CHAPTER 3

FUNCTIONS and
GRAPHS
 Lesson 1
DEFINITION and TYPES
Definition of a Function
•It is a relation defined as a set of
ordered pairs (x, y) where no
two or more distinct ordered
pairs have the same first element
(x).
•Every value of x corresponds to
a unique value of y
In how many ways
can we represent a
function?
1. Mapping
2. Set notation (set of ordered pairs)
3. Machine
4. Graph
5. Table of Values
6. Equation
THE FUNCTION AS A
MAPPING
 Check this out to determine if it is a function.

1
2
2
4
3
6
4 8
5 10

Set A is the domain Set B is the range

This is a function Must use all the x’s

The x value can only be assigned to one y

Examples:
• Illustrations below are examples of a
function
Is it a function or not?
THE FUNCTION AS SET
NOTATION
 Examples
• 1. {(2,3), (-1,5), (4,-2), (9,9), (0,-6)}

• 2. {(2, 3), (3, 0), (5, 2), (4, 3)}

Is it a function or not?

a. f = {(0, -1), (2, -5), (4, -9), (6,-13)}

b. r ={(a, 0), (b, -1), (c, 0), (d, -1)}
c. g = (5, -10), (25, -50), (50, -100)
d. t = {(-2, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 1), (-2, 2)}
THE FUNCTION AS A
MACHINE
 Functions
Independent and Dependent
Variables

The value that a function takes in is

called the input or the independent
variable while the corresponding
value that it produces is the output
or the dependent variable.
 Functions
A function is a relation in which each
element of the domain is paired with
exactly one element of the range.
Another way of saying it is that there is
one and only one output (y) with each
input (x).

x f(x) y
 Function Notation

y = f (x )
Input
Output Name of
Function
Determine if this machine produces
a function…
Determine if this machine produces
a function…
Determine if this machine produces
a function…
Determine if this machine produces
a function…
 Determine whether each
relation is a function.
• 1. {(2, 3), (3, 0), (5, 2), (4, 3)}
2 f(x)
3

3 f(x)
0

5 f(x)
2

4 f(x)
3

• YES, every domain is different!

 Determine whether the relation
is a function.
• 2. {(4, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (6, 6), (1, 9)}
4 f(x)
1

5 2
f(x) NO,
5 f(x)
3 5 is paired with 2 numbers!
6 f(x)
6

1 f(x)
9
THE FUNCTION AS A
GRAPH
What is a vertical line
test?
Vertical Line Test
a

• The vertical line test for a function

states that if each vertical line
intersects a graph in the x-y plane at
exactly one point, then the graph
illustrates a function.
 Vertical Line Test
If any vertical line passes through
more than one point of the graph,
then that relation is not a function.
Are these functions?

FUNCTION! FUNCTION! NOPE!

Is this a function or not?
Is this a function or not?
Is this a function or not?
 Vertical Line Test

FUNCTION!

NO!

NO WAY!
FUNCTION!
Is this a graph of a function?

1. Yes
2. No
THE FUNCTION AS A
TABLE OF VALUES
Table of Values
a

• A table of values is commonly

observed when describing a function.
• This shows the correspondence
between a set of values of x and a set
of values of y in a tabular form.
Examples of Table of Values
a

x 0 1 4 9 16
y -5 -4 -1 4 11

x -1 -1/4 0 1/4 1
y -1 - 1/2 0 1/2 1
FUNCTIONS AS
EQUATIONS
 Which of the following
represent/s a function?
 REAL LIFE
REPRESENTATIONS OF
FUNCTIONS
Is it a function or not?

1.A jeepney and its plate number

2.A student and his ID number
3.A teacher and his cellular phone
4.A pen and the color of its ink
FUNCTIONS AS MODELS
Functions as models
Functions as models
Exercise:
1. A car is traveling at a constant speed of 60
kph. Formulate an equation that shows
distance (d) covered by the car as a function
of time (t).

2. Formulate an equation showing the volume

(v) of a cube as a function of the length of
the side/edge (s).
Piece-wise Functions
a

• These are functions which are defined

in different domains since they are
determined by several equations.
Examples
2x + 3 if x ≠ 2
𝒇 𝒙 =$
4 if x = 2
a

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 if x < 1
𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 =% –𝒙 +𝟐 if x = 1
𝟐
𝒙 if x >1
Piece-wise Functions in the
Real World
Piece-wise Functions in the
Real World
EVALUATING
FUNCTIONS
Evaluating Functions
a

• It is the process of determining the

value of the function at the number
assigned to a given variable.
Example:
Let 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒. Find the following
values of the function
a. f (2)
b. f (-1)
c. f (0)
d. f (- ½ )
e. f (- 4)
Example:
Let 𝐠 𝐱 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟑 . Find the following
values of the function
a. g (2)
b. g (4)
c. g (0)
d. g (9)
e. g (- 1/3)
Example:
𝟒𝒙$𝟖
Let h 𝐱 = . Find the following values
𝟐𝒙&𝟒
of the function
a. h (1)
b. h (-2)
c. h (6)
d. h (0)
e. h (2)
Evaluate the given function:
END
 Lesson 2
DOMAIN AND RANGE
OF FUNCTIONS
Domain D of a Function
a

• It is the set of all x-coordinates in the

set of ordered pairs.
Range R of a Function
a

• It is the set of all y-coordinates in the

set of ordered pairs.
Determine the domain and the range
of the following:
a x 0 1 4 9 16
y -5 -4 -1 4 11

x -1 -1/4 0 1/4 1
y -1 - 1/2 0 1/2 1
Graphs of Functions
• Find the domain
and range from a
graph
• Domain: part of x-
axis covered by
graph
• Range: part of y-
axis covered by
graph
 Graphs of Functions
Domain and Range
More on Domain
a

• There are instances in which not all

values of the independent variables
are permissible.
• That is, some functions have
restrictions.
For the functions we will be dealing with, there
are two "illegals":
1. You can't divide by zero (denominator
(bottom) of a fraction can't be zero)
2. You can't take the square root (or even root)
of a negative number

When you are asked to find the domain of a

function, you can use any value for x as long as
the value won't create an "illegal" situation.
Find the domain for the given function:

Since no matter what value you

f (x ) = 2 x - 1
choose for x, you won't be dividing
by zero or taking the square root of a
negative number, you can use
anything you want so we say the
answer is: All real numbers x.
 Find the domain for the given function:
Note: There is
nothing wrong with
the top = 0 just means
the fraction = 0
If you choose x = 2, the denominator
will be 2 – 2 = 0 which is illegal
x+3
g (x ) = because you can't divide by zero.
x-2 The answer then is:
illegal if this All real numbers x such that x ≠ 2.
is zero means does not equal
Let's find the domain of another one:

h( x ) = x - 4
Can't be negative so must be ≥ 0

x-4³0 solve
this x³4
So the answer is:
All real numbers x such that x³4
For the Range:
• Change f(x) to y.
• Solve for x in terms of y.
• Check for illegals using the
techniques we use for the domain.
Examples
a

1. f (x) = 2 x -1

x+3
2. g ( x ) =
x-2

3. h( x ) = x - 4
Exercise
END
 Lesson 3
ALGEBRA OF
FUNCTIONS
 Function Operations

Addition : ( f + g )( x) = f (x) + g (x)

Subtraction : ( f - g )(x) = f (x) - g (x)
Multiplication : ( f × g )( x ) = f ( x ) × g ( x )
æfö f (x )
Division : çç ÷÷( x ) = where g(x ) ¹ 0
ègø g (x )
 Adding and Subtracting Functions
Let f (x ) = 3x + 8 and g(x ) = 2 x - 12.
Find f + g and f - g
( f + g )( x) = f (x ) + g (x )
= (3x + 8) + (2 x - 12)
= 5x - 4
 Adding and Subtracting Functions
Let f (x ) = 3x + 8 and g(x ) = 2 x - 12.
Find f + g and f - g

( f - g )( x) = f (x ) - g (x )
= (3x + 8) - (2 x - 12)
= x + 20
 Multiplying Functions
Let f (x ) = x - 1 and g(x ) = x + 1.
2

Find f × g

f (x ) × g ( x) = ( x - 1)( x + 1)
2

= x + x - x -1
3 2
 Dividing Functions
Let f (x ) = x 2 - 1 and g(x ) = x + 1.
æf ö
Find çç ÷÷ = f ( x )
è g ø g (x )
x -1
2
=
x +1
( x - 1)( x + 1)
=
( x + 1)
= x -1
 Let’s Try Some

Let f (x ) = 5x -1 and g(x ) = 5x + 1.

2

Find f ( x ) + g ( x)

Find f (x) - g ( x)
 Let’s Try Some

Let f (x ) = 6 x + 7x - 5 and g(x ) = 2 x - 1.

2

Find f (x)× g ( x)
f (x )
Find
g(x)
 Exercises
Let ƒ(x) = x3 - 8 ;
g(x) = x2 +2x+4 ;
h(x)=x-2
Solve for the following:
a. 𝒇 − 𝒈 (𝟏)

b. (𝒈 , 𝒉)(𝟐)
 Exercises
Let ƒ(x) = - 8 ;
x 3
2
g(x) = x +2x+4 ;
h(x)=x-2
Solve for the following:
c. (𝒇 ÷ 𝒈)(𝒙)

d. (𝒇 ÷ 𝒈)(𝟎)
 Lesson 4
COMPOSITION OF
FUNCTIONS
Composition of Functions

If ƒ and g are functions, then

the composite function, or
composition of g and ƒ is
defined by

( g ! f )( x ) = g ( f ( x )) .
 Composite Function – When you
combine two or more functions

(g ! f )(x) = g( f (x)) 1

1. Evaluate the inner function f(x) first.

2. Then use your answer as the input of the
outer function g(x).
Example – Composition of
Functions
Example – Composition of
Functions
 Example – Composition of
Functions
Let f (x ) = x - 2 and g (x ) = x . Find (g ! f )(- 5)
2

Method 1:

(g ! f )(x) = g( f (x))
g (x ) = g ( x - 2) = ( x - 2) 2

(g ! f )(- 5) = (- 5 - 2) 2

= (-7) = 49
2
Example – Composition of Functions
Let f (x ) = x - 2 and g (x ) = x . Find (g ! f )(- 5)
2

Method 2:

(g ! f )(x) = g( f (x))
g ( f (- 5)) = g (-5 - 2)
= g (-7)
= (-7) = 49 2
 Let’s try some

Let f (x ) = x and g ( x ) = x + 7
3 2

𝒂. 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙)
b. 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(−𝟐)
c. 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙)
d. 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(−𝟏)
 Real Life Application

• You are shopping in a store that is

offering 20% off everything. You
also have a coupon for $5 off any
item.
 Real Life Application
1. Write functions for the two situations.
Let x = original price.
– 20% discount:
• f(x) = x – 0.20x = 0.8x
– Cost with the coupon:
• g(x) = x - 5
 You are shopping in a store that is offering 20% off
everything. You also have a coupon for $5 off any item.
2. Make a composition of functions:

(g ! f )(x ) = ( g (0.8 x))

= 0 .8 x - 5
This represents if the clerk does the
discount first, then takes $5 off the
discounted price.
 You are shopping in a store that is offering 20% off
everything. You also have a coupon for $5 off any item.
3. Now try applying the $5 coupon first, then
taking 20% off:

( f ! g )(x ) = ( f ( g ( x - 5))
= 0.8( x - 5)
= 0.8x - 4
How much more will it be if the clerk
applies the coupon BEFORE the discount?
 You are shopping in a store that is offering 20% off
everything. You also have a coupon for $5 off any item.
4. Subtract the two functions:

( f ! g )(x ) - (g ! f )(x ) =
(0.8 x - 4) - (0.8 x - 5) = 1
Any item will be $1 more if the coupon is
applied first. You will save $1 if you take the
discount, then use the coupon.
END