International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 50 (2020) 101906

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ijdrr

Assessment of the Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction studies

since 2015
Emmanuel Tolulope Busayo a, *, Ahmed Mukalazi Kalumba a, Gbenga Abayomi Afuye a,
Olapeju Yewande Ekundayo a, Israel Ropo Orimoloye a, b
a
Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
b
Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, South Africa

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) (2015–2030) was specifically initiated to advance
Bibliometric exploration Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) policy globally, to further understand the complexity of disaster risk in our
Climate change adaptation contemporary time. Despite the potency of the framework, its implementation remains low at the local level. This
Disaster risk reduction
paper provides a portrait of the intellectual stance of SFDRR studies. Our bibliometric exploration over the
Local-level policy
survey period of 2015–2019 shows a total of 34 documents with an annual percentage growth of 15.9%, which
Sendai framework
implies the increase of research on SFDRR during the period of analysis. The UK ranked first in terms of the
highest number of corresponding authors during the study period. In addition, the UK was top on the most cited
country on the SFDRR documents indexed in WOS from 2015 to 2019, with a sizeable chunk of developed
countries on the top. This paper recommends researchers (from well off countries) across climate change
adaptation and disaster risk reduction intellectual domains should encourage research collaborations which will
improve teamwork with Universities and other research councils in transitions countries in a bid to improve their
ability to inter alia, development of policies and communication of research outcomes to the final user. This
paper concludes that public policymakers and stakeholders working at the local government level should rejig
strategies towards implementing the SFDRR and other international frameworks of this manner.

1. Introduction
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR)
(2015–2030) was specifically initiated to advance Disaster Risk Reduc­
tion (DRR) policy globally to further understand the complexity of
disaster risk in our contemporary time [1–3]. However, the essence of
SFDRR is still not well embraced across nations considering the imple­
mentation of the framework at the local level [4–6]. Besides, the global
change and challenges have led to various evolving risks in recent times,
a reflection on this should offer new commitments to human’s sustain­
able living, resilience and wellbeing [5,6]. Studies on climate change
adaptation (CCA) and DRR highlighted the causal link between climate
change and disaster risk which has been appraised and determined by
vulnerability, exposure and the strength of a population to prepare,
respond, and recover from its impacts [7–10]. However, a paradigm
shift from hazard response to identifying risk, assessing and ranking
them has become critical recently [11–13]. The focus of this shift is
placed on taking accounts of social factors affecting the local populace
and interpretation of risk alongside their thresholds for action. This
implies that bringing a synergy between societal indicators of risk vis a
vis strong policy implementation eg. (SFDRR) and collective agency
assistance supported by science and technology skills, better
socio-economic development can be achieved.
SFDRR places premium on a human-based approach and possible
roles by stakeholders rather than disaster vulnerability approach. This
approach is a “bottom to up” and it encourages relevant institutions on
the requisite to engage in the development of sustainable policies which
will, in turn, advance disaster risk evaluation, design of disaster moni­
toring plans and its core implementation. Many researchers in various
fields have analysed the SFDRR including identifying methods to
implement it at different levels [14,15]. We used a bibliometric
approach to analyse data on past research work on SFDRR. The paper
concludes that public policymakers should rejig strategies tailored to­
wards implementing the SFDRR and international frameworks of this

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: etobusayo@yahoo.com (E.T. Busayo).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101906
Received 2 April 2020; Received in revised form 23 June 2020; Accepted 29 September 2020
Available online 8 October 2020
2212-4209/© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E.T. Busayo et al. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 50 (2020) 101906

Table 1 Table 2
Focal Information about data. Summary of bibliographic statistics for
Documents 34
SFDRR documents indexed in WOS from
2015 to 2019.
Sources (Journals, Books, etc.) 16
Keywords Plus (ID) 28 Year Articles
Author’s Keywords (DE) 73 2015 8
Period 2015–2019 2016 12
Average citations per documents 10.29 2017 4
Authors 78 2018 6
Author Appearances 100 2019 4
Authors of single-authored documents 10
Authors of multi-authored documents 68
Single-authored documents 10
Documents per Author 0.436
Authors per Document 2.29
Co-Authors per documents 2.94
Collaboration index 2.83
Article 21
Article, book chapter 1
Article, proceedings paper 2
Editorial material 9
Proceedings paper 1

manner at the local level.

1.1. Research strands

The approach to research in our contemporary period is diverse

rather than being narrowed to a particular niche. Scholars try to
investigate issues such that the expansion and continued research in that
area can be sustained. Hence, this research was conceptualised bearing
the following in mind.
Bibliometric exploration: a structured and effective literature re­
view technique that provides the evolution of work done in a particular
field of research.
Sendai framework implementation: SFDRR implementation at the
local level is still lacking considering the connectedness of local gov­
ernments and communities in enabling the real policy implementation
of the framework.
Local-level policy: To advance global best policies, it must start
from the local cycle, where the agenda is rooted in the realities of each
territory across the globe. The aggregation of local-level policies would,
in turn, make up how the global level concerns are strengthened in terms
of policy implementation.
Disaster risk reduction and Climate change adaptation: Rein­
forcing this two niche areas at the local level.
2. Data mining and methodology
The Web of Science (WOS) kernel database was used to systemati­
cally mine data for this study on May 03, 2020 as shown in Table 1. The
bibliometric analysis was done using the bibliometrix R-package
(RStudio v.3.4.1 software) and biblioshiny, which is an application
providing a web-interface for bibliometrix, these are available open-
source software design. The search term for the study is “Sendai
framework for disaster risk reduction”. A total of 34 documents were
retrieved from the published years i.e. 2015 – 2019. Previous studies
affirmed the consequential aptness of bibliometric analysis using various
indicators such as highlighting geographic circulation of journals,
research hot spots, niche areas, and an overall situation in a field of
study [16,17]. In addition, the reflection of author’s keywords and its
effectiveness across a particular field of study is key in exploring
research trajectories [18]. However, word cloud frequency provided in
this study would help researchers to understand the intellectual spheres
of SFDRR, also to provide policymakers with relevant conceptual hints
and direction for future surveys. However, this paper cannot generalise
scholarship on SFDRR in other fields other than the core areas of disaster
risk reduction. Thus, it is difficult to generate a dataset that would
Fig. 1. Annual scientific production for SFDRR documents indexed in WOS
from 2015 to 2019.
capture the whole areas of SFDRR research, hence, the analysis was
streamlined for two major reasons. One, the study was focused on major
studies that explored the SFDRR. Two, the analytical and discussion
boundary were in the interest of disaster management scholars and local
government stakeholder’s audiences with interest in understanding
SFDRR studies.
3. Results
The WOS dataset contained 34 separate documents. The dataset
consists of 21 articles, article-book chapter 1, editorial material 9,
article-proceedings paper 2 and proceedings paper 1. In addition, the
average citation count per document equals 10.29 which implies some
articles have significant numbers of citations while others have fewer
citations. Focusing on the authorship dataset, there were 78 authors,
authors of single-authored documents 10, authors of multi-authored
documents 68, and authors per documents equals 2.94. This suggests
that the SFDRR research efforts were sustained by multiple authors. The
summary of these data is spread out in Table 1.
3.1. Growth of the SFDRR literature
The contemporary interests in the SFDRR emerged in 2015. Thusly,
SFDRR is a relevant international discourse held in 2015 in which res­
olutions have reinforced disaster research and disaster-related declara­
tions. For example, West Africa Disaster Preparedness Initiative
(WADPI) supports two major Global targets highlighted in the SFDRR.
One, to substantially increase member countries with national and local
disaster risk reduction policies by the year 2020. Two, to enhance in­
ternational cooperation with countries at the global south through cut­
ting edge research in implementing the SFDRR by 2030 [19]. In South
Africa there are efforts to streamline disaster risk reduction across
manifold sectors and South Africa is working towards wide-ranging
implementation of the Sendai Framework through broad-based

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E.T. Busayo et al. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 50 (2020) 101906

Table 4
Total Citations per Country in the SFDRR documents indexed in WOS from 2015
to 2019.
Serial Number Country Total Citations Average Article Citations

1 United Kingdom 222 17.1

2 USA 54 18.0
3 Italy 17 8.5
4 Switzerland 16 8.0
5 Japan 12 4.0
6 New Zealand 11 11.0
7 Belgium 8 4.0
8 Sweden 4 4.0
9 Poland 2 2.0
10 Canada 1 1.0

Fig. 2. Most cited countries in the SFDRR documents indexed in WOS from Table 5
2015 to 2019. Most relevant sources in the SFDRR documents indexed in WOS from 2015 to
2019.
Serial Sources Articles
Table 3 number
Corresponding Author’s Countries in the SFDRR documents indexed in WOS
from 2015 to 2019. 1 International journal of disaster risk science 11
2 International journal of disaster risk reduction 4
Serial Country Articles Frequency SCP MCP MCP_Ratio 3 Australian journal of emergency management 3
number 4 Journal of disaster research 3
5 International journal of environmental research and 2
1 United 13 0.4194 2 11 0.846
public health
Kingdom
6 3rd European conference on flood risk management 1
2 Japan 3 0.0968 3 0 0.000
(flood risk 2016)
3 USA 3 0.0968 2 1 0.333
7 Buildings 1
4 Belgium 2 0.0645 2 0 0.000
8 Bulletin of the world health organization 1
5 Italy 2 0.0645 1 1 0.500
9 European journal of social work 1
6 Switzerland 2 0.0645 2 0 0.000
10 International journal of infectious diseases 1
7 Australia 1 0.0323 0 1 1.000
11 Natural hazards 1
8 Canada 1 0.0323 1 0 0.000
12 Natural hazards and earth system sciences 1
9 New Zealand 1 0.0321 1 0 0.000
13 Palgrave communications 1
10 Poland 1 0.0323 0 1 1.000
14 Plos medicine 1
11 Sweden 1 0.0323 1 0 0.000
15 Prehospital and disaster medicine 1
12 Taiwan 1 0.0323 1 0 0.000
16 Routledge handbook of green social work 1
SCP: Single Country Publications.
MCP: Multiple Country Publications.

integrative measures e.g. the Integrated Urban Development Framework

(IUDF) [20,21]. The government of South Africa’s interest in SFDRR
became more significant in 2019 when a critical component of it was
embraced in the quest to implement it as guiding DRR policies at the
national and local levels [21,22]. This shift has created a policy priority
for communal and government stakeholders. The annual percentage
growth of SFDRR literature since its inception in 2015 is (n = 15.9%) the
year 2016 recorded the highest number of articles. As shown in Table 2
and Fig. 1.

3.2. Countries’ relevance

The influence of a country in a particular research field can be

measured by various indicators per country which include [23];
1. Corresponding author country and the number of articles coming
from a country
2. The most cited country
3. The amount of high impact factor articles
4. The number of citation from high impact factor articles
5. Highly-cited articles
6. Most referred articles
7. Productive authors and
8. Most relevant and prolific affiliation from a country.
The result from this section expatiates on two major indicators which
are 1. Corresponding authors’ country and the number of articles com­
ing from their country and 2. Most cited country. United Kingdom has
Fig. 3. Most relevant sources in the SFDRR documents indexed in WOS from
2015 to 2019.
the highest number of corresponding authors with articles (n = 12). This
shows the UK is doing so much in exploring the potency of SFDRR using
various case studies, this can also be deduced from the high multiple
country publications recorded by the UK (n = 11). Japan is number 2 on
the list of corresponding authors countries with articles (n = 3), more
research output on SFDRR is expected from Japan considering the in­
fluence of Sendai which was the city this framework was launched in
2015 [24,25]. The second indicator to measure the strength and rele­
vance per country is the most cited country (see Fig. 2, Table 3 and
Table 4). The UK has the highest number of citations in this section (n =

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E.T. Busayo et al. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 50 (2020) 101906

Table 6 management. International journal of disaster risk science is on the top

List of most relevant keywords for SFDRR documents indexed in WOS from 2015 (n = 11), international journal of disaster risk reduction (n = 4) etc. Be
to 2019. that as it may, numerous journals have published research on “Sendai
S/ Author Keywords (DE) Articles Keywords-Plus Articles framework for disaster risk reduction” but practically, this paper was
N (ID) conceived to appraise cores studies that applied the Sendai framework
1 Disaster risk reduction 10 Management 5 for disaster risk reduction. Also, there are innumerable numbers of
2 Sendai framework 8 Vulnerability 3 journals that focus on these subject area but they fall outside of the WOS
3 Public health 3 Change 1 database, so, a dataset that captures the entirety of the subject areas is
adaptation
not feasible.
4 Sendai framework for disaster 3 Children 1
risk reduction
5 Climate change adaptation 2 Climate 1 3.4. Most relevant keywords
6 Disaster 2 Climate change 1
7 Global health 2 Colombia 1
8 Yokohama strategy 2 Community 1 This section presents the result of our analysis which classifies the
9 Cameroon 1 Databases 1 author keywords (DE) and keywords plus (ID). These are the twenty
10 Canada 1 Determinants 1 most relevant keywords in articles mined from the WOS database on
11 Climate change 1 Earthquakes 1 SFDRR studies, as shown in Table 6. The top five from descending order
12 Climate change mitigation 1 Future 1
13 Climate variability 1 Gender 1
within author keywords (DE), disaster risk reduction, appeared in (n =
14 Communication resistance 1 Hard to reach 1 10) articles, Sendai framework (n = 8), public health (n = 3), Sendai
15 Community 1 Health 1 framework for disaster risk reduction (n = 3), climate change adaptation
16 Community development 1 Impacts 1 (n = 2). On the other hand, Keywords plus (ID) shows management has
17 Community participation 1 Income 1
the highest appearance in articles analysed (n = 5), vulnerability (n = 3)
18 Conservation 1 Infectious 1
diseases climate change adaptation (n = 1), children (n = 1), climate (n = 1).
19 Disabilities 1 Knowledge 1 “Climate change adaptation”, “climate change” and “community”
20 Disability 1 Lessons 1 appear to be keywords common to author keywords (DE) and keywords-
plus (ID).
To further present a thematic clustering of these keywords, they were
222). No doubt, most quality research in recent times are emerging from
classified into four themes. However, some of the keywords overlap
the developed countries (USA, Italy and Switzerland are in the top 4),
across some themes considering their nature to function in different
this can be associated with their access to research funds, and
domains. These unique keywords can be used to ascertain the areas of
advancement in research know-how. Thus, we can infer the UK has the
concentration on SFDRR studies globally. The clustered keywords show
most relevant outputs on this subject in consideration [23].
the trend of different topics that have received attention majorly con­
cerning SFDRR. This can serve as a guide for future research and to
3.3. Most relevant sources identify research gaps i.e. other areas of research SFDRR should address.

Giving the result presented in Table 5 and Fig. 3, the concentration of 1. Disaster type
the top productive journals that published studies on SFDRR. Most of the
studies that emerged from SFDRR were hinged on issues related to Earthquakes.
“Disaster risk reduction” and “Sendai Framework”. Most of the journals
recorded were majorly linked to disaster, environment, hazard and risk 2. Country

Fig. 4. Word-cloud frequency of top 70 most used authors keywords on SFDRR documents indexed in WOS from 2015 to 2019.

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E.T. Busayo et al. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 50 (2020) 101906

Table 7 public health, disaster, global health, climate change mitigation, climate
A synthesis of selected research-erudition on SFDRR driven by DRR, CCA and variability, conservation, infectious diseases, future, impacts, commu­
local level policy implementation. nication resistance, children, income, gender, health, hard to reach,
S/ Main concepts Major Findings Recommendations Authors disabilities, databases, community development, determinants, com­
N munity and knowledge.
1. To enhance disaster Promoting SFDDR should be [1]
risk reduction public health is adopted to suit local 4. Policy issues
through the lens of an indivisible requirements across
public health part of DRR and public health, climate
Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction, Sendai framework,
it is change and
enshrined in the sustainable management, income, conservation, health, Yokohama strategy, com­
SFDRR development munity development, community, community participation, lessons and
2. To intricately There is a Stakeholders should [2] databases.
explain how climate political continue to connect Fig. 4 presents the word cloud frequency of the top 70 most used
change and DR exclusion of topics and ideas
issues overlap in the climate change within the scope of
author’s keywords on SFDRR studies. Word-cloud summarised the most
SFDRR from DRR in the climate change and common key terms of authors on SFDRR research within the period of
SFDRR disaster risk reduction analysis. This depicts the keywords and areas to identify on SFDRR
hence they possess research. For example, public health, climate change adaptation, global
common goals and
health, Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction, disaster, Yoko­
paths which are
politically separated hama strategy, disaster risk management and reduction, community
rather than being development, disaster education, policy etc. were identified as some of
territorially or the predominant key terms in SFDRR studies.
practically separated The research strands introduced in this study guides the discussion
3. Hinged on a Ecosystem- The EU action plan [3]
boundary. Apart from the bibliometric exploration which is the meth­
discourse that based should rejig their
presents the approaches are integrated DRR policy odology employed, Sendai framework implementation, local-level pol­
position of the potent in to accommodate the icy, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation were stressed
European delivering the SFDRR; this will serve in Table 7. Studies with the motive to improve the connectedness of local
Commission to goals of the as a guide to foster
governments and communities in enabling the real policy implementa­
advance various SFDRR ecosystem-based
policy objectives approaches at the tion of the framework were synthesised. The quest to advance global
through ecosystem- local community level best policies must start from the local cycle, where the agenda is rooted
based approaches in in the realities of each territory across the globe. The aggregation of
line with reaching local-level policies would, in turn, make up how the global level con­
the goals of the
cerns are strengthened in terms of policy implementation. In addition,
SFDRR
4 A modelling tool The study The study suggests [26] reinforcing the two niche areas of DRR and CCA at the local level is
was designed to opined that that Canada could use important, hence, there is a significant overlap between them. Accord­
capture disaster Canada would the open-source ing to the results presented in the most relevant keywords section, public
issues in Canada face future program developed in
health is one of the major keywords that has surfaced repeatedly in the
through the guide of increase in this study in reporting
the SFDRR disasters, hence to the UNISDR and
SFDRR literature. Hence, future research must appraise how far the
a need for a other signatory SFDRR has been able to contribute to the advancement of public health,
forward-looking nations to SFDRR can especially at the local level. Aitsi-Selmi et al. [1] opined that promoting
approach to also adopt this public health is an indivisible part of DRR and it is enshrined in the
attenuate these approach in reporting
SFDRR. Hence, disaster risk reduction issues should be examined more
disasters their disaster trends
and projections through the lens of public health. Furthermore, other studies focused on
5 Banking on the Cultural The study [27] how climate change and DRR issues were expounded in the SFDRR and
applicability of the heritage is a key recommends remote its implication for future research [2]. Faivre et al. [3] discussed the
SFDRR, the role of capacity monitoring, social
position of the European Commission in advancing the SFDRR through
local communities building and its participation and
in reconstruction protection is strategic
ecosystem-based approaches, these are a broad set of adaptation mea­
plans was stressed vital management in order sures to climate change. Other studies identified modelling tools to
in this study; in the quest to to further enhance the capture disaster through the guide of the SFDRR, the role of local
“especially capacity attain suitability of the communities in reconstruction plans was also emphasised, and finally,
building and self- vulnerability priority areas
the role of public awareness was highlighted as a crucial approach in
managed projects” reduction embedded in the
SFDRR disaster preparedness and effective response [26–28].
6 The study took into The SFDRR is It was recommended [28]
account the promising and that public awareness 4. Discussion and conclusion
implementation of would stimulate is crucial in
the new ideas, enhancing
SFDRR in project, research disaster preparedness This study was hinged on a global assessment of research carried out
addressing flood and actions to and to achieve the on SFDRR studies between 2015 and 2019. The study highlighted the
issues address in “build back better” growth of SFDRR literature over the survey period. It is worthy to note
in Paris region particular flood approach that the SFDRR implementation in 2015 has shown potency across the
risks defined in the SFDRR
niche areas of Climate change and Disaster Risk. The results of this study
stressed the influence of countries in advancing research activities and
Cameroun, Canada, Colombia. contribution to knowledge/science. The UK ranked first in terms of the
highest number of corresponding authors during the study period. In
3. Elements and concerns of climate and disaster-related cycles addition, the UK was top on the most cited country on the SFDRR doc­
uments indexed in WOS from 2015 to 2019 with a sizeable chunk of
Disaster risk reduction, vulnerability, climate change adaptation, developed countries on the top. Various publishing houses also surfaced
in the results, with most of them majorly linked to disaster and risk

5
E.T. Busayo et al.
management fields. The study presents a thematic clustering of key­
words under four themes which shows hot topics under SFDRR. Earth­
quake appears to be the most prevailing natural disaster SFDRR studies
have addressed, hence it was a major keyword that surfaced in this
study. Cameroun, Canada, and Colombia appeared on the thematic
clustering for country, this implies studies on SFDRR have considered
them as case studies or they were major keywords in studies conducted.
Also, some elements of climate and disaster cycles were highlighted in
the thematic clustering which shows in particular “climate change
adaptation” and “disaster risk reduction” this further express the link
between this two fields and by extension the reason to enhance their
synergy at the local level [29,30]. CCA and DRR require attention in
addressing increasing local peoples’ risk more effectually and profi­
ciently through the SFDRR position. Studies have highlighted different
approaches to analyse the barriers between climate change and disaster
risk, it was assumed that exploring CC and DR on separate processes is
only for the case of advancing their different research niche areas
[31–33]. Considering the basic definitions of CC and DR, their associ­
ated trajectories can be embraced under one umbrella to achieve desired
goals to inform synergistic policies on CCA and DRR [2,34,35,38],
Hence, a concise CCA and DRR definitions for policy implementation
should be provided. Furthermore, public policymakers and stakeholders
working at the local government level should develop interest in
appraising the SFDRR and should rejig strategies in implementing in­
ternational frameworks of this manner. This will further strengthen the
following at the local level: Assessing the resilience of people at the local
level, local adoption and implementation of international frameworks,
dissemination of early warning information and development of local
adaptation framework. SFDRR is just 5 years since inception, we have 10
more years to embrace this framework, and boost the build-up of state
and local platforms for CCA and DRR [3]. While the SFDRR 2015–2030
provides window of opportunity for synergies with the sustainable
development agenda [36]. New approaches to the co-construction of
knowledge that link community activists to university researchers, and
to the engagement of students in community action projects or move­
ments should be encouraged [37]. Furthermore, researchers (from well
off countries) across climate change and disaster risk intellectual do­
mains should encourage research collaborations which will increase
teamwork with Universities and other research councils in transition
countries in a bid to improve their ability to inter alia, development of
policies and communication of research outcomes to the final users,
which are most people at the local level.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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