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| Principle | Explanation and Application for Students |

|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| 1. Validity | **Explanation:** Assessments must accurately measure |
| | what they are intended to assess. |
| | |
| **Application:** Align assessment questions and tasks with |
| learning objectives and goals. Ensure that what is being |
| assessed directly relates to what students are expected to |
| learn and demonstrate in the course. |
|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| 2. Appropriateness of | **Explanation:** Choose assessment methods that are |
| Assessment Methods | suitable for the learning objectives and content. |
| | |
| **Application:** Select assessment methods (e.g., quizzes, |
| projects, presentations) that match the specific skills and |
| knowledge students are expected to acquire. Use a variety of |
| methods to assess different aspects of their learning. |
|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| 3. Fairness/Justness | **Explanation:** Ensure that assessments are fair |
| | and just for all students, regardless of their |
| | background or abilities. |
| |
| **Application:** Avoid questions or scenarios that might |
| inadvertently favor one group over another. Provide |
| accommodations or alternative assessment methods when |
| necessary to ensure every student has an equitable |
| opportunity to demonstrate their abilities. |
|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| 4. Reliability | **Explanation:** Create consistent grading criteria, |
| | clear instructions, and standardized testing |
| | conditions to produce dependable assessment results.|
| |
| **Application:** Develop rubrics and grading guidelines |
| that clearly define how assessments will be evaluated. |
| Maintain consistent testing conditions, such as timing |
| and resources, to ensure that results can be trusted. |
|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| 5. Authenticity | **Explanation:** Craft assessments that mimic real- |
| | world tasks and challenges to demonstrate the |
| | practical relevance of learning. |
| |
| **Application:** Design assessments that reflect tasks |
| students may encounter beyond the classroom. Use case |
| studies, simulations, or problem-solving exercises that |
| showcase the value of their learning in real-life contexts.|
|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| 6. Communication | **Explanation:** Clearly communicate assessment |
| | expectations, criteria, and deadlines to students. |
| | Encourage open communication for questions and |
| | clarifications. |
| |
| **Application:** Provide a detailed assessment outline |
| that includes clear instructions, grading rubrics, and |
| due dates. Encourage students to ask questions and seek |
| clarification when needed, fostering a transparent and |
| supportive assessment process. |
|-----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| 7. Practicality and | **Explanation:** Select assessment methods that are |
| Efficiency | feasible within available resources and timeframes. |
| | Streamline grading processes without compromising |
| | assessment quality. |
| |
| **Application:** Choose assessment methods that are |
| manageable in terms of time, resources, and grading |
| demands. Implement efficient grading strategies, such |
| as using rubrics and peer evaluation, to save time |
| without sacrificing assessment effectiveness. |
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