BIO-METRIC BASED VOTING SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

BIOMETRICS means study of life. Biometrics studies commonly include

fingerprint, face, iris, voice, signature, and hand geometry recognition and verification. Many

other modalities are in various stages of development and assessment. Among these available

biometric traits Finger Print proves to be one of the best traits providing good mismatch ratio and

also reliable. Registering the attendances of students has become a hectic work as sometimes

their attendance may be registered or missed. To overcome this problem i.e. to get the

attendances registered perfectly we are taking the help of two different technologies viz.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS and BIOMETRICS. Firstly discussing about Biometrics we are

concentrating on Fingerprint scanning. For this we are using FIM 3030N high voltage module as

a scanner. When this module is interfaced to the microcontroller, we will be using it in user

mode. In this mode we will be verifying the scanned images with the stored images. When

coming to our application the images of the citizens will be stored in the module with a unique

id. To poll their vote the citizens have to scan their image which is then verified with the image

present in fingerprint module and their vote will be updated. This scanner is interfaced to 8051

microcontroller through max232 enabling serial communication. By using this controller we will

be controlling the scanning process. After the scanning has been completed the result is stored in

the microcontroller. By simply pressing a switch we can get the details of the polling.

1
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

2
 When this module is interfaced to the microcontroller, we will be using it in user mode.

In this mode we will be verifying the scanned images with the stored images. When coming to

our application the images of the citizens will be stored in the module with a unique id. Citizens

have to scan their image on demand by police, which is then verified with the image present in

fingerprint module and their record will be updated. This scanner is interfaced to 8051

microcontroller through max232 enabling serial communication. By using this controller we will

be controlling the scanning process. After the scanning has been completed the result is stored in

the microcontroller. By simply pressing a switch we can get the details of the polling. This

project uses regulated 5V, 500mA power supply. 7805 three terminal voltage regulator is used

for voltage regulation. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac output of secondary

of 230/12V step down transformer

INTRODUCTION OF MICROCONTROLLER (8051):

3
 The 8051 is an 8 bit microcontroller originally developed by Intel in 1980. It is the

world's most popular microcontroller core, made by many independent manufacturers. A typical

8051 contains CPU with Boolean processor, 5 or 6 interrupts, 2 or 3 16-bit timer/counters,

programmable full-duplex serial port, 32 I/O lines, RAM and ROM/EPROM in some models.

The 8051 architecture is quite strange and original. One strong point of the 8051 is the way it

handles interrupts.

Vectoring to fixed 8-byte areas is convenient and efficient. The 8051 instruction set is

optimized for the one-bit operations so often desired in real-world, real-time control applications.

The microcontroller 8051 has many prominent features suitable for such interfacing and

controlling applications. They are also suitable for serial port interfacing which is very much

needed for data transfer.

Features of 8051 Microcontroller

The 89C51 architecture consist of these specific features:

 Eight-bit CPU with registers A (the accumulator) and B.

 Sixteen-bit program counter (PC) and data pointer (DPTR)

 Eight-bit program status word(PSW)

 Eight-bit stack pointer(SP)

 Internal ROM or EPROM (8751) of 0 (8031) to 4k (8951)

 Internal RAM of 128 bytes:

 Four register banks, each containing eight registers Sixteen bytes, which may be

addressed at the bit level. Eighty bytes of general-purpose data memory

4
  Thirty-two input/output pins arranged as four 8-bit ports:p0-p3

 Two 16 bit timer/counter:T0 and T1

 Full duplex serial data receiver/transmitter: SBUF

 Control register: TCON,TMOD,SCON,PCON,IP and IE

 Two external and three internal interrupt sources

 Oscillator and clock circuits.

The programming model of the 8951 has collection of 8 and 16-bits registers and 8 bit

memory locations. These registers and memory locations can be made to operate using the

software instructions that are incorporated as part of the design. The program instructions have to

do with the control of the registers and digital data paths that are physically contained inside the

8951, as well as memory locations that are physically located outside the 8951

Pin Diagram

5
8051 Pin Out

6
 Power - Vcc, Vss

 Reset - RST

 Crystal - XTAL[1,2]

 External device interfacing

– EA, ALE, PSEN, WR, RD

 I/O Port

– P0[7;0], P1[7:0], P2[7:0], P3

 P3 is shared with control lines

 Serial I/O RxD, TxD,

 External interrupts INT0, INT1

 Counter control T0, T1

 P0 and P2 are multiplexed with Address and Data bus

7
Pin Description

ALE/PROG:

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during

accesses to external memory. ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 of the oscillator frequency,

for external timing or clocking purposes, even when there are no accesses to external memory.

(However, one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.) This pin is

also the program pulse input (PROG) during EPROM programming.

PSEN:

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external Program Memory. When the device is

executing out of external Program Memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle (except

that two PSEN activations are skipped during accesses to external Data Memory). PSEN is not

activated when the device is executing out of internal Program Memory.

EA/VPP:

The EA on pin 31 is tied high to make the 8051 executes program from Internal ROM

When EA is held high the CPU executes out of internal Program Memory (unless the Program

Counter exceeds 0FFFH in the 80C51).

Holding EA low forces the CPU to execute out of external memory regardless of the

Program Counter value. In the 80C51, EA must be externally wired low. In the EPROM devices,

this pin also receives the programming supply voltage (VPP) during EPROM programming.

8
 It can sink eight LS TTL loads. Port 0 pins that have 1s written to them float, and in that

state will function as high impedance inputs. Port 0 is also the multiplexed low-order address and

data bus during accesses to external memory. In this application it uses strong internal pullups

when emitting 1s. Port 0 emits code bytes during program verification. In this application,

external pull-ups are required.

Port 1:

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. Port 1 pins that have 1s

written to them are pulled high by the internal pull-ups, and in that state can be used as inputs.

As inputs, port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of the

internal pull-ups.

Port 2:

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order

address byte during accesses to external memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it

uses the strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s.

Port 3:

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. It also serves the functions

of various special features of the 80C51 Family as follows:

Port Pin Alternate Function

P3.0 RxD (serial input port)

P3.1 TxD (serial output port)

9
 P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)

P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)

P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)

P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)

P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)

P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

VCC: Supply voltage

VSS: Circuit ground potential

Reset Circuit:

RESET is an active High input When RESET is set to High, 8051 goes back to the power

on state. The 8051 is reset by holding the RST high for at least two machine cycles and then

returning it low.

reset circuit
10
Architecture

Architecture

11
Flags and program status word (PSW):

Flags are 1-bit registers provided to store the results of certain program instructions.

Other instructions can test the condition of the flags and made decisions based on the flag states.

The PSW which contains the flag bits is as shown below.

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV - P

Program Status Word (PSW)

The 8951 has four math flags that respond automatically to the outcomes of math

operations and three general-purpose user flags that can be set to 1 or cleared to 0 by the

programmer as desired.

Symbol Functions:

 Carry (C)

 Auxiliary Carry (AC)

 Overflow (OV)

 Parity (P)

12
 User flags are named F0, GF0 and GF1; they are general-purpose flags that may be used

by the programmer to record some event in the program.

Program counter and data pointer:

The 8951 contains two 16 bit registers: Program counter (PC) and Data pointer (DP).

Each is used to hold the address of byte in memory. Program instruction bytes are fetched from

locations in memory that are addressed by the PC. The PC is incremented automatically after

every instruction byte is fetched and may also be altered by certain instructions. The PC is the

only register that does not have an internal address. The DPTR register is made up of two 8 bit

registers, named DPH and DPL, which are used to furnish memory addresses for internal and

external code access and external data access.

A & B REGISTERS:

The 8051 contains 34 general - purpose, or working registers. Two of these, registers A

and B, hold results of many instructions particularly math and logical operations, of the 8051

central processing unit.

Internal Memory:

The 128 byte internal RAM, is organized in three distinct areas: 32 bytes from addresses

00h to 1fh that make up 32 working registers organized as four banks of 8 registers each. The

four register bank are numbered 0 to 3 and are made up of 8 registers named R0 to R7.

13
 Each register can be addressed by name or bytes RAM address. Register banks not

selected can be used as general purpose RAM. Bank 0 is selected on reset.

A bit addressable area of 16 bytes occupies RAM byte addresses 20h to 2fh forming a

total of 128 addressable bits. An addressable may be specified by its bit addresses of 00h to 7fh

or 8 bits may form any byte addresses from 20h to 2fh. A general purpose RAM area above the

bit area from 30h to 7fh addressable as bytes.

The stack and the stack pointer:

The stack refers to an area of the internal RAM that is used in conjunction with certain

opcodes to store and retrieve data quickly. The 8-bit stack pointer (SP) register is used by the

8951: to hold an internal RAM address that is called the top of the stack. The address held in the

SP register is the location in internal RAM where the last byte of was stored by the stack

operation.

When data is to be placed in the stack, the SP increments before storing data on the stack

so that the stack grows as the data is stored.

As data is retrieved from the stack, the byte is read from the stack, and then the SP

decrements to point to the next available byte of stored data.

The stack is limited in height to the size of the internal RAM. The stack has the potential

to overwrite valuable data in the register banks, bit-addressable RAM, and scratchpad RAM

areas. The programmer is responsible for making sure the stack does not grow beyond bounds.

The stack is normally placed high in internal RAM, by an appropriate choice of number placed

in the SP register, to avoid conflict with the register, bit and scratchpad internal RAM areas.
14
Special functional registers:

The 89C51 operations do not use the internal 128 – byte RAM addresses 00h to 7Fh are

done by a group of specific internal register each called a special function register, which may be

addressed much like internal RAM using addresses from 80h to FFh .

Ports:

The 89C51 microcontroller consists of four I/O ports. These ports can be used for

multiple functions.

PORTS FUNCTIONS

Port 0 I/O, lower address bus/data

Port 1 I/O
Port 2 I/O, address bus
Port 3 I/O, RXD, TXD, INTO0/1, T0, 1, WR, RD

Table : ports

89C51 Oscillator and clock:

The 8051 uses the crystal for precisely that: to synchronize its operation. Effectively, the

8051 operates using what are called "machine cycles." A single machine cycle is the minimum

amount of time in which a single 8051 instruction can be executed. Although many instructions

take multiple cycles.

8051 has an on-chip oscillator. It needs an external crystal that’s decides the operating

frequency of the 8051.

15
This can be achieved in two ways,

1. The crystal is connected to pins 18 and 19 with stabilizing capacitors. 12 MHz

(11.059MHz) crystal is often used and the capacitance ranges from 20pF to 40pF.

2. The oscillator can also be a TTL clock source connected with a NOT gate as shown

Fig 2.6 crystal oscillator

Serial data communication needs often dictate the frequency of the oscillator because of

the requirement that internal counters must divide the basic clock rate to yield standard

communication bit per second (baud rates). If the basic clock frequency is not divisible without a

reminder, then the resulting communication frequency is not standard.

Ceramic resonators may be used as a low cost alternative to crystal resonators. However,

decreases frequency stability and accuracy make the ceramic resonator a poor choice if serial

data communication if high speed serial data communication with other systems or critical

timing is to be done.

16
 The oscillator formed by the crystal, capacitors, and an on-chip inverter generates a pulse

train at the frequency of the crystal.

The clock frequency establishes the smallest interval of time within the microcontroller,

called the pulse, time. The smallest interval of time to accomplish any simple instruction, or part

of a complex instruction, however, is the machine cycle.

The machine cycle is itself made up of six states. A state is the basic time interval for

discrete operations of the microcontroller such as fetching an opcode byte, decoding an opcode

byte, executing an opcode or writing a data byte. Two oscillator pulses define each state.

Programming instruction may require one, two or four machine cycles to be executed depending

on the type of the instruction.

Instructions are fetched and executed by the microcontroller automatically, beginning

with the instruction, located at ROM memory address 0000h. At the time the microcontroller is

first reset.

17
LCD DISPLAY

Liquid crystal displays, abbreviated as LCD’s are passive displays, i.e. they will not

actually generate the light but they modify the existing light. They convert or modulate the light

under the electrical stimulus. Hence LCD’S are light controllers and they require external source

of light. The Typical characteristics of LCD’S are:

 They do not actively generate light and depend for their operation on ambient or black

lighting; they modify light in such away as to perform the display function.

 They consume very low power and good contrast ratio.

 They can operate in a reflective or transmissive configuration.

 They are either light scattering or light absorbing devices.

The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's HD44780 controller or

other which are compatible with HD44580. In this tutorial, we will discuss about character based

LCDs, their interfacing with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit),

programming, special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can

give a new look to your application.

18
Pin Description

The most commonly used LCD found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line

LCD which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80 characters, whereas LCD

supporting more than 80 characters make use of 2HD44780controllers.

Most LCD with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCD with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two pins are

extra in both for back-light LED connections). Pin description is shown in the table below.

Fig LCD display

The 8-bit data pins, DB0 to DB7, are used to send information to the LCD or to read the

contents of the LCD’s internal registers. To display letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes

for the letters A-Z, a-z and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS =1.

19
 Table : LCD pin description.

There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display

or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor. The table below lists the instruction

command codes.

We use RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information.

The busy flag is DB7 and can be read when R/W=1 and RS=0.R/W input allows the user to write

information to the LCD or read information from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.

The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information presented to its data pins. When

data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD

to latch in the data present at the data pins.

20
Command Codes

21
FINGERPRINT MODULE:

Fingerprints can be sensed using numerous technologies. The traditional “ink and paper”

method, still used by many law enforcement agencies, involves applying ink to the finger

surface, rolling the finger from one side of the nail to the other on a card, and finally scanning

the card to generate a digital image. In the more popular live-scan method, a digital image is

directly obtained by placing the finger on the surface of a fingerprint reader as shown in Figure

2. Optical sensors based on the frustrated total internal reflection (FTIR) technique are

commonly used to capture live-scan fingerprints in forensic and government applications, while

solid-state touch and sweep sensors—silicon-based devices that measure the differences in

physical properties such as capacitance or conductance of the friction ridges and valleys—

dominate in commercial applications.

22
 Latent fingerprint impressions left at crime scenes require manual “lifting” techniques

like dusting.3 The most significant characteristics of fingerprint readers are their resolution and

capture area. The standard fingerprint image resolution in law enforcement applications is 500

pixels per inch (ppi), but some readers now have dual-resolution capability (500 and 1,000 ppi).

The sensing surface of readers used by law enforcement tends to be large so that they can capture

palm prints and all four fingers simultaneously—such sensors are referred to as 10-print

scanners.

Low-resolution and small-area readers are preferred in commercial applications so that

they can be easily embedded in consumer devices. Sweep sensors are popular in mobile phones,

PDAs, and laptops because of their small size (for example, 14 mm × 5 mm) and low cost (under

$5). However, such sensors require users to sweep their finger across the sensing surface; the

reader fuses overlapping image slices obtained during sweeping to form a full fingerprint.

Fingerprint sensors embedded in mobile phones or PDAs are also used to support navigation and

hot-key functions, with each finger assigned to a specific functionality.

23
BUZZER:

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or electronic. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarms, timers and

confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Early devices were based on an

electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the metal gong.

Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the

contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding

board. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made. A

piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal

source. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a

beep. Electronic buzzers find many applications in modern days.

24
Internal circuit in buzzer:

F.g: Internal Circuit in Buzzer

25
POWER SUPPLY UNIT

Block diagram for power supply:

5V/12V Regulated DC Power Supply

A Direct Current (DC) supply is needed by most circuits as a constant reference voltage.

Also, some components would be damaged by the negative half-cycles of an AC supply. A DC

supply, stays at a fixed, regular, voltage all of the time, like the voltage from a battery. Following

is a block diagram of a power supply system which converts a 230V AC mains supply (230V is

the UK mains voltage) into a regulated 5V DC supply.

26
Transformer

A transformer consists of two coils (often called 'windings') linked by an iron core, as shown in

figure 1. There is no electrical connection between the coils, instead they are linked by a magnetic field

created in the core. Transformers are used to convert electricity from one voltage to another with minimal

loss of power. They only work with AC (alternating current) because they require a changing magnetic

field to be created in their core. Transformers can increase voltage (step-up) as well as reduce voltage

(step-down).

Bridge Rectifier

A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in

a bridge configuration that provides the same polarity of output voltage for either polarity of

input voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion of alternating

current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier.

In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond is positive (Fig.

A), and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from the upper supply terminal

to the right along the red (positive) path to the output, and returns to the lower supply terminal via

the blue (negative) path.

When the input connected to the left corner is negative (Fig. B), and the input connected

to the right corner is positive, current flows from the lower supply terminal to the right along

the red path to the output, and returns to the upper supply terminal via the blue path.

27
 In each case, the upper right output remains positive and lower right output negative.

Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from

an AC input, it can also provide what is sometimes called "reverse polarity protection". That is, it

permits normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed

backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a DC power source have been reversed, and protects

the equipment from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.

Smoothing

Most circuits will require 'smoothing' of the DC output of a rectifier, and this is a simple

matter since it involves only one capacitor.

Regulator

Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18 and

24V) or variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass.

Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators

include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating

('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power

transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. They include a hole for

attaching a heat sink if necessary.

28
Power Supply Circuit

29
INTERFACING UNIT

Interfacing unit consists of RS-232 and MAX-232

RS-232 (Fundamental of RS-232-serial communication):

Serial communication is basically the transmission or reception of a data one bit at a time.

Today’s computer generally addresses data in bits or some multi thereof. A byte contains 8bits.A

bit is basically either logical 1or 0. Every character on this page is actually expressed internally

as one bit. The serial port is used convert each byte to a stream of ones and zeros to bytes. The

serial port contains a electronic chip called a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter

(UART) that actually does the conversions

Introduction:

The official name of the EIA/TIA-232-E standard is "Interface between Data Terminal

Equipment and Data Circuit-Termination Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange.

The standard is simply concerned with serial data communication between a host system (Data

Terminal Equipment, or DTE) and a peripheral system (Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment, or

DCE).

30
Mechanical characteristics of RS232:

The third area covered by RS-232 is the mechanical interface. Specifically, RS-232

specifies a 25-pin connector as the minimum connector size that can accommodate all the signals

defined in the functional portion of the standard.

The pin assignment for this connector is shown in Figure. The connector for DCE

equipment is male for the connector housing and female for the connection pins. Likewise, the

DTE connector is a female housing with male connection pins. Although RS-232 specifies a 25-

position connector, this connector is often not used. Most applications do not require all the

defined signals, so a 25-pin connector is larger than necessary.

Consequently, other connector types are commonly used. Perhaps the most popular

connector is the 9-position DB9S connector, also illustrated in Figure. This 9-position connector

provides, for example, the means to transmit and receive the necessary signals for modem

applications.

31
Pin diagram:

Table: RS-232 connector pin assignments

Fig :RS-232 male connector

32
DB-9 SIGNALS:

Transmitted Data (TD):

One of two separate data signals, this signal is generated by the DTE and received by the

DCE.

Received Data (RD):

The second of two separate data signals, this signals is generated by the DCE and

received by the DTE.

Request to Send (RTS):

When the host system (DTE) is ready to transmit data to the peripheral system (DCE),

RTS is turned ON. In simplex and duplex systems, this condition maintains the DCE in receive

mode. In half-duplex systems, this condition maintains the DCE in receive mode and disables

transmit mode. The OFF condition maintains the DCE in transmit mode. After RTS is asserted,

the DCE must assert CTS before communication can commence.

Clear to Send (CTS):

CTS are used along with RTS to provide handshaking between the DTE and the DCE.

After the DCE sees an asserted RTS, it turns CTS ON when it is ready to begin communication.

Data Set Ready (DSR):

This signal is turned on by the DCE to indicate that it is connected to the

telecommunications line.

33
Data Carrier Detect (DCD):

This signal is turned ON when the DCE is receiving a signal from a remote DCE, which

meets its suitable signal criteria. This signal remains ON as long as a suitable carrier signal can

be detected.

Data Terminal Ready (DTR):

DTR indicates the readiness of the DTE. This signal is turned ON by the DTE when it is

ready to transmit or receive data from the DCE. DTR must be ON before the DCE can assert

DSR.

Ring Indicator (RI):

RI, when asserted, indicates that a ringing signal is being received on the

communications channel.

RS-232 WAVEFORM:

F.g 3.2 TTL/CMOS Serial Logic Waveform

34
 The diagram above shows the expected waveform from the UART when using the

common 8N1 format. 8N1 signifies 8 Data bits, No Parity and 1 Stop Bit. The RS-232 line, when

idle is in the Mark State (Logic 1). A transmission starts with a start bit which is (Logic 0). Then

each bit is sent down the line, one at a time. The LSB (Least Significant Bit) is sent first. A Stop

Bit (Logic 1) is then appended to the signal to make up the transmission.

The data sent using this method, is said to be framed. That is the data is framed between a Start

and Stop Bit.

RS-232 Voltage levels:

1. +3 to +25 volts to signify a"Space"(Logic0) .

2. -3 to -25 volts for a "Mark" (logic 1).

3. Any voltage in between these regions (i.e. between +3 and -3 Volts) is undefined.

The data byte is always transmitted least-significant-bit first. The bits are transmitted at

specific time intervals determined by the baud rate of the serial signal.

This is the signal present on the RS-232 Port of your computer, shown below.

35
 F.g RS-232 Logic Waveform

RS-232 Level Converter

Standard serial interfacing of microcontroller (TTL) with PC or any RS232C Standard

device, requires TTL to RS232 Level converter. A MAX232 is used for this purpose. It provides

2-channel RS232C port and requires external 10uF capacitors.

The driver requires a single supply of +5V.

RS-232 Specification

RS-232 is a complete standard. This means that the standard sets out to ensure

compatibility between the host and peripheral systems by specifying:

Common voltage and signal levels

Common pin-wiring configurations

A minimal amount of control information between the host and peripheral systems.

Unlike many standards which simply specify the electrical characteristics of a given interface,

RS-232 specifies electrical, functional.

36
 RS-232

Cabling Single-ended

Number of Devices 1 transmit, 1 receive

Communication Mode Full duplex

Distance (max) 50 feet at 19.2kbps

Data Rate (max) 1Mbps

Signaling Unbalanced

Mark (data 1) -5V (min) -15V (max)

Space (data 0) 5V (min) 15V (max)

Input Level (min) ±3V

500mA (Note that the driver ICs normally used in PCs are limited to
Output Current
10mA)

Impedance 5k (Internal)

Bus Architecture Point-to-Point

Table RS-232 specification

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

37
ADVANTAGES:

 Since fingerprints are the composition of protruding sweat glands, everyone has unique

fingerprints.

 They do not change naturally.

 Its reliability and stability is higher compared to the iris, voice, and face recognition

method.

 Very high accuracy

 It is one of the most developed biometrics.

 Easy to use.

 Small storage space required for the biometric template, reducing the size of the database

memory required

 It is standardized.

 No need to carry License

 It avoids Fraud & Duplication.

 More economical and effective method.

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:

Keil-c51 compiler
38
Introduction:
The C programming language is a general-purpose programming language that provides

code efficiency, elements of structured programming, and a rich set of operators. C is not a big

language and is not designed for any one particular area of application. Its generality combined

with its absence of restrictions, makes C a convenient and effective programming solution for a

wide variety of software tasks. Many applications can be solved more easily and efficiently with

C than with other more specialized languages.

The Cx51 Optimizing C Compiler is a complete implementation of the American

National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for the C language. Cx51 is not a universal C

compiler adapted for the 8051 target. It is a ground-up implementation dedicated to generating

extremely fast and compact code for the 8051 microprocessor. Cx51 provides you with the

flexibility of programming in C and the code efficiency and speed of assembly language. The C

language on its own is not capable of performing operations (such as input and output) that

would normally require intervention from the operating system. Instead, these capabilities are

provided as part of the standard library. Because these functions are separate from the language

itself, C is especially suited for producing code that is portable across a wide number of

platforms. Since Cx51 is a cross compiler, some aspects of the C programming language and

standard libraries are altered or enhanced to address the peculiarities of an embedded target

processor.

Support for all 8051 Variants

The 8051 Family is one of the fastest growing Microcontroller Architectures. More than

400 device variants from various silicon vendors are today available. New extended 8051

Devices, like the Philips 80C51MX architecture are dedicated for large application with several
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Mbytes code and data space. For optimum support of these different 8051 variants, Keil provides

the several development tools. A new output file format (OMF2) allows direct support of up to

16MB code and data space.

Fig : Keil vision2

Operation
Keil-C51 is used to compile the code in C, Create a hex file which is programmed on to

the microcontroller. We begin by creating a new project; to this project the source code in C is

added. The program is compiled using the library file 889x51.H. Compilation is done by
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selecting debug – compile in the menu options or by pressing F9. Keil-C51 generates the hex

code which is then programmed on to the microcontroller.

CONCLUSION:

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 Thus we are concluded the fingerprint based license checking system was fabricated

successfully. . By using this controller we will be controlling the scanning process. After the

scanning has been completed the result is stored in the microcontroller.

REFERENCES:
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 National Science and Technology Council Subcommittee on Biometricsand Identity

Management, Biometrics in Government Post-9/11: Advancing Science, Enhancing

Operations, Aug 2008.

 A.K. Jain, P. Flynn, and A.A.Ross, eds., Handbook of Biometrics, Springer, 2007.

 H.C.Lee and R.E.Gaensslen. eds., advences in FringerprintnTechnology, 2nd., CRC

press 2001.

 J. Feng, “Combining Minutiae Descriptors for Fingerprint Matching,” Pattern

Recognition, Jan. 2008, pp. 342-352

 A.A. Ross, K. Nandakumar, and A.K. Jain, Handbook of Multibiometrics,

Springer,2006.

 S. Pankanti, S. Prabhakar, and A.K. Jain, “On the Individuality of Fingerprints,” IEEE

Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Aug. 2002, pp.1010-1025.

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