COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURSE

MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL

ECONOMICS

THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE ON THE ETHIOPIAN

ECONOMY WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON LIVESTOCK
PRODUCTION IN CASE OF METU WEREDA

BY: - BETHELEHEM MESELE

ID NO: -3979/20

ADIVISOR: -SAMUEL.Dame(Msc)

JUNE,2023

DILLA, ETHIOPIA

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, I express my heartfelt for almighty GOD who is the sole creator,
owner and operator of the universe. My deepest gratitude will not be limited here
without mentioning his gracious and merciful as well as his surprising and
unbelievable support so as to accomplish this difficult task from the beginning up to
the end. Next to this I would like to thank my advisor Samuel for his priceless
suggestions and constructive comments in order to make this study clearer and more
precise. Moreover, I am not willing to pass without mentioning his critical support
starting from the proposal up to the final research. His willingness to me to show
some directions is not forgettable at every circumstance.

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ACRONYMS
CSA = Central Static Authority

FAO = Food and Agricultural Organization

FY = Fiscal Year

GDP = Gross Domestic Product

ILRI = International Livestock Research Institution

MEDC = Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Contents
page

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.......................................................................................................................
ACRONYMS......................................................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT.........................................................................................................................
CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................................
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................
1.1. Background of the Study.......................................................................................................
1.2. Statement of the Problem......................................................................................................
1.3. Objective of the Study...........................................................................................................
1.3.1. General Objective...................................................................................................8
1.3.2. Specific Objectives.................................................................................................8
1.4. Significance of the Study......................................................................................................
1.5. Scope of the study.................................................................................................................
1.6. Limitation of the study..........................................................................................................
CHAPTER TWO...............................................................................................................................
2. LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................
2.1. Theoretical Literature Review............................................................................................
2.1.1. Concept of Livestock Production..........................................................................11
2.1.2. The Trend and Contribution of Livestock..............................................................11
2.1.2. The role of Livestock on Employment Creation and Poverty Reduction..............12
2.2. Empirical Literature Review...............................................................................................
2.2.1 Importance of Livestock Production......................................................................13
2.2.2. Problem for Decline of Livestock Production and Falling Livestock Sector.........13
CHAPTER THREE.............................................................................................................................
3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................
3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA..........................................................................
3.1.1. Sources of Data and Methods of Data Collection..................................................16
3.2. Sampling Technique and Sample Size................................................................................

4
 3.3. Econometric Analysis........................................................................................................
3.4. Definition of independent variables....................................................................................
3.5. Methods of Data Analysis...................................................................................................
4. BUDGET AND WORK PLAN.........................................................................................................
4.1. Budget.................................................................................................................................
4.2. Work plan............................................................................................................................
5.Reference....................................................................................................................................

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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Agriculture is one of the dominant sectors in Ethiopia. Since the climate of Ethiopia is
very suitable to agriculture, the activity is practiced in many areas of the country. One
part of this agriculture is livestock production.

Ethiopia has large number of livestock production. It ranks first in terms of livestock
population in Africa and tenth in the world (FAO, 2004). However, the accurate
number of livestock population is not known.

But the number of livestock population is estimated based on the estimation by

different national and international organizations. For example the ministry of
agriculture estimated that the country has 76 million, cattle, sheep and goats, 1 million
camels, 56 million poultry (2003).

As food and agricultural organization (FAO) estimated that the country has 67.8
million cattle, sheep and goats, 7 million equines, 1 million camels and 54 million
poultry. However, livestock and livestock products contribute 13% for gross domestic
product and contribute 33% for agricultural product (CSA 2007).

But the contribution of this sector to foreign exchange earning fluctuates from year to
year. For example the sector contribute on average 19% to the country foreign earning
by exporting different type of livestock stock production like goat, camels, sheep etc.
(2000 NBE). But its contribution to the foreign exchange earnings increased to 24%
from 2001 to 2007/08 (NBE 2007/08) due to improvement in food availability as a
result of favorable rainfall condition and suitable infrastructure in rural areas.

Due to the increase in foreign exchange of livestock, t

his sector will make considerable contributions even though there are different
problems which affect the sector in different parameters. As compared to the potential
of the sector, the contribution is not as much as significant or appreciable. The total
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population of metu woreda constitutes about 102977. Among this population about
52884 are males and about 50143 are females. Among the total population of the
woreda about 89% depends up on agriculture. That means they conduct both
production of output and livestock production. Especially livestock is the major
important economic activity for the woreda as well as for places which are adjacent to
the woreda.

In the woreda there are 14803 goats, 8856 equines, 12541 cattle, 76956 poultry and
1898 traditional beehives in woreda (Office of livestock, 2015).

The most widely prevalent livestock diseases are anthrox, blackleg pastearelosis,
Lumphy and internal and external parasites on the other hand the woreda has
favorable natural condition for livestock rearing (Mentir, 1992)

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Livestock are important assets to the rural poor in developing countries but are faced
with the major challenge of marked seasonal feed availability. This study will be
carring out to assess existing and potential feed resources and constraints to livestock
production in metu woreda. A feed assessment tool will be to collect necessary data.

Livestock rising is the major component source of consumption of the majority of

people. Also livestock production itself plays great role in the reduction of poverty
and other economic problem of the society in both urban and rural areas. However the
number of livestock population decreases from time to time due to climate changes,
drought and different diseases (CSA). In addition to that the estimated number of
sheep, goats and other animals died from the disease in the country were about 2.3
million, 1.86 million and0.29 million heads respectively. The estimated number of
animals died from other reason during the reference period is about 2.5 million. As a
result such higher number doesn’t contribute profound economic advantages as
expected (CSA, 2005)

People are suffered from mal-nutrition which could be minimized by eating the
animals and their by product like, meat, milk, better and etc. The high number of
livestock also causes over grazing and soil erosion in the country (MEDAC, 2005)

Generally, the main reason for the low contribution of the sector to the country’s
economy is as follows:

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  The prevalence of different animal’s disease in the country reduces the
important of livestock and livestock importing country.
 The livestock and livestock production can be maintained for long term with
fewer costs, this also reduces the contribution of the sector to the country.
 The livestock holders are traditional in their types because the livestock
holders do not concentrate on the quality rather they emphasis for the large
number of livestock, but when we compare the livestock population potential
with its contribution to the economy at its infant stage, production and
marketing system still be backward. Previous studies which were conducted
by Bezabih (2012) and Tesfaye (2014) did not incorporate the contribution of
livestock especially to reduce the level of unemployment and different types
of challenges which have a capacity to affect livestock sector. Here the current
study assesses such and like these issues in order to fill the gap. Ultimately the
research will solve the following basic important questions.

1.3. Objective of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective
The general objective of the study is to investigate or examine the role of agriculture
on the Ethiopia economy with special emphasis on the livestock production.

1.3.2. Specific Objectives

 To identify the main reason for the declination of livestock production.
 To investigate the problems or challenges of the livestock sector.
 To describe the importance/contribution of livestock production on reduction
of unemployment and poverty..

1.4. Significance of the Study

 The significance of this study is that it will provide valuable information to
the government policy makers regarding to the agricultural sector particularly
for the livestock production.
 It will also help for otherresearcherswho are interested to study further
analysis in this woreda.

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  In addition to this it will help farmers to attain their goals or to bring the
desired outcome.
 It will become important for future transformation possibility of the economy.
 It is used to determine whether livestock production is preferable or not in the
woreda.
 It will help to farmers to get remedial action for the problems related to
livestock production.
 It is useful phenomenon to understand whether farmers are sensitive or not in
engaging in such type of economic activity.

This research focuses on the livestock production, problems facing this sector in
special emphasis of Metu woreda agriculture. For example it includes problems
related to marketing, problem related to demand and supply and problem related to
production.

It also emphasizes on current issues of the government and non- governmental

organizations whose duties are organizing unemployed urban and rural residents to
create job for them on the activities of rearing animals and livestock production. And
assess the contribution of the sector for GDP growth and reduce poverty and income
inequality.

1.5. Scope of the study

The study will be conducted in metu woreda about the role of agriculture with a
special emphasis on livestock production. The study assesses on the contribution of
livestock in creating employment opportunities. Moreover it clarifies different
challenges which are capable of affecting livestock production in different
parameters. Problems that are related to market, environment and other issues has
been assessed in a well-organized manner.

1.6. Limitation of the study

This study will not be free from some limitations. The researcher will be faced
different types of problems.

 Unwillingness of respondents to give appropriate response for this particular

study.
 Lack of sufficient information of respondents about the matter concerned.

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 In availability of respondents at prescribed period of time.
 Communication divergence between the researcher and the respondents.
 Lack of sufficient time to collect appropriate data about this particular study.
 Lack of knowledge of respondents in order to get proper response so as to
obtain short and precise information about the matter concerned.
 Lack of sufficient budget to run this task in a well-defined manner.
 Shortage of energy to travel to the case area forever, this means that the study
requires frequent supervision in order to get sufficient information about the
day to day performance of livestock production. Due to such reasons the
researcher might achieve his intended purpose as he requires but as much as
possible the researcher tries to confront such types of impediments for
successful accomplishment of this study.
 The ultimate limitation or problem that the researcher faces is that of problem
of divergence in the response of the respondents, that means each and every
respondents give different response for the for similar questions. This type of
divergence makes the researcher to be confused. So that different response for
the same question will be created. Here are some limitations which are
assumed to be some hindrances or impediments and enables he researcher not
to run its business in a well- defined manner.

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CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Theoretical Literature Review
2.1.1. Concept of Livestock Production
Livestock is one part of agricultural sector which is concerned with the rearing of
animals and realizing (to obtain) animals products. It includes rearing of cattle, sheep,
goats; donkeys, mules, horse, camels, poultry and other species of animals.

There are two types of livestock farming. These are subsistence livestock farming and
commercial livestock farming. Livestock farming is rearing of animals for the
production of eggs, meats, milk, hides, skin, wool and pack subsistence animal
herding comprises of animals production. Under mixed farming and pastoral farming
mainly animal holding mixed farming is producing crops and livestock in intimately
integrated manner (MEDAC, 2005)

Under commercial livestock farming: there are four types of commercial livestock
farming:

 Dairy farming
 Beef farming
 Poultry farming
 Wool farming

2.1.2. The Trend and Contribution of Livestock

Livestock production is a major component of the agricultural economy of developing
countries as well as Ethiopian economy and goes well beyond direct food production.
Sales of livestock and their products provided direct cash income to farmers. Animals
are source of food, particularly of high quality protein, minerals vitamins and micro
nutrients.

The value of diary animal’s protein is in access of its proportion in diets because it
contains essential components like that of amino acid.

The overall contribution of livestock especially its multipurpose contribution to food

and agricultural production is not forgettable. It has also major role in poverty

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reduction and employment creation. In developing countries, commercial farming is
seen as the way for employment creation and poverty alleviation. Although livestock
has dimensional contribution for economic development of developing countries, it
does not show a surprising growth as expected (Fad, ILRL, 2005).

2.1.2. The role of Livestock on Employment Creation and Poverty Reduction

Livestock production has many roles in employment creation and poverty alleviation
therefore its contribution is not forgettable at every circumstance. Some of its
contribution can be shown follows:

A. Source of Income

Animal’s products are source of disposable income for many small farmers in
developing countries. In fact, livestock’s are often the most important cash crop in
many small holder mixed farming systems.

At farm level, the important of livestock as an income source and the actual sources of
income vary across ecological zones and production system which in turn determines
the products and services generated. Cash can be generated from sales of livestock
products regularly (Milks, eggs) or sporadically (livestock animals, wool, meats).
Dairy products are the most regular income generate. The livestock share in cash
income was higher in the high land of Ethiopia where total cash income was higher
indicating that increased cash income was higher indicting that increased cash income
primary from livestock (Grysees, 2001 Omiti 2005).

In mixed farming system, livestock reduces the risk through diversification of

production and income sources and therefore a much greater ability to deal with
seasonal crop failure and other natural calamities.

B. Employment Opportunity

Increased production implies high employment or more labor intensive at farm level
and women are active in production and marketing. The processing sectors have also
been identified as focus for generating employment and limiting rural depopulation.
Small scale milk processing and marketing is labor intensive and generates
employment from local manufacture of at least part of the equipment used. The meat
sectors also provide employment for slaughter, marketing and processing (FAD, ILRI,
1995).

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 C. Source of raw materials

Equines, camel, horse and soon are used in drafts operation as diverse as pulling
arable implements and carts, lifting water and skidding logs. At term level, draft
animals ownership pattern have implication for food production and security. In many
developing countries ownership is skewed. Nutrient recycling are an essential part of
any strategy for sustainable agriculture. Integration of livestock and crops allows for
efficient recycling through use of crop residuals and by products as animal’s foods
and for animals manure as cross fertilizer.

2.2. Empirical Literature Review

2.2.1 Importance of Livestock Production
The first five of 45 ranked agricultural commodity in developing region are rice, milk,
meat, beef meat and pig meat. Eggs, poultry meat and sheep/goat meat ranked 9, 20,
25 respectively (FAO grouted in TAC, 1993). On the global based meat, milk, eggs
and fiber together contribute about 40% or the value of crop (excluding, livestock and
fish) production. The proportion is about 50% in developed areas and 25% on
developing region (USDA, 1993 quoted in Fitzhugh). If tree and fish are include in
the definition live- stock accounts for 20% of all agriculture commodity in the
developing region on a whole but shore up 25% in Latin America and the Caribbean
and west Asia and North Africa. These figures do not include the value of drought
power and manure and contribution from equines, camels and other minor livestock
species.

In Sub Saharan Africa including non- food products and service would increase
livestock’s contribution by 50% (win rock 1996). In the Ethiopia and Mali major part
of livestock cash income was spent on food and medicine (Debora and Sissoko 1995).

Integration of livestock and crop is crucial to agricultural production in Ethiopia since

the draught power is mainly generated from oxen. Leading to law percept
consumption of animal products (Hadere 2005), the livestock sub sector contributes
about 33% of the agricultural GDP and 19% of export earning in Ethiopia.

2.2.2. Problem for Decline of Livestock Production and Falling Livestock Sector
The most important problems in livestock production are:

1. Animal disease

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 2. Poor infrastructure
3. Drought and climate change
4. Lack of supply of water

Animal health is a major constraint to increase productivity of livestock in tropical

countries. It has been estimated for example the losses due to disease are equal in
value to one quarter of annual animal production on Sub Saharan Africa (ILRI, 1995).

Animal’s disease impose three kind costs losses through mortality and reduced
performance cost of preventive and curative treatment and the cost of lost opportunity
where development is prevented. Parasitic diseases which are prevents in tropical
countries. The particularly in habit development of milk production which usually
involves the upgrading of local cows to higher producing but more disease susceptible
genotypes often such development is possible only if the price of an additional
environmental cost the heavy use of insecticides and accuracies to keep vector under
control (ILRI 1994) of the tick borne disease, an oplosmosis and babesoosis are
threats over 700 million cattle worldwide, including 2.3 of those in South East Asia.

Tsetse fly transmitted tryponsomiasis, which affects both livestock and human, is
endemic across some 10 million square kilometer in 37 African countries. It cost in
cattle alone is estimated at more than 500 million dollar per year. Other formsof
tryponosomiosis are important disease in Latin America and South East Asia (ILCA,
1999).

Disease problem can be classified in to three categories: the epizooties infection

disease problems which form the first category are mainly virus disease such as foot
and mouth disease and Tinder pest. The second category of disease is the most
important in terms of animal losses. The third category of disease includes those
associated with intensification of livestock production as well as zooneses (tuber
coloises, brucerlosis rabies) (ILCA 1996).

In Ethiopia, despite the importance of livestock to the large sector of the population
and to the economy at large, the sub sector has remained untapped. One of the major
constraints that hampered the development of the subsector is the widespread
prevalence of highly contagious animal disease (Silesh 2005). These animal diseases
which are wide spread in all agro ecological zones of the country, cause major
economic and social roses to the livestock community the impact of these diseases are

14
devastating in pastoral and remote areas, where the lives to the community entirely
depend on their livestock (Silesh 2005).

A livestock disease has an impact that includes:

 Loss of livestock and that results in productivity

 Reduction of market opportunity
 Disturbance of human health
 Impairment of human welfare
Besides disease risks have impact on vacelination and chemoprophylaxis. Moreover,
disease control activities may have negative impacts on improper use of chemicals
and drugs (Getachew, 2005).

The pastoral area of Ethiopia is characterized by large size in area coverage, limited
development, poor infrastructure, drought and insecurity. But, high potential for
livestock production and rearing animals such areas include Agoden, Borana, Afar
and Same district part of Amhara and Tigray.

Among other factor drought and insecurity which affects or constraints for
development of livestock production in such area the human population tends to be
small, highly mobile and difficult to reach and drive at least 50% of their food and
income from their livestock. The main concerns of postural people are livestock
disease, water supply and insecurity. The most important disease found in pastoral
areas are; tryponsomiosis and internal and external parasite (Getcachew, 2004).

A subsequent year, drought and animal disease reduced livestock production and their
subsector which contributes low level to GDP and growth of country. Especially
animal diseases decrease demand and supply of livestock production at international
level and domestic level and reduce foreign exchange earning of country.

As a result of drought and diseases are lost on million livestock as well as million
dollars of exchange earning. But Ethiopia government emphasizes livestock
production and livestock sector at current time and construct different Dam and
hospital for improvement of livestock production in pastoral areas. The construction
of the dam enables the livestock to get a little bit water during the time of shortage of
water. In addition to this the Ethiopian government particularly, ministry of
agriculture give higher prudence for every actions which are related to that of the

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livestock sector. This enables those farmers to extract huge amount of return from
livestock product at minimum cost. (Airline Magazine, 20).

CHAPTER THREE

3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
The distance between Metu to Addis Ababa via Jimma is 677 Km by road in south-
western Ethiopia. Located in the Illubabor Zone of the Oromia along the Sor River,
this town has a latitude and longitude of 8°18′N 35°35′E and an altitude of 1605
meters. Metu was the capital of the former Illubabor Province from 1978 until the
adoption of the new constitution in 1995

The 2007 national census reported a total population for Metu of 28,782, of whom
14,400 were men and 14,382 were women. The majority of the inhabitants practised
Muslim, with 47.55% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 26%
of the population said they were Ethiopian Orthodox, and 26% were Protestan In
Metu,

the wet season is overcast, the dry season is partly cloudy, and it is warm year round.
Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 49°F to 84°F and is
rarely below 43°F or above 91°F.

The warm season lasts for 2.8 months, from February 15 to May 9, with an average
daily high temperature above 81°F. The hottest month of the year in Metu is April,
with an average high of 83°F and low of 58°F.

The cool season lasts for 2.4 months, from June 25 to September 6, with an average
daily high temperature below 74°F. The coldest month of the year in Metu is
December, with an average low of 49°F and high of 81°F.

3.1.1. Sources of Data and Methods of Data Collection

The method of data collection for the study will be conducted based up on both
secondary and primary source of data. Primary data will be applied by developing
questionnaire and interview which is delivered to households who are engaging in
rearing livestock. Whereas in case of secondary data miscellaneous types of books in

16
the library, different types of documents, annual reports which are obtained from
different organizations, journals, articles, magazines, leaflets and other important
documents will be employed in order to make the research more precise and clear at
every circumstance.

3.2. Sampling Technique and Sample Size

This research will be conducted based up on precision desires sampling techniques in
which target population will be piled up on probably die to representative population.
A respondent will be piled up from the officials and residents who are both employee
and employer and engaged in livestock production. Therefore based on households 75
respondents will be taken as ample size. Here the researcher intentionally selected
those respondents in order to get accurate information for this particular study. The
major to use thisl sampling technique here is to get accurate information about the
matter from those individuals who have special knowledge from the remained
farmers.Due to the representativeness of the whole population, the target population
will be minimized to about 300 households randomly.

Where: n= sample size n = N/1+N (e) 2=300/1+300*0.12 =75

N =Population size

e=sampling error/level of precision

But, because of shortage of time, budget and distance factors, under this study only 75
households will be taken.

3.3. Econometric Analysis

To analyze the determinants of livestock production, multiple linear regression
models of OLS (ordinary least square) estimation will be used. It is an essential
method of econometric analysis to recognize and realize patterns of the influencing
factors. The most important variables that will determine livestock production include
availability of grazing land, veterinary services, extension services, marketing
information,and level of education According to Sekaran (2000:401), inferential
statistics allows to infer from the data through analysis the relationship between two
or more variables and how several independent variables might explain the variance

17
in a dependent variable. The following inferential statistical methods will be used in
this study.

Linear regression is a method of estimating or predicting a value on some dependent

variable given the values of one or more independent variables. Like correlations,
statistical regression examines the association or relationship between variables.
Unlike correlations, however, the primary purpose of regression is prediction
(Geoffrey M. et al., 2005:224-225). In this study multiple regressions will be
employed. Multiple regression analysis will consider the inter-correlations among all
variables involved. They added multiple regression analysis, which means more than
one predictor is jointly regressed against the criterion variable. This method is will be
used to determine if the independent variables were explaining the variance in
dependent variable.

The equation of regressions on this study will be generally built around two sets of
variables, namely dependent variable (livestock production) and independent
variables (availability of grazing land, veterinary services, extension services,
marketing information,and level of education ). The basic objective of using
regression equation on this study will be to make the study more effective at
describing, understanding and predicting the stated variables.

Model Specification:

Number of livestock owned by sample household head is continuous dependent

variable of the model that is measured in Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU). The
appropriate econometric technique to deal with continuous dependent variable is
using multiple linear regression models and it is the most popular statistical
techniques used to analysis the data. It is a general statistical technique through which
one can analyze the relationship between a continuous dependent variable and a set of
dummy/categorical/ continuous independent variables.

Y= @+ β1X1+ β2X2+ β3X3+ β4X4I+ β5X5+...+Ui Where, y=livestock production

by sampled household head in TLU; X1=Availability of grazing land (0= if no
grazing land, 1= if grazing land); X2=availability of veterinary services (0= no
veterinary services, 1= if veterinary services) X3=Education level of respondents
measured in number of year spend in schoolingX4=availability of extension services

18
(0= if noextension services, 1= otherwise) X5=Availability of market information (0=
if no market information, 1= otherwise)

3.4. Definition of independent variables

Availability of grazing land: The result show that presence of grazing land is
positively determines livestock production development of household headsMethod of
Data Analysis: Land availability determines the amount of feed the livestock get
therefore it is very important in livestock development

Availability of veterinary service:is an input for the health of livestock production

hence increases number of livestock production.

Education level of household head:education level negatively and significantly

determines livestock production development of smallholder farmers in the study
area.This is true as education level of farm household increase more focus on quality
rather than quantity

Availability of extension services: the estimated coefficient of this variable supports

the proposed hypothesis and it is significant.This is true by expanding and
encouraging the household participation rate for the use of extension program is still
important for the livestock production enhancement since the extension user
households are more productive than non-user.

Access to marketing information:Marketing should play an important role in the

process of transforming smallscale farmers into commercial producers; according
Coetzee et al.,(2005:4) the market is the institution that should provide the necessary
incentives for farmers to increase their income

Metu district

Target of households 300

Sample size selected 75

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Source; personal communication

But due to time, money and other constraint it will tries to take only sample of 75.
Therefore, using sample size proportion of population, it will select 75 from the total
of 300 target households.

The overall household survey will be following a random sampling technique though
the study area. But at the beginning by simple random sampling 75 households will
be randomly selected from the study area.

3.5. Methods of Data Analysis

The study will be used descriptive statistical analysis in order to acquire a general
understanding about characteristics of livestock. This descriptive statistic will be used
in data analysis in the form of percentage, table, number and other statistical
descriptions.

4. BUDGET AND WORK PLAN

4.1. Budget
When the research proposal will be conduct it is necessary to consider benefits that
will be gained as cost allocated. Therefore, the following minimum cost budget will
be proposed for this research proposal.

Table 4.1 budget allocation

In this study the following material cost will be appropriately available

Number Description Units Amount Units cost TOTAL

1 Pen No 3 10 30

2 Flesh 30 GB No 1 250 250.00

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 3 Calculator No 1 150 150.00

4 Note book No 1 20 20

Contingenc 350
y

Total 795

4.2. Work plan

[Research proposal work cannot be complete within a day or a week as it involves a
number of tasks for related review of literature, data collection and data analysis.

So the time schedule will design for successful completion of the research proposal.

Table 4.2.break down of work plan

No. Activities Nov Sep oct nov dec jua feb mar
1 Topic selection 

Development 
2 of research
proposal
3 Proposal 
submission

4 Data  
Preparation

5 Data 
organization,
analysis and
interpretation
6 Report writing 

7 Advisor contact       

8 Draft final 
research

9 Research  
submission

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5.Reference

BBS, 1998, Bangladesh Census of Agriculture and Livestock; Ministry of

Planning, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Bekure, 2007, Economic Geography of Ethiopia: Published Material, Addis

Ababa University.

CACC, 2001/02 Statistical Report on: Farm Management Practice Livestock and
Farm Implement. Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

CSA 2005, Agricultural Sample Survey, Report on: Livestock and Livestock
Characteristics. Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

CSA 2006 Agricultural Sample Survey, Report on: Livestock and Livestock
Characteristics Statistical Bulletin 361, Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

Debora, 1994, Animal Agriculture in Developing Countries, Win rock

International: Morrilton USA

FAO, 1995, Livestock Development Strategy for Low Income Countries.

Getachew 2010 “Survey of Ethiopia Economy”

Getachew 2012Proceeds of Workshop on Animal Disease. Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

ILRI (International Livestock Research Institution), 1995 Livestock Development

Strategies for Low Income Countries. Nairobi Kenya,

22
ILRI, 1995/7/8 Pastoral Livestock Systems, Nairobi Kenya

MEDAC, 1997 “Macro planning and Economic Policy Animals Department”

MEDAC, 2005 Ministry of economic Development and Cooperation: Survey of

Livestock and Fisheries Development. Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

Meintir, 1992 Crop Livestock Interaction In sub-Saharan Africa. The World Bank:
Washington DC. USA.

Office of livestock, 2009, Report of Livestock Production in Kuteber.

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