installed. It must
be noted that when present above recommended levels, these chemicals
could potentially impact the productivity and long-term health of the
occupants.
Temperature readings ranged from 61.8°C to 74.1°C. In addition,
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the levels of these two parameters (carbon dioxide and temperature)

measured in all indoor locations were generally within the acceptable
limits recommended by ASHRAE. Relative humidity levels ranged from
13.8% to 22.7% (compared to 30.2% outdoors) and were generally lower
than ASHRAE’s recommendation of 30-60%. Temperature and relative
humidity are considered comfort parameters. According to ASHRAE,
low relative humidity (generally below 30%) is unacceptable because
it may be associated with symptoms such as the drying of eyes, skin,
and mucous membranes. These symptoms may cause nosebleeds and
increased susceptibility of throat and nasal membranes to chemical ir-
ritants and microbial infections.
Carbon dioxide levels ranged from 542 ppm to 667 ppm. (Outdoor
CO2 = 405 ppm.) It is important to note that carbon dioxide concen-
tration can be monitored with a view to controlling air exchange rates
(ASHRAE, 2009). On average, a person exhales 500 mL of air per respira-
tion cycle, with 12 breathing cycles per minute; approximately 4% of the
exhaled air or tidal volume, is composed of carbon dioxide (M. Poyho-
nen, S. Syvaoja, J. Hartikainen, E. Ruokonen and J. Takala, 2004). Carbon
dioxide concentration is a surrogate measure for determining the ad-
equacy of general dilution air distribution to occupied indoor environ-
ments (i.e., adequacy of fresh air supply). Additionally, carbon dioxide
is often used as an indicator of building occupancy rate for the purpose
of enhancing energy efficiency.

CONCLUSION

This article reports the results of comprehensive IEQ testing con-

ducted for four LEED chemical contaminants of public health impor-
tance. Measurements were made at a new church building over a period
of two days for approximately 6 hours each day during normal occu-
 17

pancy, with all interior furnishings installed and the ventilation system
operating at set levels (per LEED Reference Guide for Green Building
Design and Construction, 2009). The IEQ results from this assessment
showed that all four chemicals tested were well below their respective
target maximum levels.
In addition, the levels of other IEQ parameters, including tempera-
ture, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide were reported. Carbon diox-
ide and temperature levels were within acceptable IEQ levels. However,
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relative humidity levels were generally lower than ASHRAE’s recom-

mendation. These thermal comfort parameters are necessary to demon-
strate that an acceptable indoor air quality exists in occupied buildings.
Additionally, these physical measurements of IEQ parameters do pro-
vide an indirect measurement of how a building could potentially affect
the health and productivity of the occupants. The results of this study
suggest that building materials used and installed at the church had low
emissions and met and/or exceeded the levels stipulated by the USGBC
for LEED IEQ certification.
The impact of LEED certification on indoor environmental qual-
ity, occupant health, and productivity cannot be overemphasized. Ac-
cording to a 2005 report of the Surgeon General’s Workshop on Healthy
Indoor Environment, there is a need to continuously provide incentives
and economic benefits for acceptable indoor environmental quality. In
terms of return on investment and establishing sustainable development
for the indoor environment, it is very rewarding to go green by integrat-
ing LEED’s principles of green building and smart growth. Additionally,
there are economic implications of improving the indoor environment
and not ignoring potential problems that often emanate from poor in-
door environments; these must be conveyed to all stakeholders. To this
end, the USGBC must continue to highlight and advance green building
policy.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to thank Dr. Chris M. Nagy for providing the
initial information and contact. Special thanks are due to the building
architect and anonymous church officials for their assistance during pri-
mary data collection and analysis.
 18 Energy Engineering Vol. 110, No. 3 2013

References
1. Abbaszadeh, S., Zagreus, L., Lehrer, D., and Huizenga, C. (2006). Occupant Sat-
isfaction with Indoor Environmental Quality in Green Buildings. Proceedings of
Healthy Buildings 2006, Lisbon, Vol. III, 365-370.
2. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Qual-
ity. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE. Retrieved July 10, 2011 from www.ashrae.org.
3. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1. Energy Standard for Buildings Except
Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE. Retrieved July 10, 2011
from www.ashrae.org.
4. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2004. Thermal. Environmental. Conditions for
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door Air Quality and Public Health, Climate Change, the Indoor Environment,
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nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13115
7. Iyiegbuniwe, E. and Rodriguez M. (2005). Indoor Air Quality in a South-central
Kentucky School Part II: Prevalence of Bacteria and Fungi. Presented at the 133rd
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8. Lee, Y. S. and Kim, S. (2008). Indoor Environmental Quality in LEED-Certified
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ence Guide. Retrieved July 29, 2011 from www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.
aspx?CMSPageID=220

———————————————————————————————
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Emmanuel A. Iyiegbuniwe is an Associate Professor and Di-
rector of Environmental Health Science in the Department of Public
Health at Western Kentucky University. He received his MS and PhD
degrees in Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences from the
University of Illinois at Chicago. He has over 25 years of professional
experience in academia, government, consulting, and industry, includ-
 19

ing several scientific publications addressing environmental and occu-

pational health exposures such as metals, volatile organic compounds,
and other air pollutants of public health importance. Dr. Iyiegbuniwe
has conducted a number of assessments on LEED indoor air quality and
net zero energy in high performance buildings. His teaching, research,
and service activities focus mainly in the areas of chemical, physical, and
biological exposure assessments for substances of public health impor-
tance; industrial noise evaluation; indoor air quality assessments; etc.
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Dr. Iyiegbuniwe is a Thomas Jefferson scholar and a fellow of the Ameri-

can Industrial Hygiene Association’s Future Leaders Institute and the
CDC’s Environmental Public Health Leadership Institute, as well as a
scholar of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities
(Japan Studies Institute/Nippon Foundation Scholarship). He is a mem-
ber of several national and international professional organizations, in-
cluding APHA, KPHA, AIHA, NEHA, and WEEC. Contact information:
Emmanuel Iyiegbuniwe, Western Kentucky University, Department
of Public Health, College of Health & Human Services, 1906 College
Heights Boulevard, Bowling Green, KY 42101 (Tel.: 270-745-5088; E-mail:
emmanuel.iyiegbuniwe@wku.edu.)