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ქეთევან ტატიშვილი
ფიზიკა
8

მოსწავლის წიგნი
8
maswavleblis
wigni
 fizika
8
maswavleblis wigni
 maswavleblis wignis struqtura

I. Sesavali. maswavleblisa da moswavlis wignis Sesaxeb....................................................................................... 4

II. sabazo safexuris standarti fizikaSi............................................................................................................... 6
III. sabazo safexuri wliuri programa fizikaSi ................................................................................................. 16
IV. moswavlis wignis struqtura........................................................................................................................... 20
V. matricebi ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
VI Sefasebis formebi ............................................................................................................................................. 48
VII. pasuxebi paragrafebSi mocemul kiTxvebze, amocanebis amoxsnebi da
eqsperimentebis savaraudo Sedegebi. damatebiTi masala maswavleblebisTvis ...................................... 59
VIII. testebi weriTi SemajameblebisTvis.............................................................................................................115
IX. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni...................................................................................................................................125
X. damatebiTi literatura maswavleblisTvis...................................................................................................126

Y
I. Sesavali

P
maswavleblis wigni
maswavleblis wignis ZiriTadi mizania fizikaSi swavla/swavlebis xarisxis amaRleba. am miznis misaRwevad

O
maswavleblis wigns upiratesad oTxi funqcia aqvs:

C
1. Tanamedrove samecniero da zogadi informaciis miwodeba.
yovel 10 weliwadSi samecniero informacia Zveldeba da misi naxevari axldeba. amasTan, dRes, samecniero-

T
teqnologiuri progresis im epoqaSi, roca lamis yoveli axali dRe axali samecniero aRmoCenisa Tu

’
teqnologiebis gasaocari miRwevebis mauwyebelia, SeuZlebelia, fizikis pedagogma absoluturad

N
yvelaferi icodes. maswavleblis wignis erT-erTi funqciaa, daexmaros fizikis maswavlebels, ise dagegmos
gakveTilebi, rom man moswav­leebTan erTad moiZios axali informacia ramdenime alternatiuli wyarodan,
daaxarisxos is, amoarCios da miznobrivad gamoiyenos praqtikul saqmianobaSi.

O
2. fizikis maswavleblis profesiuli ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.

D
maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia inovaciuri saswavlo teqnologiebi, moswavleze orien­ tirebuli
swavla/swavlebis ZiriTadi principebi da swavla-swavlebis axali midgomis Ziri­Tadi maxasiaTeblebi.
maswavleblis wignis funqciaa, daexmaros fizikis maswavlebels, gaiazros Tavisi roli sagan­manaTleblo
reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi da SeimuSaos swavlebis sakuTari stili, romelic miesadageba
TiToeuli moswavlis swavlis stils.

3. saswavlo procesisa da gakveTilebis dagegmva/warmarTvaSi daxmareba.

maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia Tanamedrove, moswavleze orientirebuli gakveTilis struqtura,
misi dagegmvis etapebi. mocemulia gakveTilebis dagegmvis sanimuSo sqema da sxvadasxva tipis ramdenime
gakveTilis scenari.

4. Sefasebis axali sistemis daxasiaTeba da SefasebaSi daxmareba.

maswavleblis wignSi ganxilulia Semowmebisa da Sefasebis xerxebi, formebi da saSualebebi. mocemulia
rekomendaciebi, romlebic daexmareba fizikis maswavlebels Sefasebis axali sistemis efeqturad danergvaSi.
maswavleblis wignSi mocemuli rCevebi da rekomendaciebi maswavleblis sagnobrivi codnis
gamdidrebasa da praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis daxvewa-ganviTarebas emsaxureba. rCevebi aramc da aramc ar
zRudavs maswavleblis Tavisuflebas, Tavad miiRos gadawyvetileba, ama Tu im Temis swavlebisas romeli
aqtivobebi da swavlebis meTodi SearCios. dRes fizikis maswavlebels yvelaze metad iseTi saswavlo
strategiis SemuSaveba sWirdeba, romelic xels Seuwyobs fizikis gakveTilze swavlebis aqtiuri meTodis
(keTebiT swavla, kvleviTi samuSaoebi) kidev ufro intensiurad gamoyenebas.
Tu winamdebare wigni mcirediT mainc daexmareba maswavlebels moswavleze orien­tirebuli swavla/
swavlebis procesis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisTvis (gakveTilebis dagegmvasa da CatarebaSi, standartiT
gansazRvruli Sedegis miRwevaSi), CavTvliT, rom mizani, romelsac es wigni isaxavs, miRweulia.

4
 moswavlis wigni

gTavazobT, VIII klasis fizikis saxelmZRvanelos (moswavlis wignis) Zlieri mxareebisa da saxelmZRvaneloSi
warmodgenili siaxleebis mokle aRweras:

Zlieri mxareebi
• saintereso da moswavlisTvis advilad aRsaqmeli eniT dawerili paragrafebi;
• mravalferovani aqtivobebi, romelTa nawili individualuri samuSaoa, nawili ki - gankuTvnilia wyvilebSi
an jgufebSi samuSaod;
• TiToeuli saswavlo Temis saintereso wardgena, romelic moswavleebisTvis damatebiT motivacias qmnis;
• axali codnis damoukideblad agebis sqemebi: Tanamimdevruli kiTxvebi, romlebsac daskvnebamde mihyavs
moswavle;
• gasagebi da martivi instruqciebi moswavleebisa da maswavleblebisTvis.
• saswavlo Temis farglebSi martividan rTulisken dalagebuli aqtivobebi;

Y
• aqtivobebi, romlebic xels uwyobs maRali saazrovno unarebis gamomuSaveba-daxvewas;
• mdidari eleqtronuli resursebi;

P
• Tanamedrove samecniero da teqnologiuri progresis Sesabamisi da sando informacia;
• saintereso eqskursebi fizikis ganviTarebis istoriidan;

O
• TviTSefasebis testebi TiToeuli Temis bolos, romelTa daxmarebiTac moswavle gansazRvravs, ramdenad
miaRwia Temis Seswavlis dawyebisas dasaxul mizans;

C
• saintereso kvleviTi samuSaoebi da proeqtebi;
• teqstTan Serwymuli da miznobrivad dakavSirebuli feradi ilustraciebi.
.

siaxleebi

N ’ T
O
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo saganmanaTleblo resursia, romelSic mocemulia
• aqtivobebi saswavlo procesis diferencirebisTvis: yvela moswavles eZleva davaleba sakuTari

D
interesebisa da swavlis individualuri stilis gaTvaliswinebiT;
• ara marto TviTSefasebis testebi TiToeuli Temis bolos, aramed ganmaviTarebeli TviTSefasebis
formac: imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni qula daagrova, moswavle SeZlebs sakuTari namuSevris Sefasebas da
Semdgomi ganviTarebis mizniT rekomendaciasac miiRebs;
• damatebiTi amocanebi da kiTxvebi. maTi raodenoba da Sinaarsi absoluturad sakmarisia standartiT
gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegis misaRwevad;

moswavlis saxelmZRvaneloSi meTodikis TvalsazrisiTac siaxlea:

• damatebiTi amocanebi da kiTxvebi sxvadasxva feris numeraciiTa aRniSnuli. TiToeuli feri sirTulis
kategorias mianiSnebs. maswavlebels SeuZlia SearCios gansxvavebuli sirTulis amocanebi sxvadasxva
moswavlisTvis imis mixedviT, Tu ra sWirdeba saswavlo gegmisa da procesis diferencirebisTvis;
• amocanebisa da kiTxvebis sirTulis kategoriis codna moswavlisTvisac mniSvnelovania, radgan misTvis
motivaciis faqtoria umartivesi amocanebidan TandaTan warmatebiT gadasvla rTuli kategoriis
amocanebis amoxsnaze;

moswavlis saxelmZRvaneloSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia usafrTxoebas eqsperimentebis mimdinareobis dros:

• cdis aRwerilobas Tan axlavs gamafrTxilebeli niSnebi da cdis CatarebisTvis saWiro aRWurviloba,
romelTa gamoyeneba moswavleebs Tavidan aacilebs eqsperimentuli samuSaos Tanmdev patar-patara
usiamovnebebs;

5
 II. sabazo safexuris standarti fizikaSi

Sesavali
sabazo safexuris fizikis standarti Sedgeba Semdegi nawilebisagan:
a) sagnis swavla-swavlebis miznebi;
b) standartis Sedegebi da Sinaarsi;
g) meTodikuri orientirebi;
d) Sefaseba.

sabazo safexurze saganSi `fizika“ Seiswavleba meqanikis, eleqtruli, magnituri, optikuri da

siTburi movlenebis ZiriTadi principebi. moswavle gaecnoba bunebaSi mimdinare fizikuri pro­ ce­
se­
bis kanonzomierebebs, maT gavlenas garemomcvel samyaroze da rols mecnierebisa da teqnikis
ganviTarebaSi. sagnis swavla-swavlebisas moswavle CarTuli iqneba aqtivobebSi, romlebic mas
movlenebis arsis ga­gebaSi, axali codnis SeqmnaSi da am codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebaSi daexmareba.

Y
a) sagnis swavla-swavlebis miznebi

P
fizikis swavla-swavlebis miznebia, moswavles:
• gauCndes interesi fizikuri procesebis Seswavlis mimarT;

O
• SeeZlos samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebSi fizikis kanonzomierebebis danaxva da miRebuli codnis
gamoyenebiT sxvadasxva cxovrebiseuli amocanebis gadaWra;

C
• SeeZlos garemoSi mimdinare fizikuri procesebis urTierTdakavSireba;
• ganuviTardes kvleviTi unar-Cvevebi, romlebsac axali codnis misaRebad gamoiyenebs;

T
• fizikuri movlenebis analizis safuZvelze SeeZlos bunebaSi sxvadasxva movlenis prognozireba;

’
• SesZinos fizikis dargobrivi eniT operirebis unari.

N
am miznebze muSaobiT fizika Tavis wvlils Seitans erovnuli saswavlo gegmis misiisa da miznebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli unarebisa da Rirebulebebis ganviTarebasa da CamoyalibebaSi.

D O
b) standartis Sedegebi da Sinaarsi
standartis Sedegebi sagnis cnebebze dafuZnebiT gansazRvravs miznobriv orientirebs da
pasuxobs SekiTxvas: ra unda SeeZlos moswavles fizikaSi sabazo safexuris bolos.

es Sedegebi jgufdeba sam mimarTulebad:

• fizikuri movlenebi - gulisxmobs fizikis ZiriTadi koncefciebisa da kanonzomierebebis
gaazrebas; sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisaTvis saerTo cnebebze (nivTiereba da materia,
struqtura da funqcia, energia da energiis gardaqmna, sistemebi da urTierTqmedebebi,
mdgradoba da cvlilebebi) warmodgenebis Camoyalibebas;
• mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba - gulisxmobs moswavlis CarTvas dakvirvebebis, martivi eqsperimentebisa
da cdebis ganxorcielebaSi;
• mecniereba da teqnologiebi - gulisxmobs sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis gamoyenebiTi
aspeqtebis aRqmas; sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisa da teqnologiebis miRwevebis gavlenis
gacnobierebas sazogadoebasa da garemoze; mniSvnelovani samecniero aRmoCenebis Sefasebas;
gaazrebas, rom mecnieruli Sexedulebebi da mosazrebebi viTardeba da SeiZleba Seicvalos
droTa ganmavlobaSi.

standartis Sinaarsi gansazRvravs, ra unda icodes moswavlem. Sinaarsi aRiwereba savaldebulo

cnebebis, Temebisa da sagnobrivi sakiTxebis saxiT.
cnebebis saxiT gansazRvrulia is codna, romelsac moswavle sagnis farglebSi unda daeuflos.
cnebebi SedegebTan erTad unda damuSavdes moswavlisTvis nacnob konteqstebSi. es konteqstebi
savaldebulo Temebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. TiToeul Temas axlavs sakiTxebi da Sefasebis
indikatorebi. sakiTxebi akonkretebs Temas, Sefasebis indikatorebi ki gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda
Sefasdes konkretul TemaSi (TiToeul indikatorTan miTiTebulia masTan dakavSirebuli Sedegis/
Sedegebis indeqsi).

6
 indeqsebis ganmarteba

sabazo safexurze standartSi gaweril TiToeul Sedegs win uZRvis indeqsi, romelic miuTiTebs
sagans, swavlebis etapsa da standartis Sedegis nomers; mag., fiz.sab.1.:
`fiz.“ _ miuTiTebs sagans `fizika’’;
`sab.“ _ miuTiTebs sabazo safexurs
`1“ _ miuTiTebs standartis Sedegis nomers.

fizikis standartis Sedegebi (VII-IX klasebi)

Sedegebis standartis Sedegebi cnebebi

indeqsebi

mimarTuleba: fizikuri movlenebi

moswavlem unda SeZlos

Y
fiz.sab.1. materiis daxasiaTeba misi fizikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT;

P
materia, sistemebi,
fiz.sab.2. sxeulTa urTierTqmedebaze da urTierTqmedebis Sedegebze struqtura;
argumentirebuli msjeloba; funqcia;

O
fiz.sab.3. energiis saxeebis daxasiaTeba da maT urTierTgardaqmnaze urTierTqmedeba;
argumentirebuli msjeloba. energia

C
kvleva
mimarTuleba: mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba aRmoCena, Teoria,

T
moswavlem unda SeZlos kanoni, teqnologia;

’
fiz.sab.4. fizikuri movlenebis Seswavlis mizniT kvlevis (cda, mdgradi
eqsperimenti) dagegmva (hipoTezebis SemuSaveba, damokidebuli ganviTareba.

N
da damoukidebeli cvladebis gansazRvra, kvlevis proceduris,
monacemebis aRricxvis formebis gansazRvra, saTanado

O
resursebis SerCeva);

D
fiz.sab.5. fizikuri procesebisa da kanonzomierebebis kvlevisaTvis
saWiro procedurebis ganxorcieleba (dakvirveba, gazomva,
monacemebis aRricxva, Sesabamisi masalisa da aRWurvilobis
adekvaturad gamoyeneba);

fiz.sab.6. Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva formiT

(cxrilebiT, diagramebiT, grafikebiT da sxv.) Cawera da
organizeba; monacemebis organizebisTvis informaciul-
sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba;

fiz.sab.7. monacemebis gaanalizeba da argumentirebuli msjelobis

safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana, cvladebs Soris
damokidebulebis aRsawerad diagramebisa da grafikebis
gamoyeneba;
fiz.sab.8. modelebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba fizikuri movlenebis/
kanonzomierebebis saCveneblad;
fiz.sab.9. cdisa da eqsperimentis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas usafrTxoebis
wesebis dacva.

mimarTuleba: mecniereba da teqnologiebi

moswavlem unda SeZlos

fiz.sab.10. sabunebismtyvelo mecnierebebisa da teqnologiebis miRwevebis

Sefaseba mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis TvalsazrisiT;

fiz.sab.11. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisa da teqnologiebis miRwevebis

yoveldRiurobasTan dakavSireba;

fiz.sab.12. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis sxvadasxva profesiasTan

dakavSireba.

7
Temebisa da cnebebis damakavSirebeli cxrili
cxrilSi mocemulia savaldebulo Temebi, romlebic unda iswavlebodes VII-dan IX klasis CaTvliT.
aseve, mocemulia cnebebi, romlebic yvela Temis farglebSi unda damuSavdes.

savaldebulo Temebi cnebebi

nivTierebis agebuleba da misi fizikuri

Tvisebebi

Tanabari moZraoba
materia, sistemebi,
struqtura; funqcia; urTierTqmedeba;
Zala da wneva energia
energiis mudmivoba, energiis gardaqmna
meqanikuri movlenebi kvleva
kvlevis meTodi (cda, eqsperimenti, gamokiTxva,
interviu);
eleqtromagnituri movlenebi kvlevis dagegmva-ganxorcieleba (sakvlevi

Y
kiTxva, hipoTeza, usafrTxoeba, resursi, cvladi
(damoukidebeli, damokidebuli) monacemi,

P
siTburi movlenebi
monacemTa organizeba, monacemTa analizi,
daskvna);

O
aCqarebuli moZraoba
modeli (formula);
aRmoCena, Teoria, kanoni, teqnologia;

C
statika da dinamika mdgradi ganviTareba.

T
optikuri movlenebi

N ’
O
Temebis, sakiTxebisa da Sefasebis indikatorebis damakavSirebeli cxrilebi

D
TiToeul cxrilSi mocemulia Temis dasaxeleba, Temis Sesabamisi sakiTxebi, romlebic azustebs
Temas. Sefasebis indikatorebSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor realizdeba Sedegebi konkretul TemaSi.

Tema: meqanikuri movlenebi

sakiTxTa minimumi:
1. meqanikuri muSaoba, simZlavre da energia;
2. sxeulTa wonasworoba;
3. martivi meqanizmebi.

Sefasebis indikatorebi - moswavlem unda SeZlos

● muSaobis, rogorc energiis cvlilebis Sedegis, daxasiaTeba (fiz.sab. 1, 2, 3);
● sxeulze moqmedi sxvadasxva tipis Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegebis Seswavla modelebis saSualebiT.
problemaze dafuZnebuli amocanebis gadaWra (fiz.sab. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);
● martivi meqanizmebis, msoflio mizidulobis Zalis, amomgdebi Zalis rolis Sefaseba bunebasa da
yofa-cxovrebaSi (fiz.sab. 10, 11);
● sxeulTa wonasworobis pirobebis codnisa da martivi meqanizmebis gamoyenebis dakavSireba sxvadasxva
profesiasTan/saqmianobis sferosTan (fiz.sab.10,11,12).

8
 Tema: siTburi movlenebi

sakiTxTa minimumi:
1. siTbos gadacema;
2. siTbos raodenoba;
3. siTburi Zravebi da ekologiuri problemebi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
• siTbos gadacemis saxeebis daxasiaTeba da maT Taviseburebebze argumentirebuli msjeloba
(fiz. sab.1, 2, 3);
• siTburi Zravebis moqmedebis principsa da maTi muSaobiT Seqmnil ekologiur problemebze
argumentirebuli msjeloba (fiz.sab. 1, 2, 3, 10, 11);
• nivTierebis siTbotevadobisa da wvis kuTri siTbos eqsperimentuli Seswavla modelebis
daxmarebiT; problemaze dafuZnebuli amocanebis gadawyveta (fiz.sab. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);
• kuTri siTbotevadobebisa da wvis kuTri siTbos rolis Sefaseba bunebasa da yofa-cxovrebaSi

Y
(fiz.sab.1, 2, 3, 10, 11);
• bunebaSi mimdinare siTburi procesebis Sesaxeb codnis dakavSireba sxvadasxva profesiasTan/

P
saqmianobis sferosTan (fiz.sab.10,11,12).

O
safexurebrivi sakvanZo kiTxvebi

C
safexurebrivi sakvanZo kiTxvebi standartis cnebebs akavSirebs SedegebTan.

’ T
• rogor unda Seviswavlo fizikuri movlenebi?
• rogor Cavataro kvleva: dakvirveba, eqsperimenti?

N
• raSi da rogor SeiZleba gamoviyeno fizikuri kanonzomierebebis codna?
• rogor gardaiqmneba energia erTi saxeobidan meore saxeobad? ratom aris energia mudmivi?
• rogor urTierTqmedebs bunebaSi arsebuli Zalebi?

O
• ra gavlenas axdens nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlileba bunebaSi mimdinare
procesebze?

9
 g) meTodikuri orientirebi
standartis am nawilSi gansazRvrulia, Tu ra principebis safuZvelze unda warimarTos swavla-
swavlebis procesi. aseve, mocemulia mokle instruqciebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda daigegmos
konkretuli saswavlo erTeulis _ Temis swavla-swavleba.
sagnis swavla-swavleba unda warimarTos Semdegi principebis dacviT:
a) swavla-swavleba xels unda uwyobdes moswavleTa Sinagani Zalebis gaaqtiurebas.
b) swavla-swavleba xels unda uwyobdes codnis etapobrivad konstruirebas winare codnaze
dafuZnebiT.
g) swavla-swavleba xels unda uwyobdes codnaTa urTierTdakavSirebasa da organizebas.
d) swavla-swavleba unda uzrunvelyofdes swavlis strategiebis dauflebas (swavlis swavlas).
e) swavla-swavleba unda moicavdes codnis samive kategorias: deklaraciuls, procedurulsa da
pirobiseuls.

sagnobrivi Sedegebis garda, erovnuli saswavlo gegmis miznebidan swavla-swavlebisa da Sefasebis

samizned aseve unda iqces Semdegi gamWoli unarebi da Rirebulebebi:

SemoqmedebiTi • Canafiqris SemoqmedebiTad ganxorcieleba;

Y
azrovneba • originaluri ideebis gamovlena da xorcSesxma; axlis Seqmna;
• dasmuli problemebis gadasaWrelad arastandartuli gzebis moZieba;

P
• swrafva garemos gardaqmna-gaumjobesebisken;
• gamowvevebis miReba, saskolo saqmianobebSi gabeduli nabijebis gadadgma.

O
TanamSromloba • samuSaos Tanabrad ganawileba da Sesruleba jgufuri/gunduri muSaobis dros;
• mzaoba jgufSi/gundSi sxvadasxva funqciis Sesasruleblad;

C
• gansxvavebuli ideebis, Sexedulebebis konstruqciulad ganxilva;
• resursebis, mosazrebebis, codnis gaziareba problemaTa erToblivad

T
gadaWris, gadawyvetilebaTa erToblivad miRebis mizniT.

’
iniciativebis • swavla-swavlebis procesSi interesisa da cnobismoyvareobis gamovlena;

N
gamovlena da • axali ideebis, midgomebis, SesaZleblobebis Zieba da maTi ganxorcieleba swavlis
saqmed qceva gaumjobesebis mizniT;
• mzaoba gamowvevebis misaRebad, gabeduli nabijebis gadasadgmelad.

O
drosa da • Tanamedrove realobis sivrcesa da droSi gaazreba da interpretireba;

D
sivrceSi • multiperspeqtiuli xedva droiTi da sivrculi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
orientireba
swavlis swavla, • aqtivobis/davalebis Rirebulebis gansazRvra - moswavlem unda dainaxos, ras
damoukideblad SesZens aqtivobis Sesruleba, ra pirovnul Tu socialur sargebels moutans mas;
saqmianoba
• aqtivobis/davalebis dagegmva - moTxovnaTa gaazreba da mis Sesasruleblad
saWiro codnis gansazRvra; davalebis/aqtivobis mTavari miznis gansazRvra;
samuSaos warmatebiT Sesrulebis kriteriumebis dadgena; gansaxorcielebeli
samuSaos etapebis gamokveTa; imis ganWvreta, Tu ra gauadvildeba, ra
gauZneldeba, raSi dasWirdeba daxmareba; strategiebis mizanSewonilad SerCeva
samuSaos TiToeuli etapisaTvis;
• swavlis procesis monitoringi - dafiqreba swavlis procesze, im pirobebisa da
faqtorebis amocnoba, romlebic xels uwyobs an aferxebs winsvlas, saTanado
zomebis miReba winsvlis xelSesawyobad; TviTSefaseba Zlieri da susti mxarebis
dasadgenad, susti mxareebis gasaZliereblad gzebis dasaxva;
• socio-emociuri marTva - nerviulobis minimumamde dayvana, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi daxmarebis Txovna, sakuTar TavSi siZneleTa gadalaxvis resursebis
povna; Secdomebis mimarT pozitiuri damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba da
winsvlisaTvis gamoyeneba;
• calkeuli saqmianobisTvis gamoyofili drois efeqtianad gamoyeneba.
pasuxismgebloba • saskolo saqmianobebSi (saskolo cxovrebaSi) nakisri valdebulebis Sesruleba;
• samuSaos dadgenil vadebSi dasruleba da Cabareba;
• sakuTari qcevis marTva, sakuTar qcevebze pasuxismgeblobis aReba.

10
 informaciuli • eleqtronuli cxrilebis gamoyeneba monacemTa organizeba-warmodgenis, maTi
da damuSavebisa da analizis mizniT;
sakomunikacio
• sabunebismetyvelo Sinaarsis dinamiuri, virtualuri simulaciebis miznobrivad
teqnologiebis
gamoyeneba;
gamoyeneba
• kvleviTi samuSaoebis oqmebisa da angariSebis Seqmna teqstur redaqtorebSi;

• cifruli formatis prezentaciebis momzadeba sxvadasxva multimediuri

elementebis (teqsti, gamosaxuleba, audio, video, animacia) gamoyenebiT;

• qseluri Zieba.

wigniereba • zepiri da weriTi metyvelebis gziT informaciis miRebis, damuSavebis, gaazrebis,

sistemaSi moyvanis, gaanalizeba-interpretirebisa da wardgena-gaziarebis unari.

Y
wliuri programisa da saswavlo Temis agebis principebi

P
standartze dayrdnobiT igegmeba wliuri programebi, romlebic gviCvenebs standartis mo­

O
TxovnaTa realizebis gzebs. wliuri programa sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa. skolas SeuZlia gamoiyenos
rekomendebuli wliuri programa an Tavad dasaxos standartis miRwevis gzebi. wliuri programebi

C
unda daigegmos saswavlo Temebis saSualebiT.

saswavlo Tema igegmeba Semdegi komponentebis gamoyenebiT:

’ T
saswavlo Tema

N
saswavlo Tema warmoadgens funqciur konteqsts, romelic standartis Sedegebis, cnebebisa Tu
konkretuli sakiTxebis integrirebulad da urTierTdakavSirebulad swavlebis saSualebas iZleva.

O
TiToeuli Temis farglebSi, SeZlebisdagvarad, unda damuSavdes standartis yvela Sedegi.

D
sagnobrivi sakiTxebi
wliuri Temebis farglebSi gamoiyofa sagnobrivi sakiTxebi. sagnobrivi sakiTxebis swavleba
TviTmizans ar warmoadgens.
sagnobrivi sakiTxebis meSveobiT moswavle gaiazrebs cnebis Sinaarss, amuSavebs sakvanZo
SekiTxvebs, asrulebs kompleqsur davalebebs.

Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli cnebebi

cnebebi gansazRvravs im arsebiT codnas, romelsac moswavle sagnis farglebSi unda daeuflos.

Tematuri sakvanZo SekiTxvebi

Tematuri sakvanZo SekiTxvebi gamomdinareobs safexurebrivi kiTxvebidan da daismis Temis konkretul
konteqstSi. maTi funqciaa:
• moswavlis winare codnis gaaqtiureba, cnobismoyvareobis gaRviveba, provocireba axali codnis
SesaZenad;
• saswavlo Temis Sedegze orientirebulad swavla-swavlebis uzrunvelyofa;
• Temis swavla-swavlebis procesSi Sualeduri bijebis/etapebis gansazRvra. sakvanZo SekiTxva
warmoadgens maorganizebel elements, romelic saswavlo Temis farglebSi asrulebs gakveTil(eb)
is miznis rols.

aqtivobebi
mimdinare davalebebis tipebis/nimuSebis CamonaTvali, romlebic SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli
gageba-gaazrebis procesebis xelSesawyobad, aseve codnis aTvisebis, ganmtkicebisa Tu Sejamebis
mizniT.
kompleqsur/proeqtul davalebaTa ideebis CamonaTvali
kompleqsuri/proeqtuli davalebebi warmoadgens imgvar aqtivobebs, romelTa Sesruleba
moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebulad gamoyenebas funqciur konteqstebSi.

11
 Sefasebis indikatorebi
Sefasebis indikatorebi standartis Sedegebidan gamomdinareobs da aCvenebs, ra unda SeZlos
moswavlem konkretuli Temis farglebSi. sxva sityvebiT, indikatorebi warmoadgens konkretul
TemaSi realizebul Sedegebs. indikatorebSi dakonkretebulia codnis is savaldebulo minimumi,
romelsac moswavle Temis farglebSi unda daeuflos. Sefasebis indikatorebze dayrdnobiT
yalibdeba kriteriumebi Sefasebis rubrikebisTvis.

mkvidri warmodgenebi
mkvidri warmodgenebi ganisazRvreba standartis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT. es aris zogadi
warmodgenebi, romlebic Temis Seswavlisas unda Camoyalibdes moswavlis xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
mis (moswavlis) winare warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT, raTa mas Temis farglebSi dasaxuli miznebis
miRweva gauadvildes. mkvidri warmodgenebi azrovnebis sayrdenia gagebis aqtebis gansaxorcieleblad.

rogor aigeba saswavlo Tema?

saswavlo Temis asagebad umTavresi orientirebia standartis Sedegebi. isini standartSi

Y
savaldebulo saxiTaa gansazRvruli. cnebebsa da Sedegebze dayrdnobiT ganisazRvreba mkvidri
warmodgenebi, sakvanZo kiTxvebi da Sefasebis indikatorebi.

P
saswavlo Temis swavla-swavlebis mizniT Semdeg etapze unda ganisazRvros sagnobrivi sakiTxebi,
resursebi, davalebebis tipebi/nimuSebi gagebis, gaazrebis, ganmtkicebisa da Sejamebis mizniT. aseve

O
mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros ideebi Semajamebeli kompleqsuri davalebebisTvis, radgan mxolod
kompleqsuri davalebebis saSualebiT SeiZleba gamovlindes, ramdenad daeufla moswavle Temis

C
farglebSi asaTvisebel codna-unarTa erTobliobas da ramdenad axerxebs maT funqciurad gamoyenebas.

T
saswavlo Temis agebis bijebi

N ’
nabiji 1. mkvidri warmodgenebis dadgena

O
nabiji 2. Tematuri sakvanZo kiTxvebis dasma

D
nabiji 3. Sefasebis indikatorebis gansazRvra

nabiji 4. Tematuri sakiTxebis gansazRvra

nabiji 5. aqtivobebisa da mimdinare davalebebis dagegmva da resursebis SerCeva

nabiji 6. Semajamebeli kompleqsuri davalebebis SemuSaveba

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis mniSvnelovani midgomebi

gakveTilebze moswavleebi xSirad svamen `ratom“ kiTxvebs. swavlebis procesi ise unda warmarTos,
rom am kiTxvebis didi nawili Seicvalos ,,rogor“ kiTxvebiT. ,,rogor“ kiTxvebi bevrad ufro
amZafrebs kvlevis winapirobas, vidre ,,ratom“ kiTxvebi. gakveTilis dawyebisTanave maswavlebelma
moswavleebSi unda aRZras interesi sakiTxisa Tu Temis irgvliv, gazardos motivacia. mxolod amis
Semdeg uCndebaT moswavleebs damatebiTi kiTxvebi, Tu `rogor“ da `ratom“ warmoiSva esa Tu is
fenomeni. sawyisi SekiTxva SeiZleba modiodes moswavlisagan, maswavleblisagan, saxelmZRvanelodan,
internetidan an raime sxva wyarodan. kiTxvis gansazRvraSi maswavlebeli gadamwyvet rols asrulebs.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maswavleblis roli im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kiTxva moswavleebma unda
Camoayalibon. ama Tu im TemasTan dakavSirebiT kiTxvebis SerCevis dros maswavlebeli unda daeyrdnos
moswavleebis winare codnas da gamocdilebas. maswavlebelma isic unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom
moswavleebis mier dasmuli kiTxva gamomdinareobs maTive dakvirvebebiT miRebuli informaciidan,
amdenad, pasuxic maT codnasa da ganviTarebis dones unda Seesabamebodes. kvleva moswavleebisaTvis
saintereso xdeba maSin, Tu is maTTvis mniSvnelovan da saintereso sakiTxs efuZneba, romelsac aqvs

12
kavSiri yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis standartis moTxovnebis misaRwevad aucilebelia, moswavle
CarTuli iyos kvleva-Ziebis procesebSi da hqondes uwyveti praqtika. moswavleebi kvlevis arss ver
igeben mxolod terminebis, magaliTad, hipoTezis _ daswavliT, an sxvadasxva proceduris, magaliTad,
mecnieruli kvlevis etapebis _ damaxsovrebiT. moswavle TviTon unda iyos CarTuli procesSi. mag.,
TviTon gansazRvros kvlevis etapebi, raTa ufro Rrmad Caswvdes mis arss. amasTan, kvleva-ZiebiTi
aqtivobebis mxolod Catareba ar kmara. kvleva-Zieba da misi Sedegebis gaazreba erTdroulad unda
xdebodes. swavla-swavlebis axali midgoma moiTxovs moswavleebis CarTvas mecnieruli codnis
SefasebaSi. kvlevaSi CarTulma moswavleebma da maswavlebelma unda dasvan Semdegi kiTxvebi:

• ra xdeba, ra movlena an procesi mimdinareobs?

• movlenis/procesis ra maxasiaTeblebi gvaqvs?
• romeli maxasiaTeblebi ar gvWirdeba?
• ra saxis cvladebi gvaqvs?

Y
• pasuxobs Tu ara miRebuli monacemebi kvlevis mizans?

P
• ra axsna SeiZleba movuZebnoT am monacemebs?

O
• riT sjobs erTi romelime axsna danarCenebs?

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis procesSi praqtikuli samuSaos gamoyenebas

C
fundamenturi roli eniWeba. mniSvnelovania, rom maswavlebelma SeZlos klasSi praqtikuli samuSaos
efeqtiani warmarTva da usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelyofa. praqtikuli samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg

T
ki didi mniSvneloba eniWeba samuSaos Sedegebis ganxilvisa da Sejamebis mizniT diskusiis warmarTvas.

’
miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT, swavlebis dros SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos Semdegis saxis praqtikuli
samuSaoebi:

N
1. sademonstracio cda _ praqtikuli samuSaoebi, romelTa mizania konkretuli mecnieruli

O
movlenis ilustrireba;

D
2. gasavarjiSebeli praqtikuli samuSaoebi _ savarjiSoebi, romlebic eqsperimentebis Catarebis
teqnikas, xelsawyoebis moxmarebis praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas emsaxureba;
3. kvleva-ZiebiTi praqtikuli samuSaoebi _ maTi mizania, moswavleebma iswavlon kvleva, nabij-
nabij miyvnen kvlevis ciklis etapebs. gamoiyenon gasavarjiSebeli praqtikuli samuSaoebis dros
miRebuli codna da unarebi.
4. problemis gadaWraze orientirebuli praqtikuli samuSaoebi gulisxmobs iseT aqtivobebs, sadac
moswavleebs realuri obieqtebiT manipulirebis gziT uwevT problemis gadaWra _ praqtikuli
gamosavlis moZebna.

swavlis unarebis gasaumjobeseblad mniSvnelovania zrunva metakogniciis unarebis ganviTarebaze,

risTvisac maswavlebelma periodulad sami tipis aqtivoba unda Caataros. es aqtivobebia:
strategiebis modelireba: maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad asrulebs davalebas da misi
Sesrulebisas `xmamaRla fiqrobs“ imaze, Tu rogor Seasrulos es aqtivoba (mag., kargad gavecnoT
pirobas da davakvirdeT, ras moiTxovs igi; aqvs Tu ara pirobas Tanxmlebi masala da misT.);
winmswrebi metakognituri pauza, anu davalebis Sesrulebamde dafiqreba da msjeloba gadasadgmel
nabijebze - mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi gaecnobian davalebis pirobas, SevasrulebinebT metakognituri
xasiaTis amgvar aqtivobas: maT jgufurad unda gansazRvron is gza, romliTac davalebas Seasruleben,
saxeldobr: detalurad aRweron davalebis Sesrulebis etapebi (ras Seasruleben ris Semdeg da
sxv.), aseve strategiebi, romlebsac gamoiyeneben TiToeul etapze. jgufebma unda warmoadginon
TavianTi namuSevrebi da imsjelon SerCeuli gzebisa Tu strategiebis mizanSewonilobaze.
Semdgomi metakognituri pauza, anu davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg dafiqreba da msjeloba gadadgmul
nabijebze - mas Semdeg, rac moswavleebi Seasruleben konkretul davalebas, maT unda gaixsenon da
aRweron ganvlili gza: ra gaakeTes ris Semdeg? ra xerxebi gamoiyenes muSaobisas? ra gauWirdaT
an ra gauadvildaT? Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis aRweris Sedegad moswavleebi gaacnobiereben im
faqts, rom miznis misaRwevad arsebobs sxvadasxva gza da xerxi, romlebzec davalebis Sesrulebamde
unda dafiqrdnen (optimaluri gadawyvetilebis misaRebad). metakognituri pauza moswavleebs
ganuviTarebs swavlis unarebs da aumaRlebs swavlis qmedunarianobas.

13
 d) Sefaseba

saklaso Sefaseba unda Seesabamebodes erovnuli saswavlo gegmis pirveli karis me-7 TavSi
gansazRvrul Sefasebis principebs, miznebsa da amocanebs.
swavlis xarisxis gaumjobesebis xelSesawyobad upiratesoba unda mieniWos ganmaviTarebel
Sefasebas, romelic afasebs moswavles Tavis winare SedegebTan mimarTebiT, zomavs individualur
winsvlas da, amdenad, aZlevs moswavles codnis etapobrivi konstruirebis saSualebas.
mniSvnelovania, moswavle Tavad iyos CarTuli ganmaviTarebel SefasebaSi. swavlis procesis
Sefaseba moswavles gamoumuSavebs damoukideblad swavlis unar-Cvevebs, daexmareba swavlis
strategiebis aTvisebaSi, saSualebas miscems, gacnobierebulad Seuwyos xeli sakuTar winsvlasa da
warmatebas. SefasebaSi CarTvis ZiriTadi mizania moswavlis gaTviTcnobiereba swavlis procesebSi,
rac mas am procesebis gaazrebulad da damoukideblad marTvas Seaswavlis.

Semajamebeli (ganmaviTarebeli da ganmsazRvreli) Sefaseba

Semajamebeli SefasebisTvis gamoiyeneba kompleqsuri, konteqstis mqone davalebebi, romelTa

Sesruleba moiTxovs standartiT gansazRvruli codnisa da unarebis integrirebulad da funqciurad
gamoyenebas. am davalebaTa Sesafaseblad Sefasebis rubrika, anu kriteriumebis bade gamoiyeneba.

Y
moswavles TiToeuli saswavlo Temis damuSavebis Semdeg evaleba Semajamebeli davalebis

P
warmodgena. Semajamebeli davalebebis minimaluri raodenoba wlis ganmavlobaSi savaldebulo
saswavlo Temebis raodenobas emTxveva.

O
tipobrivi davalebebi Semajamebeli SefasebisaTvis

C
standartis moTxovnaTa miRwevis Sesafaseblad rekomendebulia Semajamebel davalebaTa

T
mravalferovani formebis gamoyeneba. Semajamebelis davaleba unda iZleodes im codnisa da unarebis

’
srulfasovnad Sefasebis saSulebas, romlis dauflebasac emsaxureboda swavlebis procesi.
sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis Semajamebel davalebaTa tipebi SeiZleba iyos: testi, modelireba,

N
proeqti, prezentacia, problemis gadaWraze dafuZnebuli davalebebi. eqsperimentis Sedegebis
analizi, savele/gasvliTi samuSaos angariSi da sxv.

O
testi _ testuri davalebebis erToblioba. testuri davalebebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc daxuruli,
ise Ria. daxuruli tipis davalebebis qulebis wili mTlian testSi, sasurvelia, ar aRematebodes 30%-

D
s. Ria tipis davalebebi unda amowmebdes moswavleebis analitikuri azrovnebis unarebs. sasurvelia,
Ria tipis testur davalebebSi wamyvani iyos kiTxvebi `ratom“, `rogor“. sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebis testuri davalebebi unda moicavdes sqemebis, naxatebisa da naxazebis wakiTxvis,
gagebis da analizis komponentsac. moswavles moeTxoveba grafikuli maorganizeblebiT mocemuli
informaciis wakiTxva da/an grafikuli maorganizeblebis ageba procesebis aRweris mizniT.

kvleva-Ziebaze dafuZnebuli davalebebi (maT Soris eqsperimentuli samuSaoebi)_davalebebi,

romlebic moiTxovs moswavleebis CarTvas rogorc praqtikul kvleviT aqtivobebSi, ise monacemebis
damuSavebis, analizis interpretaciaSi.

modelireba_procesis, movlenis, obieqtis analogis gamoyeneba an/da Seqmna. modeli SeiZleba iyos
rogorc organzomilebiani (samecniero naxati/naxazis Seqmna), ise samganzomilebiani. mniSvnelovania,
rom moswavleebma SeZlon, axsnan modelis komponentebis funqciebi, modelis daxmarebiT aRweron
procesebi, modeli Seqmnan garkveuli problemis gadasaWrelad. aucilebelia, moswavleebma imsjelon
modelis SezRudvebze (mag., atomis sibrtyeze gamosaxuli sqema arasrulfasovnad aCvenebs, rogor
moZraoben eleqtronebi atombirTvis garSemo).

problemis gadaWraze dafuZnebuli davalebebi_Sesrulebuli samuSao unda moicavdes problemis

gansazRvras, analizs, problemis gadaWris optimaluri gzis SerCevas da problemis gadaWras.
problemis gadaWraze dafuZnebuli davaleba unda iZleodes alternatiuli gadaWris gzebis
arsebobis SesaZleblobas.

proeqti_Sesrulebuli samuSao unda moicavdes problemis/sakiTxis analizs; problemis/sakiTxis

irgvliv Segrovebuli informaciis analizs; proeqtis dagegmvis da Sesrulebis (aqtivobebis) aRweras,
daskvnebs, proeqtis saboloo produqts.

14
 prezentacia - Sesrulebuli naSromis wardgena auditoriis winaSe. mniSvnelovania, rom
prezentacia ar unda iyos moZiebuli informaciis wardgena. saprezentacio davaleba unda iZleodes
saSualebas, TiToeulma moswavlem/jgufma warmoadginos sakuTari originaluri gadawyvetileba,
analizi, Sefaseba an sxva.

moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes Semajamebeli ganmsazRvreli SefasebisaTvis

gankuTvnili davaleba

• TiToeul davalebas unda axldes piroba da davalebis pirobis Sesabamisi Sefasebis rubrika;
• davalebis Sefasebis rubrika, standartis Sedegebis garda, unda efuZnebodes erovnuli saswavlo
gegmis gamWol unarebsa da Rirebulebebs;
• 10 qula unda gadanawildes rubrikaSi Semaval kriteriumebze;

Y
Sefasebis rubrikis nimuSi

P
davaleba/aqtivoba: eqsperimentis dagegmva da Catareba

O
Sefasebis kriteriumebi qulebi komentari

C
1. kvlevis miznis gansazRvra da hipoTezis Camoyalibeba 0-1

T
2. eqsperimentis dagegmva (etapebis gansazRvra,

’
0-2
cvladebis dadgena Sesabamisi resursebis SerCeva)

N
3. monacemebis Segroveba da organizeba 0-1

O
4. monacemebis analizi, daskvnebis gamotana 0-2

D
5. samuSaos wardgena/prezentacia 0-2

6. informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis

0-1
gamoyeneba

7. Zalisxmeva 0-1

15
 III. sabazo safexuris wliuri programa fizikaSi
sabazo safexuris fizikis programa sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa da aCvenebs standartis moTxovnaTa
realizebis SesaZlo gzebs. programa Sedgeba Semdegi nawilebisagan:

saswavlo Tema
saswavlo Tema warmoadgens funqciur konteqsts, romelic standartis Sedegebis, cnebebisa Tu
konkretuli sakiTxebis integrirebulad da urTierTdakavSirebulad swavlebis saSualebas iZl-
eva. TiToeuli Temis farglebSi, SeZlebisdagvarad, unda damuSavdes standartis yvela Sedegi.
sagnobrivi sakiTxebi
wliuri Temebis farglebSi gamoiyofa sagnobrivi sakiTxebi. sagnobrivi sakiTxebis swavleba
TviTmizans ar warmoadgens.
sagnobrivi sakiTxebis meSveobiT moswavle gaiazrebs cnebis Sinaarss, amuSavebs sakvanZo SekiTx-
vebs, asrulebs kompleqsur davalebebs.
Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli cnebebi
cnebebi gansazRvravs im arsebiT codnas, romelsac moswavle sagnis farglebSi unda daeuflos.
Tematuri sakvanZo SekiTxvebi

Y
Tematuri sakvanZo SekiTxvebi gamomdinareobs safexurebrivi kiTxvebidan da daismis Temis
konkretul konteqstSi. maTi funqciaa:

P
• moswavlis winare codnis gaaqtiureba, cnobismoyvareobis gaRviveba, provocireba axali cod-
nis SesaZenad;

O
• saswavlo Temis Sedegze orientirebulad swavla-swavlebis uzrunvelyofa;
• Temis swavla-swavlebis procesSi Sualeduri bijebis/etapebis gansazRvra. sakvanZo SekiTx-

C
va warmoadgens maorganizebel elements, romelic saswavlo Temis farglebSi asrulebs
gakveTil(eb)is miznis rols. ss

’ T
aqtivobebi
mimdinare davalebebis tipebis/nimuSebis CamonaTvali, romlebic SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli

N
gageba-gaazrebis procesebis xelSesawyobad, aseve codnis aTvisebis, ganmtkicebisa Tu Sejamebis
mizniT.

O
kompleqsur/proeqtul davalebaTa ideebis CamonaTvali
kompleqsuri/proeqtuli davalebebi warmoadgens imgvar aqtivobebs, romelTa Sesruleba

D
moiTxovs sxvadasxva codnaTa integrirebulad gamoyenebas funqciur konteqstebSi.
Sefasebis indikatorebi
Sefasebis indikatorebi standartis Sedegebidan gamomdinareobs da aCvenebs, ra unda SeZlos
moswavlem konkretuli Temis farglebSi. sxva sityvebiT, indikatorebi warmoadgens konkretul
TemaSi realizebul Sedegebs. indikatorebSi dakonkretebulia codnis is savaldebulo minimumi,
romelsac moswavle Temis farglebSi unda daeuflos. Sefasebis indikatorebze dayrdnobiT
yalibdeba kriteriumebi Sefasebis rubrikebisTvis.
mkvidri warmodgenebi
mkvidri warmodgenebi ganisazRvreba standartis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT. es aris zogadi war-
modgenebi, romlebic Temis Seswavlisas unda Camoyalibdes moswavlis xangrZliv mexsierebaSi mis
(moswavlis) winare warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT, raTa mas Temis farglebSi dasaxuli miznebis miRw-
eva gauadvildes. mkvidri warmodgenebi azrovnebis sayrdenia gagebis aqtebis gansaxorcieleblad.

16
 sarezervo dro
saaTebis
(laboratoriuli
Temebi klasebis mixedviT savaraudo
samuSao, proeqti,
raodenoba
testi da a.S.)
VII klasi
mosamzadebeli periodi 5 saaTi
nivTierebis agebuleba da misi fizikuri Tvisebebi 12 saaTi 3 saaTi
Tanabari da araTanabari moZraoba 14 saaTi 5 saaTi
Zala da wneva 26 saaTi 5 saaTi
VIII klasi
meqanikuri movlenebi 30 saaTi 7 saaTi

Y
siTburi movlenebi 26 saaTi 7 saaTi

P
IX klasi
Tanabari da araTanabari moZraoba 20 saaTi 5 saaTi

O
statika da dinamika 36 saaTi 9 saaTi

C
X klasi
eleqtromagnituri movlenebi 36 saaTi 9 saaTi

’ T
optikuri movlenebi 20 saaTi 5 saaTi

O N
D
VIII klasi
1. meqanikuri movlenebi
2. siTburi movlenebi

Tema: meqanikuri movlenebi saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba: 30 (+7)

sakiTxTa minimumi:

1. meqanikuri muSaoba, simZlavre da energia;

2. sxeulTa wonasworoba;
3. martivi meqanizmebi.

Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli cnebebi

materia,(simZimis centri), sistemebi, struqtura, funqcia, urTierTqmedeba, (margi qmedebis
koeficienti, Zalis momenti) energia (energiis mudmivoba, kinetikuri da potenciuri energia,
energiis gardaqmna) kvlevis meTodi (cda, eqsperimenti, gamokiTxva, interviu); dagegmva-
ganxorcieleba (sakvlevi kiTxva, hipoTeza, usafrTxoeba, resursi, cvladi (damoukidebeli,
damokidebuli) monacemi, monacemTa organizeba, monacemTa analizi, daskvna,); modeli (formula)
aRmoCena, Teoria, kanoni, teqnologia, mdgradi ganviTareba.
sakvanZo SekiTxvebi:
● razea damokidebuli sxeulis mier meqanikuri muSaobis Sesrulebis unari?
● ra kavSiria muSaobas, energiasa da simZlavres Soris?
● ratom/rogor viyenebT martiv meqanizmebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi?
● ratom aris mniSvnelovani sxeulis wonasworobis pirobebis codna?
aqtivobebi

ideebi kompleqsuri davalebebisTvis

17
Sefasebis indikatorebi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
muSaobis dakavSireba energiis cvlilebasTan (fiz.sab. 1, 2, 3);
meqanikuri energiis mudmivobaze_potenciuri da kinetikuri energiebis erTi saxidan meoreSi
gadasvlaze msjeloba (fiz.sab.1,2,3);
martivi meqanizmebis moqmedebis principis eqsperimentuli Seswavla da problemaze
dafuZnebuli amocanebis gadaWra; (fiz.sab.4,5,6,7,9);
martivi meqanizmebis, wonasworobisa da energiis mudmivobis kanonis rolis Sefaseba bunebasa
da yofacxovrebaSi (fiz.sab. 10, 11);
sxeulTa wonasworobis pirobebis codnisa da martivi meqanizmebis gamoyenebis dakavSireba
sxvadasxva profesiasTan/saqmianobis sferosTan (fiz.sab.10,11,12).
mkvidri warmodgenebi:
meqanikuri energia energiis erT-erTi saxea da Sedgeba potenciuri da kinetikuri
energiebisagan.
sruli meqanikuri energiis Senaxvisas potenciuri energia SeiZleba kinetikurSi gadavides da
piriqiT, ise rom, maTi jami mudmivia;
meqanikuri muSaoba iwvevs energiis cvlilebas;
simZlavre gviCvenebs Tu ra siswrafiT sruldeba muSaoba;

Y
sxeuli wonasworobaSia, Tu masze moqmedi Zalebisa da momentebis jami nulis tolia;

P
martivi meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia ZalaSi mogeba manZilis xarjze da piriqiT.

C O
’ T
Tema: siTburi movlenebi saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba: 26 (+7)
sakiTxTa minimumi:

N
1. siTbos gadacema;
2. siTbos raodenoba;

O
3. siTburi Zravebi da ekologiuri problemebi.
Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli cnebebi

D
materia (siTburi gafarToeba, Tbogamtaroba, kuTri siTbotevadoba, wvis kuTri siTbo);
sistemebi, struqtura, funqcia, urTierTqmedeba, energia (konveqcia, gamosxiveba, energiis
mudmivoba, energiis gardaqmna); kvlevis meTodi (cda, eqsperimenti, gamokiTxva, interviu); dagegmva-
ganxorcieleba (sakvlevi kiTxva, hipoTeza, usafrTxoeba, resursi, cvladi (damoukidebeli,
damokidebuli), monacemi, monacemTa organizeba, monacemTa analizi, daskvna); modeli (formula),
aRmoCena, Teoria, kanoni, teqnologia, mdgradi ganviTareba.
sakvanZo SekiTxvebi
● rogor SeiZleba sxeulis temperaturis Secvla?
● ra kavSiria Tbogadacemasa da nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlilebas Soris?
● ratom vrceldeba siTbo gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva nivTierebaSi?
● rogor gardaiqmneba siTburi energia sxva saxis energiad?
● razea damokidebuli nivTierebis siTbotevadoba?
● ra zians ayenebs garemos siTburi Zravebis muSaoba?

aqtivobebi

ideebi kompleqsuri davalebebisTvis

18
 Sefasebis indikatorebi - moswavlem unda SeZlos:
siTbos gadacemis saxeebis daxasiaTeba da maT Taviseburebebze argumentirebuli msjeloba
(fiz.sab.1, 2, 3);
siTburi Zravebis moqmedebis principsa da maTi muSaobiT Seqmnil ekologiur problemebze
argumentirebuli msjeloba (fiz.sab. 1, 2, 3, 10, 11);
nivTierebis siTbotevadobisa da wvis kuTri siTbos eqsperimentuli Seswavla (fiz.sab. 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9);
kuTri siTbotevadobebis da wvis kuTri siTbos rolis Sefaseba bunebasa da yofacxovrebaSi
(fiz.sab.1, 2, 3, 10, 11);
bunebaSi mimdinare siTburi procesebis Sesaxeb codnis dakavSireba sxvadasxva
profesiasTan/saqmianobis sferosTan (fiz.sab.10,11,12).

mkvidri warmodgenebi
siTbos gadacema sxvadasxva gziTaa SesaZlebeli;

Y
bunebaSi siTbo TavisTavad yovelTvis maRali temperaturis mqone sxeulidan ufro dabali
temperaturis mqone sxeuls gadaecema;

P
mocemuli nivTierebisaTvis sxeulis temperaturis cvlileba gadacemuli siTbos raodenobasa
da sxeulis masazea damokidebuli;

O
erTi da imave raodenobis sxvadasxva nivTierebis temperaturis erTnairad Sesacvlelad
gansxvavebuli siTbos raodenobaa saWiro;

C
siTbos gadacemiT SesaZlebelia nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobis Secvla;
erTi da imave raodenobis sxvadasxva sawvavis dawviT gansxvavebuli siTbos raodenoba miiReba;
siTburi Zrava sawvavis siTbur energias meqanikur energiad gardaqmnis;

’ T
siTburi Zravebis muSaobisas garemos aucileblad gadaecema siTbos garkveuli raodenoba.

O N
D

19
 IV. moswavlis wignis struqtura

saxelmZRvanelo xels uwyobs VIII klasis saswavlo wlis bolos standartiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sedegebis miRwe-
vas. saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi dabalansebuli, Tanamimdevruli da mravalferovania: maprovocirebeli kiTxvebi,
damoukidebeli da jgufuri samuSaoebi, Teoriuli informacia xels uwyobs moswavles, iyos aqtiuri, gauCndes
garemomcveli samyaros kvlevisadmi interesi da Seecados, axsnas masSi mimdinare procesebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi
mocemulia eqsperimentebi, laboratoriuli samuSaoebi, romelTa Catarebasac moswavle Tavad SeZlebs, `keTebiT~
swavla aRrmavebs Teoriuli masalis gagebas da moswavles codnis gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebs SesZens.

1. saxelmZRvanelos aqvs sarCevi.

2. saxelmZRvanelo sami Temisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli Tema ramdenime paragrafs moicavs. saxelmZRvaneloSi sul
32 paragrafia. VIII klasSi fizikis swavlebisTvis gankuTvnilia 70 sT. aqedan 60 sT daeTmoba paragrafebSi moce-
muli masalis aTvisebas da Semajamebel gakveTilebs, xolo 10 sT sarezervoa.
gTavazobT gakveTilebis saaTobriv ganawilebas, romelsac sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs (da ara savaldebulo!):

P Y
gakveTilebis saaTobrivi ganawileba

O
Tema I.meqanikuri muSaoba. simZlavre. energia 17 sT
1.1 meqanikuri muSaoba.............................................................................................................2

C
1.2 simZlavre.............................................................................................................................2
1.3 meqanikuri energia..............................................................................................................2

T
1.4 fizika amocanebSi: potenciuri da kinetikuri energia.................................................2

’
1.5 energiis gardaqmna..............................................................................................................1
1.6 meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni............................................................................1

N
1.7 praqtikuli samuSao #1: muSaoba. simZlavre. energia...................................................2
1.8 fizika amocanebSi: meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni ..........................................3

O
Semajamebeli gakveTili ..........................................................................................................2

D
Tema II. martivi meqanizmebi 15 sT
2.1 wonasworoba........................................................................................................................1
2.2 wonasworobis saxeebi.........................................................................................................2
2.3 momentebis wesi...................................................................................................................1
2.4 berketi. berketis wonasworobis piroba..........................................................................1
2.5 fizika amocanebSi: momentebis wesi .................................................................................2
2.6 daxrili sibrtye.................................................................................................................2
2.7 praqtikuli samuSao #2: WoWonaqebi................................................................................2
2.8 fizika amocanebSi: martivi meqanizmebis
margi qmedebis koeficienti...............................................................................................2
Semajamebeli gakveTili ..........................................................................................................2

Tema III. siTburi movlenebi 28 sT

3.1 Termometrebi......................................................................................................................1
3.2 temperatura........................................................................................................................1
3.3 Sinagani energia da misi Secvlis xerxebi........................................................................1
3.4 Tbogamtaroba......................................................................................................................1
3.5 konveqcia.............................................................................................................................1
3.6 gamosxiveba..........................................................................................................................1
3.7 praqtikuli samuSao #3: siTbos raodenoba....................................................................3
3.8 fizika amocanebSi: Sinagani energiis cvlileba..............................................................3

20
 3.9 dnoba. gamyareba..................................................................................................................2
3.10 aorTqleba. kondensacia...................................................................................................2
3.11 duRili..............................................................................................................................2
3.12 mzis energiis Senaxvis formebi.......................................................................................2
3.13 siTburi Zravebi................................................................................................................1
3.14 fizika amocanebSi: siTbo da muSaoba.............................................................................3
3.15 energiis araganaxlebadi wyaroebi..................................................................................1
3.16 energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi..........................................................................................
Semajamebeli gakveTili ..........................................................................................................2

P Y
O
3. paragrafis teqstSi CarTulia an teqstTan miznobrivadaa dakavSirebuli davalebebi _ kiTxvebi fiqrisa da
gansjisaTvis, romlebic danomrilia da asea aRniSnulia : 1

C
am tipis davalebebi gankuTvnilia rogorc individualuri, ise wyvilebsa da jgufSi samuSaod. emsaxureba
Sesaswavli masalis siRrmiseulad gaazrebas.

’ T
4. individualur samuSaoebs individualurobis aRmniSvneli logo ar aqvs. wyvilebSi samuSaosa da jgufur

N
samuSaos ki Sesabamisi logoebi aRniSnavs. jgufuri samuSao odnav meti sirTulisaa da swored amitomac srul-
deba jgufSi: moswavleebi gaerTianebuli ZalebiTa da gadanawilebuli pasuxismgeblobiT ukeT gaarTmeven Tavs

O
dakisrebul samuSaos.

D
5. paragrafSi mocemuli davalebebi gansxvavebuli sirTulisaa. moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis, swavlebis stilis,
interesebisa da winare codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, maswavlebeli Tavad iRebs gadawyvetileba, romel davalebas
ganixilavs klasSi da romels aaridebs Tavs (es im cdebs, praqtikul samuSaoebs, kvlevebsa da proeqtebsac exeba,
romlebic saxelmZRvaneloSia aRwerili).

6. cdebi. fizika eqsperimentuli mecnierebaa. `mecnierebaSi erTi ubralo cdiT dasabuTeba bevrad metad
fasobs, vidre aTasi avtoriteti erTad~, _ galileo galileis es sityvebi mTel saxelmZRvanelos xazad gas­devs.
movlenebis Seswavlisas gamoTqmuli yvela hipoTezisa Tu Teoriuli mtkicebis WeSmariteba cdiT unda iyos
gamtkicebuli. moswavleebi cdis saSualebiT Rrmad unda Caswvdnen movlenis meqanizms, TviTon unda mividnen
garkveul daskvnam­de da Tavadve unda daadginon ama Tu im movlenis kanonzomierebani. Tqven miznad unda dai-
saxoT, rom Tqveni moswavleebi Camoyalibdnen aqtiur Semmecneblebad da ara codnis pasiur mimRebebad. swored
amaSi dagexmarebaT saintereso da sworad SerCeuli cdebi.
avtorma gaiTvaliswina skolebis fizikis laboratoriebis arasaxarbielo, mwiri da zogjer saerTod ararsebuli
teqnikuri aRWurviloba da maqsimalurad Seecada, TqvenTvis rac SeiZleba advilad Casatarebeli eqsperimentebi
SemoeTavazebina, romelTa umravlesoba imdenad martivi da usafrTxoa, rom maTi Catareba moswavleebs Tavisuflad
SeuZliaT saxlis pirobebSic. Tumca zogjer gverdi mainc ver auara teqnikurad rTulad Sesasrulebel cdebs.
imis mixedviT, rogor dagegmavs sagakveTilo process, aqvs Tu ara sakmarisi dro, aris Tu ara misTvis xelmi-
sawvdomi ama Tu im cdisTvis saWiro resursebi, maswavlebeli Tavad wyvets, romeli cda Caataros da romeli_ ara.
SeniSvna:
 mizanSewonilia, cdebi winaswar momzaddes, raTa maTi Catarebisas sasurveli Sedegi miiRoT da gansazRvrul
droSic `CaetioT~. yoveli cdis, maT Soris yvelaze martivis, warmatebulad Catarebas Tavisi saidumlo aqvs,
romelic gamocdilma pedagogma SesaniSnavad icis. Tumca isic ar aris dazRveuli imisgan, rom cda ar gamovides
da amas, SeiZleba, Zalze martivi mizezi hqondes. cdis warumateb­lobis mizezis dadgena gakveTilis mimdinareobis
dros SeiZleba gacilebiT cudi SedegiT damTavrdes: SesaZloa, mTeli gakveTili Cavardes.
 cdebis Catarebisas gaxsovdeT: usafrTxoeba upirvels yovlisa! arc erTi cda ar Rirs imad, rom vinme
dazaraldes, Tundac mcirediT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT usafrTxoebis zomebis dacvas.

21
 7. praqtikuli samuSao. praqtikuli, anu laboratoriuli samuSaos Catareba sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavle-
bis erT-erTi meTodia. am meTodis arsi is aris, rom moswavleebi uSualod atareben cdebs fizikuri sidideebis
gazomvebisa da kanonebis Semowmebis mizniT. laboratoriuli samuSaoebi swored imiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom gan-
sakuTrebiT uwyobs xels cnebebisa da kanonebis gageba/gaazrebas. meSvideklaselTaTvis cnebis arsi maSin xdeba
gansakuTrebiT naTeli, roca igi Tavad miva im daskvnamde, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs ama Tu im fizikuri sididis
codnas, roca damoukideblad zomavs romelime movlenis maxasiaTebel sidideebs da Tavadve adgens maT Soris
urTierTkavSirs. laboratoriuli samuSaoebi xels uwyobs dakvirvebis, aRweris, sidideTa gazomva-gamoyenebis,
codnis damoukideblad gaRrmaveba-gafarToebis unaris ganviTarebas.
gaiTvaliwineT: Tu laboratoriuli samuSaosTvis saWiro aRWurviloba an sakmarisi dro ar gaqvT, ar aris
aucilebeli maTi Catareba. Tavad gadawyviteT, ramdenad Rirs misi Catareba, ras aZlevs Tqven moswavleebs esa
Tu is samuSao, iqneb sxva saxis aqtivobiT (mag., sademonstracio cdiT, proeqtiT) Rirs misi Canacvleba? miznebi,
romlebic standartiTaa gansazRvruli, alternatiuli gzebiTac miiRweva da ar aris aucilebeli saxelmZR-
vaneloSi mocemuli masalis srulad gavla. saxelmZRvanelo erT-erTi resursia, romelic am miznis misaRwevad
TqvenTvis mxolod gzamkvlevis rols asrulebs.

8. saSinao davaleba. saklaso da saSinao davalebebi erT mTlianobad moiazreba: saSinao davaleba klasSi dawye-
buli kvlevis gagrZeleba unda iyos. Tu paragrafSi moyvanili yvela im davalebis Sesruleba da yvela im cdis

Y
Catareba ar moeswro, romelic dagegmili gqondaT, daavaleT moswavles, damoukideblad scados maTi gakeTeba
(cxadia, ar igulisxmeba is cdebi, romelTa Catareba garkveul safrTxes Seicavs an teqnikurad mouxerxebelia

P
misi saxlis pirobebSi Catareba). damoukideblad miRweuli Sedegi, damerwmuneT, misTvis ufro sasiamovnoa.
ar aris savaldebulo paragrafSi mocemuli yvela kiTxvisa da amocanis saSinao davalebad micema. maswavlebels

O
SeuZlia, davaleba Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr SearCios an amisTvis Temis damatebiTi savarjiSoebidan SearCios rame.
saSinao davalebis momzadeba gulisxmobs:

C
 paragrafis yuradRebiT wakiTxvas;
sTxoveT moswavleebs, ar daizepiron teqsti. dazepirebis nacvlad misi Sinaaarsis gaazreba scadon. amaSi
damatebiTi kiTxvebisa da savarjiSoebis nawilSi mocemuli kiTxvebi daexmarebT. es kiTxvebi yviTeli feriTaa

’ T
aRniSnuli da miznad isaxavs, daexmaros moswavles paragrafSi mocemuli masalis ukeT gaazrebaSi. kiTxvebi erTgvari
gegmaa, romlis mixedviTac moswavle paragrafSi mocemuli masalidan mTavari azris gamotanas SeZlebs. moswavleebma

N
kiTxvebs pasuxi jer Tavisi sityvebiT unda gascen (Tu pasuxs werilobiT warmoadgenen, es maT masalis ukeT
aRqmaSi daexmareba), xolo Semdeg paragrafSi monaxon pasuxi da gadaamowmon sakuTari versiis siswore.

O
moswavlem arc erTi kiTxva ar unda datovos pasuxgaucemeli. auxseniT maT, rom kiTxvebis dasma mosaride-
beli ar aris. piriqiT, Tu kiTxva uCndebaT, e.i. maT ifiqres konkretul sakiTxze. maswavleblis wignSi moce-

D
mul Sefasebis formaSi (ix. Sefasebis formebi) kiTxvebis dasmis unari kriteriumebSia gawerili, anu moswavle
fasdeba ara marto kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas, aramed maSinac, Tu is kiTxvebs Tavad svams.
 im davalebebisa da daskvnebis xelaxla gadaxedvas, romelic klasSi muSaobisas Seasrules. es daexmarebaT
maT saSinao davalebis damoukideblad gakeTebaSi.

maswavlebelma moswavleebs winaswar unda gaacnos saSinao davalebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi. saSinao dava-
lebis Sefasebis forma mocemulia maswavleblis wignSi. es da sxva formebic sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa. Tqven
SegiZliaT SecvaloT kriteriumebi da moargoT konkretul davalebas. sasurvelia, wlis dasawyisSi moswa-
vleebTan erTad SeimuSavoT saSinao davalebis (aseve sxva davalebebis) Sefasebis kriteriumebi da gamoakraT
TvalsaCino adgilas.

9. moamzade Tema prezentaciisTvis. Temis saprezentaciod momzadeba gulisxmobs moswavlis mier ama Tu im
Temis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebas. informacia ZiriTadad moswavlis ukve arsebul codnas unda eyrd-
nobodes, magram amasTan erTad warmodgenil TemaSi unda Candes moswavlis damoukidebeli muSaoba da misi
SemoqmedebiTi midgoma am Tu im sakiTxisadmi.
warmodgenil TemaSi unda Candes SeZenili codnis praqtikulad gamoyenebis unar-Cvevebi, moswavlis da-
mokidebuleba ganxiluli movlenebisadmi da misi damokidebuleba samyaros mimarT (mag., misi, rogorc garemos
damcvelis, pozicia, unda Seicavdes rekomendaciebs usafrTxoebis wesebis dacvis Sesaxeb da a. S.).
sasurvelia, warmodgenil TemaSi moswavle acnobierebdes misTvis xelmisawvdomi codnis sxvadasxva sferos
Soris urTierTkavSirs.
sakuTari namuSevris prezentacia ar unda xdebodes mxolod TxrobiTi formiT, moswavleebma unda gamoi-
yenon TvalsaCinoebebi da monacemTa warmodgenis sxvadasxva xerxi (suraTebi, naxatebi, plakatebi, grafikebi,
cxrilebi, diagramebi, TavianTive damzadebuli modeli, prezentacia eleqtronuli formiT da a. S.). es saSu-
lebas miscemT, masalis TxrobiTi momabezrebeli xasiaTi gantvirTon, ufro konkretuli, realuri da saxaliso
gaxadon TemaSi gadmocemuli Sinaarsi.

22
 SeaxseneT maT, rom Tema ise warmoadginon, rom is martivad gasagebi iyos maTi TanatolebisTvis, gamarTuli
iyos Sinaarsobrivad, Seicavdes `damaintrigebel~ informacias, misi vizualurad iyos saxaliso, saintereso
da amave dros Temis Sinaarsis Sesabamisi.
mniSvnelovania, rom prezentaciis Sefasebis kriteriumebi winaswar gaacnoT moswavleebs (ix.Sefasebis
forma # 4).

10. kvleviTi samuSao.

10.1 kvlevis dagegmva da Catareba

moswavleebi gegmaven da atareben kvlevas (mag., dakvirvebas, cdas, eqsperiments) sxvadasxva garemoSi (skolis
laboratoria, bunebrivi garemo, saxli, skolis ezo da a.S), gansazRvraven aRWurvilobasa da sxva saWiro re-
sursebs, winaswar aRweren kvlevis etapebsa da procedurebs, agroveben da aRricxaven monacemebs. aRniSnuli
samuSaos ganxorcielebisas moswavle:
1. afasebs monacemebis Segrovebis sxvadasxva gzis/resursebis sandoobas kvlevis mizanTan mimarTebiT (romeli

Y
gzaa ukeTesi konkretuli miznis misaRwevad);
2. gegmavs kvlevas individualurad an jgufSi, raTa Seagrovos saWiro monacemebi sakvlev SekiTxvaze pasuxis

P
gasacemad, problemis gadasaWrelad, mtkicebulebis misaRebad ama Tu im movlenis/procesis `mecnieruli~,
argumentirebuli axsnisTvis;

O
3. gansazRvravs damokidebul, damoukidebel da kontrolirebad cvladebs; gamoTqvams varauds, ra moxdeba
damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulirebis Sedegad;

C
4. gansazRvravs saWiro monacemebisa da maT misaRebad Casatarebeli manipulaciebis (mag., gazomvis, daTvlis,
TvaliT Sefasebis) raodenobas; gansazRvravs sizustis xarisxs monacemebis aRebisas; adgens kvlevis Cata-
rebisTvis saWiro dros; afasebs arsebul riskebs da qmnis kvlevis gegmas aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT;

’ T
5. irCevs da amzadebs saTanado aRWurvilobas/resursebs;
6. atarebs kvlevas - dakvirvebas/cdas/eqsperiments/modelis gamocdas/gamokiTxvas da aRricxavs, aanalizebs,

N
afasebs miRebul monacemebs;
7. kvlevis Catarebisas icavs usafrTxoebis wesebsa da eTikis normebs, personaluri, sazogadoebrivi, gare-

O
mosdacviTi aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT;
8. cdilobs axsnas miRebuli Sedegebi (mag., ratom Seicvala damokidebuli cvladi damoukideblis cvlilebis

D
Sedegad);
9. imeorebs kvlevas da manipulirebs cvladebiT, raTa axsnas moulodneli Sedegi/kvlevis Cavardna an ga-
aumjobesos Catarebuli kvleva, miRebuli Sedegebis sizuste dasaxul miznebTan mimarTebiT.

SeniSvna:
a) xSirad saxelmZRvaneloSi kvleviTi samuSaos aRwerilobaSi ukve mocemulia sakvlevi kiTxva, miTiTebulia
samuSaosTvis saWiro resursebi da is literatura, romelic informaciis mosaZiebladaa saWiro, da.S.
b) ne­bis­mie­ri kiT­xva ar SeiZ­le­ba iyos sak­vle­vi. sak­vlev kiT­xvas aqvs Ta­vi­si ma­xa­sia­Teb­le­bi, rom­leb­sac qve­
moT gTa­va­zobT:

10.2. sakvlevi kiTxvis maxasiaTeblebi

 sakvlev kiTxvas aqvs obieqturi, mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli pasuxi, romelic ar aris
damokidebuli ganwyobaze, survilze, damokidebulebebze. pasuxi SeiZleba iyos zedmetad
martivic ki, ubralod `ki~ an `ara~;
 sakvlevi kiTxva eqvemdebareba `gamocdas~, anu gamoTqmuli hipoTezis sisworis Semowmebas.
es niSnavs, rom sakvlev kiTxvaze pasuxis misaRebad saWiroa gamoTqmuli hipoTezis Sesabamisi
dakvirvebis an eqsperimentis Catareba, obieqturi monacemebis aRricxva da analizi;
 sakvlevi kiTxva, SesaZloa, ar iyos dakavSirebuli konkretul sagnobriv codnasTan, aramed
gamomdinareobdes realobidan da miznad isaxavdes raime yofiT, cxovrebiseul situaciebTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis, Cven garSemo arsebuli bunebrivi garemos gamokvlevas; sasurvelia
sakvlevma kiTxvam aRZras bunebrivi cnobismoyvareoba da gauCinos moswavles survili, upasuxos
mas;
 sakvlev kiTxvas SesaZloa dasWirdes ganmeorebiT dasma sxva formiT, Tu gamoTqmulma varaudma
ar gaamarTla;

23
 10. 3. kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos an­ga­ri­Si

kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos Ses­ru­le­bis Se­sa­xeb mos­wav­le wers an­ga­riSs, rom­lis sa­re­ko­men­da­cio for­ma­
sac aq­ve gTa­va­zobT.

an­ga­ri­Si kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos mim­di­na­reo­bi­sa da Se­de­ge­bis Se­sa­xeb

Se­niS­vna: kvleviTi samuSao, romlis mixedviTacaa qve­moT mocemuli forma nimuSis saxiTaa
Sevsebuli, ar Sedis me-8 klasis fizikis programaSi.

mos­wav­lis gva­ri , sa­xe­li --------------------------- kla­si ------- Ta­ri­Ri ..............

kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Sao # 1 sak­vle­vi Te­ma - di­fu­zia siT­xeeb­Si

kvlevis etapebi Sefaseba

cda № 1
0 1 2 3

Y
1.sakvlevi kiTxva. ra­­ze ­da­­mo­­ki­­de­­bu­­li ­di­­fu­­ziis­ sis­­wra­­fe?

P
2. saWiro informaciis niv­­Tie­­re­­ba­­Ta ­Ta­­vis­­Ta­­vad­ Se­­re­­vis­ mov­­le­­nas­ di­­fu­­zia
gansazRvra/moZieba. ­hqvia.­ di­­fu­­zia­ aix­­sne­­ba­ im­ mo­­saz­­re­­ba­­ze ­day­­dno­­biT­,

O
rom­ niv­­Tie­­re­­ba ­Sed­­ge­­ba ­cal­­keu­­li ­na­­wi­­la­­ke­­bis­­gan­,
rom­­le­­bic­ ga­­nuw­­yvet­­liv­ da ­qao­­su­­rad­ moZ­­rao­­bs.

C
3. varaudi, hipoTeza - sak­ difuziis siswrafe damokidebulia nivTierebis

T
vlev kiT­xva­ze sa­va­rau­do, Semadgeneli nawilakebis moZraobis xasiaTze: rac

’
kvle­vis win­mswre­bi pa­su­ ufro swrafad moZraobs nawilakebi, miT ufro
xi, rom­lis WeS­ma­ri­te­bac swrafad mimdinareobs difuzia.

N
cdiT Se­mow­mde­ba.

O
4. cdis mokle aRwera. vak­­vir­­de­­bi­ o­ri ­siT­­xis­ er­­Tma­­neT­­Si ­Se­­re­­vis­ mov­­le­­
nas.

D
5. damoukidebeli cvladi- siT­­xee­­bis­ tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra.
sidide/piroba, romelic
icvleba cdis Catarebis
procesSi da iwvevs
sxva sididis/pirobis
cvlilebas.
6. damokidebeli cvladi- di­­fu­­ziis­ sis­­wra­­fe.
sidide/piroba, romelic
icvleba damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis
mixedviT.
7. parametri - mocemuli siT­­xee­­bi,­ rom­­leb­­Sic­ mim­­di­­na­­re ­di­­fu­­zias­ vak­­vir­­de­­
cdis ganmavlobaSi bi,­ rCe­­ba ­mud­­mi­­vi:­ di­­fu­­zias­ vak­­vir­­de­­biT­ or­ sxva­­das­­
mudmivi sidide/ucvleli xvag­­va­­rad­ Se­­fe­­ril­ wyal­­Si.
piroba.

8. aRricxuli monacemebi / im­ dros­ , ro­­ca ­siT­­xee­­bis­ tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra ­da­­ba­­li­ i­yo,­

gazomvis Sedegebi. siT­­xee­­bis­ sru­­lad­ Se­­re­­vas­ das­­Wir­­da ­daax­­loe­­biT­ 2
sT, xo­­lo ­ma­­Ra­­li ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ris­ pi­­ro­­beb­­Si­ siT­­xee­­bi­
er­­Tma­­neT­s sru­­lad­ na­­xe­­var­ saaT­­Si ­See­­ria.

24
 9. monacemebis/ Sedegebis
analizi, interpretacia
da gamotanili daskvnebi.
10. pasuxi sakvlev kiTxvaze
/saboloo daskvna.
mo­­na­­ce­­me­­bis­ gaa­­na­­li­­ze­­bis­ Se­­de­­gad, mi­­ve­­di ­das­­kvne­­
bam­­de:­
1) na­­wi­­la­­ke­­bis­ moZ­­rao­­bis­ sis­­wra­­fe ­da­­mo­­ki­­de­­bu­­lia
­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra­­ze:­ Tu ­niv­­Tie­­re­­bis­ /sxeu­­li ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­
ra ­ma­­Ra­­lia,­ na­­wi­­la­­ke­­bi ­moZ­­rao­­bs­ swra­­fad­, xo­­lo ­Tu
­niv­­Tie­­re­­bis­ /sxeu­­lis­ tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra ­da­­ba­­lia,­ na­­wi­­la­­
ke­­bi ­moZ­­rao­­bs­ Se­­da­­re­­biT­ ne­­la;­
2) di­­fu­­ziis­ sis­­wra­­fe ­da­­mo­­ki­­de­­bu­­lia ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra­­
ze:­ da­­ba­­li ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ris­ pi­­ro­­beb­­Si ­di­­fu­­zia ­mim­­di­­
na­­reob­s ne­­la,­ xo­­lo ­ma­­Ra­­li ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ris­ pi­­ro­­beb­­Si
­- swra­­fad.
di­­fu­­ziis­ sis­­wra­­fe ­da­­mo­­ki­­de­­bu­­lia­ im­ niv­­Tie­­re­­ba­­
Ta ­tem­­pe­­ra­­tu­­ra­­ze,­ ro­­mel­­Ta ­Se­­re­­va­­sac­ vak­­vir­­de­­biT.

11. dadasturda Tu ara da­­das­­tur­­da.

Y
Seni hipoTeza? Tu ar
dadasturda, Camoayalibe

P
axali hipoTeza.

O
12. TviTSefaseba: sa­­Re­­ba­­vi ­cdis­ da­­saw­­yis­­Si ­na­­wi­­lob­­riv­ i­yo ­gax­­sni­­li­ er­
a) ra gamogivida yvelaze T-er­T boT­­lSi.­ is­ Tan­­da­­Tan­ gaix­­sna ­cdis­ msvle­­lo­­bi­­

C
kargad kvlevisas ? sas­, a­mi­­tom­ TiT­­qos­ or­ e­ta­­pad­ mox­­da ­siT­­xee­­bis­ Se­­re­­va
b) ra gamogivida ­da ­cda ­dro­­Si ­gai­­we­­la.­ sxva ­dros­ au­­ci­­leb­­lad­ Ta­­vi­­
warumateblad? dan­­ve ­da­­vak­­vir­­dbi,­ rom­ sa­­Re­­ba­­ve­­bi ­sru­­lad­ i­yos­ gax­­

T
g) ras Secvlidi kvlevis sni­­li ­cdis­ da­­saw­­yis­­Si­­ve.­

’
procesSi, Tavidan rom a­na­­lo­­giur­ cdas­ Ca­­va­­ta­­reb­­di ­sxva ­siT­­xee­­bis­ Sem­­Txve­­va­­
atarebde mas? Sic­, mag­., ga­­mo­­vi­­ye­­neb­ sxva­­das­­xva­­f­­rad­ Se­­Re­­bil­ zeTs.

N
Se­niS­vna:

O
1) kvle­vis an­ga­ri­Sis for­mas sa­re­ko­men­da­cio xa­sia­Ti aqvs. Sev­se­bu­lia ni­mu­Sis sa­xiT. Tqven Se­giZ­
liaT daaa­ma­toT kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos eta­peb­Si Tqven­Tvis sa­sur­ve­li sxva eta­pic.

D
2) kvle­vis an­ga­ri­Sis­Tvis gan­kuT­vni­li for­ma mo­ce­mu­lia sa­xel­mZRva­ne­lo­Si da­nar­Tis sa­xiT. mos­
wav­lee­bi Ta­vad qmnian am for­mebs teq­stur re­daq­tor­Si (Wor­d-is fail­Si) an fur­cel­ze/an mas­wav­le­
be­li uri­gebs mos­wav­leebs kvle­vis daw­ye­bi­sas amo­beW­dil fur­cel­ze an ug­zav­nis eleq­tro­nul ver­
sias;
3) Tu kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Sao ram­de­ni­me eq­spe­ri­ments moi­cavs, an­ga­ri­Si un­da dai­we­ros Ti­Toeu­li eq­
spe­ri­men­tis msvle­lo­bi­sa da Se­de­ge­bis mi­xed­viT.
4) kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos Se­fa­se­bis for­ma ix. mas­wav­leb­lis wig­nSi (Se­fa­se­bis for­me­bi #7).
5) mniS­vne­lo­va­nia, rom mos­wav­lem wi­nas­war ico­des yve­la is kri­te­riu­mi, rom­lis mi­xed­vi­Tac mi­si
kvle­va Se­fas­de­ba.
re­ko­men­da­cia: amo­beW­deT da gaa­ka­riT sak­la­so oTax­Si. sa­sur­ve­lia, TiTo cali mos­wav­leebsac dau­
ri­goT;

10.4. pre­zen­ta­cia
kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos Se­de­ge­bis ga­zia­re­ba, war­dge­na, pre­zen­ta­cia mniS­vne­lo­va­ni eta­pia mkvle­va­ris­Tvis
da moiT­xovs Se­sa­ba­mis una­rebs. swo­red am una­re­bis ga­mo­mu­Sa­ve­ba da dax­ve­waa erT-er­Ti mi­za­ni am
ti­pis (kvle­viT sa­mu­Sao­Si) aq­ti­vo­beb­Si mos­wav­le­Ta Car­Tu­lo­bis. mos­wav­les un­da SeeZ­los sa­ku­Ta­ri
kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos msvle­lo­bi­sa da Se­de­ge­bis Se­sa­xeb in­for­ma­ciis sxva ada­mia­ne­bis (mag., kla­se­le­
bis) wi­na­Se efeq­tu­rad war­dge­na da da­ma­te­biT kiT­xveb­ze pa­su­xis ga­ce­ma. es eta­pic fas­de­ba da Se­fa­
se­ba aqac or­gva­ria: gan­ma­vi­Ta­re­be­li da gan­msaz­Rvre­li, imis mi­xed­viT, ra ti­pis Se­fa­se­bas eni­We­ba
upi­ra­te­so­ba swav­le­bis kon­kre­tul etap­ze, ra iyo sas­wav­lo mi­za­ni da a.S.

pre­zen­ta­ciis war­dge­nis for­me­bi.

mos­wav­le Ta­vad ir­Cevs war­dge­nis sa­sur­vel for­mas. mas SeuZ­lia, au­di­to­riis wi­na­Se wa­rad­gi­nos
kvle­vis pro­ce­sis mim­di­na­reo­bi­sa da Se­de­ge­bis am­sax­ve­li
a) ze­pi­ri pre­zen­ta­cia;
b) pre­zen­ta­cia flip­Car­tis ga­mo­ye­ne­biT;
g) pre­zen­ta­cia eleq­tro­nu­li for­ma­tiT (Po­wer Point-is dax­ma­re­biT);
d) fo­to- da vi­deoma­sa­la (eleq­tro­nu­li an beW­du­ri for­miT);
e) sa­de­mon­stra­cio eq­spe­ri­men­ti.

25
mniS­vne­lo­va­nia, rom mos­wav­le wi­nas­war icnob­des yve­la im kri­te­riu­ms, ro­mlis mi­xed­vi­Tac mi­si
pre­zen­ta­cia Se­fas­de­ba (ix. kvle­vis pre­zen­ta­ciis Se­fa­se­bis for­ma #8).

11. proeqti. saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenilia saintereso proeqtebi, romlebic moswavlem (an moswavleTa
jgufma) damoukideblad unda moamzados.
proeqts (moklevadiansa da grZelvadians) Tavisi gansakuTrebuli specifika aqvs, amitom masze muSaobisas,
sasurvelia, moswavleebs mieces gegma, romelic maT garkveul mimarTulebas miscems. am gegmaSi damoukidebeli
kvlevis is safexurebia mocemuli, romlebic proeqtis momzadebas gulisxmobs.
1. problemis gaazreba da sworad gansazRvra;
2. informaciis moZieba, Segroveba, daxarisxeba;
4. eqsperimentis dagegmva da warmarTva
5. Sedegebis analizi da daskvnebis gakeTeba.
6. monacemTa organizeba.
7. wardgena da dacva farTo auditoriis winaSe.

gaiTvaliswineT, rom proeqtebze muSaoba sakmaod rTulia da mxolod gansakuTrebulad dainteresebul

moswavleebs xelewifebaT. proeqtis momzadebisas TiToeuli etapisTvis moswavleebTan SeTanxmdiT vadebze da

Y
aucileblad gamoxateT Tqveni azri, SeafaseT maTi Sesrulebuli samuSao yoveli etapis gasrulebis Semdeg.
winaswar gaacaniT moswavleebs Sefasebis kriteriumebi.

P
Sesrulebuli samuSao unda moicavdes problemis/sakiTxis analizs; problemis/sakiTxis irgvliv Segro-
vebuli informaciis analizs, proeqtis dagegmvisa da Sesrulebis (aqtivobebis) aRweras, daskvnebs, proeqtis

O
saboloo produqts (anu es aris kvleviTi samuSao, romelsac Tan axlavs moswavlis mier damoukideblad
Seqmnili produqti: modeli, rekomendaciebis CamonaTvali, sainformacio bukleti).

C
proeqtis masalebisa da saprezentacio TemisTvis informaciis mosaZieblad moswavleebs xSirad mouwevT
internetiT sargebloba. saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebulia informaciis wyaroebic. sasurvelia, damoukidebeli

T
kvlevebisa da mopovebuli informaciis prezentacias Tan axldes vizualuri masala. maswavleblis wignSi gTa-

’
vazobT masalas saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili proeqtebis Sesaxeb, rac SesaZleblobas mogcemT, daexmaroT
moswavleebs proeqtis momzadebisas. cxadia, es masala Zalze mcirea da avtori imedovnebs, rom TiToeul

N
Tqvengans gacilebiT meti informacia aqvs ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb. is mxolod valdebulad Tvlis Tavs,
mcireodeni ganmartebebi mogawodoT proeqtebis (ufro sworad, saproeqto ideebis) Sesaxeb.

O
12. modelebi. fizikaSi udidesi SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs modelis Seqmnas _ movlenis modelirebas an raime

D
meqanizmis xelnakeT models. modeli aucileblad sakvlevi obieqtis msgavsia, Tumca maT Soris gansxvavebacaa,
rac gamoricxavs maT igiveobas. modelebis roli gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa im movlenaTa Seswavlisas, romelTa
mimdinareobis meqanizmi Znelad aRsaqmelia. modelebis Seqmna erTgvari SemoqmedebiTi samuSaocaa moswavleebis-
Tvis, rac maT udides siamovnebas aniWebs. modelebis Seq­mnisas isini aucileblad TanamSromloben mSoblebTan,
megobrebTan, rac axalisebs gakveTilisTvis mzadebas. maT eamayebaT sakuTari qmnilebebi, rac zogjer namdvilad
ar aris safuZvels moklebuli: maT mier damzadebuli xelsawyoebi xSirad imdenad srulyofilia, rom SegiZliaT
warmatebiT gamoiyenoT saskolo laboratoriaSi.

13. internetis misamarTebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli internetsaitebis misamarTebi did daxmarebas

gauwevs­maswavlebelsa da dainteresebul moswavleebs, magram am saitebs mxolod sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs da
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli masala internetis gamoyenebis gareSec sakmarisia saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvruli
Sedegebis misaRwevad. saxelmZRvaneloSi miTiTebuli misamarTebis QR kodebi saSualebas miscems moswavleebs­,
daubrkoleblad Sevidnen miTiTebul misamarTebze. amisaTvis maT Sesabamisi programa-skaneris gadmowera mou-
wevT mobilur telefonSi.

26
 P Y
O
V. matricebi

’ T C
SeniSvna: aqtivobebi, kompleqsuri davalebebi sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa da

N
maswavlebeli Tavad irCevs maTgan sasurvels: sagakveTilo miznebidan gamomdinare,
resursebis xelmisawvdomobisa da moswavleeebis SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

D O

27
28
D
matrica № 1

Tema: meqanikuri movlenebi. saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba - 5 (+2)

O
TemasTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi:
● meqanikuri energia energiis erT-erTi saxea da sxeulis potenciuri da kinetikuri energiebis jams warmoadgens;
● sruli meqanikuri energiis Senaxvisas potenciuri energia SeiZleba kinetikurSi gadavides da piriqiT, oRond ise, rom potenciuri da
kinetikuri energiebis jami mudmivi rCeba;

N
● meqanikuri muSaoba iwvevs energiis cvlilebas;

’
● simZlavre gviCvenebs muSaobis Sesrulebis siswrafes.
TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo SekiTxvebi:
● razea damokidebuli sxeulis mier meqanikuri muSaobis Sesrulebis unari?

T
● ra kavSiria muSaobas, energiasa da simZlavres Soris?
Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli sakiTxi:
1. meqanikuri muSaoba;
2. simZlavre;
3. energia.

C O P Y

samizne cnebebi da maTTan dakavSirebu- sakiTxi/qvecneba
li mkvidri warmodgenebi
1. meqanikuri muSaoba
● meqanikuri muSaoba fizikuri sididea;
● meqanikur muSaobas sxeulze modebuli
Zala asrulebs: sxeuli deformirdeba
an icvleba misi siCqare.
● meqanikuri muSaoba mxolod im SemTxve-
vaSi sruldeba, Tu daculia sami pi-
roba:
1. sxeulze modebulia Zala;
2. sxeuli moZraobs;
3. sxeulis moZraobis mimarTuleba Zalis
mimarTulebis marTobuli ar aris.
2. simZlavre
● simZlavre nebismieri Zravis mniSv-
nelovani teqnikuri maxasiaTebelia.
hidrofoli
29
matrica № 1. I etapi
sakvanZo SekiTxva/SekiTxvebi kompleqsuri davalebebi
D
1. meqanikuri muSaobis gamosaT- 1. rodis sruldeba/ar davaleba 1. praqtikuli amocana: dagegme eqsperimenti da
vleli formula; sruldeba meqanikuri mu- gamoTvale simZlavre, romelsac saTamaSo avtomobili
2. meqanikuri muSaobis erTeuli; Saoba? tvirTis gadaadgilebisas aviTarebs.
3. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mu- 2. aris Tu ara gonebrivi 1. moamzade amocanis amoxsnis Teoriuli modeli;
Saoba; muSaoba meqanikuri mu- 2. Seadgine eqsperimentis CatarebisTvis saWiro resurse-
O
4. simZlavris gamosaTvleli Saobis magaliTi? ratom? bis CamonaTvali;
formula; 4. ra praqtikuli gamoyene- 3. Caatare eqsperimenti, aiRe Teoriul modelis mixedviT
5. simZlavris erTeulebi; ba aqvs meqanizmis/manqa- saWiro anaTvlebi da warmoadgine monacemebi cxrilis
6. sasargeblo da sruli muSao- nis Zravas simZlavris saxiT;
ba; codnas? 4. gamoTvale avtomanqanis simZlvre;
N
7. margi qmedebis koeficienti. 5. rogor gavzardoT Zravas 5. warmoadgine Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb prezentacia
’
mqk? TanaklaselTa winaSe.
davaleba 2. moiZie informacia, rogor SeiZleba mocemu-
li simZlavris pirobebSi satransporto saSualebis
siCqaris an gamwevi Zalis gazrda da axseni misi fi-
T
zikuri safuZveli. warmoadgine moxseneba Tanakla-
selTa winaSe.
aqtivobebi: ganixile magaliTebi:
praqtikuli problemebis gadaWra Teoriuli modelebis 1. gemi wyalqveSa frTebiT (e.w. hidrofoli, HYDRO-
daxmarebiT: FOILS) gansakuTrebuli konstruqciis sazRvao
amocana 1. gamoTvale avtomanqanaze moqmedi 30 kn wevis transportia. mas, Cveulebrivi gemisgan gansxvavebiT,
C
Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba, Tu cnobilia, rom
avtomanqana 600 m -iT gadaadgildeba;
amocana 2. gansazRvre, ra simZlavres aviTarebs 18 km/sT­
siCqariT Tanabrad moZravi satvirTo avtomobili,
Tu mas moZraobisas 40 kn winaaRmdegobis Zalis gada-
O
laxva uwevs (igulisxmeba, rom avtomobili moZraobisas
siCqares inarCunebs, moZraobs ucvleli siCqariT).
SeuZlia ise imoZraos, rom ZiriTadi korpusi wylis
zedapirs arc ki Seexos. wyalqveSa frTebs gemi
moZraobisas wylis zedapirze amohyavs.
gemis siCqare am dros Zalian izrdeba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom misi simZlavre TiTqmis ucvlelia. axse-
ni, ra zrdis hidrofoluri gemis siCqares (gaige
meti aseTi gemis Sesaxeb. daakvirdi mis moZraobas
resursebi: videoze:
P
moswavlis wigni (damatebiTi amocanebi), proeqtori
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klAggNIir9A
2. aRmarTze asvlisas avtomanqanis mZRoli siCqares
Y
pirvel gadacemaze (safexurze) gadarTavs. axseni,
ratom?
 rekomendacia maswavleblisTvis:

30
davaleba 1.
praqtikuli samuSao: mosamarTi saTamaSo manqanis mier tvirTis gadaadgilebisas ganviTarebuli simZlavris gamoTvla.

samuSaosTvis saWiroa: mosamarTi saTamaSo avtomanqana (SesaZloa, rogorc meqanikuri, aseve distanciuri marTvis) gamzomi lenta (3 m),
laboratoriuli dinamometri, Zelaki (tvirTi) wammzomi.

D O
samuSaos msvleloba:

1. imisaTvis, rom avtomanqanis wevis Zala gavzomoT, tvirTsa da avtomanqanis ukana mxares Soris dinamometri Caabi;

N
2. moaTavse horizontalur zedapirze avtomanqana da momarTe;

’
3. daakvirdi, ris tolia dinamometris Cveneba, anu avtomanqanis wevis Zalis sidide (Fweva) im dros, roca manqana
tvirTs (Zelaks) gadaadgilebs;
4. gazome tvirTis mier gavlili manZili (s) da t dro, romelSic avtomanqanam s manZili gaiara.
5. Seitane gazomvebis Sedegebi cxrilSi:

T
cdis # wevis Zala gavlili manZili moZraobis dro simZlavre simZlavre
Fw ,n s ,m t ,wm N , vt N saS , vt
1
2
3

6. gamoTvale avtomanqanis simZlavre: N = A / t = F s / t.

C
7. cda gaimeore 3 -jer da gamoTvale simZlavris saSualo mniSvneloba (SeniSvna: nebismier eqsperimentSi gazomvebi garkveuli cdomilebiT
O
tardeba. imisaTvis, rom uzustoba Tavidan aicilon, saZiebeli sididis saSualo mniSvnelobas iTvlian).
P Y
 matrica № 1. II etapi
samizne cnebebi da sakiTxi/qvecneba sakvanZo SekiTxva/SekiTxvebi kompleqsuri davalebebi
maTTan dakavSirebuli
mkvidri warmodgenebi

D
1. energia 1. meqanikuri energia; 1. razea damokidebuli sxeulis davaleba 1.
2. kinetikuri energia; mier meqanikuri muSaobis Ses- proeqti: rogor `gamovtacoT~ wyals energia (ix. moswa-
● Tu sxeuls muSaobis 3. potenciuri energia; rulebis unari? vlis wigni, gv.35);
Sesrulebis unari 4. energiis erTeuli; 2. ra kavSiria muSaobas, ener- proeqtis mizania: energiis gardaqmnaze dakvirveba.
aqvs vambobT, rom mas 5. energiis gardaqmna; giasa da simZlavres Soris? moswavle

O
energia aqvs; 6. meqanikuri energiis mud- 1. daamzadebs frTian borbals (turbinas), romelsac wylis naka-
● energia fizikuri si- mivobis kanoni. diT moZraobaSi moiyvans;
didea da im muSaobiT 2. Caatarebs kvlevas: daakvirdeba, rogora aris damokidebuli
izomeba, romlis Ses- borblis brunvis siCqare

N
rulebac sxeuls (an a) wylis donis simaRleze;
sxeulebs) SeuZlia b) borblis diametrze.

’
3. axsnis wylis wiqvilis moqmedebis princips energiis garda-
qmnis safuZvelze;
4. warmoadgens prezentacias Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb.

T
aqtivobebi: davaleba 2
1. maqsvelis qanqara proeqti: `amerikuli mTebi~
liTonis Reroze uWimari ZafiT dakidebulia liTonis disko, daamzade modeli: `amerikuli mTebis~ trekis dasamzade-
romlis RerZi horizontaluri sakidi Reros paraleluria. Tu blad gamoiyene gaTbobis milebis SesafuTi saizolacio masa-
qanqaras RerZs orive xeliT Tanabrad abruneb (ise, rom Zafi la - penoplastis milebi.
RerZze Tanabrad erT fenad daexves), sanam qanqara sakid Re-

Zeldeba manam, sanam qanqara ar gaCerdeba.

qaras moqmedebis principi.

C
romde miaRwevs (aucilebelia, sakidi Rerosa da qanqaras Rer-
Zis horizontaluroba zustad iyos daculi), xolo Sem­deg xels
gauSveb, qanqara qvemoT daeSveba, qveda ukidures mdebareobas
miaRwevs da isev zeviT daiwyebs asvlas. zeviT rom ava, misi mo-
Zraoba ganmeordeba: qveviT daeSveba da isev zeviT ava. ase gagr-
O trekis sirTule (igulisxmeba maryuJebis, spiralebis,
borcvebis raodenoba) Sen Tavad gansazRvre. mTavaria, `ame-
aRwere maqsvelis qanqaraSi energiis gardaqmna da axseni qan- rikuli mTebis~ trekis sigrZe rac SeiZleba didi iyos da
burTulam mTeli es manZili daubrkoleblad gaiaros Tavidan
bolomde…
P
Caatare kvleva:
a) gamoiyene energiis mudmivobis kanoni da Teoriulad
gansazRvre is simaRle, saidanac unda daeSvas burTula,
rom trekis pirveli sirTule (mag., borcvi warmatebiT
gadalaxos). xaxuns Teoriuli gamoTvlebisas nu gaiTva-
Y

liswineb, magram dafiqrdi, ra Sesworebas Seitans xaxuni

realur monacemebSi?

31
 b) Caatare eqsperimenti da Seamowme, ramdenad sworad gaqvs

32
2. praqtikuli amocana: burTulas siCqaris gamoTvla.
1. daagoreT „mkvdari maryuJis“ daxril nawilze burTula
da ecadeT, rom man maryuJi gaakeTos (erTi wre Semoxazos).
2. gazomeT simaRle, saidanac dagorda burTula da Semowe-
ra maryuJi;
3. gamoTvaleT burTulas potenciuri energia maqsimalur
sawyisi simaRle gansazRvruli;
g) yoveli momdevno dabrkolebis (borcvis) simaRle gamoT-
vale Teoriulad da mxolod amis Semdeg gansazRvre dabr-
kolebis simaRle (gamoTvlebi, rasakvirvelia, arazusti
iqneba, Tumca dagexmareba miaxloebiT mainc gansazRvro
yoveli momdevno borcvis simaRle)

D
simaRleze;
4. gamoiyeneT energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gamoTvaleT
burTulas siCqare maryuJis yvelaze dabal wertilSi.
SeniSvna: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu `mkvdari maryuJi~ ar gaqvT,
SecvaleT is daxrili sibrtyiT da gamoTvaleT burTulas
ufro dawvrilebiT informacias am modelebis damzadebis
Sesaxeb Seityob misamarTebze:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCDcTU1k-Yk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugv0iWn4G2U&feature=emb_title

O
siCqare daxrili sibrtyis fuZesTan. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_conti-
nue=14&v=ztH7icZOtsE&feature=emb_title
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ids3EjOjdM

N ’
aamoqmede Sen mier Seqmnili modeli da aRwere trekze
moZravi burTulas energiis gardaqmna.
3. eqsperimentebi virtualur laboratoriaSi Temaze: ener-

T
gia. meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni (ix. aRwera danarT-
Si)

resursebi:
1. maqsvelis qanqara an misi modeli, romelsac Tavad daamza-
deben moswavleebi (ix. moswavlis wigni, gv.30).

C
2. resursebi: `mkvdari maryuJi~, burTula, saxazavi an sazomi
lenti.
3. resursebi: internetSi CarTuli kompiuteri.
O warmoadgine prezentacia Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb Ta-
naklaselTa winaSe.
P Y
 Sefasebis kriteriumi/ kriteriumebi:
moswavlem unda SeZlos:
● muSaobis, rogorc energiis cvlilebis Sedegis, daxasiaTeba (fiz.sab.1,2,3);

D
● meqanikuri energiis mudmivobaze - potenciuri da kinetikuri energiebis erTi saxidan meoreSi gadasvlaze msjeloba (fiz.sab.1,2,3);
● sxeulze moqmedi sxvadasxva tipis Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegebis Seswavla modelebis saSualebiT. problemaze dafuZnebuli amocanebis
gadaWra (fiz.sab.1-9);
● fizikuri movlenebis Seswavlis mizniT kvlevis (cda, eqsperimenti) dagegmva (hipoTezebis SemuSaveba, damokidebuli da damoukidebeli
cvladebis gansazRvra, kvlevis proceduris, monacemebis aRricxvis formebis gansazRvra, saTanado resursebis SerCeva) (fiz.sab.4);

O
ma ● fizikuri procesebisa da kanonzomierebebis kvlevisaTvis saWiro procedurebis ganxorcieleba (dakvirveba, gazomva, monacemebis
aRricxva, Sesabamisi masalisa da aRWurvilobis adekvaturad gamoyeneba) (fiz.sab.5);
● Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva formiT (cxrilebiT, diagramebiT, grafikebiT da sxv.) Cawera da organizeba;
monacemebis organizebisTvis informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.6);

N
● monacemebis gaanalizeba da argumentirebuli msjelobis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana, cvladebs Soris damokidebulebis aRsawerad

’
diagramebisa da grafikebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.7);
● modelebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba fizikuri movlenebis/ kanonzomierebebis saCveneblad (fiz.sab.8);
● cdisa da eqsperimentis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva(fiz.sab.9).

T
rekomendacia maswavleblisTvis:
aqtivoba 3. eqsperimentebi virtualur laboratoriaSi Temaze: energia. meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni.

samuSaos msvleloba
1. SedixarT virtualur laboratoriaSi miTiTebul misamarTze:

2. irCevT a) Friction; b) biliki 1 - intro (parabola);

romelic skeitbordis SuaSia;

C
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/energy-skate-park-basics/latest/energy-skate-park-basics_en.html

3. aswieT `feti-biWi~ da dasviT parabolis Stos nebismier wertilSi. biWis mdebareoba ganisazRvreba im wiTeli wertilis mdebareobiT,
O
4. CarTeT Grid da gamoitaneT ekranze bade, romelic giCvenebT, ra simaRlezea asuli `feti-biWi~ moZraobisas drois nebismier momentSi;
5. CarTeT Speed da gamoitaneT ekranze spidometri (xelsawyo romelic siCqares zomavs);
6. CarTeT Bar Graph - svetovani diagramebi, romlebic giCvenebT skeitbordistis potenciuri da kinetikuri energiebis cvlilebas da sruli
meqanikuri energiis mudmivobas;
P
7. play RilakiT moiyvaneT `biWi~ moZraobaSi.
davaleba 1. gamorTeT xaxuni (Friction none).
a) dasviT `feti-biWi~ parabolis marcxena mxares garkveul simaRleze da aamoZraveT;
Y

b) cvaleT biWis Tavdapirveli pozicia (awevis simaRle) da yovel jerze daakvirdiT, rogor icvleba kinetikuri, potenciuri da
sruli meqanikuri energiebi biWis moZraobis procesSi;

33
 davaleba 2. CarTeT xaxuni (friction).

34
dasviT `feti - biWi~ parabolis marcxena mxares maqsimalur simaRleze da moiyvaneT moZraobaSi.
daakvirdiT, icvleba Tu ara biWis moZraobisas misi sruli meqanikuri energia? ratom ?
davaleba 3. gamorTeT xaxuni (Friction none)
a) dasviT `feti - biWi~ parabolis marcxena mxares maqsimalur simaRleze da moiyvaneT moZraobaSi;
b) cvaleT `biWis masa~ da yovel jerze daakvirdiT spidometris Cvenebas, roca biWi maqsimaluri simaRlidan eSveba da yvelaze dabal

D
wertils miaRwevs.
gaakeTeT daskvna: aris Tu ara damokidebuli biWis masaze
a) biWis moZraobis siCqare;
b) dro, ra drosac biWi maqsimaluri simaRlidan udables wertilamde moZraobas andomebs?

O
davaleba 4. gamorTeT xaxuni (Friction none).
a) dasviT `feti – biWi~ parabolis marcxena mxares, ise rom misi asvlis simaRle h = 5 m-is toli iyos (wiTeli wertili unda
emTxveodes parabolis Stos im wertils, saidanac biWi iwyebs moZraobas). moiyvaneT biWi moZraobaSi.
b) dafiqrdiT, rogor gamoiTvleba biWis sruli meqanikuri energia traeqtoriis

N
yvelaze maRal wertilSi? yvelaze dabal wertilSi?
g) gamoiyene sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gamoTvale biWis maqsimaluri siCqare, romelic mas traeqtoriis yvelaze

’
dabal wertilSi aqvs;
d) daakvirdiT, spidometris Cvenebas. romel danayofamde aRwevs biWis maqsimaluri siCqare?
e) gamoTvale spidometris danayofis fasi.

T C O P Y
 matrica # 2
Tema: meqanikuri movlenebi. saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba _ 4 (+2)
TemasTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi:

D
● sxeuli wonasworobaSia, Tu masze moqmedi Zalebis da momentebis jami nulis tolia.
TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo SekiTxvebi:
● ratom aris mniSvnelovani sxeulis wonasworobis pirobebis codna?
Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli sakiTxi:

● wonasworoba
samizne cnebebi da maTTan dakav-
Sirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi
1. wonasworoba;
O
sakiTxi/qvecneba sakvanZo SekiTxva/ kompleqsuri davalebebi
SekiTxvebi
1. wonasworobis pirobebi; ● rogor inarCunebs gamoarkvie, rogor inarCunebs wonasworobas:

N
● wonasworoba aris sxeulis (sis- 2. gadataniTi da brunviTi sxeulebi wonaswo- a) caTambjenebi;
temis) mdgomareoba, romelsac moZraoba; robas? b) pizis daxrili koSki;

’
sxeuli (sistema) inarCunebs ra- 3. wonasworobis saxeebi; g) kacxis sveti. (ix. moswavlis wigni, § 2.2)
gind didi drois ganmavlobaSi, 4. sayrdeni wertilis mqone ●ratom aris mniSv- 1. moiZie informacia am nagebobebisa da maTi wonaswo-
Tu gare zemoqmedeba ar arse- sxeulis wonasworoba; nelovani sxeulis robis pirobebis Sesaxeb;
bobs. 5. brunvis RerZis mqone sxeu- wonasworobis pi- 2. aage nagebobebis modelebi da aCvene maTi konstruq-

T
lis wonasworoba; robebis codna? ciis is Tavisebureba, romelic wonasworobis Senar-
2. meqanikuri wonasworoba. 6. sayrdeni farTobis mqone CunebaSi exmareba;
● meqanikuri wonasworoba aris sxeulis wonasworoba; 3. axseni momentebis wesis Tanaxmad, ratom inarCunebs
sxeulis (sistemis) mdgomareoba, 7. Zalis momenti; Senobebi wonasworobas (aage diagrama, romelzedac
roca sxeuli inarCunebs siCqares: 8. Zalis mxari Cans, romeli Zalebi qmnis mabrunebel moments da
uZravia an moZraobs wrfivad da 9. momentebis wesi. ra SemTxvevaSi awonasworebs/ar awonasworebs maTi
Tanabrad;
● sxeuli wonasworobaSia, Tu
masze moqmedi Zalebisa da mo-
mentebis jami nulis tolia.
aqtivobebi:

aqvs: C
1. eqsperimentebi, romelTa saSualebiT moswavle
daadgens wonasworobis pirobebs sxeulisTvis, romelsac

a) sayrdeni wertili;
b) brunvis RerZi;
g) sayrdeni farTobi;
O mabrunebeli moqmedeba erTmaneTs);
(cdebis aRweriloba ix. moswavlis wignSi, § 2.2).
2. praqtikuli samuSao, romlis Catarebisas moswavle
P
damagrebuli brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworo-
bis pirobas _ momentebis wess daadgens.
(samuSaos aRweriloba ix. moswavlis wignSi, § 2.3).
3. praqtikuli samuSao: sxeulis simZimis centris dad-
Y
4. gaarkvie, rodis waiqceva pizis koSki da ra aris
saWiro imisaTvis, rom koSkis waqcevisgan vixsnaT;
5. gaarkvie: waiqceva Tu gadatydeba pizis koSki, razea
es damokidebuli;
6. SeimuSave garkveuli rekomendaciebi da `urCie~ ita-
lielebs, rogor daicvan unikaluri kulturuli
memkvidreoba, pizis koSki, waqcevisgan.
7. arsebobs Tu ara kacxis svetis waqcevis saSiSroe-
ba? ra mizezebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios es da rogor
aviciloT isini Tavidan?
8. modelebis saSualebiT aCvene sakuTari mosazrebe-
bis marTebuleba.

gena. 9. moamzade prezentacia Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb

(samuSaos aRweriloba ix. moswavlis wignSi, gv.66). da warmoadgine TanaklaselTa winaSe. gauziare maT
sakuTari `aRmoCenebi~.

35
36
resursebi: korpis sacobi, maxaTi, ocTTeTriani, boTli,
Canglebi;saxazavi, romelsac ramdenime adgilas (maT Soris
simZimis centrSic) aqvs naxvreti, Wikarti, wamlis SesafuTi,
marTkuTxa paralelepipedis formis yuTi, muyaos naWrisgan
gamoWrili nebismieri formis firfita, Stativi, labo­ra­to­
riuli dinamometri.
Sefasebis kriteriumi/ kriteriumebi:

D
moswavlem unda SeZlos:
● sxeulTa wonasworobis pirobebis codnisa da martivi meqanizmebis gamoyenebis dakavSireba sxvadasxva profesiasTan/saqmianobis sferosTan (fiz.
sab.10,11,12);
● martivi meqanizmebis, wonasworobisa da energiis mudmivobis kanonis rolis Sefaseba bunebasa da yofacxovrebaSi (fiz.sab. 10, 11)
sxeulze moqmedi sxvadasxva tipis Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegebis Seswavla modelebis saSualebiT. problemaze dafuZnebuli amocanebis gadaWra

O
●
(fiz.sab.1-9);
● fizikuri movlenebis Seswavlis mizniT kvlevis (cda, eqsperimenti) dagegmva (hipoTezebis SemuSaveba, damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvlade-
bis gansazRvra, kvlevis proceduris, monacemebis aRricxvis formebis gansazRvra, saTanado resursebis SerCeva) (fiz.sab.4);
● fizikuri procesebisa da kanonzomierebebis kvlevisaTvis saWiro procedurebis ganxorcieleba (dakvirveba, gazomva, monacemebis aRricxva, Se-

N
sabamisi masalisa da aRWurvilobis adekvaturad gamoyeneba) (fiz.sab.5);
Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva formiT (cxrilebiT, diagramebiT, grafikebiT da sxv.) Cawera da organizeba; monacemebis

’
●
organizebisTvis informaciul- sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.6);
● monacemebis gaanalizeba da argumentirebuli msjelobis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana, cvladebs Soris damokidebulebis aRsawerad
diagramebisa da grafikebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.7);

T
● modelebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba fizikuri movlenebis/ kanonzomierebebis saCveneblad (fiz.sab.8);
● cdisa da eqsperimentis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva(fiz.sab.9).

C O P Y
 matrica # 3
Tema: meqanikuri movlenebi. saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba – 4 (+2)
TemasTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi:

D
martivi meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia ZalaSi mogeba manZilis xarjze da piriqiT.
TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo SekiTxvebi:
ratom/rogor viyenebT martiv meqanizmebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi?
Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli sakiTxi:

O
martivi meqanizmebi

samizne cnebebi da maTTan da­kav­ sakiTxi/qvecneba sakvanZo SekiTxva/SekiTxvebi kompleqsuri davalebebi

Sirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi
1. martivi meqanizmebi 1. berketi. ratom viyenebT martiv davaleba: sxeulis masis gansazRvra sasworis gareSe.

N
martivi meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT 2. berketis wonaswo- meqanizmebs yoveldRiur moifiqre xerxi, rogor SeZleb sxeulis masis gansazRvras
robis piroba; cxovrebaSi? sasworis gareSe da ipove 20 TeTriani monetis masa.

SesaZlebelia ZalaSi mogeba manZi-
lis xarjze da piriqiT;
muSaobaSi mogebas arc erTi
meqanizmi ar gvaZlevs: ramden-
’
3. daxrili sibrtye; gadaWeri es problema, magram gaiTvaliswine, rom mxolod
4. WoWonaqi; ratom aris mniSvnelo- im resursebis gamoyeneba SegiZlia, rac CamonaTvalSia.
5. meqanikis `oqros vani martivi meqanizmebis resursebi: A4 formatis Tabaxis furclebi SefuTviT;
wesi~; wonasworobis pirobebis

jerac vigebT ZalaSi, imdenjer
vagebT manZilSi (da piriqiT).
T
qaRaldis samagrebi, ocTeTriani moneta, saxazavi an sazomi
6. martivi meqanizme- codna? lenta.
bis mqk. moamzade prezentacia Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb da
ratom ar SeiZleba mu- warmoadgine TanaklaselTa winaSe. gauziare maT sakuTari
SaobaSi mogeba? `aRmoCenebi~: rogor gadaWeri problema.
miTiTeba maswavleblisTvis:
problemis gadasaWrelad moswavleebi

C O 1. amzadeben Tabaxis furclisgan berkets: gadakecaven

sigrZeze 4-jer an daaxveven wvrilad;
2. gansazRvraven erTi furclis masas, risTvisac maT
mouwevT garkveva furclebis dastaze miTiTebul parame-
trebSi, SeuZliaT gamoiyenon interneti:
https://www.papersizes.org/paper-weights.htm
mag., ras niSnavs warwera dastaze 80 g/m2 an 80 gsm.
miTiTeba: 80 g/m2 igivea rac 80 gsm (gram square meter), rac
niSnavs: 1 kvadratuli metri qaRaldis masa 80 g-ia;
P Y

37
38
aqtivobebi: 3. dastaze miTiTebuli zomebis mixedviT (201 x 297 mm) gamoT-
1. eqsperimenti, romlis daxmarebiTac moswavle vlian erTi furclis farTobs m2-Si da Seadgenen proporcias
daadgens wonasworobis pirobebs berketisTvis, anu erTi furclis masis gamosaTvlelad;
berketis wess; erTi furclis farTobia: 0, 201 m x 0, 297 m= 0,039597 m2;
(cdis aRweriloba ix. moswavlis wignSi, § 2.4). proporcia:
1m2 – 80 g
2. amocana, romlis farglebSic moswavle gaige- 0,039597 m2 – X

D
bs, rogor SeiZleba sxeulis ucnobi masis gansazR-
vra sasworis gareSe.
(amocana 1. ix. moswavlis wignSi, § 2.5).
X = 3,16776 g
4. qaRaldis samagrebis daxmarebiT berketis erT boloze
dakideben monetas, xolo meore boloze qaRaldis fur-
cels da gaawonasworeben „berkets“;

O
5. sqematurad warmoadgenen berketze modebul ZalTa ga-
nawilebas;
6. gazomaven mxrebs da gamoiyeneben berketis wonasworobis
pirobas monetis masis dasadgenad;
resursebi: Stativi, berketi (saxazavi) boloebze

N
mawonasworebeli xraxnebiT da sakidebiT, tvirTe-

’
bis nakrebi(100 g-iani tvirTi -3 cali, 200 g-iani -
1 cali), sazomi lenti.
Sefasebis kriteriumi/ kriteriumebi
moswavlem unda SeZlos:

T
● sxeulTa wonasworobis pirobebis codnisa da martivi meqanizmebis gamoyenebis dakavSireba sxvadasxva profesiasTan/saqmianobis sferosTan (fiz.
sab.10,11,12);
● martivi meqanizmebis, wonasworobisa da energiis mudmivobis kanonis rolis Sefaseba bunebasa da yofacxovrebaSi (fiz.sab. 10, 11)
● martivi meqanizmebis, msoflio mizidulobis Zalis, amomgdebi Zalis rolis Sefaseba bunebasa da yofa-cxovrebaSi (fiz.sab. 10, 11)
● martivi meqanizmebis moqmedebis principis eqsperimentuli Seswavla da problemaze dafuZnebuli amocanebis gadaWra; (fiz.sab.4,5,6,7,9);
● sxeulze moqmedi sxvadasxva tipis Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegebis Seswavla modelebis saSualebiT. problemaze dafuZnebuli amocanebis gadaWra

●
(fiz.sab.1-9);

C
fizikuri movlenebis Seswavlis mizniT kvlevis (cda, eqsperimenti) dagegmva (hipoTezebis SemuSaveba, damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvlade-
bis gansazRvra, kvlevis proceduris, monacemebis aRricxvis formebis gansazRvra, saTanado resursebis SerCeva) (fiz.sab.4);
fizikuri procesebisa da kanonzomierebebis kvlevisaTvis saWiro procedurebis ganxorcieleba (dakvirveba, gazomva, monacemebis aRricxva, Se-
sabamisi masalisa da aRWurvilobis adekvaturad gamoyeneba) (fiz.sab.5);
O
Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva formiT (cxrilebiT, diagramebiT, grafikebiT da sxv.) Cawera da organizeba; monacemebis
organizebisTvis informaciul- sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.6);
● monacemebis gaanalizeba da argumentirebuli msjelobis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana, cvladebs Soris damokidebulebis aRsawerad
diagramebisa da grafikebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.7);
P
● modelebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba fizikuri movlenebis/ kanonzomierebebis saCveneblad (fiz.sab.8);
● cdisa da eqsperimentis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva(fiz.sab.9).
Y
 matrica # 4

Tema: siTburi movlenebi saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba _ 4 (+2)

D
TemasTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi:
● siTbos gadacema sxvadasxva gziTaa SesaZlebeli;
● bunebaSi siTbo TavisTavad yovelTvis maRali temperaturis mqone sxeulidan ufro dabali temperaturis mqone sxeuls gadaecema;
TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo SekiTxvebi:
rogor SeiZleba sxeulis temperaturis Secvla?

O
ratom vrceldeba siTbo gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva nivTierebaSi?
Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli sakiTxi: siTbos gadacema
samizne cnebebi da maTTan dakav- sakiTxi/qvecneba sakvanZo SekiTxva/SekiTxve- kompleqsuri davalebebi

N
Sirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi bi
1. siTburi gafarToeba; 1. rogor SeiZleba sxeu-

1. Sinagani energia;
sxeulis Sinagani energiis ga-
moyeneba, gansxvavebiT meqaniku-
ri energiisgan, advili ar aris
’
proeqti: energoefeqturi saxli.
2. Termometrebi; lis temperaturis Secvla? Tbilisidan bakurcixeSi sacxovreblad gadasulma
3. siTburi moZraoba; ojaxma saxlis aSeneba namjis gamoyenebiT gadawyvita…
4. siTburi wonasworoba; 2. ratom vrceldeba siT- ra mizani hqonda saxlis patrons, roca saSen masalad

da arc yovelTvisaa SesaZlebe-
li.
2. siTburi wonasworoba;
siTburi wonasworobis dros
sistemis (sxeulebis) temperatura
ucvlelia, Tbogadacema ar xdeba.
T
5. temperatura; bo gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva namjas irCevda? aRmoCnda, rom aseTi saxli, garda imisa,
6. Sinagani energiis nivTierebaSi. rom sakmaod iafi jdeba, mniSvnelovani upiratesobiTac
Secvlis gzebi; gamoirCeva: zafxulSi grilia, zamTarSi Tbili da mis
7. Sinagani energiis ga- gaTboba-gagrilebaze damatebiTi Tanxebi ar ixarjeba.
moyeneba; moiZie informacia:
8. sruli energiis mud- 1. ra gzebiT ikargeba energia Cveni sacxovreblidan da
mivobis kanoni; ra aris energoefeqturi saxli;

3. Tbogadacema.
Sinagani energiis cvlileba
SesaZlebelia muSaobis Sesrulebis
gareSe, siTbur procesebSi _ Tbo-
gadacemis gziT;
9. Tbogamtaroba;
10. Tbogamtarebi da Tboi-
zolatorebi;
11. konveqcia;
12. gamosxiveba.
C O 2. rogor gamoviyeno fizikis kanonebi imisaTvis, rom
saxlis efeqturi Tboizolacia uzrunvelvyo;
3. aage energoefeqturi saxlis maketi da axseni yvela
im masalis gamoyenebis fizikuri safuZveli, romel-
sac maketis damzadebisas moixmar;
4. moiZie Tanamedrove Tu tradiciuli meTodebi,
romlebic saxlis TboizolaciisTvis gamodgeba;
siTbos gadacema sxvadasxva gziTaa 5. daTvale is ekonomiuri efeqti, romelsac energoe-
SesaZlebeli; feqturi saxlis mepatrone miiRebs (daaxloebiT ra
P
bunebaSi siTbo TavisTavad yo­ Tanxas dazogavs is saxlis gaTboba-gagrilebis dros);
vel­Tvis maRali temperaturis 6. SeimuSave rekomendaciebi saxlis aSenebis msurvel-
mqone sxeulidan ufro dabali TaTvis da daasabuTe maTi gamoyenebis upiratesoba
temperaturis mqone sxeuls ga- fizikis daxmarebiT.
Y

daecema; 7. warmoadgine prezentacia energoefeqturi saxlis

Sesaxeb.

39
40
aqtivobebi:
1. eqsperimentebi, romelTa saSualebiT moswavle daakvirdeba
a) sxvadasxva nivTierebis Tbogamtarobas, erTnairia is Tu
gansxvavebuli (cdebis aRweriloba ix. moswavlis wignSi,
§ 3.4).
b) konveqciasa da misi mimdinareobis pirobebs (cdebis
aRweriloba ix. moswavlis wignSi, § 3.5).

D
g) sxvadasxva sxeulis energiis gamosxivebisa da STanTqmis
unars (cdebis aRweriloba ix. moswavlis wignSi, § 3.6).
2. yofa-cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli magaliTebis ganxilva,
romlebic sxvadasxva sxeulis mier siTbos gansxvavebu-
lad gatarebis unars ukavSirdeba (ix. sadiskusio Temebi

O
ix. moswavlis wignSi, § 3.4 -3.6).

resursebi: liTonisa da xis kovzebi, liTonis cilindri,

spirtqura, qaRaldis erTjeradi Wiqebi, sinjara, kolba,

N
magidis naTura, Termosi.

’
Sefasebis kriteriumi/ kriteriumebi: moswavlem unda SeZlos:
● siTbos gadacemis saxeebis daxasiaTeba da maT Taviseburebebze argumentirebuli msjeloba (fiz.sab.1, 2, 3);
● bunebaSi mimdinare siTburi procesebis Sesaxeb codnis dakavSireba sxvadasxva profesiasTan/saqmianobis sferosTan (fiz.sab.10,11,12).

T
● fizikuri movlenebis Seswavlis mizniT kvlevis (cda, eqsperimenti) dagegmva (hipoTezebis SemuSaveba, damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebis
gansazRvra, kvlevis proceduris, monacemebis aRricxvis formebis gansazRvra, saTanado resursebis SerCeva) (fiz.sab.4);
● fizikuri procesebisa da kanonzomierebebis kvlevisaTvis saWiro procedurebis ganxorcieleba (dakvirveba, gazomva, monacemebis aRricxva, Sesaba-
misi masalisa da aRWurvilobis adekvaturad gamoyeneba) (fiz.sab.5);
● Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva formiT (cxrilebiT, diagramebiT, grafikebiT da sxv.) Cawera da organizeba; monacemebis orga-
nizebisTvis informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.6);
● monacemebis gaanalizeba da argumentirebuli msjelobis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana, ventilacia 30%

C
cvladebs Soris damokidebulebis aRsawerad diagramebisa da grafikebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.7);
● modelebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba fizikuri movlenebis/ kanonzomierebebis saCveneblad (fiz.sab.8);
● cdisa da eqsperimentis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva(fiz.sab.9).

rekomendacia maswavlebels: suraTze sqematuradaa gamosaxuli, ra gzebiT ikargeba sacxovreblidan

O
energia. moswavleebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom Tbogadacemis sami gzidan TiToeuli (Tbogamtaroba,
konveqcia, gamosxiveba) ara marto gaTbobis (energiis miRebis), aramed saxlidan energiis gadinebis
fanjrebi 10%
saxuravi 25%

kari 10%

gzacaa. ase, rom Tu energoefeqturi saxlis aSenebas gadavwyvetT, Tbosaizolacio masalebi unda
gamoviyenoT, romlebic Tbogadacemis sxvadasxva gziT energiis gadinebas (dakargvas) SeewinaaRmdegeba.
P
aseTi masalebia: aguri, perliti, namja, matyli, Tixa, alizi, ormagi mina-paketebi da a.S.), kedlebi 15%

saZirkveli 10%
Y
 matrica # 5
Tema: siTburi movlenebi saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba - 4 (+2)
TemasTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi:

D
● mocemuli nivTierebisaTvis sxeulis temperaturis cvlileba gadacemuli siTbos raodenobasa da sxeulis masazea damokidebuli;
● erTi da imave raodenobis sxvadasxva nivTierebis temperaturis erTnairad Sesacvlelad gansxvavebuli siTbos raodenobaa saWiro;
● siTbos gadacemiT SesaZlebelia nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobis Secvla;
● erTi da imave raodenobis sxvadasxva sawvavis dawviT gansxvavebuli siTbos raodenoba miiReba;
TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo SekiTxvebi:

O
● razea damokidebuli nivTierebis siTbotevadoba?
● ra kavSiria Tbogadacemasa da nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlilebas Soris?
Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli sakiTxi: siTbos raodenoba

N
samizne cnebebi da maTTan sakiTxi/qvecneba sakvanZo SekiTxva/ kompleqsuri davalebebi
dakavSirebuli mkvidri war- SekiTxvebi

’
modgenebi
1. siTbos raodenoba; 1. sxeulis gasaTbobad saWiro
siTbos raodenoba Sinagani siTbos gamoTvla;
2. kuTri siTbotevadoba;
1. razea damokide- proeqti: wiva vs SeSa
buli nivTierebis yovelwliurad Cveni qveyana kargavs 446 mln laris Rire-
siTbotevadoba?

energiis cvlilebis zomaa.
siTbos energiis formaa.
2. nivTierebis agregatuli mdgo-
mareobebi.
erTi da igive nivTiereba
gar­kveul pirobebSi SeiZleba
iyos, rogorc myar da Txe-
vad, ise airad mdgomareoba-
Si;
sxvadasxva agregatul mdgo-
mareobaSi erTi da imave ni-
vTierebis Semadgeneli nawi-
lakebi ar icvleba. icvleba
mxolod nawilakTa moZraobi-
sa da urTierTqmedebis xasia-
Ti.
T
3. kaloria;
4. dnoba da gamyareba;
5. dnobisa da gamyarebis
temperatura;
6. dnobis siTbos gamoTvla;
7. dnobis kuTri siTbo;
8. aorTqleba da kondensacia;
9. duRili;
10. duRilis temperatura;
11. duRilis temperaturas da-
mokidebuleba atmosferul
wnevaze;
12. orTqladqcevis siTbos
gamoTvla;
13. orTqladqcevis kuTri
siTbo;
14. mzis energiis formebi;
15. sawvavis wvis Sedegad ga-
moyofili siTbos gamoTvla;
bulebis sawvavad gametebul xetyes...
2. ra kavSiria Tbo- SeSis kanonieri gzebiT mopoveba ver uzrunvelyofs mo-
gadacemasa da saxleobis saWiroebas da is ukanono saqmianobas mimarTavs;
nivTierebis agrega- tyis ekosistema nadgurdeba da sul ufro izrdeba bune-
tuli mdgomareobis brivi katastrofebis ricxvi, masStabi, moculoba..
cvlilebas Soris? biomasa (organuli narCenebi) energiis mniSvnelovani
3. rogor icvleba wyaroa, romelic SeSis alternativad gamodgeba (saWmlis
C
Sinagani energia
nivTierebis agrega-
tuli mdgomareobis
cvlilebisas da
ratom?
O
4. rogor miiReba
sawvavisgan energia?
mosamzadeblad da gasaTboba).
1. gamoikvlie, ra saxis alternatiuli biosawvavi arsebobs
Cven garSemo;
2. gamoTvale bionarCenebis (wivis, tyemlis kurkis, Txilis
naWuWis,walmis) wvis kuTri siTbo saklaso eqsperimentis
daxmarebiT;
3. gamoTvale wivis wvis kuTri siTbo samecniero labora-
toriaSi (mag., laboratoriaSi, romelic teqnikur univer-
sistetSi, energetikis fakultets aqvs) kalorimetriuli
P
bombis daxmarebiT da SeadareT saskolo eqsperimentis
Sedegebs;
4. daTvale wivis ekonomiuri efeqti erTi ojaxisTvis;
5. daamzade konservis qilebisgan mini-Rumeli (gasaT-
Y

16. wvis kuTri siTbo. valiwinebelia wevis uzrunvelyofa), romelSic wivas

dawvavT;

41
42
aqtivobebi: 6. SeimuSave rekomendaciebi mosaxleobisTvis, rogor
eqsperimenti, romlis saSualebiTac moswavle SeiZleba wivis gamoyeneba tradiciuli sawvavis Casa-
sawvavis kuTri siTbos gamoTvlas SeZlebs. nacvleblad da ra ekonomiur efeqts miscems misi gamoye-
neba maT;
1. mSrali spirtis tabletis wvis Sedegad gamoyofili
7. warmoadgine prezentacia Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb.
siTbos xarjze gaaTbe wyali;
2. aiRe saWiro anaTvlebi (ix. danarTis saxiT cxrili)

D
da energiis mudmivobis kanonis gamoyenebiT, gamoT-
vale savavis kuTri wvis kuTri siTbo.

resursebi: mSrali spirti, wyali, cecxlgamZle

WurWeli (1 l moculobis), Stativi.

O
Sefasebis kriteriumi/ kriteriumebi:
moswavlem unda SeZlos:
● nivTierebis siTbotevadobisa da wvis kuTri siTbos eqsperimentuli Seswavla modelebis daxmarebiT; problemaze dafuZnebuli amocanebis ga-
dawyveta (fiz.sab. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);

N
● kuTri siTbotevadobebis da wvis kuTri siTbos rolis Sefaseba bunebasa da yofacxovrebaSi (fiz.sab.1, 2, 3, 10, 11);

’
● bunebaSi mimdinare siTburi procesebis Sesaxeb codnis dakavSireba sxvadasxva profesiasTan/saqmianobis sferosTan (fiz.sab.10,11,12).
● fizikuri movlenebis Seswavlis mizniT kvlevis (cda, eqsperimenti) dagegmva (hipoTezebis SemuSaveba, damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvlade-
bis gansazRvra, kvlevis proceduris, monacemebis aRricxvis formebis gansazRvra, saTanado resursebis SerCeva) (fiz.sab.4);
● fizikuri procesebisa da kanonzomierebebis kvlevisaTvis saWiro procedurebis ganxorcieleba (dakvirveba, gazomva, monacemebis aRricxva, Se-

T
sabamisi masalisa da aRWurvilobis adekvaturad gamoyeneba) (fiz.sab.5);
● Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva formiT (cxrilebiT, diagramebiT, grafikebiT da sxv.) Cawera da organizeba; monacemebis or-
ganizebisTvis informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.6);
● monacemebis gaanalizeba da argumentirebuli msjelobis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana, cvladebs Soris damokidebulebis aRsawerad diagrame-
bisa da grafikebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.7);
● modelebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba fizikuri movlenebis/ kanonzomierebebis saCveneblad (fiz.sab.8);
●

C
cdisa da eqsperimentis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva (fiz.sab.9).
O P Y
 rekomendacia maswavleblisTvis:
proeqti: wiva vs SeSa
(sawvavis (wivis) wvis kuTri siTbos gamoTvla)
proeqtis miznebi:

D
 vaqcioT sabunebismetyvelo ganaTleba mdgradi ganviTarebis saSualebad;
 davnergoT kvlevaze dafuZnebuli swavleba saskolo sivrceSi;
 avamaRloT saxelwifoebrivi cnobiereba momavlis moqalaqeebSi;
 wavaxalisoT alternatiuli sawvavis (bionarCenebis) energiis gamoyeneba SeSis sanacvlod;

O
 mivawodoT informacia mowyvlad jgufebs da davexmaroT, Seamciron SeSis gamoyeneba;

proeqtis amocanebi :
1. gamovikvlioT, ra saxis alternatiuli sawvavi arsebobs Cven garSemo ;

N
2. gamovTvaloT bionarCenebis (wivis) wvis kuTri siTbo saklaso eqsperimentis daxmarebiT;
3. gamovTvaloT wivis wvis kuTxri siTbo samecniero laboratoriaSi kalorimetris-bombas daxmarebiT da SevadaroT saskolo eqsperimentis

’
Sedegebis Sedegebs;
4.davTvaloT wivis ekonomiuri efeqti erTi ojaxisTvis;
saskolo eqsperimenti
1. daamzadeT konservis qilebisgan ormagkedliani qura, raTa energiis kargva maqsimalurad aiciloT Tavidan: daxvriteT konservis qilis

T
kedlebi da fskeri, raTa uzrunvelyoT weva. CadgiT qilaSi sadgami da zed moaTavseT sawvavi (spirtis tableti, wivis patara briketi an Txilis
daqucmacebuli naWuWi);
2. sawvavis dawvis Sedegad gamoyofili energiis xarjze wyali Tbeba. aiReT saWiro anaTvlebi da siTburi balansis gantolebis daxmarebiT
gamoiTvaleT wivis wvis kuTr siTbos.

cdis sawvavis minis WurWlis wylis minis W-is kuTri wylis kuTri sawyisi saboloo

1
2
3
№
masa,
m, kg
masa,
m1, kg
masa,
m2, kg
siTbot.
c1, j/kg0C
siTbot.
c2, j/kg0C

C
t10C
O t20C q=

4
P Y

43
 teqnikuri universitetis samecniero laboratoria. kalorimetriuli bombi

44
mogveca saSualeba, samecniero laboratoriaSi gadagvemowmebina saskolo eqsperimentis Sedegebi. moswavleebma
denis wyaro
SeZles sawvavis wvis kuTri siTbo kalorimetriuli bombis daxmarebiT uzustesad gamoeTvalaT. kalorimetriuli
bombi kalorimetris nairsaxeobaa, romlis daxmarebiTac wvis Sedegad gamoyofili energiis sidide ganisazRvreba. Termometri
kalorimetruli bombi hermetulad daxuruli sqelkedliani WurWelia, romelic wylian garemoSi idgmeba.
winaswar awonil sawvavis nimuSs bombis SigniT aTavseben, sadac sufTa Jangbadi 25 atm wneviTaa CatvirTuli.
nimuSs eleqtruli naperwklis saSualebiT aaaleben. energia, romelic dawvis Sedegad gamoiyofa, wylian garemos

D
gadaecema. eqsperimentis msvlelobisas wylis temperatura izomeba. temperaturis mateba ar aRemateba 1-2 graduss.
wvis kuTri siTbos gamoTvlas specialuri programa uzrunvelyofs siTburi balansis gantolebis safuZvelze.
Cveni nimuSis (cxvris wivis) wvis kuTri siTbo aRmoCda 12 812 j/g.
aseve gavzomeT sxvadasxva alternatiuli sawvavis nimuSebis wvis Tbounarianoba:
tyemlis kurka - 21700 gamosakvlevi Semrevi

O
Txilis naWuWi - 19724 sawvavis nimuSi bombi _ fola-
wifelis - 17932 dis hermetuli
rcxila - 17631 cilindri
gamoyenebuli literatura:http://www.himikatus.ru/art/ch-act/0223.php

N ’ T C O P Y
 matrica # 6
Tema: siTburi movlenebi saaTebis savaraudo raodenoba – 4 (+2)
TemasTan dakavSirebuli mkvidri warmodgenebi:

D
● siTburi Zrava sawvavis siTbur energias meqanikur energiad gardaqmnis;
● siTburi Zravebis muSaobisas garemos aucileblad gadaecema siTbos garkveuli raodenoba
TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo SekiTxvebi:
● rogor gardaiqmneba siTburi energia sxva saxis energiad?
● ra zians ayenebs garemos siTburi Zravebis muSaoba?

O
Temis farglebSi dasamuSavebeli sakiTxi: siTburi Zravebi da ekologiuri problemebi.

samizne cnebebi da maTTan sakiTxi/qvecneba sakvanZo SekiTxva/SekiTxvebi kompleqsuri davalebebi

dakavSirebuli mkvidri

N
warmodgenebi

1. siTburi Zrava.
● siTburi Zrava sawvavis siTbur
energias meqanikur energiad
gardaqmnis;
’
1. orTqlis turbina; 1. rogor gardaiqmneba
2. orTqlis manqana; siTburi energia sxva saxis
3. Sigawvis Zrava energiad?
2. ra zians ayenebs garemos
proeqti: siTburi Zrava-saukunis gamowveva
moswavleebma unda daamzadon siTburi Zravas
modeli da axsnan misi momedebis principi (ix.
moswavlis wigni, gv.126).

● siTburi Zravebis muSaobisas
garemos aucileblad gadaecema
siTbos garkveuli raodenoba;
● siTburi Zravebis muSaobis Se-
degad atmosferoSi namuSevari
airebi gamoifrqveva.
2. siTburi Zravas margi qmedebis
koeficienti.
● siTburi Zravebis mq koeficien-
tis gazrda umniSvnelovanesi
teqnikuri amocanaa.
T
siTburi Zravebis muSaoba? proeqtze muSaobisas moswavleebma unda moipovon
informacia:
1. ra gavlenas axdens siTburi Zravebis muSaoba
e.w. saTburis efeqtze (ix. moswavlis wigni, gv.138);
2. ra saSiSroebas qmnis siTburi Zravebis
gamonabolqvi, ratom aris dabinZurebuli haeri
C O sicocxlisTvis saSiSi `koqteili~;
3. ra tipis sawvavze muSaobs ZiriTadad siTburi
Zravebi da ratom emuqreba msoflios amis gamo
energetikuli `SimSili~;
4. rogor SeiZleba siTburi Zravebis efeqturobis
gazrda;
5. siTburi Zravebis Canacvlebis ra alternatiuli
gzebi arsebobs;
P
moswavleebi warmoadgenen prezentacias
Catarebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb da gauziareben
Tanaklaselebs.
Y

45
46
aqtivobebi:
1. siTburi Zravas modelis damzadeba (ix. moswavlis wi-
gni, gv.128).
2. saTburi efeqtis kvleva (ix. eqsperimenti danarTis
saxiT)
resursebi: TviTnakeTi turbina, kolba mWidros

D
morgebuli sacobiT, romelSic milia gayrili, Stativi,
minis samlitriani qila, Termometri, soda, Zmari, miwa.

Sefasebis kriteriumi/ kriteriumebi:

O
moswavlem unda SeZlos:
● siTburi Zravebis moqmedebis principsa da maTi muSaobiT Seqmnil ekologiur problemebze argumentirebuli msjeloba (fiz.sab. 1, 2, 3, 10, 11);
● bunebaSi mimdinare siTburi procesebis Sesaxeb codnis dakavSireba sxvadasxva profesiasTan/saqmianobis sferosTan (fiz.sab.10,11,12);
● fizikuri movlenebis Seswavlis mizniT kvlevis (cda, eqsperimenti) dagegmva (hipoTezebis SemuSaveba, damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebis

N
gansazRvra, kvlevis proceduris, monacemebis aRricxvis formebis gansazRvra, saTanado resursebis SerCeva) (fiz.sab.4);
● fizikuri procesebisa da kanonzomierebebis kvlevisaTvis saWiro procedurebis ganxorcieleba (dakvirveba, gazomva, monacemebis aRricxva,

’
Sesabamisi masalisa da aRWurvilobis adekvaturad gamoyeneba) (fiz.sab.5);
● Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva formiT (cxrilebiT, diagramebiT, grafikebiT da sxv.) Cawera da organizeba; monacemebis
organizebisTvis informaciul- sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.6);

T
● monacemebis gaanalizeba da argumentirebuli msjelobis safuZvelze daskvnebis gamotana, cvladebs Soris damokidebulebis aRsawerad
diagramebisa da grafikebis gamoyeneba (fiz.sab.7);
● modelebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba fizikuri movlenebis/ kanonzomierebebis saCveneblad (fiz.sab.8);
● cdisa da eqsperimentis dagegmvisa da Catarebisas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva(fiz.sab.9).

C O P Y
 rekomendacia maswavlebels:
proeqtze muSaobis farglebSi moswavleebma unda daamzadon `saTburi~ da daakvirdnen temperaturis cvlilebas saTburis pirobebSi.
kacobrioba sul ufro da ufro met sawvavs gamoiyenebs siTburi Zravebis muSaobisas imisaTvis, rom saWiro meqanikuri an eleqtruli energia
miiRos. adamianisTvis saWiro energiis ZiriTadi wyaro sasargeblo wiaRiseulia (navTobi, bunebrivi

D
airi, qvanaxSiri), romlis dawvis Sedegad atmosferoSi wvis sxva produqtebTan erTad wylis orTqli da
naxSirorJangi (CO2).
CO2-is molekulebs aqvT unari gaataron mokletalRovani gamosxiveba da STanTqon grZeltalRovani
gamosxiveba. amis gamo atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis Zalian garkveuli raodenoba inarCunebs dedamiwis
Termuli gamosxivebis 18% -s, rac ganapirobebs Cvens planetaze saSualo temperaturis SenarCunebas.

O
naxSiroJangis koncentraciis zrda gamoiwvevs atmosferos zedapiruli fenis temperaturis zrdas da
globalur daTbobas. am fenomens saTburis efeqts uwodeben - baRis saTburebSi temperaturis zrdis
analogiiT.
ra gavlenas axdens wylis orTqlisa da naxSiroJangis koncentraciis gazrda temperaturis matebaze,
am movlenaze dakvirveba moswavleebs martivi cdiT SeuZliaT:

N
minis qilaSi mavTulis daxmarebiT Termometri CakideT. qilis fskerze 2-3 sm sisqeze CayareT miwa.

’
qila moaTavseT naTuris qveS da daakvirdiT, rogor izrdeba qilaSi temperatura erTsa da imave drois
ganmavlobaSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
1. qilas Tavsaxuri ar aqvs;
2. qila Tavdaxurulia da niadagi zedmetad svelia (qilaSi wylis orTqlis koncentracia gazrdilia);

T
3. qila Tavdaxurulia da qilaSi naxSirorJangis koncentraciaa gazrdilia (plastmasis boTlSi CayareT saWmeli soda, daasxiT Zmari. gamoiyofa
naxSiroJangi, romelic SegiZliaT boTlidan qilaSi `gadaasxaT~. naxSirorJangi haerze mZimea da qilaSi daxrili boTlidan martivad gadava).

C O P Y

47
 VI Sefasebis formebi
SeniSvna: Sefasebis formebi sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa.

forma #1. saSinao weriTi davalebis Sefaseba

ganmsazRvreli
miRwevis donis aRwera Sefaseba

saSinao davaleba srulad aqvs Sesrulebuli. 10 qula

namuSevari kargadaa organizebuli: amocanebis amoxsnebi TvalsaCinoa, Ria
kiTxvebze pasuxebi - amomwuravi. gaazrebulad pasuxobs saSinao davalebasTan
dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.

9 qula
saSinao davalebis umetesi nawili aqvs Sesrulebuli.
namuSevari kargadaa organizebuli: amocanebis amoxsnebi TvalsaCinoa, Ria

Y
kiTxvebze pasuxebi - amomwuravi. gaazrebulad pasuxobs saSinao davalebasTan
dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.

P
aqvs gaugebari sakiTx(eb)i, romelzec aqvs namuSevari, Tumca ar aqvs bolomde
miyvanili. svams gaugebar sakiTx(eb)Tan dakavSirebul adekvatur kiTxvebs.

O
saSinao davaleba nawilobriv aqvs Sesrulebuli. 8 qula

C
namuSevari kargadaa organizebuli: amocanebis amoxsnebi TvalsaCinoa, Ria
kiTxvebze pasuxebi - amomwuravi. aqvs gaugebari sakiTxebi, romlebzec aqvs
namuSevari, Tumca ar aqvs bolomde miyvanili. svams gaugebar sakiTxebTan

’ T
dakavSirebul adekvatur SekiTxvebs. pasuxobs davalebasTan dakavSirebul
kiTxvebs.

N
saSinao davaleba nawilobriv aqvs Sesrulebuli. namuSevari kargadaa 7 qula

O
organizebuli. amocanebis amoxsnebi TvalsaCinoa. Ria kiTxvebze pasuxebi
srulia da amomwuravi. SekiTxvebi gaugebar sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ar aqvs

D
Camoyalibebuli, Tumca aRniSnavs, rom davalebis nawili „ver gaigo“. davalebis
Sesrulebul nawilTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs pasuxobs.

saSinao davaleba mcire nawili aqvs Sesrulebuli. amoxsnebi ar aris TvalsaCino. 6 qula
ar uweria mocemulobebi, amoxsna da a.S. Ria kiTxvebze pasuxebi aqvs Zalian
mokle, ar Cans ra kiTxvaze pasuxobs. aRniSnavs, rom davalebis nawili „ver gaigo“,
Tumca SekiTxvebi gaugebar sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ar aqvs Camoyalibebuli.
Sesrulebul davalebasTan dakavSirebuli SekiTxvebze uWirs pasuxis gacema.

saSinao davalebis mcire nawili aqvs Sesrulebuli. amoxsnebi ar aris TvalsaCino. 5 - 4 qula
ar uweria mocemulobebi, amoxsna da a.S. Ria kiTxvebze pasuxebi aqvs Zalian
mokle, ar Cans ra kiTxvaze pasuxobs. aRniSnavs, rom davalebis nawili „ver gaigo“,
Tumca SekiTxvebi gaugebar sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ar aqvs Camoyalibebuli.
Sesrulebul davalebasTan dakavSirebul damazustebel kiTxvebs ver pasuxobs.

saSinao davalebis mcire nawili aqvs Sesrulebuli, Tumca arasworad. davaleba 3-2 qula
ar aris organizebuli. davalebasTan dakavSirebiT SekiTxvebs ver ayalibebs. ver
pasuxobs davalebasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.

davaleba gadawerilia an saerTod ar aqvs davaleba Sesrulebuli 1 qula

48
 forma #2. sagakveTilo procesSi CarTulobis Sefaseba

miRwevis donis aRwera ganmsazRvreli

Sefaseba

aqtiuradaa CarTuli sagakveTilo procesSi: usmens auditorias (maswavlebels / 9-10 qula

Tanaklaselebs);
monawileobas iRebs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi
an muSaobs dafasTan,
an monawileobs diskusiaSi: svams gansaxilvel TemasTan dakavSirebul gonivrul
kiTxvebs, umeteswilad sworad pasuxobs dasmul SekiTxvebs, koreqtulad icavs
Tavis azrs;

Y
amJRavnebs TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codnas.

P
CarTulia sagakveTilo procesSi: usmens auditorias; 7- 8 qula

O
monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi / muSaobs dafasTan;
monawileobs diskusiaSi.

T C
usmens auditorias; 5- 6 qula

’
iSviaTad an ar monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi/ ar muSaobs
dafasTan/ ar monawileobs diskusiaSi.

N
akeTebs Canawerebs - iwers dafasTan garCeul sakiTxebs.

O
ar usmens auditorias; 3-4 qula
ar monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi/ ar muSaobs dafasTan/

D
ar monawileobs diskusiaSi;
xels ar uSlis sagakveTilo process.
ar akeTebs Canawerebs.

ar usmens auditorias; 1-2 qula

ar monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi/ ar muSaobs dafasTan/
ar monawileobs diskusiaSi;
xels uSlis sagakveTilo process (xSirad wydeba mis gamo sagakveTilo procesi).

49
 forma #3. damoukidebeli weriTi samuSaos Sefaseba

miRwevis donis aRwera ganmsazRvreli

Sefaseba

 zustad icavs davalebis Sesrulebis instruqcias (jer muSaobs mkacrad in- 9-10 qula
dividualurad, xolo Semdeg mewyvilesTan erTad ganixilavs Sedegebs);
 warmoadgens namuSevars dafasTan klasis winaSe;
 namuSevari organizebulia;
 problemis gadaWris gza sworia/umoklesia/SemoqmedebiTia;
 sworad pasuxobs dasmul SekiTxvebs, koreqtulad icavs Tavis azrs;
 aRniSnavs mewyvilis damsaxurebas davalebis SesrulebaSi;
 amJRavnebs TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codnas.

Y
 metwilad icavs davalebis Sesrulebis instruqcias (jer muSaobs metwilad Ø7- 8 qula
individualurad, xolo Semdeg mewyvilesTan erTad ganixilavs Sedegebs);

P
 warmoadgens namuSevars dafasTan klasis winaSe;
 namuSevari naklebad organizebulia, aqvs mxolod monaxazi;

O
 problemis gadaWris gza sworia, Tumca araoptimaluri.
 metwilad sworad pasuxobs dasmul SekiTxvebs, koreqtulad icavs Tavis

C
azrs;
 aRniSnavs mewyvilis damsaxurebas davalebis SesrulebaSi;

T
 metwilad amJRavnebs TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codnas.

N ’
 ar icavs davalebis Sesrulebis instruqcias (ar muSaobs individualurad, 5- 6 qula
mxolod mewyvilesTan erTad ganixilavs amocanas);

O
 akeTebs namuSevris prezentacias dafasTan, mTeli klasis winaSe;

D
 namuSevari ar aris organizebuli: fizikuri sidideebis erTeulebi ar aqvs
gadayvanili erT sistemaSi, ar uweria samuSao formula. asrulebs mxolod
gamoTvlebs ganyenebul ricxvebze. uSvebs Secdomebs, swor Sedegamde misvla
uWirs;

 uWirs pasuxi dasmul SekiTxvebze da ver icavs Tavis azrs;

 avlens TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis nawilobriv codnas.

 ar icavs davalebis Sesrulebis instruqcias (ar muSaobs damoukideblad, 3-4 qula
Canawerebs akeTebs sxvisi daxmarebiT);

 ar akeTebs namuSevris prezentacias dafasTan;

 ver avlens TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codnas.

 uWirs pasuxi dasmul SekiTxvebze da ver icavs Tavis azrs;

 ar muSaobs damoukideblad, ar akeTebs Canawerebs, ar aris CarTuli mewyvil- 1-2 qula
esTan muSaobaSi;

 ar monawileobs maswavleblis mier SeTavazebul aqtivobebSi/ ar muSaobs

dafasTan/ ar monawileobs diskusiaSi;

 ver pasuxobs dasmul SekiTxvebs;

 ver avlens TemasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis codnas.

50
 forma # 4. saprezentacio Temis Sefaseba

saprezentacio Temis Sefasebis kriteriumebi

a) Sinaarsi

1. prezentaciaSi warmodgenili masala SesabamisobaSia gansaxilvel sakiTxTan;

0 1 2 3

2. prezentaciaSi warmodgenili masala eyrdnoba mecnierulad swor Tvalsazris;

0 1 2 3

Y
3. prezentaciaSi warmodgenili masala siRrmiseuladaa ganxiluli;

P
0 1 2 3

O
4. warmodgenili TvalsaCinoeba / eqsperimenti / simulacia Seesabameba Sinaars;

C
0 1 2 3

’ T
5. warmodgenili slaidebi Sesabamisia SinaarsTan ;

N
0 1 2 3

D O
b) wardgenis forma
prezentatori

6. avlens Tavdajerulobas, ar kiTxulobs teqsts;

0 1 2 3
7. saubrobs gasageb enaze da Sedegad damswre sazogadoebas uadvildeba
Sinaarsis gaazreba

0 1 2 3

8. urTierTobs auditoriasTan efeqturad;

0 1 2 3

9. icavs drois limits

0 1 2 3

51
 saprezentacio Temis Sefasebis sqema.

maqsimaluri qulaa 27

dagrovili ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba

qulebi
1-3 1
4-6 2
7-9 3
10-12 4
13-14 5
15-17 6
18-20 7
21-22 8

Y
23-25 9
26-27 0

O P
SeniSvna: mocemuli sqema individualuri prezentaciis Sefasebas gulisxmobs.

C
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moargeT jgufur prezentacias, mag.,SeafaseT gunduroba:

T
10. moqmedeben rogorc gundi da ara rogorc calkeuli individebi

’
0 1 2 3

O N
D

52
53
jgufis nomeri
Jgufis wevrebi #
5
4
3
2
1
gvari,
saxeli
klasi ………. Tema:

moswavlis

ar monawileobs samuSao procesSi da

1q

xels uSlis mis mimdinareobas.

ar /TiTqmis ar monawileobs samuSao
2q

procesSi;
pasiurad monawileobs samuSao
procesSi, xSirad mxolod garedan
akvirdeba mas, Tumca ar gaurbis
3q

TanamSromlobas jgufis sxva

wevrebTan,
aqtiuradaa CarTuli, misi ideebi
da unarebi faseulia jgufisTvis,
……………………………. TariRi ………

4q

Tumca xSirad ar iTvaliswinebs sxvis

azrs da ar TanamSromlobs maTTan.
CarTuloba samuSao procesSi

aqtiuradaa CarTuli, misi ideebi

da unarebi faseulia jgufisTvis,
gamokveTili lideria, romelic
5q

D
amavdroulad iTvaliswinebs sxvis
azrs da TanamSromlobs maTTan.

O
ar monawileobs prezentaciaSi da
1q

xels uSlis mis mimdinareobas.

N
ar/TiTqmis ar monawileobs

’
prezentaciaSi; uWrs sakuTri azris

T
2q

Camoyalibeba; ver iyenebs terminebs,

ar aris Tavdajerebuli.

C
monawileobs, Tumca, Tumca Tavis
mosazrebas sworad ver ayalibebs,
3q

O
ver iyenebs terminebs

P
aqtiurad monawileobs, ar uWirs
azris Camoyalibeba, iyenebs
terminebs, Tumca xSirad gaazrebuli
4q

Y
forma #5. jgufur samuSaoSi monawilis individualurad Sefaseba.

ar aqvs SekiTvis arsi da naCqarev

monawileoba diskusiaSi

daskvnebs akeTebs.
aqtiurad monawileobs;
Tavdajerebulia, saTqmels kargad
ayalibebs; aqvs gaazrebuli pasuxebi

5q
dasmul SekiTxvebze da gamoirCeva
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebiT.
(dagrovili qula / maqsimalur qula)
X 100% = moswavlis Sefaseba

Sefaseba
saboloo

maqs. qula 10
 SeniSvna.
forma #5. jgufur samuSaoSi monawilis individualurad Sefaseba.

gaiTvaliswineT: formas mxolod sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs. miRwevis doneebis aRweriloba

SegiZliaT SecvaloT Tqveni moswavleebis SesaZleblobebis an samuSaos moTxovnebis mixedviT.

SeniSvna:
a) ar aris aucilebeli yvela moswavlis ganmsazRvreli niSniT Sefaseba. SegiZliaT am formis
mixedviT daweroT rogorc ganmaviTarebeli, ise ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba;
b) SegiZliaT SeafasoT mxolod CarTuloba an mxolod prezentaciaSi monawileoba.
g) sasurvelia, Sefaseba yoveli aqtivobis Semdeg gakeTdes zepirad, magram saboloo komentari
ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis saxiT, umjobesia, gakveTilis damTavrebis Semdeg, Canawerebis analizis
Sedegad daweroT. amas, ra Tqma unda, dro sWirdeba da gakveTilze, savaraudod, ar moxerxdeba.
Sefasebis Sedegebi meore gakveTilze SegiZliaT, gamoucxadoT moswavleebs an eleqtronuli saxiT
miawodoT.

ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis (niSnis) gamoyvana:

dagrovili qula

Y
a) moswavlis Sefaseba procentebSi = · 100%
maqsimaluri qula

P
b) procentuli maCvenebeli daamrgvaleT mTel ricxvamde;
g) moswavlis Sefaseba qulebSi :
1 qula - 0 -dan 14 % CaTvliT;

O
2 qula - 15 -dan 24 % C;
3 qula - 25 -dan 34 % C;

C
4 qula - 35 -dan 44 % C;
5 qula - 45 -dan 54 % C;

T
6 qula - 55 -dan 64 % C;

’
7 qula - 65 -dan 74 % C;
8 qula - 75 -dan 84 % C;

N
9qula - 85 -dan 94 % C;
10 qula - 95 -dan 100 % C;

O
SeniSvna: Tu qulebi ise gaqvT ganawilebuli, rogor mocemul cxrilSia (gv.53), maSin orive

D
kriteriumSi dagrovil qulaTa jami pirdapir mianiSnebs saboloo qulas.

forma # 6. saklaso kvlevis Sefaseba.

1 - 3 qula 4 - 5 qula 6 - 7 qula 8 -10 qula

arasworad ayalibe- nawilobriv sworad ayalibebs mizans. srulyofilad aya-
bs kvlevis mizans, ver ayalibebs mizans. ayali- ayalibebs da nawilobriv libebs kvlevis mizans,
ayalibebs varauds, ver bebs, magram ver asabu- asabuTebs Tavis varauds. ayalibebs da asabuTebs
aRwers an arasworad Tebs Tavis varauds. aRwers cdis Sedegebs Tavis varauds. aRwers
aRwers cdis Sedegebs, CamoTvlis kvlevis pro- srulad, magram usiste- cdis Sedegebs srulad.
ver aanalizebs Sedegebs, cesis zogierT etaps. mod. aanalizebs Sedege- aanalizebs monacemebs
ver gamoaqvs daskvnebi. aRwers cdis Sedegs nawi- bs. gamoaqvs ZiriTadad da gamoqvs srulfaso-
lobriv da usistemod. swori daskvnebi. vani daskvnebi. SeuZlia
nawilobriv aanalizebs SeZenili codnis inter-
Sedegebs. gamoaqvs nawi- pretacia.
lobriv swori daskvnebi.

54

kvlevis etapebi
1. sakvlevi kiTxva
2. saWiro informaciis
gansazRvra/moZieba
3. varaudi , hipoTeza _
sak­vlev kiT­xva­ze sa­va­
rau­do, kvle­vis win­mswre­
bi pa­su­xi, rom­lis WeS­ma­
ri­te­bac cdiT Se­mow­mde­ba
4. cdis mokle aRwera
T
’
N
O
5. damoukidebeli
D
cvladi- sidide/piroba,
romelic icvleba cdis
Catarebis procesSi
da iwvevs sxva sididis/
pirobis cvlilebas
6. damokidebeli cvladi-
sidide/piroba, romelic
icvleba damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis
mixedviT
7. parametri _ mocemuli
cdis ganmavlobaSi
mudmivi sidide/ucvleli
piroba
8. aRricxuli monacemebi
/gazomvis Sedegebi
kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos Se­fa­se­bis for­ma #7
miRwevis doneebis aRweriloba
0 qu­­la 1 qu­­la 2 qu­­la 3 qu­­la
ar­ aq­vs Ca­­ kiT­­xva ­bun­­ kiT­­xva ­Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­be­­ kiT­­xva ­Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­
mo­­ya­­li­­be­­bu­­ do­­va­­nia,­ mok­­ bu­­lia­ a­ras­­wo­­rad­, be­­bu­­lia ­swo­­rad­,
li. le­­bu­­lia ­kon­­ rad­­gan­ mas­­ze ­pa­­su­­ mas­­ze ­pa­­su­­xis­ ga­­
kre­­ti­­kas­, ar­ xis­ ga­­ce­­ma ­kvle­­vas­ ce­­ma ­moiT­­xov­s
See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ar­ sa­­Wi­­roebs. kvle­­vas.
­sak­­vlev­ Te­­mas.
ar­ aq­vs mo­­ ar­ See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­sak­­ See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­sak­­
Zie­­bu­­li. ­sak­­vlev­ Te­­mas. vlev­ Te­­mas­, Tum­­ca­ vlev­ Te­­mas­ da ­sav­­
ar aris­ sak­­ma­­ri­­si se­­biT­ sak­­ma­­ri­­sia
Y
­kvle­­vis­­Tvis. ­kvle­­vis­­Tvis.
P
ar­ aq­vs Ca­­ ar­ See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­sak­­vlev­ See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­sak­­
mo­­ya­­li­­be­­bu­­ ­sak­­vlev­ kiT­­ kiT­­xvas­, Tum­­ca ­mi­­si vlev­ kiT­­xvas­ da
O
li. xvas. ­WeS­­ma­­ri­­te­­bis­ dad­­ ­mi­­si ­WeS­­ma­­ri­­te­­bis­
ge­­na ­ cdiT SeuZ­­le­­ dad­­ge­­na ­Se­­saZ­­le­­
be­­lia. be­­lia ­cdiT.
C
ar­ aq­vs cdis aq­vs Za­­lian­ aq­vs, Tum­­ca­ aR­­we­­ aq­vs mok­­led­, ga­­sa­­
aR­­we­­ra. mok­­led­ Ca­­mo­­ ra­­Si­ ar­ a­ris­ ga­­ ge­­bad­ Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­be­­bu­­
ya­­li­­be­­bu­­li,­ mok­­ve­­Ti­­li ­cdis­ li.­ yu­­rad­­Re­­ba ga­­
bun­­do­­va­­nia war­­ma­­te­­bu­­lad­ mim­­ max­­vi­­le­­bu­­lia ­ ­cdis­
­cdis­ mim­­di­­ di­­na­­reo­­bis­ mTa­­va­­ri war­­ma­­te­­biT­ Ca­­ta­­re­­
na­­reo­­ba/­cdis­ ­`sai­­dum­­lo“. bis­­Tvis­ au­­ci­­le­­bel­
Se­­de­­gi. mo­­men­­teb­­ze.
ar­ aq­vs mi­­ ar­ a­ris­ kav­­ Sec­­do­­miT­ aq­vs gan­­ swo­­rad­ aq­vs gan­­
Ti­­Te­­bu­­li. Sir­­Si ­sak­­vlev­ saz­­Rvru­­li,­ es­ da­­ saz­­Rvru­­li.
kiT­­xvas­­Tan. mo­­ki­­de­­bu­­li ­cvla­­
dia/­pi­­ro­­baa ­mo­­ce­­
mu­­li ­cdis­ dros.
ar­ aq­vs mi­­ ar­ a­ris­ kav­­ Sec­­do­­miT­ aq­vs gan­­ swo­­rad­ aq­vs gan­­
Ti­­Te­­bu­­li. Sir­­Si ­sak­­vlev­ saz­­Rvru­­li,­ es­ da­­ saz­­Rvru­­li.
Se­­kiT­­xvas­­Tan. mou­­ki­­de­­bu­­li ­cvla­­
dia/­pi­­ro­­baa ­mo­­ce­­
mu­­li ­cdis­ dros.
ar­ aq­vs mi­­ ar­ a­ris­ kav­­ Sec­­do­­miT­ aq­vs gan­­ swo­­rad­ aq­vs gan­­
Ti­­Te­­bu­­li. Sir­­Si ­sak­­vlev­ saz­­Rvru­­li,­ es­ da­­ saz­­Rvru­­li.
Se­­kiT­­xvas­­Tan­/ mo­­ki­­de­­bu­­li/­da­­mou­­
cdis­ mim­­di­­na­­ ki­­de­­be­­li ­cvla­­dia/­
reo­­bas­­Tan. pi­­ro­­baa ­mo­­ce­­mu­­li
­cdis­ dros.
ar­ aq­vs aR­­ aras­­wo­­rad­ swo­­rad­ aq­vs aR­­ric­­ swo­­rad­ aq­vs aR­­
ric­­xu­­li. aq­vs aR­­ric­­ xu­­li.­ Se­­sa­­ba­­mi­­sia ric­­xu­­li.­ Se­­sa­­
xu­­li.­ Seu­­sa­­ ­cdis­ mim­­di­­na­­reo­­ ba­­mi­­sia ­cdis­ mim­­
ba­­moa ­cdis­ bas­­Tan­, mag­­ram­ a­ra­­ di­­na­­reo­­bas­­Tan­,
mim­­di­­na­­reo­­ sak­­ma­­ri­­sia ­das­­kvnis­ sak­­ma­­ri­­si ­das­­kvnis­
bas­­Tan. ga­­mo­­sa­­ta­­nad. ga­­mo­­sa­­ta­­nad.
55
 9. monacemebis/ Sedegebis
analizi, interpretacia
da gamotanili daskvnebi
10. pasuxi sakvlev
kiTxvaze /saboloo
daskvna
11. dadasturda Tu ara
Seni hipoTeza? Tu ar
ar­ aq­vs gaa­­ mo­­na­­ce­­me­­bis­ mo­­na­­ce­­me­­bis­ a­na­­li­­zi mo­­na­­ce­­me­­bis­ a­na­­li­­
na­­li­­ze­­bu­­li a­na­­li­­zi ­ da ­ ­swo­­ria,­ Tum­­ca ­ das­­ zi ­swo­­ria,­ das­­
­mo­­na­­ce­­me­­bi.­ ga­­mo­­ta­­ni­­ kvna­ a­ras­­wo­­rad­ aq­vs kvne­­bi ­swo­­rad­ aq­vs
ar­ aq­vs ga­­ li ­das­­kvne­­bi­ Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­be­­bu­­li­ an­ Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­be­­bu­­li.
mo­­ta­­ni­­li a­ras­­wo­­ria. ram­­de­­ni­­me ­Se­­saZ­­lo
­das­­kvne­­bi. ­das­­kvni­­dan­ mxo­­lod­
na­­wi­­li­ aq­vs war­­mod­­
ge­­ni­­li.
ar­ aq­vs ga­­ pa­­su­­xi­ ar­ See­­ pa­­su­­xi/­sa­­bo­­loo pa­­su­­xi/­sa­­bo­­loo
ce­­mu­­li ­pa­­ sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­kiT­­ ­das­­kvna ­na­­wi­­lob­­riv­ ­das­­kvna ­sru­­lad­
su­­xi ­sak­­vlev­ xvas­/sa­­bo­­loo pa­­su­­xob­s sak­­vlev­ pa­­su­­xob­s sak­­vlev­
Se­­kiT­­xva­­ze,­ ­das­­kvna­ a­ras­­ kiT­­xvas. kiT­­xvas.
ar­ aq­vs das­­ wo­­ria.
kvna ­ga­­mo­­ta­­
ni­­li.
ar­ aq­vs pa­­ Sec­­do­­miT­ aq­vs upasuxa, rom­` ar­ upasuxebs,­ rom­
su­­xi. gan­­saz­­Rvru­­ da­­das­­tur­­da“­, mag­­ `da­­das­­tur­­da“­

Y
dadasturda, Camoayalibe li. ram­ ar­ aq­vs Ca­­mo­­
axali hipoTeza ya­­li­­be­­bu­­li­ a­xa­­li an­
­`ar­ da­­das­­tur­­da“­

P
­hi­­po­­Te­­za.
da ­Ca­­mo­­ya­­li­­be­­bu­­
li­ aq­vs a­xa­­li ­hi­­

O
po­­Te­­za.
ar­ aq­vs ga­­ke­­ pa­­su­­xi ­ga­­ pa­­su­­xi ­ga­­ce­­mu­­li aq­ pa­­su­­xi ­ga­­ce­­mu­­li

C
12. TviTSefaseba :
a) ra gamogivida yvelaze Te­­bu­­li. ce­­mu­­li aq­vs vs ­mxo­­lod­ or­ kiT­­ ­aq­vs sa­­mi­­ve ­kiT­­
kargad kvlevisas ? ­mxo­­lod­ er­T xva­­ze. xva­­ze.

T
b) ra gamogivida kiT­­xva­­ze.

’
warumateblad?
g) ras Secvlidi kvlevis

N
procesSi, Tavidan rom
atarebde kvlevas?

D O
Se­niS­vna:
a) Se­fa­se­bis formas sa­re­ko­men­da­cio xa­sia­Ti aqvs;
b) Se­fa­se­bis kri­te­riu­me­bi da miR­we­vis do­nis aR­we­ri­lo­ba Se­giZ­liaT Sec­va­loT kvle­vis­Tvis sa­Wi­ro
eta­pe­bi­sa da sas­wav­lo miz­ne­bis mi­xed­viT.
d) Se­fa­se­bis forma da­gex­ma­re­baT ara mar­to mos­wav­lis gan­ma­vi­Ta­re­bel, ara­med gan­msaz­Rvre­l Se­
fa­se­baSic.
 sul 12 eta­pia. Ti­Toeu­li eta­pis Se­fa­se­bis­Tvis gaTvaliswinebulia maq­si­ma­lu­ri 3 qu­la.
 kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Saos Se­fa­se­bis­Tvis maq­si­ma­lu­ri qu­laa 12 . 3 = 36
 am ni­mu­Sis mi­xed­viT, mos­wav­lem daag­ro­va 34 qu­la.
34
 gan­msaz­Rvre­li Se­fa­se­ba ase ga­moiT­vle­ba: · 100% ≈ 94 %, anu sa­bo­loo Se­fa­se­baa 9 qu­la.
36
 niS­nis ga­moy­va­nis we­si esg-s mi­xed­viT ix. gv.54-ze

gaiT­va­lis­wi­neT:
a) imis mi­xed­viT, Tu ra iyo sas­wav­lo mi­za­ni, Se­saZ­le­be­lia Se­fas­des kvle­vis cal­keu­li eta­pi da ara
mTlia­nad kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Sao. mag., Tu mas­wav­leb­lis mi­za­nia, rom mos­wav­lem sak­vle­vi Se­kiT­xvis
Ca­mo­ya­li­be­ba SeZ­los, ma­Sin Se­fas­de­ba mxo­lod is eta­pi, ro­mel­ze­dac Se­kiT­xvis for­mu­li­re­ba
xde­ba, anu mxo­lod 1-li eta­pi (ix. an­ga­ri­Sis for­ma). Tu miz­nad gaqvT, rom mos­wav­lem SeZ­los
da­mou­ki­de­be­li da da­mo­ki­de­bu­li cvla­de­bis swo­rad gan­saz­Rvra, ma­Sin Se­fas­de­ba mxo­lod me-5
da me-6 eta­pe­bi.
b) Tu kvle­vi­Ti sa­mu­Sao ram­de­ni­me eq­spe­ri­ments moi­cavs, an­ga­ri­Si un­da dai­we­ros Ti­Toeu­li eq­
spe­ri­men­tis msvle­lo­bi­sa da Se­de­ge­bis mi­xed­viT. an­ga­ri­Sis mi­xed­viT cal­keu­li eq­spe­ri­men­tis
msvle­lo­ba Se­fas­de­ba yve­la eta­pis mi­xed­viT (ix. Se­niS­vneb­Si) da sa­bo­loo gan­msaz­Rvre­li Se­fa­
se­ba ma­Ti sa­Sua­lo ariT­me­ti­ku­liT ga­moiT­vle­ba.

56

mos­wav­lis gva­ri , sa­xe­li ---------------------------
sap­re­zen­ta­cio Te­ma ....................................................................................................
Se­­­fa­­­se­­­bis­­
kri­­­te­­­riu­­­mi
1. Si­­naar­­sis­ Se­­sa­­ba­­mi­­ pre­zen­ta­ciis
so­­ba ­sap­­re­­zen­­ta­­cio Si­naarsi ar
­Te­­mas­­Tan
2. sa­kiT­xis cod­na/
gaaz­re­ba
O
D
3. in­for­ma­ciis or­ga­
ni­ze­bu­lo­ba/lo­gi­ku­
ri kav­Si­ri sa­kiT­xebs
So­ris
4. kon­­taq­­ti­ au­­di­­to­­
rias­­Tan­ da ­saub­­ris­
ma­­ne­­ra
kvle­viTi samuSaos pre­zen­ta­ciis Se­fa­se­bis for­ma #8
1 qu­­la
Seesabame­ba Te­mas.
mos­wav­lis mier
gad­mo­ce­mu­li in­
for­ma­cia bun­do­
va­nia;
mo­saz­re­be­bi ar
aris gam­ya­re­bu­
li faq­te­biT, ar
ey­rdno­ba mec­nie­
T
ru­lad swor Tval­
’
saz­riss
N
mos­wav­les uWirs
saT­qme­lis sa­ku­Ta­
ri sit­yve­biT gad­
mo­ce­ma da das­mul
kiT­xveb­ze pa­su­xis
ga­ce­ma.
war­mod­ge­nil in­
for­ma­cia­Si ar
aris ga­mok­ve­Ti­
li Se­sa­va­li da/an
das­kvni­Ti na­wi­li;
ar Cans lo­gi­ku­ri
kav­Si­ri sa­kiT­xebs
So­ris.
mos­wav­le kiT­
xu­lobs mTlian
teqsts slai­de­bi­
dan/fur­cli­dan da
ar am­ya­rebs Tva­
liT kon­taqts au­
di­to­rias­Tan;
saub­ri­sas xSi­rad
ake­Tebs xan­grZliv
pau­zebs an xSi­rad
iye­nebs saub­ris Se­
mav­se­bel iseT sit­
yvebs ro­go­ri­caa
„isa“, „ra hqvia.“
kla­si -------
miRwevis doneebis aRweriloba
2 qu­­la
pre­zen­ta­ciis Si­
naarsi na­wi­lob­riv
See­sa­ba­me­ba Te­mas.
mos­wav­lis mier
gad­mo­ce­mu­li in­
formacia nawilob­
riv ga­sa­ge­bia;
O
zo­gier­Ti mosaz­
reba gam­ya­re­bu­lia
C
faq­te­biT. na­wi­li ki
ar ey­rdno­ba mec­nie­
ru­lad swor Tval­
saz­riss
mos­wav­le axer­xebs
saT­qme­lis na­wi­lis
sa­ku­Ta­ri sityve­biT
gad­mo­ce­mas da zo­
gierT kiT­xva­ze pa­
su­xis ga­ce­mas.
war­mod­ge­nil in­
for­ma­cia­Si nawi­
lobriv gamokveTi­
lia Se­sa­va­li da/an
das­kvni­Ti na­wi­li;
na­wi­lob­riv lo­
gikuria kav­Si­ri sa­
kiT­xebs So­ris.
mos­wav­le xSi­rad
kiT­xu­lobs teqsts
slai­de­bi­dan, fur­
cli­dan da zog­jer
am­ya­rebs Tva­liT
kon­taqts au­di­to­
rias­Tan;
saub­ri­sas zog­jer
ake­Tebs xan­grZliv
pau­zebs da iye­nebs
saub­ris Se­mav­se­bel
sit­yvebs.
Ta­ri­Ri ..............
3 qu­­la 4 qu­­la
pre­­zen­­ta­­ciis­ Si­­ pre­­zen­­ta­­ciis­
naar­­si ­met­­wi­­lad­ Si­­naar­­si ­sru­­
See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba ­Te­­mas. liad­ See­­sa­­ba­­me­­ba
Temas.
Y
mos­wav­lis mier mos­wav­lis mier
P
gad­mo­ce­mu­li in­ gad­mo­ce­mu­li
formacia umeteswi­ in­formacia sru­
lad ga­sa­ge­bia; liad ga­sa­ge­bia;
mo­saz­re­be­bis yve­la mo­saz­re­
umete­soba gam­ya­re­ ba gam­yarebulia
bu­lia faq­te­biT da faq­te­biT, ey­
ey­rdno­ba mec­nie­ru­ rdno­ba mec­nie­
lad swor Tval­saz­ ru­lad swor
riss Tval­saz­riss
mos­wav­le axer­ mos­wav­le kar­
xebs saT­qme­lis gad axer­xebs
Zi­ri­Ta­di na­wi­lis saT­qme­lis sa­ku­
sa­ku­Ta­ri sit­yve­ Ta­ri sityve­biT
gad­mo­ce­mas da
biT gadmo­cemas da
das­mu­li kiT­xve­bis swo­rad pa­su­xobs
umetesoba­ze pa­su­ yve­la das­mul
xis ga­ce­mas. kiT­xvas.
war­mod­ge­nil in­ war­mod­ge­nil in­
for­ma­cia­Si ga­mok­ for­ma­cia­Si mka­
ve­Ti­lia Se­sa­va­li fiod gamokve­
da/an das­kvni­Ti Tilia Se­sa­va­li
na­wi­li; Zi­ri­Ta­dad, da/an das­kvni­Ti
lo­gi­ku­ria kav­Si­ri na­wi­li; sru­liad
sa­kiT­xebs So­ris. lo­gi­ku­ria kav­
Si­ri sa­kiT­xebs
So­ris.
mos­wav­le iS­via­Tad mos­wav­le mxo­
kiT­xu­lobs teqsts lod Tvals av­
slai­de­bi­dan da lebs teqsts
ume­tes­wi­lad am­ya­ slai­de­bi­dan da
rebs Tva­liT kon­ mud­mi­vad am­ya­
taqts au­di­to­rias­ rebs Tva­liT
Tan; kon­taqts au­di­
saub­ri­sas iS­via­Tad to­rias­Tan;
ake­Tebs xan­grZliv saub­ri­sas ar
pau­zebs da iS­via­ ake­Tebs xan­
Tad iye­nebs saub­ris grZliv pau­zebs
Se­mav­se­bel sit­ da ar iye­nebs
yvebs. saub­ris Se­mav­se­
bel sit­yvebs.
57
5.war­­dge­­nis­ for­­me­­bi mos­­wav­­le ­war­­moad­­ mos­­wav­­le ­war­­moad­­ mos­­wav­­le ­war­­moad­­ mos­­wav­­le ­war­­
gen­s ze­­pir­ pre­­zen­­ gen­s ze­­pir­ pre­­zen­­ gen­s ze­­pir­ pre­­zen­­ moad­­gen­s pre­­
ta­­cias­, ar­ i­ye­­neb­s ta­­cias­/pre­­zen­­ta­­ ta­­cias­/pre­­zen­­ta­­ zen­­ta­­cias­ e­leq­­
ar­c flip­­Car­s da­ cias­ flip­­Car­­tze;­ cias­ flip­­Car­­tze;­ tro­­nul­ for­­
ar­c e­leq­­tro­­nul­ war­­moad­­gen­s fo­­to-­ mat­­Si;­
for­­mat­s; war­­moad­­gen­s fo­­ vi­­deo ­ma­­sa­­las­ da­ war­­moad­­gen­s fo­­
to-­vi­­deo ­ma­­sa­­las­ a­ta­­reb­s sa­­de­­mon­­ to-­vi­­deo ­ma­­sa­­
ar­ war­­moad­­gen­s an­ a­ta­­reb­s sa­­de­­mon­­ stra­­cio­ eq­­spe­­ri­­ las­ da a­ta­­reb­s
ar­c fo­­to-­vi­­deo stra­­cio­ eq­­spe­­ri­­ men­ts sa­­de­­mon­­stra­­cio­
­ma­­sa­­la,­ ar­ a­ta­­reb­s ments. eq­­spe­­ri­­ments.
sa­­de­­mon­­stra­­cio­ an­
eq­­spe­­ri­­ments. mos­­wav­­le ­war­­moad­­
gen­s pre­­zen­­ta­­cias­
e­leq­­tro­­nul­ for­­
mat­­Si;­
war­­moad­­gen­s fo­­
to-­vi­­deo ­ma­­sa­­las­
an­ a­ta­­reb­s sa­­de­­mon­­

Y
stra­­cio­ eq­­spe­­ri­­
ments.

O P
Se­niS­vna:
a) Se­fa­se­bis rub­ri­kas sa­re­ko­men­da­cio xa­sia­Ti aqvs.
b) Se­fa­se­bis kri­te­riu­me­bi da miR­we­vis do­nis aR­we­ri­lo­ba Se­giZ­liaT Sec­va­loT sas­wav­lo miz­ne­bis mi­

C
xed­viT.
g) Se­fa­se­bis rub­ri­ka da­gex­ma­re­baT ara mar­to mos­wav­lis gan­ma­vi­Ta­re­bel Se­fa­se­ba­Si, ara­med imis­

T
Tvi­sac, rom mos­wav­les gan­msaz­Rvre­li Se­fa­se­bac dau­we­roT.

’
 sul 5 kri­te­riu­mia. Ti­Toeu­li kri­te­riu­mis Se­fa­se­bis­Tvis maq­si­ma­lu­ri qu­laa 4.
 pre­zen­ta­ciis Se­fa­se­bis­Tvis maq­si­ma­lu­ri qu­laa 5 . 4 = 20

N
 mag. mos­wav­lis mier dag­ro­vi­li qu­laa 17.
17

O
 gan­msaz­Rvre­li Se­fa­se­ba ase ga­moiT­vle­ba: 20 · 100% = 85 %, anu sa­bo­loo Se­fa­se­baa 9 qu­
la (ix. niS­nis ga­moy­va­nis we­si)

D
gaiT­va­lis­wi­neT:
mniS­vne­lo­va­nia, rom mos­wav­lem wi­nas­war ico­des yve­la is kri­te­riu­mi, rom­lis mi­xed­vi­Tac mi­
si pre­zen­ta­cia Se­fas­de­ba.

re­ko­men­da­cia: amo­beW­deT da gaa­ka­riT sak­la­so oTax­Si. sa­sur­ve­lia, dau­ri­goT mos­wav­leebs

amo­beW­di­li sa­xiT;

58
 P Y
C O
VII. pasuxebi paragrafebSi mocemul kiTxvebze, amocanebis amoxsnebi

’ T
da eqsperimentebis savaraudo Sedegebi. damatebiTi masala
maswavleblebisTvis.

O N
D

59
 sarCevi pasuxebisTvis

Tema I.meqanikuri muSaoba. simZlavre. energia

1.1 meqanikuri muSaoba........................................................................................... 62

1.2 simZlavre........................................................................................................... 63
moZebne problemis gadaWris gza gakveTili axalbeda mZRolebisTvis............ 65
1.3 meqanikuri energia............................................................................................ 66
1.4 fizika amocanebSi: potenciuri da kinetikuri energia............................... 67
1.5 energiis gardaqmna............................................................................................ 68
1.6 meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni.......................................................... 69
1.7 praqtikuli samuSao #1: muSaoba. simZlavre. energia................................. 70

Y
1.8 fizika amocanebSi: meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni ........................ 72

P
Tema II. martivi meqanizmebi

O
`momeciT sayrdeni wertili da dedamiwas adgilidan davZrav~........................ 75

C
2.1 wonasworoba...................................................................................................... 75
2.2 wonasworobis saxeebi....................................................................................... 76

’ T
proeqti #2: figuris simZimis centris gansazRvra........................................... 79
2.3 momentebis wesi................................................................................................. 80

N
2.4 berketi. berketis wonasworobis piroba........................................................ 80
2.5 fizika amocanebSi: momentebis wesi ............................................................... 81

O
2.6 daxrili sibrtye............................................................................................... 83
2.7 praqtikuli samuSao #2 WoWonaqebi............................................................... 84

D
2.8 fizika amocanebSi: martivi meqanizmebis
margi qmedebis koeficienti............................................................................. 84

60
Tema III. siTburi movlenebi

proeqti #3: `mwyurvali Citi~ _ mudmivi Zrava?............................................... 86

3.1 Termometrebi.................................................................................................... 86
proeqti #4: anomalia, romelic sicocxles icavs............................................ 89
3.2 temperatura...................................................................................................... 90
3.3 Sinagani energia da misi Secvlis xerxebi...................................................... 91

Y
Sinagani energia - siTbosa da sinaTlis wyaro.................................................... 93
3.4 Tbogamtaroba.................................................................................................... 93

P
3.5 konveqcia........................................................................................................... 96
3.6 gamosxiveba........................................................................................................ 97

O
3.7 praqtikuli samuSao #3: siTbos raodenoba.................................................. 98
3.8 fizika amocanebSi: Sinagani energiis cvlileba.......................................... 100

C
3.9 dnoba. gamyareba.............................................................................................. 102
3.10 aorTqleba. kondensacia............................................................................... 104

T
3.11 duRili.......................................................................................................... 106

’
3.12 mzis energiis Senaxvis formebi................................................................... 109

N
3.13 siTburi Zravebi............................................................................................ 110
3.14 fizika amocanebSi: siTbo da muSaoba......................................................... 111

D O

61
 Tema I.
meqanikuri muSaoba. simZlavre. energia

§ 1.1. meqanikuri muSaoba

gv.9

1
cxrilSi (sur.1) mocemulia oTxi sxvadasxva situacia:
I situacia: gogona awveba tvirTs (sxeuls). sxeuli ar moZraobs. Tu sxeulze Zala moqmedebs
da sxeuli ar moZraobs, maSin Zala muSaobas ar asrulebs.
II situacia: gogona awveba sxeuls (tvirTs). sxeuli moZraobs marjvniv. sxeulze modebulia Zala
da sxeuli gadaadgildeba ise, rom misi moZraobis mimarTuleba ar aris Zalis mimarTulebis
marTobuli, e.i. Zala meqanikur muSaobas asrulebs (dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs).
III situacia: gogona Camjdaria da xelSi tvirTi uWiravs. moZraobis mimarTulebis maCvenebeli

Y
isari zeviTaa mimarTuli, anu gogona fexze dgeba: tvirTi moZraobs zeviT. tvirTze moqmedi
simZimis Zala mimarTulia qveviT. sxeulze modebulia simZimis Zala da sxeuli gadaadgildeba

P
ise, rom misi moZraobis mimarTuleba ar aris marTobuli Zalis mimarTulebis, e.i. Zala
meqanikur muSaobas asrulebs (uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs).

O
IV situacia: tvirTze moqmedi simZimis Zala tvirTis moZraobis mimarTulebis marTobulia, e.i.
tvirTis simZimis Zala muSaobas ar asrulebs.

C
dav. 2.

T
maswavlebeli mocemul situacias fragmentebad warmoadgens da dafaze wers:

’
a) Cemodnebi aswie;
b) Cemodnebianad vagonisken gaemarTe;

N
g) CemodnebiT xelSi win miiwev;
d) Cemodnebi Zirs dauSvi.

O
gamosaxeT isrebiT TiToeul SemTxvevaSi Cemodnebze moqmedi xelis kunTis Zalisa da moZraobis
mimarTuleba.

D
pas.: meqanikuri muSaoba Sesrulda maSin, roca mgzavrma Cemodnebi aswia (a) da maSin, roca Zirs
dauSva (d).
amasTan
a) SemTxvevaSi: mgzavris mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba dadebiTia: misi kunTis Zalis mimarTuleba
emTxveva Cemodnis moZraobis mimarTulebas (Cemodnis simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba
uaryofiTia, radgan simZimis Zalis mimarTuleba moZraobis sawinaaRmdegoa).
d) SemTxvevaSi: mgzavris mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba uaryofiTia: misi kunTis Zalis mimarTuleba
Cemodnis moZraobis mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegoa (Cemodnis simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaoba dadebiTia, radgan simZimis Zalis mimarTuleba moZraobis mimarTulebas emTxveva).
b) da g) SemTxvevaSi, roca mgzavri baqanze Cemodnebianad gadaadgildeboda horizontalurad,
rogorc mgzavris amwevi Zalis mier, ise Cemodnis simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba nulis
tolia: kunTis Zalisa da simZimis Zalis mimarTuleba moZraobis mimarTulebis marTobulia.
gv.10

3
atlanti meqanikur muSaobas ar asrulebs: cis TaRze modebulia atlantis kunTis Zala, magram
TaRi ar gadaadgildeba (F≠0, s=0).

4
inerciiT moZraoba aris sxeulis iseTi moZraoba, roca masze Zala ar moqmedebs (sxeuli
inarCunebs siCqares). Sesabamisad, inerciiT moZravi isris SemTxvevaSi meqanikuri muSaoba ar
sruldeba (F=0, s≠0).

62
 5
dafiqrdi, romel SemTxvevaSi asrulebs sportsmeni met muSaobas:
1. a) Tu b) SemTxvevaSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
pas.: a) SemTxvevaSi hantelze ori tvirTia, b) SemTxvevaSi ki _ oTxi tvirTi. rogorc a), ise
b) SemTxvevaSi hanteli erTsa da imave manZils _ 1m-s gadis, magram b) SemTxvevaSi 2-jer meti
Zalis modebaa saWiro mis asawevad, vidre a)-Si. amitom b) SemTxvevaSi meti muSaoba sruldeba.

2. a) Tu g) SemTxvevaSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

pas.: a) SemTxvevaSic da g) SemTxvevaSic hantelze ori tvirTia, magram g) SemTxvevaSi hanteli
2-jer met manZils gadis, amitom g) SemTxvevaSi meti muSaoba sruldeba.
gv.11

Y
rogor muSaobas (dadebiTs Tu uaryofiTs) asrulebs:
1. vardnil burTze moqmedi

P
a) simZimis Zala?
pas.: vardnil burTze modebuli simZimis Zala burTis moZraobis TanamimarTulia, e.i. burTis

O
simZimis Zala dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs.
b) haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala?

C
pas.: haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala yovelTvis burTis moZraobis sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli,
e.i. haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs.

’ T
2. vertikalurad zeviT asrolil burTze moqmedi a) simZimis Zala?
pas.: vertikalurad zeviT asrolil burTze modebuli simZimis Zala burTis moZraobis

N
sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli, e.i. burTis simZimis Zala uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs.
b) haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala?

O
pas.: haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala yovelTvis burTis moZraobis sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli,
e.i. haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs.

D
7
1. rogor muSaobas asrulebs sxeulis moZraobisas masze moqmedi winaaRmdegobis Zalebi (mag.,
xaxunis Zala, haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala)?
pas.: winaaRmdegobis Zalebi yovelTvis moZraobis sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli, e.i. winaaRmdegobis
Zalebi yovelTvis uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs.

2. rogor Seicvleba sxeulis moZraobis siCqare, Tu masze moqmedi Zala (Zalebis tolqmedi)
asrulebs
a) dadebiT muSaobas? moiyvane magaliTi.
pas.: sxeulis moZraobis siCqare gaizrdeba, mag., vardnil burTze moqmedi simZimis Zala asrulebs
dadebiT muSaobas, ris Sedegadac burTis siCqare vardnisas izrdeba.

b) uaryofiT muSaobas? moiyvane magaliTi.

pas.: sxeulis moZraobis siCqare Semcirdeba, mag., zeviT asrolil burTze moqmedi simZimis Zala
asrulebs uaryofiT muSaobas, ris Sedegadac zeviT asrolili burTis siCqare Semcirdeba.

§ 1.2. simZlavre
gv.12
?
modi, davubrundeT xeofsis piramidis mSeneblobas. gaiTvaliswine, rom 4000 wlis win Sromis
Sesamsubuqeblad aranairi damxmare xelsawyo (daxrili sibrtyisa da berketis garda) ar
arsebobda da gasagebi gaxdeba, ratom dasWirda sami aTeuli weli piramidis agebas (rogor
fiqrob, raSi gvexmareba xelsawyoebi?).
pas.: xelsawyoebi gvexmareba samuSaos ufro swrafad da martivad SesrulebaSi.

63
 1
ori erTnairi magididan erT-erTis zedapiri zumfaris qaRaldiT gaapriales, xolo meorisa
_ specialuri eleqtroxelsawyoTi (eleqtrocikliT).
am SemTxvevebSi
a) Sesrulebuli samuSao erTnairia;
b) dro, romelic samuSaos Sesrulebas dasWirda, gansxvavdeba: eleqtroxelsawyoTi samuSaos
Sesrulebas gacilebiT naklebi dro sWirdeba.
gv.13

2
1kvt ≈ 1, 36 cx. Z.
motociklis simZlavrea 75 kvt niSnavs, rom motocikli 1wm-Si 75 000 j muSaobas asrulebs.
75 kvt ≈ 75 . 1,36 cx. Z.= 102 cx. Z.
gv.13

amocana 1

Y
amoxsna:
1. gamosaxe amocanaSi mocemuli sidideebi SI sistemis erTeulebiT da Seitane mocemulobaSi;

P
moc.: t = 1sT = 3600 wm; V = 30 m3; h = 6 m; ρ=1500 kg/m3, g = 10 n/kg. u.v. N
dafiqrdi:

O
2. romeli Zalis dasaZlevad unda Seasrulos muSaoba tvirTze modebulma amwevma Zalam (Famw),
rom tvirTi adgilidan daiZras?

C
pas.: imisaTvis, rom tvirTi adgilidan daiZras, tvirTis simZimis Zalis dasaZlevad unda
Sesruldes muSaoba. am muSaobas asrulebs amwis mxridan tvirTze moqmedi amwevi Zala (Famw);
3. ris tolia tvirTis amwevi Zalis sidide, Tu m masis tvirTi vertikalurad zeviT, ucvleli

’ T
siCqariT moZraobs: Famw = mg (1)
4. rogor gamoiTvleba amwevi Zalis muSaoba tvirTis h simaRleze atanisas (sxeulis

N
vertikalurad zeviT an qveviT moZraobisas sxeulis mier gavlil manZils h asoTi aRniSnaven)?
A = Fs = mgh (2)

O
Tu yvelaferi sworad gaakeTe, unda migeRo: m masis tvirTis vertikalurad zeviT, h simaRleze
asatanad amwevi Zalis mier sruldeba muSaoba, romelic gamoiTvleba formuliT: A = mgh.

D
5. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba sxeulis masa simkvrivisa da moculobis daxmarebiT. Casvi masis
gamosaTvleli formula me-2 gamosaxulebaSi: m= ρV
A = ρVgh
6. Seitane simZlavris gamosaTvlel formulaSi muSaobis gamosaTvleli gamosaxuleba:
N = A /t = ρVgh /t (3)
7. me-3 formulis daxmarebiT gamoTvale amwis simZlavre:
N = (1500 kg/m3 . 30 m3 . 10 n/kg . 6 m) / 3600 wm = 750 vt.
gv.14
amocana 2.
amoxsna:
1. gamosaxe amocanaSi mocemuli sidideebi SI sistemis erTeulebiT da Seitane mocemulobaSi;
moc.: v = 18 km/sT = 5 m/wm , Fwin = 40 kn = 40 000 n. u.v. N

2. dawere simZlavris gamosaTvleli formula: N = A / t (1)

3. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba avtomobilze moqmedi wevis Zalis muSaoba da Casvi (1)-l
formulaSi;
N = Fwevs / t (2)
4. dafiqrdi, ris tolia me-2 formulaSi Semavali:
a) wevis F Zalis sidide, Tu avtomobili siCqares inarCunebs, anu masze modebuli Zalebis
tolqmedi nulis tolia?
b) s/t Sefardeba?
pas.: radgan avtomobili inarCunebs siCqares, me-2 formulaSi Semavali wevis Zala (Fwev) im
winaaRmdegobis Zalis (Fwin) tolia, romlis gadalaxvac uwevs avtomobils, xolo s / t aris
avtomobilis v siCqare.

64
 5. rogor saxes miiRebs zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT me-2 gamosaxuleba?
zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT me-2 gamosaxuleba aseT saxes miiRebs:
N = Fwin v (3)
N = 40 000 n . 5 m/wm = 200 000 vt = 200 kvt.

gv.15

3
rogor fiqrob, SeiZleba Tu ara, Zravas mqk 1-is (anu 100%-is) toli iyos? 1-ze meti? 1-ze
naklebi? axseni, ratom fiqrob ase.
pas.: rogorc viciT, sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, sruli muSaobis ra nawils Seadgens sasargeblo
muSaoba, meqanizmis margi qmedebis koeficienti ewodeba.
a) mqk = 1. es imas niSnavs, rom Sesrulebuli muSaoba mTlianad sasargeblo muSaobis Sesrulebaze
ixarjeba. es ki SeuZlebelia: realur situaciebSi xaxuni SeiZleba SevamciroT, magram misi

Y
Tavidan srulad acileba SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, xaxunis daZlevaze aucileblad daixarjeba

P
sruli muSaobis garkveuli nawili, anu mqk ar SeiZleba iyos 1-is toli.
b) mqk > 1. es imas niSnavs, rom Sesrulebuli muSaobis xarjze sruldeba sasargeblo muSaoba,

O
romlis sidide sruli muSaobis sidideze metia, rac SeuZlebelia.
g) mqk yovelTvis naklebia 1-ze, radgan sasargeblo muSaoba yovelTvis naklebia srul muSaobaze.

C
amocana 3.
η = Asas / Asr ; η = 75% =0,75

T
Asas = mgh ; Asr = Nt

’
η = Asas / Asr = mgh / Nt
N = mgh / η t = 800 vt

N
gv.16

O
moZebne problemis gadaWris gza
gakveTili axalbeda mZRolebisTvis

D
moZraobis dawyebisas mZRoli siCqares pirvel gadacemaze (safexurze) gadarTavs: am dros
avtomanqanis siCqare minimaluria, magram samagierod wamyvan Tvlebze maqsimaluri wevis Zala
moqmedebs, rac uzrunvelyofs manqanis adgilidan daZvras (gaixseneT, xaxunis Zalis Seswavlisas
cdebiT davrwmundeT, rom sxeulis adgilidan daZvrisas ufro meti wevis Zalaa saWiro, vidre
misi Semdgomi moZraobisas).
manqanis daZvris Semdeg mZRoli siCqares meore safexurze gadarTavs. wamyvan Tvlebze
moqmedi wevis Zala iklebs, magram samagierod imatebs manqanis siCqare da a.S.
Tu siCqare mesame gadacemazea gadarTuli, avtomobils SeuZlia ganaviTaros maqsimaluri
siCqare, miuxedvad imisa, rom wevis Zala am SemTxvevaSi minimaluria. roca siCqare mexuTe
safexurzea gadarTuli, manqana maqsimalur siCqares aviTarebs da TiTqos TavisiT miqris
wrfivad, Tanabrad.
Tu manqana aRmarTze ganagrZobs moZraobas, avtomobilis siCqare aucileblad daiklebs.
mZRoli aqseleratoris pedals fexs bolomde aWers. am dros manqana maqsimalur simZlavres
aviTarebs, magram avtomobilis siCqare mainc klebulobs, Zravas uWirs muSaoba da sacaa Caqreba
kidec (am situaciis modelireba distanciuri marTvis saTamaSo avtomobilis saSualebiTaa
SesaZlebeli: horozontalurad moZrav avtomobils win dauxvedreT daxrili sibrtye-aRmarTi
da pults bolomde miaWireT TiTi).
rogor unda moviqceT am dros, rom manqanam moZraobis gagrZeleba SeZlos?
gamocdili mZRoli am dros siCqares ufro dabal safexurze gadarTavs. avtomanqanis
siCqare Semcirdeba, magram samagierod gaizrdeba wamyvan Tvlebze moqmedi wevis Zala da is
moZraobas ganagrZobs. Tu aRmarTi grZeldeba, manqanas SesaZloa kvlav gauWirdes moZraoba da
amisaTvis siCqare kidev ufro unda SevamciroT: unda gadavrToT dabal safexurze. ramdenjerac
Semcirdeba siCqare, imdenjerve gaizrdeba wamyvan Tvlebze moqmedi wevis Zala da a.S. maS ase,
Tu Zrava Tavis maqsimaluri simZlavriT muSaobs, siCqaris cvlilebiT wevis Zalis gazrdas
uzrunvelvyofT.

65
 amis damtkiceba martivad SeiZleba: gavixsenoT, rom A= F s; sadac F sxeulze moqmedi wevis
Zalaa (romelic wrfivi Tanabari moZraobisas sxeulze moqmedi winaaRmdegobis Zalis tolia).
meore mxriv, A= Nt. e.i. F s = Nt )=> N = F s/ t
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanabari moZraobisas s/ t Sefardeba moZraobis v siCqaris tolia,
miviRebT, rom N = F v ) => F =N/v
miRebuli formulidan Cans, rom Tu Zravas simZlavre ucvlelia, sxeulze moqmedi wevis Zala
siCqaris ukuproporciulia: mudmivi simZlavris pirobebSi wevis Zala gaizrdeba imdenjer,
ramdenjerac Semcirdeba siCqare.

§ 1.3. meqanikuri energia

gv. 17
cda I. moZravi burTi daejaxeba Zelaks da gadaadgilebs mas, anu Seasrulebs muSaobas. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom moZrav burTs aqvs energia. uZrav burTs muSaobis Sesrulebis unari ar aqvs:
is ver gadaadgilebs Zelaks.
cda II
1. dagorebuli burTi SeiZens met energias, Tu meti simaRlidan davagorebT;

Y
2. burTula sxeulis ufro did manZilze gadaadgilebas maSin SeZlebs, Tu ufro meti siCqare
eqneba;

P
3. sxeulis (burTulas) kinetikuri energia damokidebulia mis siCqareze: rac ufro meti siCqare
aqvs burTulas, miT metia misi kinetikuri energia (miT ufro did manZilze gadaaadgilebs

O
Zelaks).
gv.18

C
cda III
2. dagorebuli burTula daxrili sibrtyis fuZesTan miT ufro met siCqares SeiZens, rac ufro

T
metia burTulas masa;

’
3. rac ufro metia burTulas masa, miT ufro did manZilze gadaaadgilebs Zelaks (anu miT meti

N
muSaobis Sesruleba SeuZlia);
4. daskvna: kinetikuri energiis sidide damokidebulia sxeulis (burTulas) masaze: rac metia
burTulas masa, miT metia misi kinetikuri energia.

O
gv.19

D
2
a) mxolod erTi saxis energia aqvs:
Cits, romelic xis totze zis (mxolod potenciuri);
manqanas, romelic gzaze moZraobs (mxolod kinetikuri);
b) orive saxis energia (kinetikuric da potenciuric) erTdroulad aqvs TviTmfrinavs, romelic
garkveul simaRleze mifrinavs, kaSxlidan vardnil wyals, Cits, romelic dafrinavs garkveul
simaRleze, simaRlidan gadmovardnil qvas da a.S.

3
gamoitane daskvna: sxeulis potenciuri energia miT ufro metia, rac metia simaRle, romelzedac
sxeulia atanili da rac metia sxeulis masa.

cda V
mas Semdeg, rac SekumSul zambaras xeli gavuSvebT, zambara drekadobis Zalis moqmedebiT
gaiSleba da burTs siCqares mianiWebs, anu SekumSul zambaras aqvs energia.
Cveulebriv, aradeformirebul mdgomareobaSi zambaras muSaobis Sesrulebis unari ar aqvs.

cda VI
rac metia zambaris deformacia, miT met siCqares mianiWebs burTulas, anu miT meti energia
aqvs zambaras.

66
gv.20
cda VII
rac metia zambaris sixiste, miT met siCqares mianiWebs burTulas, anu miT meti energia aqvs
zambaras (igulisxmeba, rom sxvadasxva sixistis zambarebis deformaciis sidide erTnairia).

4
warmoidgine, rom
1. sxeulsa da dedamiwas Soris urTierTqmedeba gaqra, anu dedamiwis zedapiridan (nulovani donidan)
zeviT aweul sxeulze dedamiwis miziduloba ar moqmedebs. eqneba Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi sxeuls
potenciuri energia?
(pas.: ara, radgan sxeuls ar eqneba vardnis SesaZlebloba);
2. zambara SekumSe (an gaWime) da masSi drekadobis Zala ar aRiZra, anu zambaris xviebs Soris
urTierTqmedeba gaqra. eqneba Tu ara zambaras energia?
(pas.: ara, radgan zambaras ar eqneba deformaciis aRdgenis unari. aRar aRiZvreba drekadobis

Y
Zala, romelic Seasrulebs muSaobas (mag., gadaaadgilebs burTs), rac imas niSnavs rom aseT
SemTxvevaSi zambaras energia ar eqneba).

P
5

O
1. daakvirdi models, romelic me-8 suraTzea gamosaxuli: burTulebi erTmaneTTan zambarebiTaa
dakavSirebuli. ra moxdeba, Tu models

C
a) SevkumSavT da burTulebs erTmaneTs mivuaxlovebT? pas.: aRiZvreba drekadobis Zala, romelic
cdilobs burTulebi Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi daabrunos. drekadobis Zala ewinaaRmdegeba

T
burTulebis miaxloebas, modelis SekumSvas.

’
b) gavWimavT da burTulebs erTmaneTs davaSorebT? pas.: aRiZvreba drekadobis Zala, romelic
cdilobs burTulebi Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi daabrunos. drekadobis Zala ewinaaRmdegeba

N
burTulebis daSorebas, modelis gaWimvas.
2. SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom deformirebul models (SekumSuls an gaWimuls) energia aqvs?

O
ratom?
pas.: deformirebul models aqvs energia. masSi aRZruli drekadobis Zala zambaris deformaciis

D
gamomwvevi Zalis sawinaaRmdego muSaobas asrulebs: cdilobs models pirvandeli mdgomareoba
daubrunos.
gv.21.
axla SegiZlia gakveTilis dasawyisSi dasmuli kiTxvasac gasce pasuxi: ratom ar SeuZlia xaliCas
vinmes surviliT caSi afrena? ra aris amisaTvis saWiro?
pas.: imisaTvis, rom xaliCa caSi afrindes, sxva Zalam unda Seasrulos muSaoba xaliCis simZimis
Zalis dasaZlevad.

§ 1.4. fizika amocanebSi: potenciuri da kinetikuri energia

gv.22

amocana 1.
gansazRvre, ra sididis muSaoba unda Sesruldes, rom sxeuli (uro) dedamiwis zedapiridan h
simaRleze aitanon)?

amoxsna
1. dafiqrdi, ris tolia amwevi Zala, romelic unda movdoT sxeuls, raTa is garkveul simaRleze
Tanabrad avitanoT da gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba es Zala: F amw = mg
2. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba, zogadad, muSaoba: A = F . s = F . h
Casvi muSaobis gamosaTvlel formulaSi amwevi Zalis gamosaxuleba da gamoTvale mis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba: A = mg h

67
gv.23

5
1. daakvirdi: razea damokidebuli im sxeulis potenciuri energia, romelic dedamiwasTan
urTierTqmedebs?
pas.: sxeulis masaze da dedamiwidan (nulovani donidan) awevis simaRleze.
2. rogor fiqrob,
a) ratomaa uro Cveulebriv CaquCTan SedarebiT ufro masiuri?
pas.: uros daxmarebiT meti winaaRmdegobis Zalis daZlevaa SesaZlebeli, radgan Cveulebriv
CaquCTan SedarebiT misi potenciuri energia ufro metia _ mas masa meti aqvs (igulisxmeba, rom
dedamiwidan, nulovani donidan, awevis simaRle orivesTvis erTnairia).

b) SeiZleba Tu ara, rom ori gansxvavebuli masis sxeuls hqondes erTnairi potenciuri energia?
pas.: m1g h1 = m2 g h2, am tolobidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia gamovitanoT daskvna: SeiZleba, Tu
Sesruldeba piroba: m1/m2 =h2/h1, sadac h1 da h2, Sesabamisad, m1 da m2 masis sxeulebis dedamiwis
zedapiridan (nulovani donidan) awevis simaRleebia.

Y
g) rogor Seicvleba sxeulis potenciuri energia, Tu is h simaRlidan h / 2 simaRleze Camovardeba?
pas.: Semcirdeba 2-jer.

P
amocana 2

O
gansazRvre 0,5 t masis `uros~ mier ximinjze dacemisas Sesrulebuli muSaoba, Tu `uro~ 3 m
simaRlidan vardeba.

C
1. gaixsene, romeli energiis xarjze asrulebs `uro~ muSaobas ximinjze dacemisas.
pas.: potenciuri energiis xarjze.
2. gamoTvale `uros~ mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba da Seamowme pasuxi. unda migeRo: A = 15 kj.

T
A = m g h = 500 kg . 10 n/kg . 3 m = 15 kj.

’
amocana 3.

N
2. romeli Zalis daZlevaze sruldeba zambaris SekumSvisas muSaoba?
(pas.: deformaciisas zambaraSi aRZruli drekadobis Zalis daZlevaze)

O
sididiT romeli Zalis tolia Zala, romliTac zambaras vkumSavT?
(pas.: drekadobis Zalis. igulisxmeba, rom zambaras Tanabrad vkumSavT)

D
gv.25

amocana 4.
A = m v2/2 = 0,058 . 502/2 = 72,5 (j)
amocana 5.
A = m v2/2 = 10 . 700002/2 = 24500 (mgj).

§ 1.5. energiis gardaqmna

gv.26

1
daakvirdi suraTebs (sur.2-5) da upasuxe kiTxvebs:
1. batuti Cazneqilia (sur.2). rogori saxis energia aqvs mas?
pas.: am dros mas potenciuri energia aqvs.

2. batuti deformirebuli aRar aris. sportsmeni vertikalurad zeviT moZraobs (sur.3).

a) romeli energiis xarjze moZraobs sportsmeni zeviT?
pas.: Cazneqili batutis potenciuri energiis xarjze, romelic daixarja sportsmenisTvis
kinetikuri energiis miniWebaze;

b) ris tolia am dros batutis potenciuri energia?

pas.: batutis potenciuri energia am dros 0-is tolia.

68
 sur. 2. sur. 3. sur. 4. sur. 5.

Y
g) rogor icvleba sportsmenis potenciuri energia zeviT moZraobisas? kinetikuri energia?
pas.: sportsmenis potenciuri energia zeviT moZraobisas izrdeba, kinetikuri energia ki mcirdeba.

P
3. sportsmeni maqsimalur simaRlezea (amis Semdeg is qveviT daiwyebs moZraobas) (sur.4).

O
a) ris tolia sportsmenis kinetikuri energia maqsimalur simaRleze? ratom?
pas.: sportsmenis kinetikuri energia nulis tolia (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is gaagrZelebda zeviT

C
moZraobas), xolo potenciuri energia maqsimaluria.
b) rogor fiqrob, sad `gaqra~ sportsmenis kinetikuri energia, romelic mas me-2 poziciaSi

T
hqonda? pasuxi axseni.

’
pas.: sportsmenis kinetikuri energia, romelic mas me-2 poziciaSi hqonda, ar `gaqra~: potenciurSi
gadavida.

N
4. sportsmeni qveviT moZraobs (sur.5). rogor icvleba qveviT moZraobisas misi kinetikuri

O
energia? potenciuri energia? pasuxi axseni.
pas.: . qveviT moZraobisas misi kinetikuri energia izrdeba, xolo potenciuri iklebs, simaRlis

D
klebasTan erTad.

§ 1.6. meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni

gv.28

1
1. dafiqrdi: rogoria (udidesi Tu umciresi) marcxniv gadaxrili burTulis potenciuri da
kinetikuri energia:

a) sanam burTulas xels gauSveb?

pas: potenciuri udidesia, kinetikuri 0-is toli.

b) danarCen burTulebTan Sejaxebis momentSi? icvleba Tu ara burTulas energia?

pas: potenciuri 0-is tolia (burTula aRar aris gadaxrili, ar aris nulovani donidan maRla
aweuli), xolo kinetikuri udidesia.

2. rogoria (udidesi Tu umciresi) marjvniv gadaxrili burTulas (Sesabamisad, sistemis) po­

tenciuri da kinetikuri energia im momentSi, roca is

a) moswydeba danarCenebs?
pas: potenciuri 0-is tolia (burTula aRar aris gadaxrili, ar aris nulovani donidan maRla
aweuli), xolo kinetikuri udidesia.

b) maqsimalur simaRleze gadaixreba?

pas: potenciuri udidesia, kinetikuri 0-is toli.

69
gv.29

2
modi, vnaxoT yovelTvis ucvlelia Tu ara sxeulis (an sxeulTa sistemis) sru­li meqanikuri
energia. mag., ganvixiloT garkveuli simaRlidan vardnili CogburTis burTis moZraobis
traeqtoria (sur.3).
rogor fiqrob,ucvlelia Tu ara burTulis sruli meqanikuri energia? ratom? axseni Seni pasuxi.
pas.: burTulas energia ucvleli rom iyos, burTulas asvlis simaRle ar Seicvleboda. me-3
suraTis mixdeviT ki burTulas asvlis simaRle TandaTan mcirdeba, anu burTulas energia
iklebs, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom burTulaze moqmedebs haeris (garemos) winaaRmdegobis Zala
da burTulas energiis nawili, swored am winaaRmdegobis daZlevaze ixarjeba.
?
axla ukve SegiZlia, gakveTilis dasawyisSi dasmul SekiTxvas gasce pasuxi: ris imedi aqvs
eqsperimentators: fizikis kanonebs kargad icnobs Tu, ubralod, sfe­ros `zedmetad endoba~?
ra igulisxma man frazaSi: `fizika muSaobs~?
pas.: energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, sferos energia imaze meti ver gaxdeba, vidre
sferos Tavdapirvelad hqonda. amitom idealur SemTxvevaSi (Tu haeris winaaRmdegobas ar

Y
gaviTvaliswinebT) sfero imave simaRlemde gadaixreba, ra simaRlezec Tavdapirvelad iyo
gadaxrili, amitom Tu eqsperimentatori imave poziciaSi gaCerdeba, sfero mas arc ki Seexeba.

P
Tumca, savaraudod, garemos winaaRmdegobis gamo sfero Tavdapirvel simaRles veRar miaRwevs.
ase, rom eqsperimentators safrTxe ar emuqreba.

O
3

C
haerSi bumbuli Tanabrad eSveba, anu ise, rom misi siCqare ar icvleba.
dafiqrdi:

T
1. icvleba Tu ara am dros bumbulis kinetikuri energia?

’
pas.: bumbulis siCqare ar icvleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom bumbulis kinetikuri energia ar icvleba.

N
potenciuri energia? axseni, ratom?
pas.: bumbuli qveviT eSveba, simaRles kargavs da Sesabamisad, misi potenciuri energia iklebs.
2. iwvevs Tu ara am SemTxvevaSi potenciuri energiis Semcireba kinetikuri energiis gazrdas? gaixsene,

O
ra Zalebi moqmedebs bumbulze da gamoTqvi varaudi: raze `ixarjeba~ sxeulis potenciuri energia?
pas.: potenciuri iklebs, kinetikuri ar icvleba, rac imas niSnavs, rom potenciuri ixarjeba

D
haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalis daZlevaze.

§ 1.7. praqtikuli samuSao #1. muSaoba.simZlavre.energia

gv.32

samuSao 2. davakvirdeT simZimis Zalis muSaobis Sedegad sxeulis meqanikuri energiis

cvlilebas
I nawili
3. gamoTvale simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba (Asim) tvirTis maqsimaluri simaRlidan
iatakze vardnisas : Asim = mgh
4. gamoTvale tvirTis potenciuri energia maqsimalur simaRleze (E1pot), sanam xels gauSveb:
E1pot = mgh.
ris tolia am dros tvirTis kinetikuri energia (E1kin ): E1kin = 0

g) tvirTis potenciuri energia (E2pot) dacemis momentSi: ris tolia am dros tvirTis kinetikuri
energia (E2kin): E2kin = E1pot = mgh
(haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalas nu gaiTvaliswineb da gamoiyene sruli meqanikuri energiis
mudmivobis kanoni)?.

5. gansazRvre, ris tolia dacemis momentSi tvirTis

a) potenciuri energia (E2pot): E2pot = 0

70
 b) kinetikuri energia (E2kin): Tu haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalas ar gaviTvaliswinebT da gamoviyenebT
sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanons, miviRebT, rom :
E2kin = E1pot = mgh

6. Seadare simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebul muSaoba (Asim) potenciuri energiis cvlilebas
(saboloo da sawyisi mniSvnelobebis sxvaobas, ∆Epot = E2pot – E 1pot) :
Asim = - ∆Epot
daskvna: tvirTis potenciuri energia simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
a) dadebiTi muSaobis Sedegad Semcirdeba (simZimis Zalis muSaoba potenciuri energiis cvlilebis
tolia sapirispiro niSniT) : roca tvirTi vardeba, simZimis Zala asrulebs dadebiT muSaobas,
xolo tvirTis potenciuri energia iklebs.
b) uaryofiTi muSaobis Sedegad gaizrdeba : roca tvirTi vertikalurad zeviTaa asrolili,
simZimis Zala asrulebs uaryofiT muSaobas, xolo tvirTis potenciuri energia izrdeba.

Y
7. Seadare simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebul muSaoba (Asim) kinetikuri energiis cvlilebas
(saboloo da sawyisi mniSvnelobebis sxvaobas, ∆Ekin = E2kin – E1kin) :

P
Asim = ∆Ekin

O
daskvna: tvirTis kinetikuri energia simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
a) dadebiTi muSaobis Sedegad izrdeba (simZimis Zalis muSaoba kinetikuri energiis cvlilebis

C
tolia): roca tvirTi vardeba, simZimis Zala asrulebs dadebiT muSaobas, xolo tvirTis
kinetikuri energia izrdeba.
b) uaryofiTi muSaobis Sedegad iklebs: roca tvirTi vertikalurad zeviTaa asrolili, simZimis

’ T
Zala asrulebs uaryofiT muSaobas, xolo tvirTis kinetikuri energia mcirdeba.

N
gv.33

O
samuSao 2. davakvirdeT simZimis Zalis muSaobis Sedegad sxeulis meqanikuri energiis
cvlilebas

D
II nawili
5. Seadare simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba tvirTis
a) potenciuri energiis cvlilebas: Asim = - ∆Epot
b) kinetikuri energiis cvlilebas: Asim = ∆Ekin
6. gaaanalize Catarebuli II samuSaos Sedegebi da upasuxe kiTxvebs:
a) razea damokidebuli tvirTis simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidide? niSani?
pas.: tvirTis simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis
sidide damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra simaRlidan vardeba (an simaRlezea asrolili) tvirTi ;
niSani damokidebulia imaze, vardeba Tu zeviTaa asrolili tvirTi : Tu tvirTi vardeba, simZimis
Zala dadebiT muSaobas asrulebs, xolo Tu tvirTi vertikalurad zeviTaa asrolili, maSin
misi simZimis Zala uaryofiT muSaobas asrulebs.
b) riT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, sxeulis simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba sxeulis
vardnisas da zeviT asrolis SemTxvevaSi (igulisxmeba, rom asvlis maqsimaluri simaRle da
simaRle, saidanac tvirTi vardeba, erTnairia)?
pas.: niSniT.
g) rogor icvleba simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli dadebiTi (uaryofiTi) muSaobis Sedegad
sxeulis potenciuri energia? kinetikuri energia?
pas.: simZimis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli dadebiTi (uaryofiTi) muSaobis Sedegad sxeulis
potenciuri energia mcirdeba (izrdeba) ;
kinetikuri energia izrdeba (mcirdeba).

7. daskvna: sxeulis energiis cvlilebis gamomwvevi mizezi Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobaa
(am samuSaos farglebSi es Zala tvirTis simZimis Zalaa, sxva SemTxvevaSi energiis SeiZleba
Seicvalos wevis Zalis, xaxunis Zalis da a.S sxva Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sedegad).

71
gv.33
samuSao 3. davakvirdeT xaxunis Zalis muSaobis Sedegad sxeulis kinetikuri energiis
cvlilebas
3. daakvirdi: rogor Seicvala Zelakis kinetikuri energia xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli
muSaobis Sedegad? raze daixarja Zelakis kinetikuri energia?
pas. : Zelakis kinetikuri energia xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sedegad mcirdeba.
is srialis xaxunis Zalis daZlevaze ixarjeba.

xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis gamoTvla:

3. dafiqrdi:
a) Seadare Tanabrad moZrav sxeulze moqmedi urTierTsapirispirod mimarTuli Zalebi sididiT :
es Zalebi sididiT tolia.
b) ris tolia Tanabrad moZrav Zelkze moqmedi srialis xaxunis Zalis sidide (Fxax) :
Fxax = Fwev
4. gazome Zelakis mier gavlili manZili (s);
5. gamoTvale srialis xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba (Axax):
Axax = Fxax s

Y
6. gamoiyene meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gamoTvale Zelakis kinetikuri energia,
romelsac is biZgis Sedegad SeiZens:

P
Axax = mv2/2 = E kin
maswavleblisTvis: SegiZliaT, moswavleebs damatebiTi davalebac misceT: sTxoveT maT,

O
gansazRvron Zelakis sawyisi siCqarec. amisaTvis maT Zelakis masis gansazRvra dasWirdebaT,
rasac sasworis an dinamometris daxmarebiT SeZleben :

C
Axax = mv2/2 ;
v2 = 2Axax / m = 2 Fxax s / m .

’ T
8. gaaanalize Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegebi da upasuxe kiTxvebs:
a) riT gansxvadeba xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba sxva meqanikuri Zalebis mier

N
Sesrulebuli muSaobisgan?
pas.: xaxunis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba yovelTvis uaryofiTia.

O
b) rogor icvleba sxeulis kinetikuri energia xaxunis Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad?
pas.: xaxunis Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad sxeulis kinetikuri energia yovelTvis mcirdeba.

D
§ 1.8. fizika amocanebSi: meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni
gv.37.
amocana 1
gamoTvale, ra siCqare eqneba wveTs dedamiwaze davardnis momentSi (sur. 1), Tu is 5 m simaRlidan
vardeba. haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalas mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb da CaTvale, rom g = 10 n/kg.
amoxsna
1. aRwere energiis gardaqmna wveTis vardnis dros:
pas.: vardnis dasawyisSi wveTs aqvs potenciuri energia. misi kinetikuri energia am dros nulis
tolia. vardnisas wveTis potenciuri energia gardaiqmneba mis kinetikur energiad. amasTan,
radgan haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala 0-is tolia, ramdeniTac daiklebs wveTis potenciuri energia,
imdeniT moimatebs misi kinetikuri energia. wveTis sruli meqanikuri energia ucvleli rCeba.
2. dafiqrdi, ra saxis energia aqvs wveTs:
a) vardnis dawyebis momentSi, h simaRleze da ris tolia am dros misi sruli meqanikuri energia:
pas.:
vardnis dawyebis momentSi, h simaRleze, wveTs aqvs potenciuri energia: Epot = mgh;
kinetikuri energia Ekin = 0;
sruli meqanikuri energia E 1 = mgh + 0 = mgh (1)

b) dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi da ris tolia am dros misi sruli meqanikuri energia:
pas.:
dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi wveTs aqvs kinetikuri energia: Ekin = mv2/2;
potenciuri energia Epot = 0;

72
 sruli meqanikuri energia E 2 = mv2/2 + 0 = mv2/2 (2)

3. gaiTvaliswine sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gautole erTmaneTs 1-li da

me-2 tolobebis marjvena mxareebi:
mgh = mv2/2
4. gaamartive miRebuli gamosaxuleba da gamoTvale siCqare, romelic wveTs dedamiwaze dacemis
momentSi aqvs:
gh = v2/2
v = 2gh = 10 m/wm

gv.37
amocana 2
gamoTvale, ra maqsimalur simaRles miaRwevs mSvildidan vertikalurad zeviT asrolili isari
(sur.2), Tu cnobilia, rom gasrolis momentSi misi siCqare 40 m/wm-is tolia. haeris winaaRmdegobas

Y
mxedvelobaSi nu miiReb da CaTvale, rom g = 10 n/kg.
amoxsna

P
1. aRwere energiis gardaqmna isris moZraobisas:
pas.: gasrolis momentSi isars aqvs kinetikuri energia, xolo potenciuri energia 0-is tolia.

O
vertikalurad zeviT moZraobisas isris kinetikuri energia gardaiqmneba mis potenciur
energiad. amasTan, radgan haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala 0-is tolia, ramdeniTac daiklebs wveTis

C
kinetikuri energia, imdeniT moimatebs misi potenciuri energia. wveTis sruli meqanikuri
energia ucvleli rCeba.

’ T
2. dafiqrdi, ra saxis energia aqvs isars:
a) mSvildidan gasrolis momentSi da ris tolia am dros misi sruli meqanikuri energia:

N
pas.:
mSvildidan gasrolis momentSi isars aqvs kinetikuri energia: Ekin = mv2/2;

O
potenciuri energia Epot = 0;
sruli meqanikuri energia E 1 = mv2/2 + 0 = mv2/2 (1)

D
b) dedamiwidan maqsimalur simaRleze da ris tolia am dros misi sruli meqanikuri energia:
pas.:
dedamiwidan maqsimalur simaRleze isars aqvs potenciuri energia: Epot = mgh;
kinetikuri energia Ekin = 0;
sruli meqanikuri energia E 2 = mgh + 0 = mgh (2)

3. gaiTvaliswine sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gautole erTmaneTs 1-li

da me-2 tolobebis marjvena mxareebi:
mv2/2 = mgh

4. gaamartive miRebuli gamosaxuleba da gamoTvale is maqsimaluri simaRle, romelsac

mSvildidan vertikalurad asrolili isari miaRwevs:
v2/2 = gh
h = v2/2g = 80 m.
gv.38
amocana 3
gamoTvale, ra siCqariT amoxteba 250 g masis `jambazi~ yuTidan (sur. 3), Tu am moulodnelobis
mTavari mizezi 10 sm-iT SekumSuli 100 n/m sixistis zambaraa. energiis danakargs mxedvelobaSi
nu miiReb.
amoxsna
1. aRwere energiis gardaqmna yuTidan `jambazis~ amoxtomisas:
pas.: imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom energiis danakargs mxedvelobaSi ar viRebT, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom SekumSuli zambaris potenciuri energia mTlianad `jambazis~ kinetikur
energiad gardaiqmneba.

73
 2. dafiqrdi, romeli energiis xarjze SeiZens `jambazi~ siCqares da rogor gamoiTvleba es
energia:
pas.: `jambazi~ siCqares SeiZens SekumSuli zambaris potenciuri energiiis xarjze, romelic ase
gamoiTvleba:
E1 = kx2/2 (1)
3. ra saxis energia aqvs amoxtomisas `jambazs~? rogor gamoiTvleba es energia:
pas.: `jambazs~ amoxtomisas kinetikuri energia aqvs, romelic ase gamoiTvleba:
E2 = mv2/2 (2)

4. gaixsene, raSi mdgomareobs sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gautole

erTmaneTs 1-li da me-2 gamosaxulebebi:
pas.: radgan energiis danakargs mxedvelobaSi ar viRebT, SekumSuli zambaris potenciuri energia
`jambazis~ kinetikuri energiis tolia:
kx2/2 = mv2/2

5. gaamartive miRebuli toloba da gamoTvale siCqare, romliTac `jambazi~ yuTidan amoxta:

v2 = kx2/ m

Y
v = 2 m/wm

P
gv.38
amocana 4.

O
5 kg masis qva 10 m simaRlidan vardeba da dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi misi siCqare 12 m/wm-ia
(sur.4). gamoikvlie:

C
a) sruldeba Tu ara qvis vardnisas sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni?
b) ris tolia winaaRmdegobis Zalebis daZlevaze qvis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis sidide?
amoxsna

’ T
1. aRwere energiis gardaqmna qvis vardnis dros:
pas.: vardnis dasawyisSi qvas aqvs potenciuri energia. misi kinetikuri energia am dros nulis

N
tolia. vardnisas qvis potenciuri energiis nawili gardaiqmneba kinetikur energiad, nawili
ki ixarjeba haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalis daZlevaze (radgan miTiTebuli araferia, unda

O
vivaraudoT, rom haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala 0-is toli ar aris).
2. dafiqrdi:
a) ra saxis energia aqvs qvas vardnis dawyebis momentSi h simaRleze da ris tolia am dros misi

D
sruli meqanikuri energia:
pas.: vardnis dawyebis momentSi h simaRleze qvas aqvs potenciuri energia: Epot = mgh;
kinetikuri energia Ekin = 0;
sruli meqanikuri energia E 1 = mgh + 0 = mgh = 500 j (1)
b) ra saxis energia aqvs qvas dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi da ris tolia misi sruli meqanikuri
energia am dros:
pas.: dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi qvas aqvs kinetikuri energia: Ekin = mv2/2;
potenciuri energia Epot = 0;
sruli meqanikuri energia E 2 = mv2/2 + 0 = mv2/2 = 360 j (2)
3. gamoTvale E1-isa da E2-is ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi da Seadare erTmaneTs: E1≠ E 2 ;
4. gamoitane daskvna: sruldeba Tu ara qvis vardnisas sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis
kanoni? axseni, ratom?
pas.: E1≠ E 2 , anu qvis vardnisas sruli meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni ar sruldeba.
rac imas niSnavs, rom qvis sawyisi potenciuri energia haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalis daZlevaze
ixarjeba.
5. dafiqrdi, garda kinetikuri energiis gazrdisa, kidev raze daixarja qvis potenciuri energia
da gantolebaSi *-is nacvlad Casvi Sesabamisi sidide:
pas.: qvis vardnisas sruli meqanikuri energia ar inaxeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom qvis sawyisi
potenciuri energia haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalis daZlevaze ixarjeba:
mgh = A + mv2/2
6. gamoTvale, ris tolia winaaRmdegobis Zalebis daZlevaze qvis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis
sidide:
A = mgh - mv2/2 = 140 j.

74
 Tema II. martivi meqanizmebi

`momeciT sayrdeni wertili da dedamiwas adgilidan davZrav~

SeeZlo Tu ara arqimedes dedamiwis aweva?

arqimedes moRvaweobis periodSi dedamiwis masa cnobili ar iyo. Sesabamisad, arqimedes arc ki
SeeZlo imis warmodgena, Tu ramdenad didia am planetis masa, Torem, albaT, Tavs Seikavebda
Tavisi amayi gancxadebisgan.
davuSvaT, arqimedem icoda dedamiwis masa da is `meore dedamiwac~ hqonda, romelsac berketis
sayrden wertilad gamoiyenebda. gamovTvaloT im berketis sigrZe, romelic arqimedes dedamiwis
asawevad dasWirdeboda.
dedamiwis masa
M = 6 . 1024 kg

Y
R = 6400

P
km

O
R
X 

C
F2

F1

’ T
momentebis wesis Tanaxmad:
F1 R = F2 X

N
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom adamians daaxloebiT 60 kg masis tvirTis aweva SeuZlia, SegviZlia
CavTvaloT, rom F2 = 600 n.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT X = F1 R / F2 = 6 . 1024 kg . 10 n/kg . 6,4 . 106 m / 600 n = 6,4 .1029 m,

O
Sesabamisad berketis sigrZec (l = X + R ) daaxloebiT imave rigis iqneba.
Tu gavixsenebT, rom mzemde manZili 150 . 106 km = 1,5 .1011 m-ia da am manZils berketis savaraudo

D
sigrZes SevadarebT, miviRebT, rom dedamiwis asawevad saWiro berketis sigrZe daaxloebiT
4 . 1017-jer aRemateba mzemde manZils. aseTi berketis damzadeba, cxadia, SeuZlebelia. ase, rom
arqimede dedamiwis `awevas~ marto am mizeziTac ver SeZlebda.
garda amisa, gamoTvlilia: Tu adamiani 60 kg-ian tvirTs 1 metr simaRleze 1wm-Si aswevs, maSin
es adamiani Cven mier gamoTvlili sigrZis mqone berketis daxmarebiT dedamiwis 1sm-ze awevas
1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 wm-s moandomebs. ase, rom Tavisi xangrZlivi sicocxlis manZilze
arqimede aseTi berketiT dedamiwis awevas Tmis Reris sisqis tol simaRlezec ki ver moaswrebda!

§ 2.1. wonasworoba
gv.58
cda
2. daakvirdi: aris Tu ara kari wonasworobaSi, roca masze modebulia sididiT toli da
mimarTulebiT sapirispiro Zalebi (anu, roca ZalTa tolqmedi nulis tolia)?
pas.: kari ar iqneba wonasworobaSi. is ibrunebs im Zalis mimarTulebiT, romelic saxelurTan
axlosaa modebuli (am Zalis mier Seqmnili mabrunebeli momenti meti iqneba meore Zalis
momentze, radgan mxari meti aqvs).

3. gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu ara sakmarisi piroba mbrunavi sxeulis (karis) wonasworobisTvis
is, rom sxeulze modebuli Zalebis tolqmedi nulis tolia?
pas.: sxeulze (karze) modebuli Zalebis tolqmedis nulTan toloba ar aris sakmarisi piroba
mbrunavi sxeulis (karis) wonasworobisTvis.

75
 § 2.2. wonasworobis saxeebi
gv.59

1
pas.:
a burTula - wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcired gadaxrisas kvlav daubrundeba Tavdapirvel,
wonasworul mdebareobas (mdgradi wonasworoba);
b burTula - wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcired gadaxrisas aRar daubrundeba Tavdapirvel,
wonasworul mdebareobas (aramdgradi wonasworoba);
g burTula - wonasworobis mdebareobidan mcired gadaxrisas is kvlav aRmoCndeba wonasworul
mdgomareobaSi, arc daSordeba Tavdapirvel mdebareobas da arc miuaxlovdeba (ganurCeveli
wonasworoba).
gv.59

2
dafiqrdi:

Y
1. navSi mjdomi kaci fexze wamodga. rogor fiqrob, rodis iyo navis mdgomareoba ufro mdgradi:
axla Tu manamde?

P
pas.: navis mdgomareoba ufro mdgradi iyo maSin, roca kaci ijda, radgan sistemis (navi-kaci) simZimis
centri ufro dabla iyo, vidre maSin, roca kaci fexze wamodga.

O
2. sportuli manqanebi, Cveulebriv manqanebTan SedarebiT, TiTqos miwazea garTxmuli. rogor

C
fiqrob, ratom?
pas.: sportuli manqanebi Zalian didi siswrafiT moZraobs da maTi wonasworobis mdgradobisTvis

T
aucilebelia, manqanis simZimis centri rac SeiZleba dabla iyos.

’
gv.60

N
cda I
2. korpi nemsis wveriT vertikalurad ver gaCerdeba ocTeTrianze. es SeuZlebelia.

O
4. Tu cda warmatebuli aRmoCnda da korpi gaCerda, sistemis (korpisa da Canglebis erTobliobis)
wonasworoba iqneba mdgradi.

D
6. suraTebze gamosaxulia, sad mdebareobs sxeulis (sistemis) simZimis centri orive SemTxvevaSi.

simZ.c sayrd.w
simZ.c

sayrd.w
7. daskvna: sayrdeni wertilis mqone sxeulis (korpis) wonasworoba mdgradia Tu sxeulis simZimis
centri ufro dablaa, vidre sayrdeni wertili.
SeniSvna: roca korpis orive mxares Canglebia CarWobili, korpi da Canglebi erT mTlian sxeulad
ganixileba da simZimis centri korpis centridan qveviT gadainacvlebs.

gv.61
Tu Seni oTaxis kedelze eifelis koSkis fotos dakideb, es Zalian daamSvenebs interiers... magram
rogor davkidoT Cvens xelT arsebuli foto kedelze: ise, rogorc es me-6 da me-7 suraTebzea
gamosaxuli Tu ise, rogorc me-8 suraTze Cans. aq bevrad ufro bunebrivi mdebareoba ukavia
koSks (wertiliT moniSnulia suraTis sakidis adgili, anu adgili, sadac suraTis brunvis
RerZi gadis). rogor fiqrob, romel mdgomareobaSi iqneba suraTi mdgrad wonasworobaSi? es
xom Zalze mniSvnelovania... axseni Seni pasuxi.
pas.: Tu suraTs ise dakideb, rogorc es me-6 da me-7 suraTebzea gamosaxuli, is wonasworobaSi
iqneba. orive SemTxvevaSi sakidi mdebareobs simZimis centrze gamaval vertikalze (simZimis Zala
ver Seqmnis mabrunebel moments), simZimis centris zeviT. me-8 suraTze gamosaxul mdgomareobaSi

76
 suraTi ar gaCerdeba (simZimis Zala Seqmnis mabrunebel moments, simZimis centrze gamavali

Y
vertikali ar gadis brunvis RerZze), miuxedavad imisa, rom dakidebis wertili simZimis Zalis
zeviTaa.

P
cda II

O
3. daakvirdi, rogoria saxazavis wonasworoba: mdgradi, aram­dgra­di Tu ganurCeveli, Tu saxazavis
sakidi (brunvis RerZi) gadis:

C
a) mwvane wertilebSi; pas.: aramdgradia.
b) wiTel wertilSi (sakidi gadis saxazavis simZimis centrSi); pas.: ganurCeveli.

T
g) yviTel wertilebSi; pas.: mdgradia

N ’
5. daskvna: brunvis RerZis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba mdgradia, Tu brunvis RerZi simZimis
centris zeviT gadis. amasTan, brunvis RerZi simZimis centrze gamaval vertikalur wrfeze unda

O
mdebareobdes.

D
gv.63
cda III
8. gaakeTeT daskvna, rodisaa ufro mdgradi sayrdeni farTobis mqone sxeulis wonasworoba?
pas.: sxeulis mdgradobisTvis aucilebelia, rom mis simZimis centrze gavlebuli Sveuli sxeulis
sayrdeni farTobis SigniT gadiodes.

9. romeli waxnagiT ido kolofi, roca misi wonasworoba yvelaze mdgradi iyo?
pas.: roca kolofi yvelaze didi waxnagiT devs magidaze, kolofis gadasayiraveblad saWiroa misi
ufro metad gadaxra, vidre im SemTxvevebSi, roca kolofi sxva, naklebi farTobis mqone waxnagiT
devs magidaze. radgan, imisaTvis rom kolofi gadayiravdes, saWiroa mis simZimis centrze gamavali
Sveuli sayrdeni farTobis gareT gadiodes da cxadia, rac ufro metia sayrdeni farTobi, miT
ufro mdgradia kolofis wonasworoba.

ganxilul SemTxvevebSi, rodis imyofeboda kolofis simZimis centri magidis zedapirTan yvelaze
axlos?
pas.: roca kolofi yvelaze didi waxnagiT ido magidaze.
gv.64

3
1. pas.: zRvaSi gemi Zalian iryeva, amitom gemze myofi adamianebi cdiloben wonasworoba
SeinarCunon da amisaTvis fexebs ganze dgamen. ase isini sayrden farTobs zrdian da waqcevis
albaTobas amcireben. swored amitom mezRvaurebs, romlebic Zalian did dros gemze atareben,
uyalibdebaT siarulis gansakuTrebuli manera (isini siarulisas fexebs gan-gan dgamen), rac maT
quCaSi sxva adamianebisgan gamoarCevT.
2. pas.: roca sxeuli win ixreba, adamianis simZimis centrze (romelic daaxloebiT WipTan
mdebarebs) gamavali Sveuli sayrden farTobs ar scdeba da amitomaa, rom adamiani wamodgomisas
wonasworobas inarCunebs.

77
gv.64

pizis koSkis wonasworoba

pizis daxrili koSki, msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili
Senoba, italiis qalaq pizis kaTedraluri taZris samrekloa,
romelic ramdenime etapad Sendeboda 1173-1350 wlebSi. rodesac
koSkis rva sarTulidan sami ukve aSenda, aRmoCnda, rom saZirkveli
rbil gruntSi efloboda da koSki gverdze ixreboda. meoce
saukunis miwuruls koSki ise iyo gadaxrili, rom misi wveridan
daSvebuli vertikali Senobis fuZidan 5, 2 metris daSorebiT
hkveTda miwas (galileis cnobili cdebis dros es daSoreba 4 m iyo).
me-20 saukunis bolos Catarebuli samuSaoebis gamo pizis koSkis
daxra Semcirda, magram ar Sewyda. koSki kvlav ixreba. ratom
inarCunebs koSki wonasworobas da rodis daecema miwaze?
koSkis simaRlea 56,7 m-ia, xolo fuZis Sida radiusi 10,368 m.
koSkis masa 14700 tonaa. geometriuli formis Taviseburebis gamo

Y
(fuZe ufro ganieria, vidre koSkis zeda nawili) koSkis simZimis centri misi me-4 sarTulis
qvemoT mdebareobs. Tanamedrove monacemebiT, simZimis centrze gamavali vertikali sayrden

P
farTobs centridan 2,3 m-is daSorebiT kveTs. ase rom, koSki wonasworobas inarCunebs da
SeinarCunebs manam, sanam vertikali sayden farTobs ar gascdeba. es moxdeba maSin, roca koSkis

O
wveri vertikalidan 14 m-iT gadaixreba. mkvlevrebi amboben, rom am process daaxloebiT 200
weli sWirdeba da amitom axlo momavalSi koSks araferi emuqreba (garda miwisZvrisa). amasTan,

C
varaudoben, rom sanam ise gadaixreba, rom gadayiravdes, koSki zeda nawilSi gadatydeba.

T
maikl jeqsonis wonasworoba

N ’
D O
maikl jeqsonis ileTis saidumlo musikosis fexsacmelebSi imaleba. fexsacmels quslze aqvs
Wrili, romelSic scenidan amosuli samagri Sedis. samagri fexsacmlis Zirs scenis qveS damalul
dafaze miamagrebs, ris Sedegac mocekvavis sayrdeni farTobi izrdeba ise, rom daxrisas simZimis
centrze gamavli vertikali sayrden farTobs ar gadakveTs _ gadis sayden farTobSi. Sesabamisad,
musikosis wonaswoba ar irRveva.
Tumca am ileTis Sesrulebas mxolod saTanado fexsacmlebiT Cveulebrivi adamiani ver
SeZlebs. specialuri fexsacmlis SemTxvevaSic ki ileTis Sesrulebas intensiuri varjiSi
sWirdeba, rac imas ukavSirdeba, rom Cveulebrivi daxrisgan gansxvavebiT, am dros sayrdeni
wertili TeZodan aqilevsis myesze inacvlebs. specialuri wvrTnis gareSe am ileTis Sesruleba
SeiZleba tramviT damTavrdes.

78
gv.65
proeqti #1 : sxeulis simZimis centris gansazRvra
proeqti: sxeulis simZimis centris gansazRvra.
gaixsene: nebismieri Zala (cxadia, maT Soris, simZimis Zalac) xasiaTdeba sididiT (ricxviTi
mniSvnelobiT), mimarTulebiTa da modebis wertiliT.
wertils, romelzedac simZimis Zalaa modebuli, simZimis centri ewodeba. wesieri geometriuli
formis sxeulis (mag., wrewiris, kvadratis da a.S.) simZimis centri mis geometriul centrs
emTxveva, magram rogor vipovoT nebismieri formis sxeulis simZimis centri?
gamoWeri muyaos naWrisgan nebismieri formis firfita. miamagre mas romelime wertilSi Zafi
da dakide Stativze (sur.1)
firfitaze moqmedebs ori Zala:
a) Zafis drekadobis Zala, romelic modebulia sxeulze Zafis mimagrebis wertilSi da
mimarTulia vertikalurad zeviT;
b) firfitis simZimis Zala, romelic modebulia sxeulze simZimis centrSi, mimarTulia

Y
vertikalurad qveviT da sididiT Zafis drekadobis Zalis tolia (firfita uZravia, e.i. masze
modebuli Zalebi erTmaneTs awonasworebs).

P
magram zustad sad mdebareobs sxeulze wertili, romelzedac modebulia simZimis Zala?
ganvixiloT ramdenime varianti.

O
1. vTqvaT, simZimis centri mdebareobs A wertilSi (sur.1). aseT SemTxvevaSi simZimisa
da drekadobis Zalebis moqmedebiT firfita unda brunavdes saaaTis isris sawinaaRmdego

C
mimarTulebiT, radgan am Zalebis momentebi, mag., O1 wertilis mimarT, sxvadasxvaa (Zalebis
sidideebi tolia da mxrebi_gansxvavebuli). amave mizeziT firfitis simZimis centri ar SeiZleba
mdebareobdes, mag., B wertilSi:firfita ibrunebs saaaTis isris mimarTulebiT, mag., O2 wertilis

’ T
garSemo, radgan O2 wertilis mimarT Zalebis momentebi sxvadasxvaa.
2. vTqvaT, simZimis centri mdebareobs C wertilSi (sur.1), romelic drekadobis Zalis

N
moqmedebis wrfeze (im vertikalur wrfeze, romelic Zafis mimagrebis adgilas gadis) Zevs.
aseT SemTxvevaSi simZimisa da drekadobis Zalebi erTi wrfis gaswvriv, sapirispirod iqneba

O
mimarTuli da isini firfitas urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT abrunebs. maTi mxrebi
nebismieri wertilis mimarT erTnairia da, Sesabamisad, drekadobisa da simZimis Zalebis

D
momentebi erTnairia, anu firfita iqneba wonasworobaSi. Cveni msjelobidan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom swored C wertilia firfitis simZimis centri, Tumca cxadia, rom C
wertilis msgavsad am pirobebs nebismieri is wertili akmayofilebs, romelic Zafis mimagrebis
adgilas gamaval vertikalur AB wrfeze mdebareobs (sur.2).
amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom simZimis centris mdebareoba zustad jerjerobiT ar viciT,
davadgineT: simZimis centri im vertikalze mdebareobs, romelic Zafis mimagrebis adgilas gadis.
davkidoT firfita Stativze sxva, mag., D wertiliT (sur. 3). analogiuri msjelobidan
gamomdinare, simZimis centri im vertikalur DE wrfeze mdebareobs, romelic Zafis mimagrebis
adgilas, D wertilze gadis.
maS ase, erTi mxriv, firfitis simZimis centri AB wrfeze mdebareobs, xolo meore mxriv -
DE wrfeze. maSasadame, firfitis simZimis centri AB da DE wrfeebis gadakveTis O wertilia
(sur.3).
Tu cdas ramdenjerme gavimeorebT da firfitas nebismieri sxva wertiliT davkidebT,
davrwmundebiT, rom dakidebis wertilSi gamavali yvela vertikaluri wrfe erT, Cven mier ukve
aRmoCenil O wertilSi gaivlis.
SeniSvna: Tu firfitis romelime nawilze muyaos fenas davakravT, simZimis centris mdebareoba
Seicvleba.

Fdr Fdr

sur. 1 sur. 2 sur. 3

79
 § 2.3. momentebis wesi
gv.67
cda I
5. daakvirdi: SeZeli Tu ara yvela SemTxvevaSi Stativis mobruneba O centris garSemo? rodis
ufro gagiWirda?
pas.: rac ufro axlosaa Zalis modebis wertili brunvis O centrTan, miT ufro Znelia Stativis
mobruneba. mobruneba yvelaze metad gagviWirdeba, roca Zala C wertilSi iqneba modebuli
(mxari yvelaze patara am SemTxvevaSia).
6. daskvna: Zalis mabrunebeli moqmedeba damokidebuli Zalis modebis wertilidan brunvis
centramde manZilis sidideze: rac metia es manZili, miT ufro advilia sxeulis (Stativis)
mobruneba brunvis centris garSemo.
gv.67
cda II
2. daakvirdi: ra SeamCnie? ra SemTxvevaSi dagWirda Stativis mosabuneblad meti sididis Zalis
modeba?
pas.: rac ufro axlosaa Zalis modebis wertili brunvis O centrTan, miT ufro Znelia Stativis

Y
mobruneba. yvelaze meti sididis Zalis modeba saWiroa maSin, roca modebis wertili yvelaze
axlosaa brunvis centrTan, anu roca Zala modebulia C wertilSi.

P
3. gamoitane daskvna: rac ufro metia (naklebia) manZili brunvis centridan Zalis modebis wertilamde,

O
miT ufro naklebia (metia) im Zalis sidide, romelic iwvevs Stativis brunvas O centris garSemo
(mravalwertilis nacvlad igulisxme sityvebi: `metia~ an `naklebia~).

C
gv.69
1

’ T
me-3 suraTze gamosaxulia sxeuli, romelic O wertilSi
gamavali damagrebuli brunvis RerZis garSemo brunavs. F7 F2

N
ipove sxeulze modebuli Zalebis mxrebi. romeli Zala
F3
moabrunebs sxeuls da romeli ara (pasuxebi axseni)? O

O
miuTiTe is mimarTuleba, saiTac Semobrundeba sxeuli.
pasuxi: Zalebi, romelTa moqmedebis wrfe brunvis RerZze F1

D
gadis, sxeulis mobrunebas ar iwvevs. nebismieri aseTi Zala
gawonas­wo­re­bulia damagrebuli brunvis RerZis reaqciis F5
(drekadobis) ZaliT, mag., sxeulis mobrunebas ar iwvevs F4
F6
F5, F7 Zalebi (sur.3). sur. 3.
sxeulis mobruneba SeiZleba gamoiwvios Zalebma, romelTa
moqmedebis wrfe ar gadis brunvis RerZze, mag., sxeulis mobrunebas iwvevs F , F , F , F ,
1 2 3 4
F6 Zalebi (sur.3).
F1 , F2 , F4 Zalebi sxeuls saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT Semoabrunebs, F3 da F6
Zalebi ki _ sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.

§ 2.4. berketi. berketis wonasworobis piroba

gv.72
cda I
10. gamoitane daskvna: ra piroba unda sruldebodes imisaTvis, rom berketi wonasworobaSi iyos?
pas.: imisaTvis, rom berketi wonasworobaSi iyos, masze modebuli Zalebis momentebis jami
(niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, anu algebruli jami) unda iyos nulis toli.
11. Seadare Zalebis sidideebis Sefardeba mxrebis Sefardebas da gamoitane daskvna: ra damokidebuleba
arsebobs Zalebis sidideebsa da maT mxrebs Soris im dros, roca berketi wonasworobaSia?
pas.: Tu berketi wonasworobaSia, masze moqmedi Zalebis sidideebi mxrebis ukuproporciulia.
rekomendacia maswavleblisTvis: berketze sxvadasxvanairad ganlagebuli tvirTebis SemTxvevaSi
SesaZlebelia miviRoT berketis wonasworuli mdgomareobac da arawonasworulic. gTavazobT
tvirTebis ganlagebis sxvadasxva variantebs da nimuSisTvis Sevsebul cxrils.

80
 saaTis isris moZraobis saaTis isris moZraobis aris Tu
mimarTulebiT mabrunebeli sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT ara berketi
Zalebis mabrunebeli Zalebis wonasworobaSi?
cdis
sidide mxari momenti jamuri sidide mxari momenti jamuri
naxazi momenti momenti SeadareT
F l M M1 F l M M2 erTmaneTs M1 da
M2
M1< M2

I mg x mgx mgx 2mg 2x 4mgx 4mgx

berketi
wonasworobaSi ar aris
M1= M2

II mg 3x 3mgx 3mgx 3mg x 3mgx 3mgx

Y
berketi
wonasworobaSia

P
2mg x 2mgx M1> M2

O
III 4mgx mg x mgx mgx
berketi
mg 2x 2mgx

C
wonasworobaSi ar aris
mg 2x 2mgx M1= M2

T
IV 2mg 2x 4mgx 4mgx 4mgx

’
berketi
2mg x 2mgx wonasworobaSia

O N
§ 2.5. fizika amocanebSi: momentebis wesi

D
gv.74

1
1. berketis principiT moqmedebs amwe, romelic I klasis berkets warmoadgens (sur.1). rogor fiqrob,
ra daniSnuleba aqvs e. w. sapirwones (suraTze moniSnulia wiTlad)?
pas.: sapirwone (igive, antitvirTi) - sxeulia, romelsac im tvirTis simZimis Zalis gasawonasworeblad
iyeneben, romelic amwes zeviT aaqvs.
2. tolmxriani berketiani sasworiT satvirTo avtomanqanis an vagonis awona sakmaod mouxerxebelia
(ratom?). maT asawonad gamoiyeneba e. w. aTjeradi saswori, romlis ZiriTad nawilsac berketi
warmoadgens, Tumca konstruqciiT is gansxvavdeba tolmxriani berketiani sasworisgan. aTjeradi
sasworis berketis is mxari, romelzec sawons kideben, gacilebiT grZelia im mxarze, romelzec
asawoni avtomanqanis simZimis Zalaa modebuli. dafiq­rdi: ratomaa mosaxerxebeli aTjeradi sasworiT
avtomanqanis awona?
aTjeradi saswori
Tu datvirTuli avtomanqanis an vagonis masis gansazRvras tolmxriani sasworis saSualebiT
SevecdebodiT, maSin aseTi sasworiT awonisas M
sasworis erT mxares aTasobiT kilogrami masis
sawonebis dalageba mogvixdeboda, mere isev m
gadalageba da a. S. cxadia, rom es sakmaod
mouxerxebeli iqneboda. amitom aseTi didi masis
L 
mqone sxeulTa awonisas gamoiyeneba e. w. aTjeradi  F2
F1
sasworebi. aseTi sasworis ZiriTad nawilsac
berketi warmoadgens, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom
berketis is mxari, romelzec sawons kideben, gacilebiT grZelia im mxarze, romelzec asawoni
tvirTis simZimis Zalaa modebuli, anu es saswori tolmxriani ar aris, rogorc Cveulebrivi
saswori.

81
 vTqvaT, M asawoni sxeulis masaa, m ki sawonis masa.
L asawoni sxeulis simZimis Zalis mxaria, ki sawonis simZimis Zalis mxari.
davuSvaT, rom = 100 L (1)
momentebis wesis Tanaxmad
MgL = mg (2)
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT 1-l pirobas, me-2 toloba miiRebs saxes:
MgL = 100Lmg
me- (2)-dan gamomdinareobs: m = M/100, e. i. aTjeradi sasworis daxmarebiT Cven SevZlebT 100-
jer naklebi masis sawonis saSualebiT avwonoT mocemuli sxeuli, rac sakmaod mosaxerxebelia
maSin, roca asawoni sxeuli gansakuTrebiT didi masisaa.
gv.75
amocana 1. momentebis wesi saSualebas gvaZlevs, sxeulis masa sasworis gareSe ganvsazRvroT.
amisaTvis dagvWirdeba mxolod berketi da erTi sxeuli, romlis masac gvecodineba. am meTodis
ukeT gasacnobad aseTi amocana amovxsnaT.
maswavlebels: Teoriuli modeli, romelsac am amocanis farglebSi gaecnobian moswavleebi,
SemdgomaSi maT kompleqsuri davalebis SesrulebaSi daexmarebaT (ix. matrica #3).
amoxsna:

Y
1.
sur. 3-ze gamosaxuli ficris SemTxvevaSi ZalaSi mogeba : d2 /d1 = 2 (sur.4);

P
anu m1g / m2g = d2 /d1 = 2 aqedan gamomdinare m2g = m1g /2 = 25 n ;
xolo m2 = 2,5 kg.

O
2.

C
naxazze (sur. 5) gamosaxulia ficarze modebuli Zalebis ganlageba. momentebis wesis Tanaxmad,
M1 – Msim – M2 = 0 ;
simZimis Zala ficris centrSia modebuli, amitom misi mxari ase gamoiTvleba: dsim = L/2 - d1 ,

T
sadac L = (30+60) sm= 90 sm, anu simZimis Zalis mxari

’
dsim = 45-30 = 15 (sm) ;
F1 d1 – Fsim dsim – F2 d2 = 0 ;

N
m1 g d1 – mficarig dsim – m2g d2 = 0 ;
saidanac miviRebT, rom m2 = 2 kg.

O
gv. 76

D
amocana 2.
amoxsna:
1. OB = 120 sm ; OA = 30 sm ;
2. OB / OA = 4
3. Famw / Fsim = OA / OB ; Fsim = 4 Famw = 400 n ;
4. m = 40 kg.

gv. 76
amocana 3 a
Zala, ra ZaliTac birTvi awveba xels, aris birTvis simZimis 
F
2
Zala, romelic gamoiTvleba formuliT:
F1 = mg
birTvis simZimis Zalis mabrunebeli momenti ase gamoiTvleba: 32 sm
M 1 = F1 d1 (1),
sadac d1 aris F1 Zalis mxari (d1 = 32 sm). O
im Zalis mabrunebeli momenti, ra ZaliTac kunTi iWimeba,

gamoiTvleba formuliT: F1
M2 = F2 d2 (2), 4 sm
sadac d2 aris F2 Zalis mxari (d2 = 4 sm).
radgan xeli (berketi) wonasworobaSia, momentebis wesis  b
O F
2
Tanaxmad 1-li da me-2 gavutoloT erTmaneTs
F1 d1 = F2 d2 
F1
kunTis daWimulobis Zala: F2 = F1 d1 / d2 = mg d1 / d2 = 640 n
sur. 2.

82
gv. 77 1m 1m
amocana 4 x
25 kg 40 kg
g) naxazze gamosaxulia ficris sayrdeni wertilisa da ficarze

moqmedi Zalebis modebis wertilebis savaraudo ganlageba. F 
1 F
  
F1 da F2 gamosaxavs Sesabamisad 25 kg masis da 40 kg masis F2

bavSvebis simZimis Zalebs, xolo ficris Sua wertilSi modebuli F gamosaxavs ficris simZimis
Zalas.
F1 = m1 g ; F2 = m2 g; F = mg
im ZalTa mabrunebeli momentebi, romlebic ficars abrunebs
a) saaTis moZraobis mimarTulebiT, tolia:
M 2 = F2 X, sadac X aris F2 Zalis mxari.
b) saaTis isris moZraobis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, tolia:
M1 + M = F1 l/2 + F (l/2 – X), sadac l ficris sigrZea.

Y
momentebis wesis Tanaxmad, F2 X = F1 l/2 + F (l/2 – X). Tu monacemebs SevitanT miviRebT:
X = 0,7 m =70 sm.

P
pasuxi: `aiwona-daiwonas~ sayrdeni wertili ficris marjvena bolodan daSorebulia 70 sm-iT.

O
§ 2.6. daxrili sibrtye

C
gv.82
cda 1
8. Seadare erTmaneTs Awev da Aamw: aris Tu ara isini erTmaneTis toli? rogor fiqrob, ratom?

’ T
pas.: wevis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba Awev daxrili sibrtyis mTel sigrZeze sxeulis
gadaadgilebisas metia im muSaobaze (Aamw), romelic Seasrula amwevma Zalam (anu simZimis Zalam)

N
daxrili sibrtyis simaRleze sxeulis awevisas.
SeniSvna : Cven mier Catarebul cdebSi meqanikis `oqros wesi~ ar Sesrulda, ami mizezi SeiZleba iyos:

O
a) dinamometris araswori Cveneba;
b) arasworad Catarebuli cda.

D
g) xaxunis Zala, radgan amocanebis amoxsnisas xaxunis Zala ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. realur
eqsperimentSi ki xaxunis Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia, amitom, cxadia, meti muSaobis Sesrulebaa
saWiro daxril sibrtyeze sxeulis asatanad, radgan nawili xom xaxunis daZlevaze ixarjeba.
radgan xaxunis ugulebelyofa realur situaciebSi SeuZlebelia, meqanizmebis gamoyenebisas
Sesrulebuli muSaoba yovelTvis aRemateba im muSaobas, romelic saWiroa Sesruldes dasaxuli miznis
misaRwevad.

gv.83
cda 2
gaaanalize Sen mier Catarebuli cdebi da upasuxe kiTxvebs:
1. romel cdaSi ufro naklebia gansaxvaveba Awev-sa da Aamw-s Soris? gamoTqvi varaudi, ra aris
amis mizezi?
pas.: radgan cda sagoraviT an borblebiani avtomanqaniT tardeba, xaxunis Zala gacilebiT
naklebia, vidre I cdaSi, swored amis gamoa ufro naklebia gansaxvaveba Awev-sa da Aamw-s Soris.
2. gamoitane daskvna: ra SemTxvevaSia samarTliani meqanikis `oqros wesi~?
pas.: Tu xaxuni nulis tolia.
gv.83
1. meqanizmis mqk yovelTvis 1-ze (100%-ze) naklebia. axseni, ratom?
pas.: realur situaciaSi xaxunis Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia, amitom sruli muSaoba, romelic
sruldeba ara marto miznis misaRwevad, aramed xaxunis dasaZlevadac, yovelTvis metia sasargeblo
muSaobaze (anu mxolod simZimis Zalis daZlevaze Sesrulebul muSaobaze): Asr > Asas. Sesabamisad,
meqanizmis mqk yovelTvis 1-ze (100%-ze) naklebia.

2. dafiqrdi: ras gaakeTeb imisaTvis, rom meqanizmis (mag., daxrili sibrtyis) mqk gazardo?
pas.: daxrili sibrtyis zedapirze sxeulis xaxunis Zala unda SevamciroT, mag., sxeuli unda
avagoroT daxril sibrtyeze da ara avasrialoT.

83
 § 2.7. praqtikuli samuSao #2: WoWonaqebi
gv.85
gaaanalize 1-li da me-2 samuSaos Sedegebi da gamoitane daskvnebi:
1. gvaZlevs Tu ara uZravi WoWonaqi ZalaSi mogebas? manZilSi mogebas?
pas.: uZravi WoWonaqi mogebas ar gvaZlevs arc ZalaSi da arc manZilSi;

2. ra mizniT iyeneben uZrav WoWonaqs? ra sargebeli moaqvs mis gamoyenebas?

pas.: uZravi WoWonaqis daxmarebiT Zalis mimarTulebis cvlilebaa SesaZlebeli, mag., tvirTi
SegviZlia avitanoT me-2 sarTulze ise, rom Cven Tavad pirvel sarTulze vimyofebodeT.

3. aisaxeba Tu ara amwevi Zalis mimarTuleba mis sidideze?

pas.: amwevi Zalis mimarTuleba mis sidideze ar aisaxeba;

4. savaraudod, ra gavlenas axdens WoWonaqis gamoyenebaze masTan Zafis xaxunis Zala?

pas.: xaxunis arseboba iwvevs imas, rom WoWonaqis daxmarebiT amwevi Zalis sidide ufro metia,
vidre WoWonaqis gareSe tvirTis asawevad saWiro Zala. samagierod WoWonaqis gamoyenebiT Cven
amwevi Zalis mimarTulebis Secvla SegviZlia.

Y
gv.87

P
gaaanalize me-3 da me-4 samuSaos Sedegebi da gamoitane daskvnebi:
1. gvaZlevs Tu ara moZravi WoWonaqi ZalaSi mogebas? manZilSi mogebas? ramdenjer?

O
pas.: moZravi WoWonaqi mogebas gvaZlevs ZalaSi 2-jer, xolo manZilSi ar vigebT. piriqiT, vagebT
2-jer: Zafis bolo 2-jer met manZils gadis, vidre tvirTi.

C
2. savaraudod, ra gavlenas axdens WoWonaqis gamoyenebaze masTan Zafis xaxunis Zala? WoWonaqis

T
wona?

’
pas.: imis gamo, rom wevis Zala muSaobas asrulebs xaxunisa da WoWonaqis wonis daZlevaze,
realur situaciebSi ZalaSi 2-jer ver vigebT. ZalaSi mogeba naklebia, Tumca mainc vigebT:

N
WoWonaqis daxmarebiT tvirTis awevisas gvWirdeba ufro naklebi Zala, vidre imave tvirTis
awevisas WoWonaqis gareSe.

O
3. aisaxeba Tu ara amwevi Zalis mimarTuleba mis sidideze?

D
pas.: amwevi Zalis mimarTuleba mis sidideze ar aisaxeba;

§ 2.8. fizika amocanebSi: martivi meqanizmebis margi qmedebis koeficienti

gv.90
amocana 4
moc.: m = 1t = 1000 kg; h1 = 5 sm =0,05 m; F = 3000 n; h2 = 20 sm = 0,2 m. u.v η
• samuSaos mizania betonis filis 5 sm simaRleze aweva. sruli muSaoba sruldeba, rogorc
filis simZimis, ise berketis simZimis Zalisa da sayrdenze xaxunis Zalis dasaZlevadac.
• sruli muSaoba, romelic piramidis mSeneblebma Seasrules: Asr = F h2 ;
• sasargeblo muSaoba: Asas = mgh1;
• gamoTvaleT berketis mqk da daamrgvaleT meaTedebamde:
η = ( Asas/ AmT ) 100% = (mgh1/ F h2 ) 100% ≈ 83,3%
gv.90
davaleba 1
dafiqrdi:
1. konstruqtorebi cdiloben, meqanizmebis konstruirebisas maTi mqk ise gazardon, rom 1-s
(anu 100%-s) miuaxloon. rogor fiqrob, riT aixsneba maTi es mcdeloba?
pas.: mqk-s gazrda niSnavs sasargeblo muSaobis wilis gazrdas srul muSaobaSi, anu Sesrulebuli
muSaobis didi nawili daixarjeba miznis misaRwevad da energiis danakargi Semcirdeba.
2. ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli, zogadad, berketis mqk-s gazrda?
pas.: imisaTvis, rom berketis mqk gaizardos, unda Semcirdes misi wona: masala unda iyos mtkice,
magari da amave dros mcire simkvrivis. aseve unda Semcirdes sayrdenze xaxuni.

84
gv. 90
amocana 5.
1. ra S manZilze gadaadgildeba Tokis bolo, romelsac muSa Fweva ZaliT eweva, Tu tvirTi am
dros h = 5 m simaRleze aiwevs?
pas.: S = 5 m, radgan uZravi WoWonaqi manZilSi mogebas ar iZleva: Tokis is bolo, romelsac
mSenebeli eweva, imave manZilze gadaadgildeba, ra manZilzec vedro vertikalurad zeviT aiweva.

2. gamoTvale wevis Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba, anu sruli muSaoba: Asr = Fweva S
3. dafiqrdi, ra mizani amoZravebs muSas?
pas.: mSeneblis mizania, vedro h = 5 m simaRleze aswios. sasargeblo muSaoba aris vedros
simZimis Zalis daZlevaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
gamoTvale am miznis misaRwevad saWiro sasargeblo muSaoba: Asas = mgh
4. gamoTvale WoWonaqis mqk da daamrgvale mTel ricxvamde:
Asas mgh
η= . 100% ∙ 100% ≈ 92 %

Y
Asr Fweva S

P
gv. 91

O
amocana 6.
1. ra S manZilze gadaadgildeba Tokis bolo, romelsac mRebavi ZaliT eweva, Tu man moZravi

C
WoWonaqis centrSi dakidebuli saRebaviani vedro h = 2 m simaRleze aswia?
pas.: S = 4 m, radgan moZravi WoWonaqi manZilSi 2-jer wagebas iZleva: Tokis is bolo, romelsac

T
mRebavi eweva, gadaadgildeba 2-jer ufro met manZilze, vidre vedro vertikalurad zeviT

’
aiweva.

N
2. gamoTvale wevis Zalis (Fweva) mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba, anu sruli muSaoba:
Asr = Fw S (1)

O
3. ra mizani amoZravebs mRebavs? gamoTvale am miznis misaRwevad saWiro sasargeblo muSaoba:

D
pas.: mRebavis mizania, vedro h = 2 m simaRleze aswios. sasargeblo muSaoba aris vedros simZimis
Zalis daZlevaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba, e.i. Asas = mgh (2)

4. rogor gamoiTvleba WoWonaqis mqk, gaiTvaliswineT 1-li da me-2 tolobebi da gamoTvaleT

Zala, romliTac mRebavi Toks eweva:
Asas mgh
η= = ; Fweva= mgh/ η S ≈ 120 n
Asr Fweva S

5. gamoTvale, ris tolia saRebaviani saTlis simZimis Zala.

Fsim = mg = 220 n
6. moigo Tu ara mRebavma uZravi WoWonaqis daxmarebiT ZalaSi 2-jer? rogor fiqrob, ra aris
amis mizezi?
pas.: mRebavma uZravi WoWonaqis daxmarebiT ZalaSi 2-jer ver moigo. amis mizezi is aris, rom
mRebavma, garda imisa, rom tvirTi unda aswios garkveul simaRlemde, unda daZlios WoWonaqisa
da Tokis wona, WoWonaqis RarSi Tokis xaxunis Zala.

gv.91

1
1. dafiqrdi, ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli, zogadad, WoWonaqis mqk-s gazrda?
pas.: imisaTvis, rom WoWonaqis mqk gaizardos, unda Semcirdes
WoWonaqisa da Tokis wona, aseve unda Semcirdes RarSi Tokis xaxuni.
2. xSirad iyeneben uZravi da moZravi WoWonaqebis erTobliobas
(polispasts). rogor fiqrob, ratom?
pas.: polispastis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia ZalaSi orjer mogeba (amis
saSualebas moZravi WoWonaqi iZleva) da aseve Zalis mimarTulebis
Secvla (uZravi WoWonaqis daxmarebiT).

85
 Tema III. siTburi movlenebi

gv.111
proeqti: `mwyurvali Citi~ - mudmivi Zrava

`Citis~ SigniT swrafad aorTqlebadi siTxe (spirti, eTeri) asxia. `Citis~ `tani~, qveda da zeda
rezervuari masSi Casxmuli siTxis najeri orTqliTaa savse. roca Citi wyals svams, misi `Tavi~ (zeda
rezervuari), romelsac garedan bambis qsovili aqvs Semoxveuli, wyliT iJRinTeba (kapilaruli movlena).
Citi Tavdapirvelad vertikalurad dgas (siTxe mTlianad qveda rezervuarSia. `Citis~ simZimis centri
qveviTaa), magram am mdgomareobas mcire xniT inarCunebs, radgan bambis qsovilidan wyali aorTqlebas
iwyebs (aorTqleba miT ufro intensiurad mimdinareobs, rac ufro naklebia wylis temperatura garemos
temperaturaze). aorTqlebisas ki `Tavis~, anu zeda rezervuarSi myofi najeri orTqlis temperatura
iklebs. Sesabamisad, orTqlis wneva zeda rezervuarSi iklebs qveda rezervuarSi najeri orTqlis wnevasTan
SedarebiT. zeda rezervuarSi wnevis Semcireba qveda rezervuaridan zedaSi siTxis awevas gamoiwvevs,
simZimis centri zeviT gadainacvlebs da `Citi~ qveviT daixreba.
roca `Citis ~ `tani~ horizontalur mdgomareobas daikavebs: `Citi~ `niskarts~ kvlav wyalSi Cayofs da
bambis qsovili isev wyliT gaiJRinTeba. `tanis~ zeda da qveda nawilSi arsebuli najeri orTqli erTmaneTs

Y
Seereva, ris Sedegad zeda da qveda rezervurSi wneva gaTanabrdeba. siTxe sakuTari simZimis Zalis
moqmedebiT qveviT amoZravdeba da mTlianad qveda rezervuarSi gadava. `Citi~ vertikalur mdgomareobas

P
daikavebs. amis Semdeg procesi ganmeordeba. `Citis~ moqmedeba manamde gagrZeldeba, sanam misi niskarti
sveldeba. amasTan garemomcveli haeris tenianoba ar unda iyos maRali, raTa `Citis~ Tavidan aorTqleba

O
intensiurad mimdinareobdes. `Citis~ moZraobisTvis aucilebelia, `Tavsa~ da `kuds~ (zeda da qveda
rezervuarebs) sxvadasxva temperatura hqondes. `Citis~ moZraoba gagrZeldeba manam, sanam mas garemodan

C
siTbo gadaecema da sveli `Tavidan~ aorTqlebis procesi mimdinareobs.

N ’ T
gv.113
D O
§ 3.1. Termometrebi

cda 1
orive xelze gansxvavebuli SegrZneba iqneba: xelze, romelic civ wyalSi gqonda Cayofili,
siTbos SeigrZnob, xolo im xelze, romelic cxel wyalSi gqonda moTavsebuli _ sicives.

gv.113
cda 2
cdis Sedegi: cota xnis Semdeg wyali boTlSi nel-nela daiwyebs asvlas da masSi wylis done
ufro maRla aiwevs, vidre WurWelSi.
es Sedegi mowmobs: haeri gacivebisas ikumSeba: wyali boTlSi maRla adis da SekumSuli haeris
adgils ikavebs.

gv.114
? mogvianebiT galileim Termoskops skalac daatana, magram mas nakli mainc hqonda, radgan
misi Cveneba atmosferul wnevazec iyo damokidebuli (axseni, ratom?).
pas.: cxadia, es Termoskopi atmosferuli wnevis cvlilebasac asaxavda: Tu atmosferuli
wneva moimatebda, moimatebda milSi wylis donec da piriqiT. gaixseneT toriCelis cda.

86
gv.114

1
1. xidebze garkveuli Sualedebis Semdeg gamafarToebeli saxsaria Cadgmuli (sur. 5). rogor
fiqrob, ratom?
2. rkinigzis liandagebze relsebis dagebisas maT Soris Sualedebs toveben (sur. 6). ratom?
pas.: zafxulSi temperaturis momatebisas xidze asfaltis da liandagebis siTburi
gafarToebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia rogorc asfaltis, ise liandagebis amoburcva (an, sulac,
amoyra).
3. eleqtrogadamcem xazebs anZebs Soris gabmisas ar Wimaven (sur. 7). ratom?
pas.: zamTarSi temperaturis dacemisas eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi SekumSvis Sedegad
SesaZlebelia maTi dawyveta.

gv.115

Y
2

P
1. ratom iwevs vercxliswylis sveti zemoT, roca TermometriT sicxes izomaven?
pas.: temperaturis momatebis Sedegad vercxliswyali farTovdeba da rezervuaridan arxSi

O
gadadis.

C
2. samedicino Termometrebs, oTaxis Termometrebisgan gansxvavebiT, erTi Tavisebureba aqvs:
rezervuarTan axlos arxi Seviwroebulia. rogor fiqrob, ratom? daakvirdi: aseTi `Seviwroeba~
oTaxis Termometrs ar aqvs? ratom?

’ T
pas: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rezervuarTan arxi Seviwroebuli ar iqneba, avadmyofi adamianis sicxis
gazomvis Semdeg TermometrSi vercxliswyali gacivdeba, SeikumSeba da sveti dabla daiwevs.

N
cxadia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi avadmyofis temperaturas ver gavzomavT. arxis Seviwroebis gamo
ki vercxliswylis sveti TavisiT dabla veRar Cadis. imisaTvis, rom vercxliswyali Tavis

O
pirvandel adgilas, rezervuarSi dabrundes, saWiroa Zlierad `dabertyva~. oTaxis Termometri
temperaturis erT romelime mniSvnelobas ar afiqsirebs, misi Cveneba mudmivad icvleba

D
oTaxSi temperaturis cvlilebasTan erTad. aseT TermometrebSi siTxis sveti Tavisuflad
unda moZraobdes zeviT-qveviT. swored amitom oTaxis Termometrebs rezervuarTan arxi
Seviwroebuli ar aqvs.

3. daakvirdi samedicino Termometrs, ra aris misi gazomvis zRvari? SeiZleba Tu ara, rom
samedicino Termometri mduRare wyalSi CavuSvaT?
pas.: suraTze gamosaxuli samedicino Termometris gazomvis zRvari 420 C-ia, amitom misi
CaSveba mduRare (1000 C) wyalSi ar SeiZleba. Termometri gaskdeba.

4. rogor fiqrob, ratom ar iyeneben siTxian TermometrebSi wyals? rodisaa es SesaZlebeli?

pas.: wylis anomaliis gamo siTxian TermometrebSi misi gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iqneba 00 C-dan
4 C-mde diapazonSi. amas garda, wylis gafarToeba temperaturis mcired momatebis pirobebSi
0

TiTqmis SeumCnevelia (daakvirdiT wylis moculobis temperaturaze damokidebulebis grafiks

(§ 3.1): 40 C-dan 120 C-mde temperaturis momatebisas moculoba mxolod 0,000473 -iT Seicvala.

gv.115

temperaturis momatebisas spilenZi metad farTovdeba,

vidre foladi, amitom erTad Sekruli spilenZisa da
foladis bimetaluri firfita foladis mxares moixreba (b).
Tu temperatura daiklebs (g), spilenZis firfita metad
SeikumSeba da amitom bimetali spilenZis mxares gadaiRuneba.
bimetaluri firfitis es Tviseba gamoyenebulia
eleqtrul wredebSi (eleqtrul movlenebs Sen mogvianebiT

87
 gaecnobi da qvemoT mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxsac maSin gascem), raTa
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi wredi avtomaturad CairTos an gamoirTos. 2
3
bimetaluri firfita gamoiyeneba vercxliswylian CamrTvelSi.
daakvirdi suraTs: masze bimetalur firfitaze (1) damagrebuli
minis WurWelia (2) gamosaxuli. minis WurWelSi vercxliswyalia (3) 1 4
Casxmuli. Tu vercxliswyali kontaqtebs (4) exeba, wredi CarTulia.
Tu vercxliswyali sapirispiro mxaresaa da kontaqtebs ar exeba, wredi
ganrTulia. suraTze gamosaxul mowyobilobaSi wredi ganrTulia:
vercxliswyali (3) ar exeba eleqtrul kontaqtebs. Tu temperatura
moimatebs, bimetaluri firfita (1) kidev ufro moiRuneba, daixreba da vercxliswyali
kontaqtebisken (4) gadainacvlebs. Tu vercxliswyali kontaqtebs Seexeba, wredi CairTveba.
daakvirdi eleqtrul wredSi vercxliswyliani CamrTvelis moqmedebas: http://www.
societyofrobots.com/sensors_mercury_switch.shtml
bimetaluri firfita (ufro sworad, bimetaluri spirali, romlis mgrZno­ b e­
l oba
temperaturis cvlilebisadmi gacilebiT ufro maRalia) da masze mimagrebuli vercxliswyliani
WurWeli Termostatis ZiriTadi nawilebia. Termostats oTaxis an wylis gamaTboblebSi im mizniT

Y
iyeneben, rom, Tu temperatura dasaSveb normaze meti gaxdeba, wredi avtomaturad gaiTiSos.
suraTze im Termostatis sqemaa gamosaxuli, romelic oTaxis gamaTbobelSia gamoyenebuli:

P
4

C O
2
1

T
3

N ’
D O sur. 1 sur. 2

(1) _ bimetaluri spirali; (2) _ minis WurWeli, romelSic vercxlis­

eleqtruli kontaqtebi.
wyali (3) asxia; (4) _

suraTze gamosaxul situaciaSi (1-l suraTze temperatura 600 F-ia) vercxliswyali kontaqtebs
exeba. Tu temperatura moimatebs, spiralurad daxveuli bimetaluri firfita gaiSleba da
vercxliswyali kontaqtebs moscildeba. wredi ganirTveba (me-2 suraTze temperatura 700F-ze
maRalia). temperaturis dacemasTan erTad bimetaluri spirali (1) SeikumSeba, vercxliswyali
kontaqtebisken gadainacvlebs da wredi kvlav CirTveba.

damatebiTi masala maswavleblebisTvis:

XVIII saukunis bolos Sarlma daadgina, rom mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi temperaturis erTnairad
momatebisas nebismieri airis wneva erTnairad imatebs.
Tu temperaturas celsiusis skaliT gavzomavT, airis wneva mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi
temperaturaze wrfivadaa damokidebuli (Sarlis kanoni) da es damokidebuleba ase gamoisaxeba:

p= p0(1+ αt)

e.i. am kanonidan gamomdinare, Tu V=const, maSin airis wneva SeiZleba temperaturis raodenobriv
maCveneblad miviCnioT.
α – wnevis temperaturuli koeficientia. is mcire wnevebis dros sxvadasxva airisTvis daaxloebiT
erTnairia airebis koncentraciisa da temperaturis sakmaod mniSvnelovani cvlilebis drosac ki,

88
amitom airis Termometris saSualebiT temperaturis gazomva ar aris
damokidebuli imaze, Tu romel airs gamoviyenebT muSa sxeulad. ufro
zusti gazomvebi ki miiReba maSin, roca muSa sxeulad gamoyenebulia
wyalbadi an heliumi.
Sarlis kanonzea dafuZnebuli airis Termometris moqmedebac:
Tu rezervuars, romelSic airia (wyalbadi) moTavsebuli, manometrs
mivuerTebT, xolo manometrze skalas davamagrebT, manometris
Cvenebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia temperaturis gazomva.
Tu airian rezervuars (1) cxel wyalSi CavuSvebT, rezervuarSi
moTavsebuli airi gafarTovdeba, daawveba manometris marcxena
muxlSi vercxliswyals da gamodevnis mas. Sedegad vercxliswylis
done ziarWurWlis (2) marcxena muxlSi daiwevs, xolo marjvenaSi
aiwevs. airis moculoba ucvleli darCeba, Tu am dros rezinis mils
(3) maRla avwevT.

Y
temperaturis zrda manometris marjvena muxlSi vercxliswylis
donis awevas gamoiwvevs. manometris muxlebSi vercxliswylis doneTa

P
Δh sxvaobis mixedviT SesaZlebelia gamoTvla, ris tolia airis wneva rezervuarSi. 1-li formulis
daxmarebiT ki airis (Sesabamisad, cxeli wylis) temperatura ganisazRvreba. skala SeiZleba

O
dagraduirdes ise, rom man pirdapir temperatura aCvenos: skalaze wnevis yoveli mniSvnelobis
Sesabamisi temperaturis zusti mniSvneloba fiqsirdeba.

C
mecnierebi airis Termometrebs gansakuTrebuli sizustis gamo iyeneben, rogorc etalons,
romlis mixedviTac sxva Termometrebis dagraduireba xdeba. praqtikuli miznebisaTvis ki misi
gamoyeneba mouxerxebelia.

bimetaluri Termometri

N ’ T
es ki bimetaluri Termometris gamartivebuli sqemaa. Tu

O
temperatura moimatebs, spilenZi ufro metad gafarTovdeba,
vidre rkina da spirali gaiSleba. isari maRali temperaturisken

D
gadaixreba.
Tu temperatura daiklebs, spilenZi ufro metad SeikumSeba,
vidre rkina da spirali SeikumSeba. isari dabali temperaturisken foladi
gadaixreba.

spilenZi
gv.116

proeqti #4. anomalia, romelic sicocxles icavs

me-3 suraTze mocemulia grafiki, romelic giCvenebs, rogor icvleba wylis moculoba
temperaturis mixedviT.
daakvirdi grafiks:
• rogor icvleba wylis moculoba 00C-dan 40C-mde gaTbobisas?
pas.: iklebs.
• rogor icvleba am dros wylis simkvrive?
pas.: ucvleli masis SemTxvevaSi simkvrive moculobis
ukuproporciulia, anu simkvrive izrdeba. V, l

• 00C-ze ufro metia wylis simkvrive Tu 40C-ze? 1, 0869

pas.: wylis simkvrive 40C-ze ufro metia, vidre 00C-ze.
• ratom eqceva yinulis safarveli wyals zemodan?
1, 00050

pas.: 40C-iani wylis simkvrive ufro metia, vidre

0 C-iani yinulisa, amitom yinulis safarveli wyals
0
1, 00015
1, 000027

zemodan moeqceva.
1, 00016

-4 0 4 8 12 t0 C

sur. 3.

89
 tbaSi wyali bolomde ar iyineba. wylis fenebi tbaSi temperaturis mixedviT ise ganlagdeba,
rogorc es suraTzea naCvenebi (gaiTvaliswineT, 40C-iani wyali yvelaze mkvrivi mxolod mtknari
wylis SemTxvevaSia, zRvis mariliani wyali maqsimalur simkvrives 3 0C-ze aRwevs).

§ 3.2. temperatura

Y
gv.118

P
1

O
gaixsene:
1. risgan Sedgeba nivTiereba? ra saxis energia aqvs nivTierebis Semadgenel nawilakebs

C
moZraobis Sedegad?
pas.: nivTiereba Sedgeba umciresi nawilakebisgan, molekulebisa da atomebisgan. nawilakebi
qaosurad da ganuwyvetliv moZraobs. maT moZraobis Sedegad kinetikuri energia aqvT.

’ T
2. ra aris difuzia da riT aixsneba es movlena?

N
pas.: movlenas, romlis drosac nivTierebebi TavisTavad Seereva erTmaneTs, difuzia ewodeba.
difuziis gamomwvevi mizezi nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebis ganuwyveteli da qaosuri

O
moZraobaa.

D
3. cxel wyalSi ufro swrafad ixsneba saRebavi Tu civSi (sur. 1)? ratom? riT gansxvavdeba
`cxeli~ da `civi~ wylis molekulebi erTmaneTisgan? razea damokidebuli difuziis siCqare?
pas.: cxel wyalSi ufro swrafad ixsneba saRebavi, radgan cxeli wylis molekulebi ufro
swrafad moZraobs, cxel wyalSi difuzia ufro swrafad mimdinareobs. `cxeli~ da `civi~ wylis
molekulebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba moZraobis siCqariT. difuziis siCqare damokidebulia
temperaturaze.

4. rogoraa damokidebuli nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebis siCqare temperaturaze?

pas.: difuziis siCqare damokidebulia im nivTierebaTa temperaturaze, romelTa Serevac
xdeba. nivTierebis Semadgeneli nawilakebis siCqare ki miT metia, rac metia nivTierebis
temperatura.

gv.118

2
1. rogor fiqrob, aris Tu ara erTi molekulis moZraoba:
a) siTburi moZraoba?
pas.: erTi nawilakis moZraoba ar aris siTburi moZraoba, siTburi moZraoba aris moZraoba,
romelSic qaosurad da ganuwyvetliv moZravi nawilakebis uzarmazari raodenoba monawileobs.

b) meqanikuri moZraoba? ratom?

pas.: aris. is icvlis mdebareobas, mag., sxva molekulebis mimarT.

2. ratom hqvia uzarmazari raodenobis nawilakebis qaosur, ganuwyvetel moZraobas `siTburi~?

pas.: moZraobis xasiaTi damokidebulia sxeulis temperaturaze.

90
gv.119
cda
cdis Sedegi: kovzi TandaTan gaTba, rasac garkveuli dro (1-2 wT dasWirda).
am dros wylis temperatura Semcirda. kovzisa da wylis temperaturis cvlileba gagrZeldeba
manam, sanam maTi temperatura ar gaTanabrdeba, anu sanam ar damyardeba siTburi wonasworoba.

§ 3.3. Sinagani energia da misi Secvlis xerxebi

gv.121
cda I
1. aswie tyviis burTula maRla. ra saxis energia aqvs mas, sanam xels gauSveb?
pas.: potenciuri.
2. gauSvi xeli burTulas. ra energiebi aqvs mas vardnis momentSi? aRwere energiis gardaqmna
burTulis vardnisas.

Y
pas.: vardnisas sxeuls aqvs rogorc potenciuri, ise kinetikuri energia. vardnisas simaRlis
klebasTan erTad potenciuri energia iklebs da kinetikuri imatebs.

P
3. ra saxis energia aqvs burTulas zedapirze (tyviisave firfitaze) dacemis momentSi?
pas.: mxolod kinetikuri, Tu cxadia, nulovan doned zedapirs avirCevT.

O
4. ra saxis energia aqvs dacemis Semdeg gaCerebul burTulas? Sesrulda Tu ara meqanikuri
energiis mudmivobis kanoni? sad gaqra burTulis meqanikuri `energia~?

C
pas.: meqanikuri energia sxeuls aRar aqvs. meqanikuri energiis mudmivobis kanoni sruldeba
mxolod maSin, Tu sxeulze (an sxeulTa sistemaze) garemos winaaRmdegobis Zalebi ar moqmedebs.
5. cdis Sedegi: rogorc burTula, ise zedapiri deformirebulia, maTi temperatura ki

’ T
momatebulia.

gv.122

N
1

O
1. pas.: me-2 a suraTze gamosaxuli TviTmfrinavi caSi mifrinavs: mas aqvs rogorc potenciuri

D
da kinetikuri, ise Sinagani energia.
me-2 b suraTze gamosaxuli TviTmfrinavi safren bilikze moZraobs (amaze migvaniSnebs
gamotyorcnili airis kvali): mas aqvs kinetikuri da Sinagani energia.
me-2 g suraTze gamosaxuli TviTmfrinavi uZravia: mas aqvs Sinagani energia.

2
rogor fiqrob,
a) SeiZleba Tu ara, sxeulis Sinagani energia nulis toli iyos? ratom?
pas.: siTburi moZraoba arasodes wydeba da amitom nebismier sxeuls aucileblad aqvs Sinagani
energiis garkveuli maragi).
b) SeiZleba Tu ara, sxeuls Sinagani energia hqondes da meqanikuri ara?
pas.: SeiZleba, rom sxeuls Sinagani energia hqondes da meqanikuri_ara. mag., me-2 g suraTze:
TviTmfrinavi uZravia: mas aqvs Sinagani energia. misi meqanikuri energia nulis tolia.
piriqiT SeuZleblia: siTburi moZraoba arasodes wydeba da amitom nebismier sxeuls
aucileblad aqvs Sinagani energiis garkveuli maragi).

gv.122

2
a) gamoTvlebma aCvena, rom oTaxis temperaturaze 1m3 wyalbadis yvela molekulis energiaTa
jamic daaxloebiT 3 m simaRleze aweuli 5 t uros potenciuri energiis tolia. gamoTvale
uros energia da Seafase, rogori Sinagani energia aqvs 1m3 wyalbads.
pas.: uros potenciuri energia da, Sesabamisad, 1m3 wyalbadis Sinagani energia
mgh ≈ 140 000 j-is tolia.
b) cnobilia, rom oTaxis temperaturaze wyalbadis erTi molekulis kinetikuri energia
iqiT
warmoudgenlad mcirea. is 5·10-21j-s utoldeba. maS, riTaa ganpirobebuli 1m3 wyalbadis Sinagani
energiis aseTi sidide?
gadav

91
 pas.: erTi molekulis kinetikuri da potenciuri energiebi Zalze mcire sidideebia, magram Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sxeulSi warmoudgenlad didi raodenobis molekulaa, maSin gasagebia,
rom sxeulis Sinagani energiis sidide, romelic yvela molekulis energiaTa jamis tolia,
sakmaod didia.

gv.122
cda II, III, IV
cdebis Sedegebi:
•spilenZis mavTuli, folga, moneta, saqsovi Cxiri Tbeba.

gv.123

3
1. II-IV cdebSi sxeulebis Sinagani energia izrdeba sxeulebze muSaobis Sesrulebis gziT
(deformacia, xaxuni);
2. mavTuli, folga, moneta, saqsovi Cxiri SeiZleba gavaTboT sanTlis alzec;
3. Tu ukve Tbilia sxeuli (mag., moneta, Cxiri, mavTuli), SeuZlebelia gamocnoba, ra gziTaa
gamTbari es sxeuli.

Y
gv.123

P
4

O
pas.: atmosferosTan Sejaxebisa da Semdgom masTan xaxunis Sedegad kosmosuri sivrcidan
uzarmazari siCqariT Semovardnili ciuri sxeulebis temperatura ramdenime aTeul aTas

C
gradusamde izrdeba. maT Soris SedarebiT mcire zomisani mTlianad iwveba da ganaTebul
kvals tovebs. swored es qmnis varskvlavis Camovardnis efeqts. ufro didi zomis sxeulebi _

T
meteoritebi mTlianad ar iwveba atmosferoSi da dedamiwaze vardeba (dacemisas maTi siCqare

’
naklebia atmosferoSi SemoWris siCqareze, rac imiT aixsneba, rom maTi kinetikuri energiis
nawili atmosferosTan xaxunis daZlevaze daixarja).

N
mTvareze atmosfero ar aris, amis gamo kosmosidan SemoWrili yvela sxeuli aRwevs
mTvaris zedapiramde, isini ar iwveba, amitom mTvareze varskvlavebi ar `vardeba~. kosmosidan

O
Semovardnili sxeulebi zedapirTan Sejaxebamde inarCunebs siCqares, romelic ramdenime
aTeul km-s aRwevs wm-Si. es sxeulebi mTvaris zedapirs uzarazari siCqariT ejaxeba. Sejaxebis

D
Sedegad gavarvarebulebi feTqdebian da amofrqveuli gruntis adgilas kraterebi Cndeba.
mTvarisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva zomis kraterebiT mofenili tipuri zedapiri:
kraterebis diametri ramdenime santimetridan iwyeba da yvelaze didebis diametri 200 km-s
aRwevs. mTvaris gruntis mikroskopiT daTvalierebam SesaZlebeli gaxada santimetrze kidev
ufro mcire zomis kraterebis aRmoCena.

gv.124
cda 5
cdis Sedegi: sinjaraSi dagrovili orTqli sacobs amoagdebs. anu `orTqlma muSaoba
Seasrula~.orTqli gacivdeba (misi Sinagani energia Semcirdeba), ris niSanicaa sinjaris kedlebze
gaCenili nami.

gv.124

4
1. pas.: wylis fenebis erTmaneTTan xaxunis Sedegad wylis Sinagani energia izrdeba da wyali
Tbeba.
2. pas.: burTulis an CaquCis meqanikuri energia, romelic maT cdis dasawyisSi hqondaT,
gardaiqmna maT Sinagan energiad (sxeulebi deformirda da gaTba).

92
damatebiTi masala maswavlebelebisTvis
germaneli bunebismetyvelii da eqimi iulius robert maieri, romelsac biografi galileis
Semdeg `fizikis meore fuZemdeblad~ moixseniebs, im pirvelTagani iyo, vinc energiis sxvadasxva
formis urTierTgardaqmnas miaqcia yuradReba da sabolood Tavisi dakvirvebebis Sedegad
gamotanili daskvnebi kanonis saxiT Camoayaliba. im kanonis saxiT, romelsac Tanamedrove
mecnierebi fizikis fundamentur kanonad moixsenieben. mas energiis mudmivobisa da gardaqmnis
kanoni ewoda.
yvelaferi ki imiT daiwyo, rom 1840 wels robert maieri, romelsac ukve medicinis doqtoris
xarisxi hqonda, savaWro gemis eqimad moewyo da kunZul iavaze gaemgzavra. 101 dRe gaatara
gaSlil zRvaSi. swored maSin SeniSna man, rom Zlieri Relvis Semdeg zRvis wyali Tbeboda
da es faqti dRiurSi CainiSna. am dros pirvelad gauCnda azri, rom muSaobasa da siTbos
Soris raRac kavSiri arsebobda. es azri mogvianebiT ganumtkicda, roca kunZulze daxmareba
aRmouCina sneul mezRvaurebs da sisxli gadausxa. maierma SeamCnia, rom mezRvaurebis venuri
sisxli uCveulod Ria feris iyo. daeWvda kidec, arteriuli sisxli xom ar gamovuSvio, radgan

Y
CrdiloeTis qveynebSi adamianebs venuri sisxli gacilebiT muqi ferisa hqondaT. ratom iyo
venuri sisxli aseTi Ria feris? _ ar asvenebda es kiTxva maiers.

P
igi didxans fiqrobda am metad ucnaur faqtze, aanalizebda adamianis organizmSi mimdinare im
procesebs, romlebic adamians energias aZlevs masSi sakvebis `dawvis~ Sedegad. maieri mivida im

O
azramde, rom cxel klimatur pirobebSi sakvebis daJangvis (dawvis) procesi nela mimdinareobs,
radgan adamianis organizms normaluri temperaturis SesanarCuneblad ar sWirdeba didi

C
raodenobiT siTbo.
`me SevniSne, rom organizmSi damwvari produqtebis raodenoba iwvevs siTbos raodenobis
zrdas sxeulSi. meore mxriv, imave produqtebis raodenobis zrda iwvevs adamianis mier

’ T
Sesrulebuli muSaobis zrdas. maSasadame, erTi da igive mizezi erT SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili
siTbos raodenobis zrdas iwvevs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ Sesrulebuli muSaobis zrdas.

N
aqedan vaskvni, rom siTbo da muSaoba erTi da imave gziT SeiZleba miviRoT, saxeldobr, qimiuri
reaqciis xarjze (sakvebis daJangvisas mimdinareobs qimiuri reaqcia), e.i. SeiZleba siTbo da

O
muSaoba erTimeoreSi gardaiqmnas...~
1840 wels maieris mier gamotanili es daskvna iyo pirveli nabiji energiis mudmivobisa da

D
gardaqmnis kanonis dadgenis procesSi.
…Tumca maieris genialuri kvleva misi piradi tragediis mizezi gaxda: is SeSlilad
gamoacxades. aRiareba mainc movida missave sicocxleSi, magram Zalian gvian. 1843 wels misma
Tanamedrovem, ingliselma jeims joulma, Caatara istoriuli eqsperimenti, romelmac sabolood
daadastura maieris mier aRmoCenili kanonis marTebuloba: man meqanikuri energiis xarjze
siTburi energia miiRo da gamoTvala kidec siTbos meqanikuri ekvivalenti (ix. saxelmZRvaneloSi:
§ 3.8. fizika amocanebSi: Sinagani energiis cvlileba).

gv.125
Sinagani energia _ siTbosa da sinaTlis wyaro
Jiul vernis romani `saidumlo kunZulis~ gmirebi cecxlis mosapoveblad xis erT naWers
meoreze axaxunebdnen, magram amaod.
`energias isini ar iSurebdnen, imdens xarjavdnen, Tbomavlis saqvabes gaaxurebdao~, _ wers
Jiul verni.rogor fiqrob, ratom ar Cndeboda am dros cecxli?
pas.: xis erTi naWris meoreze xaxunisas xis naWrebi gaTbeba, magram cecxlis gasaCenad
saWiro temperaturas ver miaRwevs _ siTbo haerSi ifanteba. roca xes `burRaven~, maSin es
danakargi umniSvneloa, radgan burRva xisave naxvretSi xdeba da gamoyofili siTbos xarjze
misi temperatura imatebs.

§ 3.4. Tbogamtaroba
gv.127
1
dafiqrdi:
1-2. pas.: Caidnis (sur.1), masSi Casxmuli wylis, qsovilis (sur.2), xelebis (sur.3) Sinagani
energia izrdeba TbogadacemiT.
3. Caidans, wyals, qsovils, xels Sinagan energias (siTbos) gadascems bunebrivi airi, cxeli
uTo, koconi.

93
gv.128
cda I. cdis Sedegi: Reroze damagrebuli asanTis Rerebi TanamimdevrobiT Camocvivdeba: jer
is Reri Camovardeba, romelic alTan yvelaze axlosaa, da Semdeg mas mihyveba yvela danarCeni,
radgan spirtquris alze Reros gaTbobisas Tavdapirvelad im ubanSi izrdeba Semadgeneli
nawilakebis kinetikuri energia, romelic axlosaa alTan.
Reros gamTbari ubnis aCqarebuli nawilakebi urTierTqmedebis Sedegad momdevno ubnis
nawilakebs gadascemen kinetikuri energiis nawils. , axla am ubnis temperatura gaizrdeba,
Semdeg momdevno ubnis temperatura gaizrdeba da a.S. Rero TandaTan mTlianad gaTbeba.

gv.128
cda II
cdis Sedegi: liTonis kovzi metad gacxeldeba, rac imas mowmobs, rom liToni metad
Tbogamtaria, vidre xe. es gansxvaveba maTi agebulebiTaa gamowveuli: liTonis Semadgenel
nawilakebs Soris energiis gadacema ufro intensiurad mimdinareobs.

gv.128
cda III
cdis Sedegi: qaRaldi ar daiwveba.

Y
cdis Sedegis axsna: liTonis Tbogamtaroba metia. swored amitom aliT gamTbar qaRaldis
ubans liTonis cilindri ganuwyvetlad arTmevs siTbos da qaRaldis temperatura ver aswrebs

P
iqamde gazrdas, rom qaRaldi aaldes.

O
gv.128
cda IV

C
cdis Sedegi: Tu alze qaRaldis cariel Wiqas daviWerT, is daiwveba (qaRaldis Tbogamtaroba
metia, vidre haeris). Tu qaRaldis Wiqas wyliT gavavsebT da ise daviWerT alze, is ar daiwveba

T
(wylis Tbogamtaroba metia, vidre qaRaldis).

’
cdis Sedegis axsna: ix. cda III.

N
gv.129
cda V

O
cdis Sedegi: sinjaraSi wylis zeda fenebSi daiwyeba duRili, qveda fenebi ki am dros isev
civi darCeba. e.i. wyali cudi Tbogamtaria.

D
gv.129
cda VI. minis Tbogamtaroba metia, vidre haeris: sinjara gaTbeba, Sig arsebuli haeri ki ara.

gv.130

2
1. romeli nivTierebebi gamoirCeva kargi TbogamtarobiT?
pas: liTonebi;
2. rogori Tbogamtarebia siTxeebi? airebi?
pas: siTxeebi da airebi cudi Tbogamtarebia;
3. rogori Tbogamtaria vakuumi?
pas: vakuumi cudi Tbogamtaria, masSi nawilakebi ar aris, amitom vakuumSi siTbo Tbogamtarobis
meqanizmiT saerTod ar gadaecema.
4. Seni azriT, razea damokidebuli nivTierebis Tbogamtaroba? riT aixsneba zogierTi
nivTierebis kargi, xolo zogierTis cudi Tbogataroba?
pas: Tbogamtaroba ganpirobebulia sxeulis Semadgeneli molekulebis siTburi moZraobisa
da urTierTqmedebis xasiaTiT. swored amiT aixsneba myari sxeulebis, siTxeebisa da airebis
Tbogamtarobis meqanizmSi arsebuli gansxvaveba.
5. oTaxSi, sadac 200C temperaturaa, magidaze moTavsebulia sxeulebi: wigni, xisa da
liTonis saxazavi, makrateli, fanqari. Seexe xeliT magidaze moTavsebul sxeulebs da Seadare
maTi temperatura: romeli maTgani geCvena ufro civi? axseni, ratom xdeba ase, am sxeulebis
temperatura xom erTnairia?
pas: oTaxSi yvela sxeulis temperatura erTnairia, magram civi geCveneba is, romelic ufro
metad Tbogamtaria. is metad arTmevs xels siTbos.

94
damatebiTi masala maswavlebelebisTvis.
izolatorebSi (mina, qaRaldi, eboniti, pleqsiglasi) Tbogamtaroba xorcieldeba Semdegnairad:
dieleqtrikis Semadgeneli nawilakebi wonasworobis mdgomareobis garSemo irxeva. sxeulis
garkveul nawilSi temperaturis gazrdis Sedegad izrdeba masSi nawilakebis rxevis intensivoba.
es gamoiwvevs mezobeli ubnis nawilakebis rxevis intensivobis gazrdas, rac sxvadasxva nawilis
Semadgeneli nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegia.
siTxeebSic wonasworobis mdgomareobis garSemo irxeva molekulebi, magram, gansxvavebiT
myari sxeulebisgan, siTxis molekulebi SigadaSig sxva adgilas gadaxteba xolme. temperaturis
momatebisas siTxis molekulebis rxevis intensivoba izrdeba, rac, Sesabamisad, mezobeli
molekulebis rxevis intensivobasac zrdis. Sedegad energia metad gamTbari nawilidan naklebad
gamTbar nawils gadaecema. garkveul rols TamaSobs difuziac: metad gamTbari nawilis swrafi
molekulebi SeiWreba naklebad gamTbari nawilis molekulebSi da Sejaxebebis Sedegad maT
aCqarebasac gamoiwvevs (Txevad liTonebSi mag., , TbogamtarobaSi Tavisufali eleqtronebi
monawileobs).

Y
dieleqtrikebSic da siTxeebSic Tbogamtarobis procesi nela mimdinareobs. swored amitomaa,
rom maTi Tbogamatroba TiTqmis airebis Tbogatarobas utoldeba.

P
daakvirdiT Tbogamtarobis cxrils:
heliums TiTqmis iseTive Tbogamtaroba aqvs, rogoric azbests an qaRalds; wyalbadis

O
Tbogamtaroba metia, vidre maudis, navTis, ebonitis, zogierTi xarisxis betonis da tolia
pleqsiglasis Tbogamtarobisa.

C
airebSi Tbogamtaroba dakavSirebulia airis molekulebis mier energiis gadatanasTan,
rac am molekulebis siTburi moZraobis Sedegia. airebSi Tbogamtaroba mTlianad difuziiTaa
ganpirobebuli: metad gamTbari nawilis swrafi molekulebi SeiWreba naklebad gamTbari

’ T
nawilis molekulebSi da Sejaxebebis Sedegad maT aCqarebasac gamoiwvevs, anu Tavisi energiis
nawils gadascems. civi ubnis neli molekulebi ki Tbil ubnebSi gadadgildeba, ereva swraf

N
molekulebSi da Sejaxebebis Sedegad maTgan energiis nawils iRebs.
riTaa gamowveuli liTonebis kargi Tbogamtaroba, romelic ramdenime aseuljerac ki

O
aRemateba dieleqtrikebis Tbogamtarobas?
liTonebis Tbogamtaroba mxolod kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebuli dadebiTi

D
ionebis rxeviTi moZraobis Sedegi rom iyos, is dieleqtrikis Tbogamtarobas gautoldeboda.
magram liTonebSi didi raodenobiT arsebuli Tavisufali eleqtronebi mkveTrad zrdis mis
Tbogamtarobas: Tavisufali eleqtronebis siTburi moZraobis siCqare (106 m/wm rigis) bevrad
aRemateba imave temperaturaze atomebisa da molekulebis siCqares (102 -103 m/wm rigisaa),
Sesabamisad, Tavisufali eleqtronebis mier energiis gadatanis siCqare gacilebiT aRemateba
atomebisa da molekulebis moZraobis Sedegad energiis gadatanis siCqares.
garda amisa, vinaidan eleqtronis masa mcirea, gamTbari ubnidan isini advilad axerxebs
SedarebiT Sors, kristaluri mesris aTeuli kvanZis iqiT, civ ubnebSi gadadgilebas, ejaxeba
ionebs da maT TavianTi energiis nawils gadascems, rac civi ubnebis temperaturis momatebas
iwvevs.
rac ufro metia eleqtronis Tavisufali ganarbenis sigrZe (dajaxebidan dajaxebamde manZili),
miT metia liTonis Tbogamtaroba. amitom sufTa liTonebSi, sadac naklebia kristaluri mesris
defeqtebi, Tbogamtaroba gacilebiT didia, vidre SenadnobebSi, romlebSic mesris defeqtebi
bevria da, Sesabamisad, eleqtronis Tavisufali ganarbenis sigrZe naklebia.

gv.130

3
1. aguriT naSeni kedlebi Senobas siTbos unarCunebs. axseni, ratom xdeba ase
pas.: haeri cudi Tbogamtaria, aguri ki forovani sxeuli, romlis forebi savsea haeriT.
swored amitom aguris kedlebi SenobaSi siTbos ukeT inarCunebs.
2. saxlis fanjrebs ormag minebs ukeTeben. ratom?
pas.: fanjris ormag minebs Soris arsebuli haeris fena Tboizolatoria: zamTrobiT oTaxidan
siTbos gareT ar atarebs, zafxulobiT ki garemos temperaturaa ufro maRali da siTbos
garedan SigniT ar atarebs: oTaxs sigriles unarCunebs.
3. zamTarSi beRurebi `ibuzebian~: bumbuls Slian da patara fumfula `burTebad~ gadaiqcevian
xolme (sur.10). rogor fiqrob, raSi exmareba maT `abuzva~?

95
 pas.: `abuzvisas~ maTi bumbulis safarveli kidev ufro ivseba haeriT, romelic Cits sxeulis
siTbos unarCunebs.
4. Citebi ufro metad frenis dros iyinebian. ratom xdeba ase?
pas.: frenisas Citebis bumbulis safarveli itkepneba haeris winaaRmdegobis gamo da amis
gamo isini xSirad iyinebian.
5. cxovelebisTvis bewvis safarveli da frinvelebisTvis bumbuli sasicocxlod
mniSvnelovania. axseni, ratom?
pas.: bewvis safarveli da bumbuli cxovelebsa da frinvelebs sxeulis temperaturas
unarCunebs. bewvebsa da bumbuls Soris Sualedebi haeriTaa savse, romelic cudi Tbogamtaria:
zamTrobiT, roca garemos temperatura dabalia, sxeulidan siTbo garemos ar gadaecema.
zafxulSi ki piriqiT, garemodan sxeulisken Tbogadacemas uSlis xels.
6. yinulisa da Tovlis safarvels wylis binadarTaTvis `sabnis~ roli akisria (gaixsene
proeqti `anomalia, romelic sicocxles icavs~). axseni, ratom?
pas.: tbaSi wylis anomaliis gamo fskerze wylis temperatura 4 0C -ia (4 0C - iani wylis
simkvrive maqsimaluria da amitom wylis ufro mkvrivi, Tbili fena fskerze CaiZireba). tbis
fskeridan zedapirisken wylis temperatura TandaTan iklebs, zedapirze ki yinulis safarvelisa

Y
da haeris temperatura 0 0C an masze dabalia. yinuli da, ufro metad, Tovlis safarveli
(romelSic didi raodenobiTaa haeris Sualedebi) wylidan gareT ar atarebs siTbos: is wyals

P
siTbos unarCunebs.

O
§ 3.5. konveqcia

C
gv.132

T
damatebiTi masala maswavleblebisTvis:

’
konveqciis movlena Zalze gavrcelebulia bunebaSi. is ara marto uzrunvelyofs siTbocvlas
atmosferoSi, aramed qaris warmoSobis erT-erT mizezicaa.

N
`sufTa~ konveqciuri qaria, mag., brizi, musoni, romlebic mxolod didi wyalsatevebis (zRvebis,
okeaneebis) maxloblad warmoiqmneba.

O
sxva SemTxvevaSi atmosferoSi haeris konveqcia qaris warmoSobis mxolod erT-erTi mizezia:
dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilis araTanabari gaTboba iwvevs haeris cirkulirebas, romelsac gadaaqvs

D
energiac da nestic. magram es Zalian rTuli movlenaa. haeris bunebriv konveqcias emateba sxva
faqtorebi, mag., dedamiwis brunva sakuTari RerZis garSemo, adgilobrivi reliefi, okeanis dinebebis
gavlena da a.S.
moswavleebs yuradReba imaze gaamaxvilebineT, rom zogjer siTbocvla bunebaSi aseTi masStabebiT
gamoixateba: qaris siCqarem SeiZleba 280 km/sT-s miaRwios, yvelaze Zlieri qaris _ tornados _ siCqare
ki 300 km/sT-s aRwevs. tornados damangreveli Zala aqvs, mas SeuZlia, adamianebi, avtomobilebi, qarxnisa
da fabrikis uzarmazari milebi haerSi aitacos.

dRisa da Ramis brizi wyals meti kuTri siTbotevadoba aqvs, vidre niadags. magram es sakiTxi
moswavleebma jer ar ician, amitom jobs, am sakiTxze msjeloba Tbogamtarobis kuTxiT warimarTos:
wylis Tbogamtaroba metia, vidre niadagisa. siTbo wyalSi niadagTan SedarebiT gacilebiT Rrmad
aRwevs. amis gamo wylis temperatura zedapirze naklebia,
vidre xmeleTis zedapirze (xmeleTze mxolod zedapiruli
fena Tbeba). Sesabamisad, haeri xmeleTis zedapirTan metad
Tbeba, vidre wylis zedapirTan. gamTbari haeri farTovdeba,
misi simkvrive iklebs civ haerTan SedarebiT da haeri,
romelic xmeleTs akravs, zemoT adis. iqmneba wnevaTa sxvaoba:
xmeleTze haeris wneva naklebia, vidre wylis zedapirze.
amitom zemoT asuli haeris adgils wylis zedapiridan
gadmonacvlebuli ufro mkvrivi haeris masa ikavebs. swored
zRvidan gadmonacvlebuli haeris masebi qmnis dRis brizs,
imave zRvis brizs, anu qari zRvidan xmeleTisaken dauberavs.
RamiT es procesi piriqiTaa: xmeleTi, romlis mxolod
zedapiruli fena gaTba dRisiT, ufro male civdeba,

96
vidre wyali, romelic Zalian did siRrmeebamde Tbeba dRis
ganmavlobaSi. amitom haeric wylis zedapirTan metad gaTbeba,
vidre xmeleTis zedapirTan, misi simkvrive daiklebs da maRla
ava. iqmneba wnevaTa sxvaoba: wylis zedapirze haeris wneva
naklebia, vidre xmeleTis zedapirze, amitom zemoT asuli
haeris adgils xmeleTidan gadmonacvlebuli ufro civi da
mkvrivi haeris masebi daikavebs, anu qari xmeleTidan zRvisken
dauberavs. es Ramis brizia.

gv.133
cda III
cdis Sedegi: sanTeli ukeT iwvis milis gareSe. Tu mils Tavze muyaos davafarebT, sanTels
haeri (Jangbadi) aRar miewodeba da Caqreba.

Y
gv.133
cda IV

P
cdis Sedegi: sanTlis wva gaumjobesda.

O
gv.133
? axla SegiZlia axsna, ratom gaumjobesda sanTlis wva milSi III cdaSi da upasuxo kiTxvasac:

C
ratom dgamen saqvabe danadgarebze uzarmazar milebs?
pas.: firfitiT milis SigniT sivrce orad gaiyo. erT mxares gacxelebuli haeri wvis

T
produqtebTan erTad maRla adis, xolo meore mxares axali, civi haeri eSveba dabla da Tbili

’
haeris adgils ikavebs. amrigad, umjobesdeba Jangbadis miwodeba wvis adgilisTvis, Zlierdeba wva
da, Sesabamisad, sanTlis alic. qarxnis, Rumlis maRali milebi swored wevis uzrunvelsayofadaa

N
saWiro.

O
§ 3.6. gamosxiveba

D
gv.134

1
pas.: g) arc erTi zemoTCamoTvlili xerxiT: koconsa da adamianebs Soris haeri cudi
Tbogamtaria da Tbogamtarobis meqanizmiT adamianebi ar Tbebian. konveqciiT ki mxolod kocons
zemoT gaTbeba haeri da ara gverdiT.

gv.135
cda I
cdis Sedegi: wveTi mdebareobas Seicvlis: gadaadgildeba naTuris sapirispiro mxares.
cdis Sedegis axsna: naTuridan gamosxivebis gziT kolbaSi haers siTbo gadaecema, haeri
gaTbeba, gafarTovdeba da wveTi gadaadgildeba.

cda II
cdis Sedegi: wveTi mdebareobas mainc Seicvlis, oRond gacilebiT meti drois Semdeg da
ufro naklebad, vidre I cdaSi.
cdis Sedegis axsna: Savi feris zedapiri ukeT STanTqavs gamosxivebas da amitom I cdaSi ufro
metad gaTba kolba. Sesabamisad, ufro TvalsaCino iyo wveTis gadaadgileba.

cda III
cdis Sedegi: wveTi mdebareobas ar Seicvlis, anu roca naTurasa da kolbas Soris TeTr
qaRalds movaTavsebT, qaRaldi siTbos ar gaatarebs (ekranis rols asrulebs).
cdis Sedegis axsna: TeTri feris zedapiri gamosxivebas aireklavs da amitom ar gaTba kolba.

cda IV
cdis Sedegi: wyali ufro swrafad Savad SeRebil WurWelSi gacivdeba.
daskvna: muqi feris sxeuli ufro meti intensivobiT gamoasxivebs energias, vidre Ria.

97
gv.136

2
1. zafxulSi Ria feris tansacmels aniWeben upiratesobas, zamTarSi ki _ muqs. ratom?
pas.: Ria feris tansacmeli ireklavs gamosxivebas da adamianis sxeuls gadaxurebisgan
icavs, amitom zafxulSi rekomendebulia Ria feris tansacmeli.zamTarSi ki sasurvelia muqi
tansacmeli, is mzis gamosxivebas ukeT STanTqavs.
2. kosmonavtebi Ria kosmosSi gasvlisas TeTr skafandrs icvamen, xolo saxe naxevrad
gamWvirvale movercxlili ekraniT aqvT dafaruli. ratom?
pas.: Ria kosmosSi gamosxiveba intensiuria da amitom kosmonavtebi gamosxivebisgan Tavis
dasacavad TeTr skafandrs icvamen, saxes movercxlili naxevrad gamWvirvale ekraniT ifaraven,
raTa gamosxiveba maTgan aireklos.
3. mexanZreTa spectansacmeli da damcavi CaCqnebi aluminis vercxlisferi feniTaa dafaruli.
ratom?
pas.: aluminis vercxlisferi feniT dafaruli spectansacmeli mexanZreebs maRali
temperaturisgan icavs.
4. mzis batareebi mzis gamosxivebis energias STanTqams da eleqtrul energiad gardaqmnis.

Y
maTi zedapirebi muqi ferisaa. ratom?
pas.: mzis batareebis muqi feris zedapirebi mzis energias ufro meti intensivobiT STanTqams.

P
gv.136

O
Termosi.
Termosis ZiriTadi nawili ormagkedliani minis WurWelia (1). am kedlebis 4

C
SigniTa zedapirebi vercxlisferi liTonis feniTaa dafaruli, romelic
5
gamosxivebis gziT energiis danakargs gvacilebs Tavidan.

T
3

’
kedlebs Soris sivrcidan haeri amotumbulia. uhaero sivrce garemosTan
siTbocvlas Tbogamtarobisa da konveqciis gziTac gamoricxavs. amas 1

N
emateba haeris fenac minis WurWelsa da garss Soris da amrigad, TermosSi
moTavsebuli siTxis garemosTan siTbocvla minimumamdea dayvanili, Tumca am
2

O
faqtorebis absoluturad mospoba SeuZlebelia. siTxesa da garemos Soris
siTbocvla mainc xdeba: garsis kedlebi, haeri, romelic cudad, magram mainc

D
atarebs siTbos. gamosxiveba, cxadia, Zalian mcirea, magram mainc arsebobs.

§ 3.7. praqtikuli samuSao #3: siTbos raodenoba

gv.139
samuSao 1.
8. gamoitane daskvna: Tu gaTbobisas sxvadasxva masis mqone erTi da imave nivTierebis
(sxeulis) temperatura erTnairad icvleba, maSin rac metia nivTierebis (sxeulis) masa, miT
metia gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba (mravalwertilis nacvlad igulisxme saWiro sityva:
`metia~an `naklebia~).

gv.140
samuSao 2.
7. gamoitane daskvna: Tu gaTbobisas erTnairi masis mqone erTi da imave nivTierebis (sxeulis)
temperatura sxvadasxvagvarad icvleba, maSin rac metia nivTierebis (sxeulis) temperaturas
cvlilebis sidide, miT metia gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba (mravalwertilis nacvlad igulisxme
saWiro sityva: `metia~an `naklebia~).

gv.140
samuSao 3.
7. gamoitane daskvna: Tu gaTbobisas erTnairi masis mqone gansxvavebuli nivTierebebis
(sxeulebis) temperatura erTnairad icvleba, maSin gadacemuli siTbos raodenoba damokidebulia
nivTierebis gvarobaze (mraval­wertilis nacvlad igulisxme saWiro sityva: `damokidebulia~
an `ar aris damokidebuli~).

98
gv.142

2
daakvirdi me-2 cxrilis monacemebs da dafiqrdi:
1. siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom 1 kg masis Tujis sxeulis temperaturam
10C-iT moimatos?
pas.: 540 j.

2. siTbos ra raodenobas gascems 1 kg masis rkinis sxeuli, Tu misi temperatura 10C-iT

Semcirdeba?
pas.: 460 j.

3. ra nivTiereba gaaTbes /gaacives 10C-iT, Tu cnobilia, rom 1kg masis nivTierebis Sinagani
energia am dros:

Y
a) 130 j-iT gaizarda; pas.: es nivTiereba aris oqro.

P
b) 400 j-iT Semcirda. pas.: zustad ver gansazRvrav. es nivTiereba an TuTiaa an spilenZi.

gv.142

O
3

C
axla SegiZlia, Catarebuli me-3 samuSaos Sedegic axsna, anu ratom Tbeba zeTi ufro swrafad,
vidre imave pirobebSi imave raodenobis wyali.

T
1. daakvirdi: ra raodenobis siTbo unda gadaeces 1kg wyals, rom is 10C-iT gaTbes? imave

’
masis zeTs, rom is 1 °C-iT gaTbes?
pas.: imisaTvis, rom 1kg wyali 10C-iT gaTbes, mas unda gadavceT 4200 j siTbo, xolo imave

N
masis zeTs 1 °C-iT gasaTbobad _ 1700 j siTbo.

O
2. gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenoba unda gadaeces 1°C-iT gasaTbobad 200g wyals?
200 g zeTs? Seadare, romel SemTxvevaSi iqneba saWiro siTbos meti raodenoba.

D
pas.: imisaTvis, rom 200 g wyali 10C-iT gaTbes, unda gadavceT 840 j siTbo (4200 j . 0,2 = 840 j),
xolo imave masis zeTs 1 °C-iT gasaTbobad _ 340 j siTbo (1700 j . 0,2= 340 j). Sesabamisad,
roca zeTi da wyali erTnair pirobebSi Tbeba (orive erTnair gamaTboblebze dgas), zeTi ufro
swrafad gaTbeba, vidre wyali.
ase rom, radgan zeTis kuTri siTbotevadoba naklebia, erTnairad gasaTbobad zeTs siTbos
naklebi raodenoba sWirdeba, vidre wyals.

gv.142
4
dafiqrdi
1. cnobilia, rom niadagis (mSrali miwis) kuTri siTbotevadoba daaxloebiT 0,2-0,3 kal/g·°C-is
tolia. Seadare es sidide wylis kuTr siTbotevadobas da axseni, ratomaa, rom dRisiT xmeleTi
ufro swrafad Tbeba, vidre wyali, RamiT ki wyali ufro nela civdeba, vidre xmeleTi;
pas.: wylis kuTri siTbotevadoba Zalian didia, TiTqmis 5-jer aRemateba niadagisas. amitom
wyali ufro nela Tbeba, vidre niadagis zedapiruli fena: erTsa da imave temperaturamde
gasaTbobad wyals gacilebiT meti siTbos raodenoba (anu gaTboba ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi)
sWirdeba, vidre niadags. gacivebisas ki piriqiT xdeba: wylisa da niadagis temperaturam
erTnairad rom daiklos, wyalma meti siTbo unda gasces, vidre niadagma. Sesabamisad, mas meti
dro sWirdeba gasaciveblad.

2. zafxulobiT okeaneebis, zRvebisa da didi wyalsatevebis maxlobel adgilebSi SedarebiT

grila, xolo zamTari am adgilebSi naklebad mkacria. rogor fiqrob, ratom?
pas.: wylis didi kuTri siTbotevadobis gamo zafxulobiT wyali didi raodenobiT siTbos
STanTqams garemodan da amitom mis mimdebare adgilebSi SedarebiT sigrilea. zamTrobiT piriqiT
xdeba: wyali gacivebisas garemoSi gamohyofs didi raodenobiT siTbos da Sesabamisad, zamTari
mis maxloblad naklebad mkacria.

99
 § 3.8. fizika amocanebSi: Sinagani energiis cvlileba
gv.143
joulis eqsperimenti
? dafiqrdi, ra mimarTulebiT daiwyebs tvirTebi moZraobas:
• Tu saxelurs iseTi mimarTulebiT vabrunebT, rom masze Toki daexvios?
pas.: tvirTebi zeviT daiwyebs moZraobas.
• Tu saxelurs masze Tokis daxvevis Semdeg gaaTavisufleb?
pas.: tvirTebi qveviT daiwyebs vardnas.

? jouli WurWelSi wyals asxamda. roca tvirTebi sul dabla eSveboda, saxeluris meSveobiT
maT kvlav zeviT swevda da xels uSvebda. am moqmedebas is ramdenjerme imeorebda da Sedegad
wyali Tbeboda. ratom?
pas.: firfitebis wyalTan xaxunis Sedegad wyali Tbeboda.

? rogor fiqrob, marto wyali gaTbeboda am dros?

pas.: firfitebis brunva wylis erTi fenis meoris mimarT xaxuns iwvevda. xaxunis Sedegad

Y
WurWelic, firfitebic da wyalic Tbeboda. joulma gamoTvala, ra sididis muSaoba unda
Sesrulebuliyo, rom 1g wyali 10 -iT gamTbariyo. man gaiTvaliswina isic, rom firfitebisa da

P
WurWlis gaTbobazec ixarjeboda muSaoba. mravaljeradi cdebis Semdeg jouli im daskvnamde
mivida, rom 1g wylis 10-iT gasaTbobad saWiro iyo Seesrulebina 4,2 j muSaoba.

O
gv.144

C
amocana 1.
u.v. ∆ U

T
moc. m = 15 kg; h = 1 m; n = 10.

’
amoxsna:

N
1. ra muSaobas asrulebs erTi tvirTis simZimis Zala h simaRlidan erTxel Camovardnisas?
A1 = mgh

O
n-jer amovardnisas? An = nmgh
2. ra muSaobas asrulebs orive tvirTis simZimis Zala h simaRlidan n-jer Camovardnisas?

D
A = 2nmgh
3. gaiTvaliswine energiis mudmivobis kanoni da amocanis piroba: Sesrulebuli muSaobis
xar­jze mxolod wyali Tbeba. ra sididiT Seicvleba wylis Sinagani energia? gamoTvale wylis
Sinagani energiis cvlileba:
∆ U = A = 2nmgh = 3000 j

gv.144
amocana 2.
u.v Q
moc.: m1 = 350 g = 0,35 kg
V2 = 1l = 0,001 m3
t1 = 150C
t2 = 1000C
c1 = 920 j/kg 0C
c2 = 4200 j/kg 0C
ρ2 = 1000 kg/ m3
amoxsna:
1. gadacemuli siTbos xarjze Tbeba wyalic da WurWelic.
wylis sawyisi temperaturaa t1=15 0C, xolo saboloo t2 = 100 0C.
ris tolia WurWlis sawyisi temperatura? saboloo? ratom?
pas.: WurWlis sawyisi temperatura t1=15 0C, xolo saboloo t2 = 100 0C, radgan WurWelsa da
masSi Casxmul wyals Soris myardeba siTburi wonasworoba da maTi teperaturebi erTmaneTs
utoldeba.

100
 2. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba siTbos raodenoba zogadad da gamoTvale, siTbos ra
raodenobaa saWiro, rom aluminis WurWeli t1-dan t2-mde gaTbes? rogor Seicvleba am dros
WurWlis Sinagani energia?
Q1 = c1 m1 (t2- t1) = 27,3 kj
WurWlis Sinagani energia gaizrdeba ∆ U1 = Q1 = 27,3 kj -iT.

3. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba sxeulis masa, zogadad, da gamoTvale wylis masa:

m2 = ρ2 V2
SeniSvna: wylis masa da litrebSi gamosaxuli moculoba ricxobrivad erTmaneTis tolia (1
l wylis masa 1 kg-ia), amitom umjobesia, Tu am faqts moswavleebsac SeaxsenebT da gamoTvlis
me-3 etaps gamotovebT.

4. gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro, rom wyali t1-dan t2-mde gaTbes? rogor Seicvleba
am dros wylis Sinagani energia?

Y
Q2 = c2 m2 (t2- t1) = c2 ρ2 V2 (t2- t1) = 357 kj
wylis Sinagani energia gaizrdeba ∆ U2 = Q2 = 357 kj -iT.

P
5. ris tolia mTlianad siTbos is raodenoba, romelic saWiroa wylisa da WurWlis gasaTbobad

O
t1-dan t2-mde?
Q = Q1 + Q2= c1 m1 (t2 - t1) + c2 ρ2 V2 (t2- t1) = 384,3 kj

C
6. ra sididiT Seicvleba am dros wylisa da WurWlis (sistemis) Sinagani energia?
∆ U = Q = Q1 + Q2= c1 m1 (t2- t1) + c2 ρ2 V2 (t2- t1) = 384,3 kj

’ T
gv.145

N
1

O
dafiqrdi:
1. rogor gamoTvli Sinagani energiis cvlilebas, Tu sxeulze muSaobac sruldeba da mas

D
siTboc gadaecema?
pas.: ∆ U = Q + A
2. Seicvleba Tu ara sxeulis Sinagani energia, Tu sxeulze arc muSaoba sruldeba da is arc
siTbocvlaSi iRebs monawileobas (anu Tu sxeuli izolirebulia garemosgan)?
pas.: Tu muSaoba ar sruldeba, A =0. Tu siTbocvlaSi ar Rebulobs monawileobas, maSasadame
Q=0. Sesabamisad, ∆ U = Q + A =0 , anu sxeulis Sinagani energia ar Seicvleba.

gv.145
amocana 3. eqsperimentuli amocana
kalorimetris aRwera

? cxadia, aseTi WurWliT mTlianad ver avicilebT wyalsa da garemos Soris siTbocvlas,
magram kalorimetrSi Casxmuli wyali mainc SedarebiT didxans SeinarCunebs temperaturas
ratom?
pas.: haeris fena cudi Tbogamtaria. gareTa TeTri WurWeli gamosxivebas amcirebs.

gv.146
amocana 3. amoxsna (I cdis monacemebiT)

u.v. t
------------------
moc. m1 = 200 g = 0,2 kg
t1 = 250C
m2 =100 g = 0,1 kg
t2 = 1000C
c = 4200 j/kg 0C

101
 amoxsna:

1. rogor gamoiTvleba siTbos is raodenoba, romelic civma wyalma miiRo

t1-dan t-mde gaTbobisas? Q1 = c m1 (t- t1)

2. rogor gamoiTvleba siTbos is raodenoba, romelic cxelma wyalma gasca t2-dan t-mde gacivebisas?
Q2 = c m2 (t- t2)
3. Cawere siTburi balansis gantoleba, Seitane masSi mocemuli sidideebi da amoxseni t-s mimarT:
Q1 + Q2 =0
c m1 (t- t1) + c m2 (t- t2) =0
m1 (t- t1) + m2 (t- t2) =0
0,2 (t- 25) + 0,1(t- 100) = 0
0,3 t – 15 =0
t = 500C

gv.146.

P Y
gamoikvlie Teoriulad: rogor gamoiTvleba narevis saboloo temperatura (t), Tu sxvadasxva
temperaturis mqone (t1 ≠ t2), erTi da imave raodenobis (m1=m2) or erTnair siTxes (c1 = c2)

O
erTmaneTs SevurevT.
pas.: aseT SemTxvevaSi narevis saboloo temperatura (t) gamoiTvleba formuliT: t = (t1 + t2) /2

C
Caatare eqsperimenti: gadaamowme Teoriuli mtkicebis Sedegi eqsperimentulad. gaaanalize

T
kvlevis Sedegi da warmoadgine prezentacia kvlevis Sesaxeb TanaklaselTa winaSe.

’
SeniSvna: imis gamo, rom cdis Catarebisas energiis nawili garemosa da WurWels gadaecema,

N
Teoriulad gamoTvlili narevis saboloo temperatura ar daemTxveva eqsperimentis Sedegs.
moswavlem unda dagegmos cda, Tavad gansazRvros, ra xelsawyoebi dasWirdeba mas, axsnas

O
gansxvaveba Teoriulsa da eqsperimentulad miRebul Sedegebs Soris. aseve moifiqros gzebi,
rogor SeiZleba energiis danakargis minimumamde dayvana.

D
§ 3.9. dnoba. gamyareba
gv.148

1
daakvirdi me-3 cxrilis monacemebs da dafiqrdi:
1. romel agregatul mdgomareobaSia vercxliswyali -35 0C temperaturaze?
pas.: vercxliswylis dnobisa da gamyarebis temperaturaa -39 0C, amitom -35 0C temperaturaze
is Txevad mdgomareobaSi iqneba.
2. SeiZleba Tu ara haeris temperaturis gazomva vercxliswyliani TermometriT, -390C –ze
dabali temperaturas pirobebSi? romeli siTxe SeiZleba gamoiyeno TermometrebSi am mizniT?
pas.: vercxliswyali -39 0C-ze myardeba, amitom is -39 0C -ze dabal temperaturaze myar
mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. aseTi temperaturis pirobebSi vercxliswyliani TermometriT haeris
temperaturis gazomva SeuZlebelia. am mizniT TermometrebSi SeiZleba spirtis gamoyeneba,
romelic -114 0C-ze myardeba.
3. ra moxdeba, Tu kalis `jariskacs~ gamdnar tyviaSi Caagdeb? Tu tyviisas Caagdeb gamdnar
kalaSi?
pas.: kalis dnobis temperatura 232 0C -ia, xolo tyviis _ 327 0C, amitom Tu kalis `jariskacs~
gamdnar tyviaSi Caagdeb (romlis temperatura aranakleb 327 0C -ia), `jariskaci~ gadneba.
Tu tyviis `jariskacs~ Caagdeb gamdnar kalaSi (romlis temperatura aranakleb 232 0C -ia,
magram SesaZloa 327 0C -ze naklebi iyos), `jariskaci~ ar gadneba.

102
 4. SeiZleba Tu ara, qarva tyviis WurWelSi gaadno? oqros WurWelSi?
pas.: tyviis dnobis temperatura 327 0C -ia, qarvisa ki 360 0C , Sesabamisad jer tyvia gadneba
da Semdeg qarva, amitom SeuZlebelia qarva tyviis WurWelSi gaadno.
oqros dnobis temperatura 10640C -ia, amitom oqros WurWelSi qarvis gadnoba SesaZlebelia.
5. SeiZleba Tu ara ceziumisgan samkaulebis gakeTeba?
pas.: ceziumis dnobis temperatura 290C -ia, adamianis sxeulis normaluri temperatura
ki daaxloebiT 36, 50C -ia, amitom ceziumisgan samkaulebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba, is sxeulTan
Sexebisas dadneba.

gv.150

2
dafiqrdi:
rogor Seicvleba wylis temperatura, Tu mas siTbos aRar gadavcemT da wylis temperatura

Y
garemos:
a) temperaturaze metia; pas.: Semcirdeba. wyali garemos gadascems siTbos.

P
b) temperaturis tolia; pas.: SeinarCunebs temperaturas.
g) temperaturaze naklebia. pas.: gaizrdeba. wyali garemodan miiRebs siTbos.

O
gv.150

C
3
1. zamTrobiT, roca mdinareebi da tbebi iyineba, frinvelebi ufro xSirad yinulis safarvelze

T
sxdebian da ara maxlobel xeebze. axseni maTi saqcieli.

’
pas.: wylis gayinvisas gamoiyofa siTbo da swored am siTbos grZnoben Citebi.

N
2. 00C temperaturis wyalSi amave temperaturis yinuli CauSves. rogor fiqrob, yinuli
gadneba Tu wyali gaiyineba?

O
pas.: yinuls gasadnobad sWirdeba siTbo, romelic ufro maRali temperaturis sxeulisgan
unda miiRos. xolo wyalma imisaTvis, rom gaiyinos, energia unda dabali temperaturis sxeuls

D
gadasces. yinulisa da wylis temperatura erTnairia da amitom maT Soris ar moxdeba siTbocvla.
Tu siTbocvla garemosTanac ar xdeba, wyalic da yinulic TavianT mdgomareobas SeinarCunebs.
Tu garemosTan siTbocvla xdeba, imis mixedviT 00C -ze ufro maRalia Tu ufro dabali
garemos temperatura, energia an miewodeba wyalsa da yinuls, an waerTmeva. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
yinuli gadneba, meore SemTxvevaSi wyali gaiyineba.
3. gazafxulze im adgilebSi, sadac Tovli dneba, haeris temperatura nela iwevs maRla, vidre
uTovlo adgilas. SemodgomiT ki im tbebisa da mdinareebis maxloblad, romlebic iyineba, haeris
temperatura nela ecema dabla, vidre im adgilebSi, sadac aseTi wyalsatevebi ar aris. ratom?
pas.: dadnobisas Tovlis mier siTbo STainTqmeba, rac garemomcveli haeris temperaturazec
aisaxeba: haeri nela gaTbeba. tbebis gayinvisas ki, piriqiT, siTbo gamoiyofa da amitom am
adgilebSi haeri ufro male Tbeba.

gv.151

4
daakvirdi me-4 cxrilis monacemebs da dafiqrdi:
1. ra niSnavs Canaweri: `spilenZis dnobis kuTri siTboa 2,1.105 j/kg~?
pas.: dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg masis myari spilenZis imave temperaturis siTxed
gadaqcevisTvis saWiroa 2,1 . 105 j siTbos raodenoba.
2. rodisaa meti siTbo saWiro: dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg oqros Tu 1 kg vercxlis
srulad dasadnobad?
pas.: oqros dnobis kuTri siTboa 0,67 . 105 j/kg, anu dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg
masis myari oqros imave temperaturis siTxed gadaqcevisTvis saWiroa 0,67 . 105 j siTbos
raodenoba.
vercxlis dnobis kuTri siTboa 0,87 . 105 j/kg, anu dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg
masis myari vercxlis imave temperaturis siTxed gadasaqcevad saWiroa 0,87 . 105 j siTbo, e.i.
1 kg vercxlis dasadnobad ufro meti siTboa saWiro, vidre 1 kg oqros dasadnobad.

103
 3. ra sididiT da rogor Seicvleba dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili 1 kg masis aluminis
sxeulis Sinagani energia misi srulad dadnobisas?
pas.: aluminis dnobis kuTri siTboa 3,9 . 105 j/kg, anu dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg
masis myari aluminis imave temperaturis siTxed gadasaqcevad saWiroa 3,9 . 105 j siTbo, e.i.
1 kg masis aluminis Sinagani energia misi dadnobisas 3,9 . 105 j-iT Seicvleba.
4. ra nivTiereba gamyarda, Tu cnobilia, rom gamyarebis temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg
Txevadi nivTierebis srulad gamyarebisas misi Sinagani energia 1,1.105 j-iT Semcirda;
pas.: gamyarda platina. radgan platinis dnobis kuTri siTboa 1,1 . 105 j/kg, anu gamyarebis
temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg masis Txevadi platinis imave temperaturis myar sxeulad
gadaqcevisas gamoiyofa 1,1 . 105 j siTbo, e.i. 1 kg masis platinis Sinagani energia misi
gamyarebisas 1,1 . 105 j -iT Semcirdeba.
5. siTbos ra raodenoba gamoiyofa 00C-mde miyvanili 1 kg wylis gayinvisas?
pas.: 00C-mde miyvanili 1 kg wylis gayinvisas gamoiyofa 3,4 . 105 j siTbo, anu siTbos is
raodenoba, romelic STainTqmeba 00C-mde miyvanili 1 kg yinulis srulad dadnobisas.

§ 3.10. aorTqleba. kondensacia

Y
gv.152

P
… aorTqleba SenTvis kargad nacnobi movlenaa, romelsac Zalian xSirad xvdebi yoveldRiur
yofa-cxovrebaSi. mag., Sen ici, ra moxdeba, Tu wyals WiqaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi TavRiad

O
datoveb, is aucileblad mTlianad a o r T q l d e b a.

gv.152

C
cda I
cdis Sedegi: Tu orTqls civ lambaqs dauxvedreb, lambaqze nami gaCndeba.

’ T
gv.153
1

N
dafiqrdi:

O
1. dakecili sarecxi ufro swrafad Sreba Tu Tokze gafenili?
pas.: Tokze gafenili, radgan aorTqleba ufro didi farTobidan xdeba;

D
2. erTi da imave raodenobis wyali Wiqidan ufro male aorTqldeba Tu lambaqidan? rogor
fiqrob, ratom?
pas.: lambaqidan, radgan aorTqleba ufro didi farTobidan xdeba;
3. gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu ara damokidebuli aorTqlebis siCqare siTxis Tavisufali
zedapiris farTobze?
daskvna: aorTqlebis siCqare damokidebulia siTxis Tavisufali zedapiris farTobze _ rac
metia farTobi, miT metia aorTqlebis siCqare.

gv.153.
warwera me-3 suraTze.
•kondensaciis Sedegad warmoiqmneba Rrublebi. aRwere maTi warmoqmnis meqanizmi.
pas.: dedamiwis zedapiridan aorTqlebuli wylis molekulebi atmosferos zeda fenebSi
adis, kondensirdeba da wylis umcires wveTebs warmoqmnis, romelTa erTobliobac aris swored
Rrubeli.
•axseni: ratom modis wvima? ratom Cndeba nami?
pas.: atmosferoSi wylis orTqlis kondensaciis Sedegia wvimac da namic (romelic Sen xSirad
SegimCnevia zafxulobiT dila-saRamos, roca haeris temperatura iklebs).

gv.153.
cda II
cdis Sedegi: wveTi gamTbari firfitidan ufro swrafad aorTqldeba.
cdis Sedegis axsna: ufro Tbil firfitaze dawveTebuli wveTis molekulebis saSualo
kinetikuri energia ufro metia, vidre meore wveTis. amitom Tbili wveTis zedapirs ufro
meti molekula datovebs.

104
gv.153.
cda III
cdis Sedegi: wveTi ufro swrafad aorTqlda firfitidan, romelsac qaRaldiT uniaveben.
cdis Sedegis axsna: im molekulebis nawili, romlebic aorTqlebisas siTxis zedapirs tovebs,
zeviT amosvlisas garemoSi kargavs Tavisi energiis nawils da isev siTxis molekulebis mier
aRmoCndeba `CaWerili~, anu isev siTxeSi brundeba. Tu siTxis zedapirze warmovqmniT haeris
moZ­raobas (qars), haeri waritacebs siTxidan amosul molekulebs, anu ukan Cabrunebuli mo­
le­kulebis ricxvi daiklebs da siTxe ufro swrafad aorTqldeba.

gv.153.
cda IV
cdis Sedegi: siTxeebi aorTqldeba Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT: eTeri (an acetoni), spirti,
wyali, mcenareuli zeTi.
SeniSvna: cdis dasawyisSi siTxeebis dawveTebisas daicaviT cdaSi miTiTebuli Tanamimdevroba,
radgan Tu jer eTers daawveTebT, SeiZleba Seiqmnas STabeWdileba, rom is ufro male imis gamo

Y
aorTqlda, rom yvelaze adre daawveTeT.

P
gv.154.
cda V

O
cdis Sedegi : xelze spirtis aorTqleba sicivis SegrZnebas tovebs.
pas.: aorTqlebisas siTxes yvelaze swrafi molekulebi toveben. darCenili molekulebis

C
saSualo kinetikuri energia klebulobs, rac, cxadia, temperaturis klebasac gamoiwvevs.
iklebs siTxis Sinagani energiac.

T
maswavlebels: xazi gausviT imas da miaqcieT moswavleTa yuradReba, rom zogadad, temperatura

’
iklebs molekulebis saSualo kinetikuri energiis klebis gamo da ara Sinagani energiis klebis
gamo. moiyvaneT magaliTi: Tu siTxiT savse Wiqas naxevrad gadaaqcevT, siTxis Sinagani energia

N
daiklebs, magram amas temperaturis kleba ar mohyveba. piriqiT ki xdeba: temperaturis kleba
iwvevs Sinagani energiis klebas.

O
gv.154.

D
2
dafiqrdi:
1. asaorTqlebeli siTxe gansakuTrebulad civdeba, Tu is swrafad orTqldeba (mag., spirti,
eTeri). ratom?
pas.: aorTqlebisas siTxis gaciveba metad SesamCnevia im SemTxvevaSi, roca es procesi swrafad
xdeba, radgan siTxe ver aswrebs temperaturas aRdgenas garemosTan siTbocvlis Sedegad.
swrafad aqroladi nivTierebebis (eTeri, spirti, benzini) molekulebs Soris mizidulobis Zalebi
sakmaod sustia. Tu xelze aseTi siTxis wveTi moxvdeba, is swrafad aorTqldeba, aorTqlebisas
civdeba da xels siTbos arTmevs. Sesabamisad, xeli sicives SeigrZnobs.
2. ra mniSvneloba aqvs aorTqlebis process cocxali organizmebis sicocxlisTvis?
pas.: aorTqleba cocxal organizmebs gadaxurebisgan icavs, radgan aorTqlebis procesSi
sxeulis temperatura iklebs.
3. axla SegiZlia, gakveTilis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvasac upasuxo: ratom icavs kosmosur
aparatebs gadaxurebisagan maTi zedapiris iseTi nivTierebebiT dafarva, romlebic maRal
temperaturaze swrafad orTqldeba?
pas.: aorTqleba kosmosur aparatebs gadaxurebisgan icavs, radgan aorTqlebis procesSi
korpusi civdeba.

gv.154.
cda VI
cdis Sedegi: iodis myari kristali airad mdgomareobaSi gadava, razedac WurWelSi gaCenili
iisferi nisli mowmobs. orTqlis gacivebisas ki xdeba desublimacia: WurWlis kedlebze pawawina
kristalebi gamoileqeba.

105
 § 3.11. duRili
gv.157

1
Tu cdis msvlelobisas temperaturis cvlilebaze dakvirvebis Sedegs grafikze gadavitanT,
grafiki miaxloebiT iseT saxes miiRebs, rogoric me-3 suraTzea gamosaxuli.
1. aRwere grafikis calkeuli ubnis Sesabamisi procesi molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis
safuZvelze;
2. dafiqrdi, rogor icvleba wylis (an orTqlis) temperatura da Sinagani energia TiToeul
ubanze;
grafikis CD ubani: gamaTboblidan miRebuli siTbos xarjze wylis molekulebis kinetikuri
energia izrdeba da, Sesabamisad, wylis temperatura matulobs. am dros wylis molekulebis
urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiac izrdeba da, cxadia, wylis Sinagani energia izrdeba.
temperaturis momatebisas WurWlis fskeri da kedlebi patar-patar buStukebiT daifara.
es haeris buStukebia, romelic yovelTvisaa gaxsnili wyalSi da rac ufro civia wyali, miT
metia maTi raodenoba. buStukebi Seicavs ara marto haers, aramed wylis orTqlsac (wyali xom

Y
buStukebis SigniTac orTqldeba).
temperaturis gazrdisas buStukebSi wylis aorTqlebis intensivoba izrdeba, ris gamoc maTSi

P
orTqlis raodenoba da, Sesabamisad, wnevac izrdeba. roca wylis qveda fenebSi temperatura
1000C -s miaRwevs, wneva buStukebis SigniT da gareT erTmaneTs gautoldeba, ris Semdegac

O
buStukebi gafarToebas daiwyebs (es momenti duRilis dasawyisia).
buStukebze moqmedebs arqimedes Zala da simZimis Zala. gafarToebis Semdeg buStukebze

C
moqmedi arqimedes Zala gaizrdeba, radgan maTi moculoba imatebs, sxeulze moqmedi arqimedes
Zalis sidide ki pirdapirproporciulia sxeulis moculobisa.
Tu arqimedes Zala sididiT buStukebze moqmed simZimis Zalas gadaaWarbebs, buStukebi zeviT

’ T
daiwyebs moZraobas.
Cven viciT, rom konveqciis movlenis gamo wyali TandaTanobiT Tbeba, amitom im dros, roca

N
qveda fenebis temperatura 1000C-s aRwevs, zeda fenebi jer ar aris 1000C-mde gamTbari, amitom
zeviT, SedarebiT civ fenebSi amosvlisas buStukebSi wylis orTqli civdeba, kondensirdeba

O
da wyals uerTdeba, buStukebi ki pataravdeba.
civ fenebSi dapataravebul buStukebze moqmedi arqimedes Zala Semcirdeba da simZimis

D
Zalis moqmedebiT buStukebi kvlav qveviT daeSveba. fskerze daSvebisas SedarebiT maRali
temperaturis gamo isini kvlav farTovdeba, zeviT civ fenebSi amosvlisas ki pataravdeba da
isev qveviT eSveba da a.S. wylis SigniT buStukebis periodulad gazrda - dapataravebas Tan
sd­evs­damaxasiaTebeli bgeriTi talRebis warmoqmna: duRilis dawyebis win wyali `SiSins~ iwyebs.
grafikis D wertili: wylis temperatura 1000C -ia.
wylis Sinagani energia D wertilSi ufro metia, vidre CD ubnis romelime sxva wertilSi:
gadacemuli siTbos xarjze izrdeboda rogorc kinetikuri, ise potenciuri energia.
es is momentia, roca wyali WurWlis mTel moculobaSi Tanabrad gaTba da misma temperaturam
100 C-s miaRwia. zeviT amosuli buStukebi aRar pataravdeba. orTqlis wneva maT SigniT TandaTan
0

matulobs, radgan matulobs aorTqlebuli molekulebis ricxvi. buStukebi ufro da ufro

farTovdeba, radgan wneva buStukebs SigniT gadaaWarbebs maT gareT wnevas. arqimedes Zalis
moqmedebiT buStukebi wylis zedapirze amodis.
wylis zedapirze amosuli buStukebi skdeba, radgan wneva maT SigniT metia atmosferulze.
wylis orTqli atmosferoSi gamoifrqveva. ismis wylis duRilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `buybuyi~.

grafikis DE ubani. wylis temperatura duRilisas ar icvleba.

wylis temperatura, sanam is duRils daiwyebda, izrdeboda, radgan gadacemuli siTbos
xarjze misi molekulebis kinetikuri energia izrdeba. 1000C -ze wyali duRils iwyebs da
imisaTvis rom, duRilis procesi gagrZeldes, saWiroa misTvis damatebiTi siTbos gadacema.
gamaTboblisgan miRebuli energia duRilis procesSi mTlianad xmardeba siTxidan
molekulebis amosvlisas mezobel molekulebs Soris mizidulobis Zalebis daZlevas da
nawilakebs Soris kavSiris gawyvetas. es energia molekulebis siCqaris gazrdaze ar ixarjeba
da amitom wylis temperatura duRilisas ar icvleba. temperatura ucvleli iqneba manam, sanam
mTeli wyali ar aorTqldeba.

106
 grafikis E wertili da EF ubani. miRebuli orTqli 1000C temperaturisaa. duRilis procesSi
gadacemuli siTbo mTlianad ixarjeba molekulebs Soris kavSiris gawyvetaze, ris Sedegadac
maTi urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia izrdeba, es ki sabolood wylis Sinagani energiis
zrdas iwvevs, amitom 1000C temperaturis orTqlis Sinagani energia ufro metia, vidre imave
temperaturisa da imave masis wylisa.
maswavleblisTvis: gadacemuli siTbos umetesi nawili nawilakebs Soris kavSiris gawyvetaze
ixarjeba. am dros nawilakebs Soris urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia izrdeba.
es winadadeba xSirad gaugebrobas iwvevs moswavleebSi, radgan, maTi warmodgeniT, Tu
nawilakebs Soris kavSiri wydeba, maTi urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia unda Semcirdes.
gaaxseneT maT, rom airis nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis energia ufro didia, vidre siTxeebisa
da kristalebis Semadgenel nawilakebs Soris urTierTqmedebis energia. amave dros kavSiri
airis nawilakebs Soris ufro sustia, vidre siTxisa da kristalis nawilakebs Soris.
ase rom, Tu sxeuli myari mdgomareobidan TxevadSi gadadis (dneba), potenciuri energia
imatebs, xolo kavSiri nawilakebs Soris sustdeba. Tu Txevadi gadadis airadSi, aqac igive

Y
xdeba: potenciuri energia imatebs, xolo kavSirebi nawilakebs Soris sustdeba.
mag., 00C -ze wylis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis energia ufro metia, vidre imave

P
temperaturis yinulis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia, xolo 00C -ze wylis
molekulebs Soris kavSirebi ufro sustia, vidre imave temperaturis yinulis molekulebs

O
Soris.
aseve, 1000C -ze orTqlis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis energia ufro metia, vidre imave

C
temperaturis wylis molekulebis urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia, xolo kavSiri orTqlis
molekulebs Soris ufro sustia, vidre wylis molekulebs Soris.
SeniSvna: gadacemuli siTbos umetesi nawili nawilakebs Soris kavSiris gawyvetaze ixarjeba.

’ T
am dros nawilakebs Soris urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia izrdeba, xolo nawili ixarjeba
muSaobaze, romelic orTqlis gafarToebaze sruldeba.

N
EF ubani: miRebuli orTqlis temperatura izrdeba: nawilakebs Soris kavSiri gawyvetilia,
amitom gadacemuli siTbos nawili kinetikuri energiis gazrdas moxmardeba. Sesabamisad,

O
gaizrdeba orTqlis temperatura.

3. ivaraude, rogori saxe eqneba grafiks, Tu duRilis Sedegad miRebuli orTqli

D
kondensirdeba da miRebuli siTxe Tavdapirvel temperaturamde gacivdeba.
pas.: grafiki, savaraudod, naxazze (sur.3) naCvenebi grafikis simetriuli iqneba.

t, 0C duRilis
temperatura i
F or
q l Tq
ga
rT a ci li
o ob ve
D Tx → orT Tb ba orT → Tx
100 ga
duRili E kondensacia
si
ga
e

Tx
Tx

ci

75
ob

e
si

ve
Tb

ba
ga

siTbos STanTqams siTbos gascems

50 C

25

0
, wT

gv.159
? … Tu mTaSi mogzaurobisas xorcis an kvercxis moxarSva gaqvs gadawyvetili, aseTi qvabi
aucileblad waiRe Tan, radgan maRalmTian adgilebSi xorcsa da kvercxs saerTod ver moxarSav
(ratom?).
pas. : mTaSi wyali 1000C-ze nakleb temparaturaze duRs, amitom mTaSi xorcis moxarSva
SeuZlebelia. qvabs mWidrod axuraven Tavze (an specialur qvabs iyeneben, romelsac

107
 hermertulad morgebuli saxuravi aqvs), rom SigniT najeri orTqlis wneva gaizardos da
duRilis temperaturam aiwios, radgan xorci da kvercxi 1000C -ze nakleb temperaturaze ar
ixarSeba.

gv.160

2
daakvirdi me-7 cxrilis monacemebs da dafiqrdi:
1. ra niSnavs Canaweri: eTeris orTqladqcevis kuTri siTboa 0,4.106 j/kg?
pas.: ganmartebis Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom duRilis temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg eTeri
imave temperaturis orTqlad gadaiqces, saWiroa 0,4 .106 j siTbo.
2. rodisaa meti siTbo saWiro: 1kg wylis Tu 1 kg vercxliswylis srulad asaorTqleblad
(orive nivTiereba duRilis temperaturamdea miyvanili)?
pas.: wylis asorTqleblad, radgan misi orTqladqcevis kuTri siTbo ufro metia, vidre
vercxliswylis.
3. ra sididiT Seicvleba duRilis temperaturamde miyvanili 1 kg masis spirtis Sinagani

Y
energia misi mTlianad aorTqlebisas da imave temperaturis orTqlis miRebisas?
pas.: spirtis orTqladqcevis kuTri siTboa 0,9 · 106 j/kg, rac niSnavs: duRilis temperaturamde

P
miyvanili 1 kg masis spirtis Sinagani energia misi mTlianad aorTqlebisas da imave temperaturis
orTqlad gadaqcevisas 0,9 · 106 j -iT gaizrdeba.

O
4. duRilis temperaturamde miyvanili 1 kg masis nivTiereba aorTqlda da imave temperaturis
orTqlad iqca. am dros misi Sinagani energia 1,4 .106 j-iT gaizarda. ra nivTiereba aorTqlda?

C
pas.: Txevadi amiaki.

T
5. ra raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa duRilis temperaturaze miyvanili 2 kg wylis orTqlis

’
srulad kondensaciisas da imave temperaturis siTxis miRebisas?
pas.: kondensaciisas imdenive siTbo gamoiyofa, ramdenic aorTqlebisas STainTqmeba, anu

N
Q = rm = 2 kg · 2,3·106 j/kg = 4,6·106 j

O
gv.160
amocana.

D
gamoTvaleT, ra raodenobis siTbos raodenobaa saWiro, rom 200C temperaturisa da 50kg masis wyali
kaldariumSi mTlianad aaorTqlon.
siTbos danakargebs nu gaiTvaliswinebT.
amoxsna
gaixsene, ra procesebi unda gaiaros wyalma, rom is orTqlad iqces?
pas.:
a) wyals unda gadavceT siTbo, raTa is duRilis temperaturamde, anu 1000C-mde, miviyvanoT.
b) duRilis temperaturamde miyvanil wyals damatebiT unda gadavceT siTbo, romelic mis mTlianad
aorTqlebas moxmardeba.
1.
a) rogor gamoiTvaleba siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa, rom 200C -iani wyali 1000C-mde
gaTbes?
pas.: Q1 = c mwy (t2 - t1) = 16 800 000 j
b) rogor gamoiTvaleba siTbos raodenoba, romelic saWiroa 1000C -iani wylis mTlianad
asaorTqleblad?
pas.: Q2 = r mwy = 115 000 000 j
2. gamoTvale, ris tolia mTlianad siTbos is raodenoba, romelic saWiroa wylis mTlianad
asaorTqleblad?
pas.: Q1 + Q2 = 131 800 000 j.

108
 § 3.12. mzis energiis Senaxvis formebi
gv.162

3
SeiZleba Tu ara imis mtkiceba, rom hidro da qaris eleqtrosadgurebi mzis energiaze
muSaobs?
pas.: qari atmosferos konveqciuri moZraobaa. qaris warmoqmna mzis gamosxivebiT atmosferos
araTanabari gaTbobis Sedegia. aseve, rom ara mzis gamosxiveba, ar moxdeboda wylis aorTqleba
da kondensacia, anu ar moxdeboda wylis brunva bunebaSi.
ase rom, SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom hidro da qaris eleqtrosadgurebi mzis energiaze
muSaoben.

gv.164

Y
4
daakvirdi me-8 cxrilis monacemebs da dafiqrdi

P
1. ra niSnavs Canaweri: torfis wvis kuTri siTboa 2,1 . 107 j/kg?
pas.: torfis wvis kuTri siTboa 2,1 . 107 j/kg niSnavs, rom 1 kg masis torfis srulad dawvisas

O
gamoiyofa 2,1 . 107 j siTbo.
2. ra raodenobis siTbo gamoiyofa 2 kg masis SeSis dawvisas?

C
pas.: SeSis wvis kuTri siTboa 1,0 . 107 j/kg, e.i. 1 kg masis SeSis srulad dawvisas gamoiyofa
1,0 . 107 j siTbo, xolo 2 kg masis SeSis dawvisas gamoiyofa 2-jer meti, 2,0 . 107 j siTbo.

T
3. cxrilSi miTiTebuli sawvavebidan, romlis gamoyenebaa ufro momgebiani wvisas gamoyofili

’
energiis TvalsazrisiT?
pas.: wyalbadi.

N
gv.164

O
amocana
1. me-5 cxrilis monacemebis mixedviT zRvis donidan 3000 m-ze wyali 900C-ze duRs.

D
2. gamoTvale, ris tolia siTbos is raodenoba, romelic saWiroa mTaSi 200C-iani wylis
duRilis temperaturamde misayvanad da mTlianad asaorTqleblad:
Q1 = cwy mwy (t2 - t1) + r mwy , sadac t2 = 90 0C , t1= 20 0C , xolo mwy= ρ V
Q1 = ρ V (cwy (t2 - t1) + r y ) = 1000 kg/m3 . 0,002 m3 (4200 j/kg . 0C . 70 0C + 2,3 .106 j) = 5188 kj
3. gaizrdeba Tu ara Caidnis temperatura masSi wylis duRilisas?
pas.: duRilisas wylis temperatura ar icvleba da Sesabamisad, ar Seicvleba im WurWlis
temperaturac, romelSic wyalia moTavsebuli.
• gamoTvale, ris tolia siTbos is raodenoba, romelic saWiroa 200C temperaturis mqone
Caidnis 90 0C - mde (mTaSi duRilis temperaturamde) misayvanad:
Q2 = cal mal (t2 - t1) = 920 j/kg 0C . 0,8 kg . 700C = 51,5 kj

4. gamoTvale, ris tolia mTlianad daxarjuli siTbos raodenoba?

Q1 + Q2 ≈ 5, 24 .106 j (1)
5. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba fiCxis (SeSis) wvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbo?
Q =qm (2)
6. gaiTvaliswine energiis mudmivobis kanoni (energiis danakargebi gaTvaliswinebuli ar
aris) da gautole erTmaneTs 1-li da me-2:
Q1 + Q2 = q m (3)
7. gamoTvaleT fiCxis masa: m = (Q1 + Q2 )/ q ≈ 5, 24 . 106 j / 107 j/kg = 524 g

109
 § 3.13. siTburi Zravebi
gv.165
1
dafiqrdi:
1. rogor icvleba Tavdaxurul WurWelSi orTqlis wneva duRilisas?
pas.: Tavdaxurul WurWelSi orTqlis wneva duRilisas izrdeba.
2. ra moxdeba, Tu orTqlis wneva atmosferul wnevas gadaaWarbebs?
pas.: Tu orTqlis wneva Tavdaxurul WurWelSi atmosferul wnevas gadaaWarbebs, orTqli
gafarTovdeba da gafarToebisas Seasrulebs muSaobas: qvabis saxuravs maRla aswevs.
3. ra Zalis daZleva uxdeba saxuravs zeviT moZraobisas? romeli energiis xarjze?
pas.: saxuravs zeviT moZraobisas masze moqmedi atmosferuli wnevis Zalisa da sakuTari
simZimis Zalis tolqmedis daZleva uxdeba. Tumca SeiZleba, moswavleebma atmosferuli wnevis
arseboba ver gaiTvaliswinon, magram es ar Secvlis movlenis arss.
4. ratom ubrundeba saxuravi pirvandel mdgomareobas da ratom meordeba kvlavac es
moZraoba?
pas.: qvabSi orTqlis wneva saxuravis zeviT moZraobisas mcirdeba (jer erTi, orTqli

Y
farTovdeba da meorec, orTqli kondensirdeba), Sesabamisad, saxuravze orTqlis mxridan
moqmedi Zalis sidide mcirdeba da saxuravze zemodan qvemoT moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedis

P
sidideze naklebi xdeba. saxuravi qveviT eSveba. Tavdaxurul qvabSi orTqlis wneva kvlav
imatebs da procesi gameordeba.

O
5. ratom gadaexdeba qvabs zogjer saxuravi?
pas.: Tu orTqlis wnevis Zala ise mkveTrad gaizrdeba, rom sididiT gacilebiT gadaaWarbebs

C
saxuravze zemodan qvemoT moqmed ZalTa tolqmeds, orTqli saxuravs amoagdebs, anu qvabs
saxuravi gadaexdeba. es maSin xdeba, roca saxuravi qvabs mWidrod axuravs da orTqli gareT
ver gamodis. zustad ise, rogorc cdaSi sinjaris SemTxvevaSi.

’ T
6. ra aqvs am movlenas saerTo Cven mier Catarebul cdasTan?
pas.: cdaSic sinjaraSi warmoqmnili orTqlis wneva amoagdebs sacobs.

N
orive SemTxvevaSi sawvavis wvisas gamoyofili energia gadadis orTqlis Sinagan energiaSi da
orTqli Tavisi Sinagani energiis xarjze asrulebs muSaobas: gafarTovdeba da sacobs amoagdebs.

O
am dros SeiZleba dakvirveba orTlis kondensaciazec, razec sinjaraze an qvabis saxuravsa
da kedlebze warmoqmnili wveTebi mowmobs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom orTqli gacivda. amis axsna

D
moswavleebs SeuZliaT: maT ukve ician, rom Tu sxeuli Sinagani energiis xarjze muSaobs, misi
Sinagani energia iklebs da is civdeba.

gv.166
3
niukomenis manqana
gaagrZele procesis aRwera: ra moxdeboda cilindrSi civi wylis SeSvebis Semdeg?
pas.: orTqli kondensirdeboda, masSi wneva Semcirdeboda da dguSi atmosferuli wnevis
gavleniT qveviT daeSveboda. amave dros meore mxares zeviT wyliani WurWeli amovidoda.
niukomenis Zrava sakmaod neli iyo: gagrilebis Semdeg cilindri unda gamTbariyo, sanam masSi
orTqli SeaRwevda, raTa kondensacia ar momxdariyo. amasTan, saqvabeSi orTqlis warmoqmnas
didi raodenobis qvanaxSiri sWirdeboda.
SeniSvna: niukomeni sakuTar gamogonebas `orTqlis manqanas~ uwodebda, magram is am saxels
ver amarTlebs: orTqlis manqanaSi dguSi moZraobaSi orTqls mohyavs, romelic saqvabidan
miewodeba cilindrs. niukomenis manqanaSi ki dguSi moZraobaSi jer wyliani WurWlis simZimis
Zalis, xolo Semdeg atmosferuli wnevis moqmedebiT modis, amitom niukomenis manqanas ~orTqlis
manqanas~ ver vuwodebT.

gv.168
Sigawvis Zrava
II taqti _ SekumSva:
orive sarqveli daketilia.
dguSi zeviT moZraobs da kumSavs sawvav narevs. SekumSvisas narevi cxeldeba (ratom?).
pas.: SekumSvisas molekulebis erTmaneTTan dajaxebebis ricxvi izrdeba da, Sesabamisad,
izrdeba maTi siCqare, amis Sedegad ki airis temperatura matulobs.

110
 III taqti _ muSa svla:
orive sarqveli daketilia.
roca dguSi zeda kidura mdebareobas miaRwevs, sawvavi narevi sanTlis (3) eleqtruli
naperwkliT aaldeba. narevis wvisas gavarvarebuli airi warmoiqmneba, romlis temperatura
1600 -22000C-s, xolo wneva 3-6 mpa-s aRwevs. dguSi qveviT amoZravdeba (ratom?).
pas.: gavarvarebuli airi, romlis wneva 3-6 mpa-s aRwevs, didi ZaliT awveba dguSs, farTovdeba
da gafarToebisas asrulebs muSaobas: dguSi qveviT amoZravdeba.swored am taqtSi Sesrulda
muSaoba, amitom ewodeba mas muSa svla.

gv.168
4
1. daakvirdi: romel taqtSi Sesrulda sasargeblo muSaoba?
pas.: III taqtSi, igive muSa svla.
2. Tanamedrove manqanebSi Zravas ara erTi, aramed oTxi cilindri (sportul manqanebs ki

Y
eqvsi cilindric) aqvs. rogor fiqrob, ratom?
pas.: erTciliandrian ZravaSi mTeli oTxtaqtiani ciklis dros mxolod erTi muSa svla (III

P
taqtSi) sruldeba. danarCeni taqtebi mxolod misi mosamzadebeli svlebia.
erTcilindrian ZravebSi (aseTi Zravebi aqvs mag., motociklebs) mqnevara Zlieri biZgis

O
miRebis Semdeg inerciiT ganagrZobs brunvas da momdevno taqtebSi masze mimagrebuli dguSis
gadaadgilebas uzrunvelyofs, anu mqnevaras kinetikuri energiis xarjze xdeba aramuSa svlebis

C
dros manqanis gadaadgilebas. oTx da met cilindrian ZravebSi ki isea dguSebis moZraoba
awyobili, rom TiToeul taqtSi erT-erT cilindrSi mainc sruldeba muSa svla. amis Sedegad
muxla lilvi 4-jer (6-jer) met energias iRebs (izrdeba Zravas simZlavre) da amasTan ufro

’ T
Tanabari xdeba lilvis brunva.

N
gv.168
? garda amisa, dizelis Zrava ekonomiurobiTac gamoirCeva: is sakmaod iaf sawvavze muSaobs

O
da misi mqk 31-44%-s Seadgens. dafiqrdi: ras giCvenebs es ricxvebi?
pas.: dizelis Zrava sawvavis energiis 31- 44%-s gardaqmnis sasargeblo muSaobad.

D
§ 3.14. fizika amocanebSi: siTbo da muSaoba
gv.170
amocana 1.
polaruli eqspediciis monawileebi yinuls adnoben da miRebul wyals saWmlis mosamzadeblad
iyeneben. gamoTvale, ra raodenobis bunebrivi airia saWiro imisaTvis, rom gazquraze rkinis 10 kg
masis WurWelSi -100C temperaturisa da 20 kg masis yinuli dadnes da aduRdes.
aage jer yinulis, Semdeg ki _ wylis temperaturis droze damokidebulebis grafiki, Tu cnobilia,
rom isini gamaTboblisgan yovel wm-Si daaxloebiT 4000 j siTbos iReben. siTbos danakargebs nu
gaiTvaliswineb.
u.v m
------------------
q = 4,4 . 107 j/kg
λ = 3,4 . 105 j/kg
t1 = -100C
t2 = 00C
t3= 1000C
cy = 2100 j/kg . 0C
my= 20kg
cwy = 4200 j/kg . 0C
crk = 460 j/kg . 0C
mrk= 10kg

1. ra procesebi unda gaiaros yinulma, rom is aduRebul wylad iqces?

pas.:
a) yinuls unda gadavceT siTbo, raTa is dnobis temperaturamde, anu 00C-mde, miviyvanoT.

111
 b) dnobis temperaturaze miyvanil yinuls damatebiT unda gadavceT siTbo, romelic mis mTlianad
dadnobas moxmardeba;
g) 00C-iani wyali unda avaduRoT, gavaTboT 100 0C-mde.

2.
a) gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro, rom -100C -iani yinuli dnobis temperaturamde,
00C-mde, gaTbes? Q1 = cy my (t2 - t1) = 420 000 j
b) gaiTvaliswineT, rom gamaTboblisgan yinuli wm-Si daaxloebiT 4000 j siTbos iRebs da
gamoTvale, ra dro dasWirdeba am process?
τ1= Q1 / 4000 =105 (wm)

3.
a) gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro, rom 00C-iani yinuli mTlianad dadnes?
Q2 = λ my = 6 800 000 j
b) gamoTvale, ra dro dasWirdeba am process?
τ2= Q2 / 4000 =1700 (wm)

Y
4.
a) gamoTvale, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro, rom 00C-iani wyali aduRdes?

P
Q3 = cwy my (t3 – t2)
b) gamoTvale, ra dro dasWirdeba am process?

O
τ3= Q3 / 4000 =2100 (wm)

C
5.
a) Sen ici, rom gadacemuli siTbos xarjze Tbeba yinulic da WurWelic.
dafiqrdiT, ris tolia im WurWlis sawyisi temperatura, romelSic yinulia moTavsebuli?

’ T
pas.: -100C

N
saboloo?
pas.: 1000C

O
ratom?

D
pas.: WurWelsa da masSi moTavsebul sxeuls Soris myardeba siTburi wonasworoba da amitom
WurWels yovelTvis is temperatura aqvs, romelic aqvs masSi moTavsebul yinuls, wyals da a..

b) gamoTvaleT, siTbos ra raodenobaa saWiro, rom -100C -iani rkinis qvabi 1000C-mde gaTbes?
Q4 = crk mrk (t3- t1) = 506 000 j

6. gamoTvale, ris tolia mTlianad siTbos is raodenoba, romelic saWiroa imisaTvis, rom yinuli
aduRebul wylad iqces?
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 = 16126000 j (1)

7. rogor gamoiTvleba sawvavis wvis Sedegad gamoyofili siTbo?

Q = qm (2)

8. gaiTvaliswineT energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gautoleT erTmaneTs 1-li da me-2 :

qm = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4

9. gamoTvaleT sawvavis masa: t, oC

m = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 / q = 378 g 100

10. aage jer yinulis, Semdeg ki wylis temperaturis

droze damokidebulebis grafiki. drois masStabi:
erTi ujra =100 wm
10 τ, wm
-10 100 1700 3800

112
gv.170
amocana 2.
gamoTvale, bencis avtomobilis benzinis Zravis mqk, Tu cnobilia, rom 1l benzinis dawvisas am
avtomobilma 8000 kj muSaoba Seasrula.
Seadare, benzinis Zravas mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba im muSaobas, romelsac dizelis Zrava
Seasrulebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dizelis sawvavis dawvisas imave sididis energia gamoiyofoda.
cnobilia, rom dizelis Zravas mqk 44% -s Seadgens.

u.v ηb
------------------
V = 1l = 0,001m3
ρ = 710 kg /m3
q = 4,6 . 107 j/kg
A = 8 000 j
ηd = 44%

Y
Qb= Qd

P
1. gaixsene, rogor gamoiTvleba siTburi Zravas margi qmedebis koeficienti?
η = A /Q (1)

O
2. gamoTvale benzinis masa:

C
m = ρ V = 0,71 kg

T
3. gamoTvale siTbos is raodenoba, romelic benzinis dawvisas gamoiyofa:

’
Qb = q m= 32 660 000 j (2)

N
4. Seitane me-2 gamosaxuleba (1)-Si da gamoTvaleT bencis avtomanqanis Zravis mqk
ηb = Ab /Qb = Ab / ρ V q ≈ 25%

O
5. gaiTvaliswineT 1-li formula. daakvirdiT amocanis pirobas da gamoTvaleT dizelis Zravis

D
mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba:
Ad = ηd Qd = 0,44 . 32 660 000 j ≈ 14 400 kj

gv.171
amocana 3.
gamoTvaleT, ra raodenobis qvanaxSiri iyo saWiro imisaTvis, rom niukomenis orTqlis manqanas
1sT-is ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv emuSava. cnobilia, rom manqanis mqnevara wuTSi 12 rxevas asrulebda
da TiToeuli rxevisas 45 l wyals tumbavda 46 metri siRrmis Saxtidan. niukomenis manqanis mqk ki
mxolod 1% iyo (amocana Sedgenilia internetis monacemebze dayrdnobiT).

u.v m1
------------------
t = 1 sT
n = 12
V = 45 l = 0,001m3
ρ = 1000 kg /m3
q = 4,6 . 107 j/kg
A = 8 000 j
ηd = 1%
h = 46 m

1. rogor gamoiTvleba masa im wylisa, romelsac niukomenis manqana TiToeuli rxevisas tumbavda
Saxtidan? m =ρ V

113
 2. rogor gamoiTvleba muSaoba, romelsac TiToeuli rxevisas asrulebda manqana m masis wylis
h simaRleze amosatanad?
A1= mgh =ρ Vgh

3. rogor gamoiTvleba muSaoba, romelsac wuTSi asrulebda manqana wylis amosatumbad?

A2 = nmgh =nρ Vgh

4. rogor gamoiTvleba muSaoba, romelsac 1 sT-Si asrulebda manqana wylis amosatumbad?

A3 = 60nmgh =60nρ Vgh (1)

5. dafiqrdiT, rogor gamoiTvleba niukomenis manqanis margi qmedebis koeficienti?

η = A /Q (2)

6. gaiTvaliswineT 1-li da dafiqrdiT, rogor gamoiTvleba energiis is raodenoba, romelic

saWiroa, imisaTvis, rom niukomenis orTqlis manqanas 1sT-is ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv emuSava:
Q = A / η = 60nρ Vgh/ η (3)

Y
7. energiis wyaro niukomenis manqanaSi qvanaxSiria, romlis dawvisas gamoyofili energiis xarjzec
muSaobs manqana.

P
rogor gamoiTvleba siTbos is raodenoba, romelic m1 masis qvanaxSiris dawvisas gamoiyofa?
Q = qm1 (4)

O
8. gaiTvaliswine energiis mudmivobis kanoni da gautoleT erTmaneTs me-3 da me-4:

C
60nρ Vgh/ η = qm1

T
9. gamoTvale qvanaxSiris raodenoba, romelic saWiro iyo imisaTvis, rom niukomenis orTqlis

’
manqanas 1sT-is ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvetliv emuSava: m1 = 60nρ Vgh/ q η ≈ 55 kg

N
miuxedavad imisa, rom niukomenis manqana araekonomiuria, miuxedavad aseTi teqnikuri monacemebisa,

O
niukomenis orTqlis manqanam TiTqmis 60 weli konkurentis gareSe imuSava mTel inglisSi.
SeniSvna: amocana Sedgenilia internetis monacemebze dayrdnobiT. Tumca avtors miaCnia, rom

D
ufro realuria, rom 12 rxeva wuTSi ki ara, 1 sT-Si sruldeboda. radgan niukomenis manqanas sakmao
dro sWirdeboda imisaTvis, rom cilindri masSi orTqlis kondensaciis Semdeg kvlav gamTbariyo da
orTqliT gavsebuliyo.
wuTSi mqnevaras 12 rxeva niSnavs, rom mTel am process (cilindrSi orTqlis kondensireba,
Semdeg cilindris kvlav gaTboba da orTqliT gavseba) 5 wm sWirdeboda. es monacemi, avtoris
azriT, aradamajerebelia, Tumca im miznisTvis, rasac amocanis amoxsna emsaxureba, amas principuli
mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

114
 P Y
C O
T
VIII. Tavis Semajamebeli samuSaoebi

N ’
SeniSvna: Tavis Semajamebel samuSaoebs sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvT

D O

115
 Semajamebeli samuSao # 1 Temaze: meqanikuri muSaoba. energia
I varianti

1. 2 qula
a) romel SemTxvevaSi sruldeba naklebi muSaoba tvirTis maRla asawevad? ramdenjer? ratom? pasuxis
siswore daasabuTe gamoTvlebiT.

b) gamoTvale, ra simZlavre ganaviTares TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, Tu

tvirTis maRla awevas orivejer 5 wm dasWirda.
I II

Y
2. 2 qula

P
naxazze gamosaxulia dedamiwis zedapiridan garkveul simaRlemde

O
aweuli qvebi. rogor fiqrob, romlis potenciuri energiaa ufro meti?
pasuxi axseni.
I II

C
gamoTvale qvebis potenciuri energiis sidideebi da darwmundi sakuTari
pasuxis sisworeSi.

N ’ T
O
3. 1 qula

naxazze gamosaxuli erTnairi satvir­Toebidan romlis kinetikuri energiaa ufro meti? ratom? pasuxi

D
axseni.
I II

4. 3 qula

korpis ori sacobi vardeba 1m simaRlidan: erTi haerSi, xolo meore uhaero sivrceSi, milSi, saidanac
amotumbulia haeri.
erTnairia Tu ara maTi
a) potenciuri energiebi vardnis dasawyisSi?
b) kinetikuri energiebi vardnis dasasruls?

5. 2 qula

ra simaRles miaRwevs dedamiwis zedapiridan vertikalurad zeviT 30 m/wm siCqariT asrolili isari?
haeris winaRmdegobis Zalas mxedvelobaSi nu miiRebT.

116
 Semajamebeli samuSao # 1 Temaze: meqanikuri muSaoba. energia.
II varianti

1. 2 qula

a) romel SemTxvevaSi sruldeba meti muSaoba wyliani saTlis maRla

asawevad? ramdenjer? ratom? pasuxis siswore daasabuTe gamoTvlebiT.

b) gamoTvale, ra simZlavre ganaviTares TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, Tu

saTlis maRla awevas orivejer 5 wm dasWirda.

P Y
I II

C O
2. 2 qula

naxazze gamosaxulia dedamiwis zedapiridan garkveul simaRlemde

’ T
aweuli qvebi. rogor fiqrob, romlis potenciuri energiaa ufro meti?
pasuxi axseni.
I II

N
gamoTvale qvebis potenciuri energiis sidideebi da darwmundi
sakuTari pasuxis sisworeSi.

D O
3.

naxazze gamosaxuli erTnairi sat­

vir­Toebidan romlis kinetikuri ener­ I II
1 qula

giaa ufro meti? ratom? pasuxi axseni.

4. 3 qula

rodisaa sawvavis ekonomia SesaZlebeli (anu rodisaa SesaZlebeli avtomobilis Zravis gamorTva):
aRmarTSi Tu daRmarTSi? ratom?

5. 2 qula

ra simaRlidan vardeba wylis wveTi, Tu misi siCqare dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi 22 m/wm-ia? haeris
winaRmdegobis Zalas mxedvelobaSi nu miiRebT.

117
 Semajamebeli samuSao # 2 Temaze: martivi meqanizmebi

I varianti

axseni, ratom xdeba ase?

1. fanqari ase dgas, ase ki ara.

2. 
moswavlem berketis wonasworobis piroba Camoayaliba da Tval­ sa­
Ci­
noebisTvis dafaze naxazic gaakeTa, romelzec gamosaxa berketi
wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi. Seafase misi namuSevari: sworia, Tu ara
naxazi? Tu Tvli, rom arasworia, moZebne, ra Secdoma dauSva man.

P Y
C O
3. Seesabameba Tu ara naxazi sinamdviles, anu iqneba Tu ara naxazze gamosaxuli
berketi wonasworobaSi? pasuxi axseni.

’ T
gaiTvaliswine, rom berketze dakidebuli tvirTebi erTnairia.

O N
D
4. ra sididis Zala unda movdoT berketis marjvena boloze,

rom berketi wonasworobaSi iyos? 0,3 kg

5. naxazze gamosaxuli berketi wonasworobaSia. ris tolia berketis

patara mxari, Tu berketis sigrZe 60 sm-ia?

5 kg 25 n

118
 Semajamebeli samuSao # 2 Temaze: martivi meqanizmebi

II varianti

1. rodis ufro myarad dgas larnaki: ase Tu ase? axseni, ratom?

2. 
moswavlem berketis wonasworobis piroba Camoayaliba da Tvalsa­
Ci­
noebisTvis dafaze naxazic gaakeTa, romelzec gamosaxa berketi

Y
wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi. Seafase misi namuSevari: sworia Tu ara
naxazi? Tu Tvli, rom arasworia, moZebne, ra Secdoma dauSva man.

O P
C
3. Seesabameba Tu ara naxazi sinamdviles, anu iqneba Tu ara naxazze gamosaxuli

T
berketi wonasworobaSi? pasuxi axseni.

’
gaiTvaliswine, rom berketze dakidebuli tvirTebi erTnairia.

O N
D
4. ra Zala unda movdoT berketis A wertilSi, rom berketi

wonasworobaSi iyos?
5 kg
A

5. naxazze gamosaxuli berketi wonasworobaSia. ris tolia

berketis didi mxari, Tu berketis sigrZe 90 sm-ia?

5 kg 25 n

119
 Semajamebeli samuSao # 3 Temaze: siTburi movlenebi

I varianti

1. 3 qula

a) romeli qsovilisgan Sekerili samosi inarCunebs siTbos ukeT: Salis Tu bambis? ratom?

b) rogori feris tansacmlis tarebaa zafxulSi mizanSewonili: muqi Tu Ria? ratom?

g) ratom ayeneben gaTbobis milebs iatakTan axlos, fanjarasTan?

2. 2 qula

ra raodenobis siTboa saWiro, rom duRilis temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg masis wyali srulad

Y
aorTqldes? wylis orTqladqcevis kuTri siTboa 2,3 .106j/kg.

3.

O P 2 qula

C
10 kg masis rkinis qvabSi Casxmulia 100C-iani 20 kg masis wyali. ra raodenobis siTbo unda gadavceT
qvabs, rom masSi wyali aduRdes? rkinis kuTri siTbotevadobaa 460 j/kg0C, xolo wylis 4200 j/kg0C.

N ’ T
O
4. 3 qula

gansazRvreT traqtoris Zravas mqk, Tu 2,3 .104kj sasargeblo muSaobis Sesasruleblad mas 2 kg

D
benzini dasWirda. benzinis wvis kuTri siTboa 4,6 .107 j/kg.

120
 II varianti

1. 3 qula

a) rodis ukeT inaxeba Semodgomis naTesebi: Tovlian zamTarSi Tu uTovlo zamTarSi? ratom?

b) rogor niadagSi Cargul nergebs emuqrebaT naklebad gazafxulis yinva:

Savmiwa niadagSi Tu Tixian niadagSi? ratom?

g) ratom ayeneben kondicioners WerTan axlos?

P Y
2. 2 qula

O
gamoTvale, ra raodenobis siTboa saWiro, rom dnobis temperaturamde miyvanili 1kg masis yinuli
srulad dadnes. yinulis dnobis kuTri siTboa 3,4 .105j/kg.

3.

’ T C 2 qula

N
800 g masis aluminis qvabSi Casxmulia 200C-iani 5kg masis wyali. ra raodenobis siTbo unda gadav­
ceT qvabs, rom masSi wyali aduRdes? aluminis kuTri siTbotevadobaa 920 j/kg0C, xolo wylis 4200 j/

O
kg0C.

D 4. 3 qula

ra raodenobis benzini dawva traqtoris Zravam 2,3 .104kj sasargeblo muSaobis Sesrulebisas, Tu
misi mqk 25%-ia? benzinis wvis kuTri siTboa 4,6 .107 j/kg.

121
 Semajamebeli samuSaoebis pasuxebi
samuSao N1
I varianti

1.

a) I SemTxvevaSi 2-jer naklebi muSaoba sruldeba, radgan I sxeulis masa 2-jer naklebia meore
sxeulis masaze. gadaadgileba ki orive SemTxvevaSi tolia.

A1= m1g h = 5 kg . 10 n/kg . 1m = 50 j; A2= m2g h = 10 kg . 10 n/kg . 1m = 100 j; A2/ A1= 2

b) N1= A1/ t = 10 vt; N2= A2/ t = 20 vt

2.

I sxeulis potenciuri energia 2-jer metia II sxeulis potenciur energiaze, radgan orive sxeuli
aweulia erTnair simaRleze, xolo I-is masa 2-jer metia II-s masaze.

E1= m1g h = 1 kg . 10 n/kg . 1m = 10 j; E2 = m2g h = 0,5 kg . 10 n/kg . 1m = 5 j; E1/ E2= 2

Y
3. satvirToebis masebi erTnairia. I satvirTo moZraobs ufro meti siCqariT, vidre meore, amitom

P
I satvirTos kinetikuri energia metia meores kinetikur energiaze.

4. orive sacobis potenciuri energia vardnis dasawyisSi erTnairia: isini erTnairi simaRlidan

O
vardeba. vardnis dasasruls maT gansxvavebuli sididis kinetikuri energia eqnebaT: im sacobis
potenciuri energia, romelic haerSi vardeba, ixarjeba haeris winaaRmdegobis Zalis daZlevazec,

C
amitom misi kinetikuri energia naklebi iqneba im sacobis kinetikur energiaze, romelic uhaero
sivrceSi vardeba (misi potenciuri energia mTlianad gardaiqmneba kinetikur energiad).

’ T
5. energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, isris sawyisi kinetikuri energia misi saboloo
potenciuri energiis tolia: mv2/2 = mgh ; h = v2/2 g = 45 m.

O N
II varianti:

D
1.

a) II SemTxvevaSi 2-jer meti muSaoba sruldeba, radgan II sxeuli gadaadgilda 2-jer met manZilze,
vidre pirveli sxeuli. masebi ki orive SemTxvevaSi tolia.

A1= m1g h = 5 kg . 10 n/kg . 1m = 50 j; A2= m2g h = 5 kg . 10 n/kg . 2 m = 100 j; A2/ A1= 2

b) N1= A1/ t = 10 vt; N2= A2/ t = 20 vt

2. I sxeulis potenciuri energia 2-jer metia II sxeulis potenciur energiaze, radgan orive
sxeulis masa erTnairia, xolo I maTgani aweulia 2-jer met simaRleze.

E1= m1g h = 1 kg . 10 n/kg . 1m = 10 j; E2= m2g h = 1 kg . 10 n/kg .. 0,5 m = 5 j; E1/ E2= 2

3. orive satvirTos siCqare erTnairia. II satvirTo datvirTulia, amitom misi masa metia I-is
masaze. Sesabamisad, II satvirTos kinetikuri energia metia I-is kinetikur energiaze.

4. sawvavis ekonomia SesaZlebelia daRmarTSi moZraobisas, radgan moZraoba avtomanqanis im

potenciuri energiis xarjzea SesaZlebeli, romelic mas daRmarTis dasawyisSi aqvs: avtomanqanis
potenciuri energiis xarjze Sesruldeba muSaoba xaxunis Zalis daZlevaze da amave dros gaizrdeba
misi siCqarec.

5. energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, wveTis sawyisi potenciuri energia misi kinetikuri
energiis tolia dedamiwaze dacemis momentSi: mgh = mv2/2 ; h = v2/2 g = 24,2 m.

122
 samuSao N2
I varianti

fanqari ar waiqceva manam, sanam misi simZimis centrze gamavali Sveuli

1 sayrdeni farTobis SigniT gadis. cxadia, rac ufro metia sayrdeni farTobi 2 qula
(pirveli SemTxveva), miT ufro myarad dgas fanqari.

naxazi arasworia: radgan berketze modebuli Zalebi tolia, berketi maSin

2 2 qula
iqneba wonasworobaSi, Tu sayrdeni wertili berketis SuawertilSia.

naxazi sinamdviles Seesabameba, radgan berketi wonasworobaSia.

brunvis RerZis sxvadasxva mxares berketze moqmed ZalTa momentebi tolia:

3 brunvis RerZis marcxena mxares: 2 mgx (m sxeulis masaa, x erTi danayofis 2 qula

Y
sigrZe)

P
brunvis RerZis marjvena mxares: 2 mgx

1n 2 qula

O
4

C
5 20 sm 2 qula

’ T
II varianti

O N
larnaki ar waiqceva manam, sanam misi simZimis centrze gamavali Sveuli
1 sayrdeni farTobis SigniT gadis. cxadia, rac ufro metia sayrdeni farTobi 2 qula

D
(pirveli SemTxveva), miT ufro myarad dgas larnaki.

naxazi arasworia: berketi wonasworobaSia, Tu masze modebuli Zalebi

2 mxrebis ukuproporciulia, naxazze ki es ase ar aris (didi Zalis mxari 2 qula
ufro didia).

3 naxazi sinamdviles ar Seesabameba, radgan berketi wonasworobaSi ar iqneba. 2 qula

4 100 n 2 qula

5 60 sm 2 qula

123
 samuSao N3

I varianti

1.
a) siTbos ukeT Salis qsovilisgan Sekerili samosi SeinarCunebs: mis boWkoebs Soris ufro metia
haeris raodenoba, vidre bambis qsovilis boWkoebs Soris, haeri ki cudi siTbogamtaria.
b) Ria feris, radgan Ria feris tansacmeli naklebad STanTqavs gamosxivebas, vidre muqi.
g) konveqciis gamo Tbili haeri zeviT adis, xolo mis adgils civi haeris fena ikavebs. gaTbobis
milebi zeviT rom daayenon, konveqcia ar moxdeba.

2.
radgan wylis orTqladqcevis kuTri siTboa 2.3 . 106 j/kg, es imas niSnavs, rom duRilis
temperaturamde miyvanili 1 kg masis wylis srulad asaorTqleblad saWiroa 2.3 . 106 j siTbo.

P Y
3.
Q = Q rk + Q wy = c rk m rk (t2 - t1) + cwymwy (t2-t1) = 460 j/kg 0C . 10kg (1000C-200C) + 4200 j/kg 0C . 20kg (1000C-200C)

O
= 7088 kj

C
4.

T
η = (A sas / Q sr) . 100% = (A sas / qm) . 100% = (2.3 . 107 j / 4.6 . 107 j/kg . 2kg) . 100% = 25%

N ’
D O
II varianti:

1.

a) Semodgomis naTesebi ukeT Tovlian zamTarSi Seinaxeba: Tovlis safarSi didi raodenobiTaa
haeri, romelic cudi siTbogamtaria da naTesebs siTbos unarCunebs.
b) Savmiwa niadagSi Cargul nergebs naklebad emuqreba yinva, Tixian niadagSi CargulebTan
SedarebiT, radgan Savmiwa niadagi metad STanTqavs mzis gamosxivebas.
g) kondicioneri WerTan axlos haers acivebs, konveqciis gamo ki Tbili haeri zeviT adis,
xolo mis adgils civi haeris fena ikavebs, romelic Tbeba da isev zeviT adis da a.S. kondicioneri
qvemoT, iatakTan axlos rom daeyenebinaT, konveqcia ar moxdeboda, civi haeri zemoT ar avidoda da
Sesabamisad, oTaxi ar gagrildeboda.

2. radgan yinulis dnobis kuTri siTboa 3.4 . 105 j/kg, es imas niSnavs, rom dnobis temperaturamde
miyvanili 1 kg masis yinulis mTlianad dasadnobad saWiroa 3.4 . 105 j siTbo.

3.

Q = Q al + Q wy = c al m al (t2 - t1) + cwymwy (t2-t1) = 920 j/kg 0C . 0.8kg (1000C-200C) + 4200 j/kg 0C . 5kg (1000C-200C) =
1738880 j

4.

η = (A sas / Q sr) . 100%; η = A sas / qm; η = 0.25; m = A sas / qη = 2kg

124
 IX. ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
aqtivobebi _ miznis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli swavlisa
da swavlebis savarjiSoebi, romle­bic moswavleTa
asaks, SesaZleblobebs da swav­lis stils Seesabameba.
biheviorizmi _ saswavlo Teoria, romlis Ta­ nax­mad,
adamianebi swavloben asociaciebsa da ga­moc­di­lebas
Soris, azrovnebasa da qcevebs So­ ris urTierTo-
bebis damyarebis safuZvel­ze. mas `maxsovrobisa da
codnis SeZenis Teori­a­sac~ uwo­deben.
garemo _ sagnebisa da movlenebis erToblioba, ro­
melTa garemocvaSi vimyofebiT, situacia, atmos­
fero.
gonebrivi ieriSi _ swavlebis meTodi, rodesac moswav-
leebi mokle droSi adgilze mofiq­re­bul sakuTar
azrebs gamoTqvamen.
dakvirveba _ procesze an mis amsaxvel masalaze mo-
nacemebis Segroveba.
debrifingi _ ukukavSiri, anu pozitiuri gamox­mau­reba
samuSaos ganxilvisa da gaazrebis Semdeg.
diferenciacia _ saswavlo procesis dagegmva mos­
wavleTa saswavlo saWiroebebis dadgenis sa­ fuZ­
vel­ze.
T
diskusia _ sadavo sakiTxebze azrTa gacvla-ga­mocv­
’
la, kamaTi.
drama _ dialogis saxiT dawerili scenaze war­mo­sad­
N
geni teqsti, romelSic asaxulia Zlieri gancdebi,
mZafri konfliqti.
O
efeqtiani swavleba _ maswavleblis saswavlo stra­­
tegiis SeTavseba moswavleTa swavlis stil­Tan.
indikatori _ maCvenebeli, romelic gansazRv­ ravs,
D
ramdenad aris mizani miRweuli.
instruqcia _ zogadi CarCo, romelSic mocemuli
prin­cipebis dacva evalebaT skolis maswavleb­lebs.
integracia _ Sevseba, nawilebis mTlianSi gaerTia­neba.
inteleqti _ gonebrivi ganviTarebis done, ada­mianis
saazrovno SesaZleblobebi. emociuri inte­leqti
_ sakuTari da sxvisi grZnobebis Sec­nobisa da mar-
Tvis unari.
konstruqtivizmi _ saswavlo Teoria, romlis Ta­
naxmad, moswavle aqtiurad swavlobs samyaroSi
arsebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze da aSenebs
codnas, anu axdens codnis konstruirebas (piaJe).
socialuri konstruqtivizmis modeliT (vigotski)
moswavle aqtiurad swavlobs socia­lur konteqstSi
da ufrosebTan (maswavlebel­Tan) urTierTobiT.
kritikuli azrovneba _ azrovnebis stili, rome­lic
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad SekiTxvebis dasmas gu-
lisxmobs.
kurikulumi _ skolebSi winaswargansazRvruli swav-
lebis Sinaarsi.
meTodologiuri gansja _ sakuTari peda­gogi­uri praq-
tikis gamokvleviTa da analiziT gadawyve­tilebis
miReba.
meTodologiuri codna _ saswavlo procesis da­
gegmva moswavleTa swavlis stilis, saWiroebe­bisa
da moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
motivacia _ risame sasargeblod mosazrebis, safuZ-
vlis, sabuTis moyvana. motivi aris raRac qmedebis
gamomwvevi mizezi an sababi. yuradRebis koncentra-
cia, swavlis survili, CarTuloba swavlis procesSi
da masalis saSualo siZnele motivaciis faqtorebia.
monitoringi _ arsebuli situaciis analizisa da
Semowmebis safuZvelze realuri monacemebis Seg-
roveba.
paradigma _ kulturis, civilizaciis, mecnierebis
ganviTarebis garkveuli etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
ZiriTadi, konceptualuri Sexedulebebis sistema.
pragmatizmi _ qmedeba, romelic movlenebis Tan­
mimdevruli gadmocemiT SemoizRudeba da ar xsnis
obieqtur, gare kavSirs.
profesiuli ganviTareba _ procesi, romelic am­
zadebs maswavlebels skolisTvis saWiro cvli­le­
Y
bebis Sesasruleblad. miiRweva treningebis gziT.
refleqsia _ igive TviTSemecneba, saazrovno unar-
P
Cvevaa. igi aris sakuTari gamocdilebis kritikuli
gadamuSavebis procesi, romelic gulisxmobs saku-
O
Tari qcevis da azrovnebis analizs, gacnobierebas,
Sefasebas, dagegmvasa da kontrols. TviTSemecnebas,
C
anu refleqsias maswavlebeli/moswavle iyenebs ma-
Sin, rodesac fiqrobs sakuTar moqmedebebze: mag.
rodesac fiqrobs imaze, Tu ram ganapiroba misi
warmateba an warumatebloba.
saswavlo garemo _ swavla/swavlebisTvis gan­kuTv­nili
adgili, aRWurviloba.
saswavlo Teoria _ maswavleblobaSi daostate­bisTvis
saWiro wesebis erToblioba. princi­ pebis, ideebis
sistema, romelic praqtikul gamocdilebas ga-
nazogadebs, bunebis, sazoga­doebisa da azrovnebis
kanonzomierebebs asaxavs.
saswavlo miznebi _ ganacxadi, ras unda mivaRwioT
swavlis procesSi. zogadi miznisgan gamomdinare
konkretuli amocanis ganviTarebas hqvia speci­
fikuri saswavlo mizani.
saswavlo Sedegebi _ codnis, unar-Cvevebisa da ganwy-
oba-damokidebulebebis erToblioba, ro­mel­Tac
moswavleebi swavlisas SeiZenen.
saswavlo teqnologia _ dadebiTi Sedegebis misaR­
wevad SerCeuli saswavlo meTodebis kompleqsis
gamoyenebiT swavlebis specifikuri organizacia.
stili _ manera, qcevis an moqmedebis Tavisebureba.
strategia _ miznis misaRwevad gadamwyveti ope­
raciebis momzadebis, dagegmvis, warmoebis, xel­
mZRvanelobis xelovneba (ostatoba). damokide­bulia
ganaTlebis politikaze da gamomdina­reobs skolis
SesaZleblobidan.
swavlebis meTodi _ saswavlo Sinaarsis Sesabamisad
maswavleblisa da moswavlis erToblivi, mizanmi­
marTuli saqmianoba, saswavlo miznis miRwevis xerxi.
treningi _ jgufuri muSaobis meTodi, romelic
aZlevs maswavlebels saWiroebebis xedvas da uz-
runvelyofs mis profesiul ganviTarebas.
treneri _ mwvrTneli, romelic adgens audito­riis
saWiroebas, arCevs didaqtikur masalas, awodebs,
marTavs informacias da konstruq­ciuli dialogis
gziT exmareba msmenelebs miz­nis miRwevaSi.
Sefaseba _ monitoringis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT pro-
cesis analizi.
125
 X. damatebiTi literatura maswavleblisTvis

1. erovnuli saswavlo gegma (zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebisTvis, 2017-2023 ww.);

2. m. boWoriSvili. diferenciaciis Teoriis ramdenime aspeqti, 2014;

3. m. xunZayiSvili. s. biveri. ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba da diferencirebuli swavleba. 2018

4. g. WauWiZe. rogor davweroT refleqsia Catarebul gakveTilze. 2018

5. g. nozaZe. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebis Sesaxeb. 28 oqtomberi, 2013

6. s. lobJaniZe. rogor davgegmoT moqnili da SemoqmedebiTi gakveTili;

7. g. nozaZe. sagnobriv Sedegebze orientirebuli gakveTilebis dagegmva;

8. s. gorgoZe. efeqturi ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba

Y
9. ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi (2011) maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebis centri, Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba “saqarTvelos macne”

P
10. rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs azrovneba (2007) saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro,

O
erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centri.

11. n. janaSia n. imedaZe, s. gorgoZe. ganviTarebisa da swavlis Teoriebi. 2008

C
12. a. vulfolki (2009) ganaTlebis fsiqologia, Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba.

N ’ T
D O

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