SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL

- DIRECT SHEAR STRESS - RELATION OF NORMAL STRESS AND SHEAR STRESS

A) NORMAL STRESS: A) NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY, c=0
τ
P tan∅ = ; τ = σtan∅
σ= P
σ
A
σ=𝜋
P B) OVER CONSOLIDATED CLAY
(50)2
4
D
h=σan∅ ; τ = c + σtan∅

B) SHORTENING OF LENGTH:
A
A= o
1−ε P
∆L
ε=
L
πD2
Ao = D
4
P
σ=
A

RESISTING SHEAR STRESS

F F
τ= ; τ=𝜋
A (50)2
4
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE

Normally Consolidated Soil W/o Surcharge

K o = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 〖σ = γ〗_s hK_o
γ_s= unit weight of soil h h
K o = coefficient of at rest earth pressure F
(normally consolidated soil) F = (γ_s h^2 K_o)/2
∅ = angle of internal friction
σ = γs hK o

𝑞 = surcharge(KPa)
With Surcharge
Over Consolidated Soil 𝑞 = surcharge(KPa)
K o = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅)√OCR γs = unit weight of soil F1
h
F2
OCR= present over consolidated ratio F1 = qK o h
γs h2 Ko
F2 = qK o Ys hK o
2 σ = K o (q + Ys h)
Normally Consolidated Clays, whose
Plasticity index is known
a) For PI between 0-40 With Surcharge and Water Table
K o = 0.4 + 0.007(PI) Y ′ = Ysat − Yw
σ = K o [q + Ys h1 + Yh2 ] + Ywh2
b) For PI between 40-80 Y ′ = Ysat − Yw
K o = 0.64 + 0.001(PI) (Ysat − Yw)h2 = Y′h2

RANKINE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE WITH A HORIZONTAL BACKFILL

RANKINE ACTIVE PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
1) NON-COHESIVE SOIL 2) COHESIVE SOIL B) AFTER TENSILE CRACK OCCURS
RANKINE ACTIVE PRESSURE
& FORCE ON WALL

A) BEFORE TENSILE CRACK OCCURS

RANKINE PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE WITH A HORIZONTAL BACKFILL

RANKINE ACTIVE PRESSURE FOR INCLINED BACKFILL

A) COHESIONLESS SOIL B) COHESSIVE SOIL

RANKINE ACTIVE EARTH

PRESSURE COEFF.
1) Z = DEPTH OF TENSILE CRACK

RANKINE ACTIVE FORCE FOR 2) 𝝈𝒂 =ACTIVE PRESSURE AT DEPTH H

INLCINED BACKFILL
3) RESULTANT ACTIVE FORCE AFTER RANKINE PASSIVE PRESSURE FOR INCLINED BACKFILL
CRACK OCURRS
A) COHESIONLESS SOIL B) COHESSIVE SOIL

RANKINE PASIVE EARTH

PRESSURE COEFF.

RANKINE PASIVE FORCE FOR

INLCINED BACKFILL
COULUMB’S ACTIVE FORCE ON A HORIZONTAL BACKFILL

COULUMB’S PASSIVE FORCE ON A HORIZONTAL BACKFILL

FAILURE WEDGE OF RETAINING WALL
TERZAGHI’S ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY FACTOR

Local Shear Failure General Shear Failure